Abb PWC600 User Manual

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Relion® 650 series

Switchsync™ PWC600 Version 1.1

User manual

Document ID: 1MRK 511 463

Issued: February 2020

Revision: A

Product version: 1.1

This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose.

The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.

This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/).

This product includes cryptographic software written/developed by: Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) and Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).

This product includes software provided by the jQuery Foundation ( the Flot project (http://www.flotcharts.org/).

http://jquery.org/) and by

Trademarks

ABB and Relion are registered trademarks of the ABB Group. Switchsync is a trademark of the ABB PG Group. All other brand or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

Warranty

Please inquire about the terms of warranty from your nearest ABB representative.

ABB Power Grids Sweden AB

Grid Automation Products

SE-721 59 Västerås

Sweden

Telephone: +46 (0) 21 32 50 00

Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18

http://www.abb.com/substationautomation

Disclaimer

The data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed properties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this manual must satisfy themselves that each intended application is suitable and acceptable, including that any applicable safety or other operational requirements are complied with. In particular, any risks in applications where a system failure and/or product failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons (including but not limited to personal injuries or death) shall be the sole responsibility of the person or entity applying the equipment, and those so responsible are hereby requested to ensure that all measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks.

This document has been carefully checked by ABB but deviations cannot be completely ruled out. In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly requested to notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual commitments, in no event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or damage resulting from the use of this manual or the application of the equipment.

Conformity

This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European Communities on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerning electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage directive 2006/95/EC). This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the product standard EN 60255-26 for the EMC directive, and with the product standards EN 60255-1 and EN 60255-27 for the low voltage directive. The product is designed in accordance with the international standards of the IEC 60255 series.

Table of contents

Section 1 Introduction...................................................................................................11

1.1 This manual.................................................................................................................................. 11

1.2 Intended audience...................................................................................................................... 11

1.3 Product documentation.............................................................................................................11

1.3.1 Product documentation set....................................................................................................11

1.3.1.1 Related documents............................................................................................................. 11

1.3.2 Document revision history......................................................................................................12

1.4 Symbols and conventions......................................................................................................... 12

1.4.1 Symbols...................................................................................................................................... 12

1.4.2 Document conventions........................................................................................................... 12

Section 2 Safety information....................................................................................... 13

2.1 Safety information......................................................................................................................13

2.1.1 Symbols on the product.......................................................................................................... 13

2.1.2 Warnings.....................................................................................................................................13

2.1.3 Caution signs.............................................................................................................................14

Section 3 Switchsync PWC600 overview....................................................................17

3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 17

3.2 Hardware overview.....................................................................................................................17

3.3 Functioning principle.................................................................................................................18

3.4 Application overview................................................................................................................. 20

3.4.1 Common applications.............................................................................................................20

3.4.2 Variable applications................................................................................................................21

3.5 User interfaces............................................................................................................................ 21

3.6 Communication...........................................................................................................................21

3.7 PCM600 tool................................................................................................................................ 22

3.7.1 Connectivity packages............................................................................................................ 22

3.8 Environmental aspects..............................................................................................................23

3.8.1 Sustainable development....................................................................................................... 23

3.8.2 Disposing of the IED................................................................................................................ 23

Section 4 Application.................................................................................................... 25

4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................25

4.2 Load applications....................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.1 Capacitor banks........................................................................................................................26

4.2.2 Shunt reactors.......................................................................................................................... 26

4.2.2.1 Re-ignition free window.................................................................................................... 26

4.2.3 Power transformers.................................................................................................................27

4.2.4 Discharged transmission lines and cables..........................................................................28

4.3 Switching targets.......................................................................................................................28

4.3.1 Target reference ......................................................................................................................29

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4.3.2 Target definition...................................................................................................................... 29

4.3.2.1 Controlled energization targets...................................................................................... 29

4.3.2.2 Controlled de-energization targets................................................................................30

4.3.3 Circuit breaker properties...................................................................................................... 32

4.4 Optimization of accuracy..........................................................................................................32

4.4.1 Parameter compensation....................................................................................................... 32

4.4.2 Adaptive correction................................................................................................................. 33

4.4.2.1 Adaptive correction for closing....................................................................................... 33

4.4.2.2 Adaptive correction for opening.....................................................................................34

4.4.3 Overall optimization................................................................................................................ 34

4.4.3.1 Optimization of closing operations................................................................................34

4.4.3.2 Optimization of opening operations..............................................................................35

4.5 Monitoring and supervision..................................................................................................... 36

4.5.1 Electrical operations monitoring.......................................................................................... 37

4.5.1.1 Circuit breaker electrical status.......................................................................................38

4.5.1.2 Detection of electrical switching instants.....................................................................39

4.5.1.3 Detection of re-ignitions/re-strikes...............................................................................40

4.5.1.4 Interrupter wear..................................................................................................................42

4.5.2 Mechanical operations monitoring...................................................................................... 43

4.5.3 Recommended alarms............................................................................................................ 44

4.5.4 Selection of feedback signals................................................................................................45

4.5.5 Trip circuit supervision........................................................................................................... 46

Section 5 Specific load applications .......................................................................... 47

5.1 Standard load applications...................................................................................................... 47

5.1.1 Grounded capacitor bank.......................................................................................................48

5.1.1.1 Controlled energization.................................................................................................... 48

5.1.1.2 Controlled de-energization.............................................................................................. 49

5.1.2 Ungrounded or delta connected capacitor bank.............................................................. 50

5.1.2.1 Controlled energization.....................................................................................................51

5.1.2.2 Controlled de-energization...............................................................................................52

5.1.3 Grounded non-coupled reactor............................................................................................. 53

5.1.3.1 Controlled energization.................................................................................................... 54

5.1.3.2 Controlled de-energization.............................................................................................. 54

5.1.4 Non-coupled ungrounded or delta connected reactor ....................................................55

5.1.4.1 Controlled energization.................................................................................................... 56

5.1.4.2 Controlled de-energization...............................................................................................57

5.1.5 Magnetically coupled grounded reactor............................................................................. 59

5.1.5.1 Controlled energization.................................................................................................... 59

5.1.5.2 Controlled de-energization.............................................................................................. 60

5.1.6 Transformers with different configurations...................................................................... 61

5.1.6.1 Controlled energization.................................................................................................... 65

5.1.6.2 Controlled de-energization.............................................................................................. 69

5.1.7 Transmission line and power cable...................................................................................... 70

5.1.7.1 Controlled energization..................................................................................................... 71

5.1.7.2 Controlled de-energization............................................................................................... 72

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5.2 Special load applications.......................................................................................................... 73

5.2.1 Impedance grounded reactor................................................................................................ 74

5.2.1.1 Controlled energization.....................................................................................................74

5.2.1.2 Controlled de-energization...............................................................................................78

5.2.2 Energization of ungrounded capacitor bank with three-pole operated circuit

breaker....................................................................................................................................... 80

5.2.3 Non-coupled Reactor energization and de-energization with L3 as lead phase.........82

5.2.3.1 Controlled energization.....................................................................................................82

5.2.3.2 Controlled de-energization...............................................................................................83

5.2.4 Variable applications...............................................................................................................84

5.2.5 Adaptive correction for coupled transformers using load voltage feedback............. 86

Section 6 Installation.................................................................................................... 89

6.1 Unpacking, inspecting and storing........................................................................................ 89

6.1.1 Removing transport packaging............................................................................................ 89

6.1.2 Inspecting the product........................................................................................................... 89

6.1.2.1 Identifying the product.....................................................................................................89

6.1.2.2 Checking delivery items.................................................................................................... 89

6.1.2.3 Inspecting the IED.............................................................................................................. 89

6.1.2.4 Returning an IED damaged in transit............................................................................. 89

6.1.3 Storing....................................................................................................................................... 90

6.2 Checking environmental conditions and mounting space................................................90

6.3 Rack mounting the IED..............................................................................................................90

6.4 Arranging ventilation................................................................................................................. 91

6.5 Safety against laser exposure..................................................................................................91

Section 7 Hardware interfaces.................................................................................... 93

7.1 Connectors.................................................................................................................................. 93

7.2 Physical connections................................................................................................................. 93

7.2.1 Connecting protective earthing............................................................................................93

7.2.2 Connecting wires .................................................................................................................... 94

7.2.2.1 Connecting to screw-compression type terminals..................................................... 94

7.3 Inputs............................................................................................................................................95

7.3.1 Measuring inputs..................................................................................................................... 95

7.3.2 Auxiliary supply voltage input............................................................................................... 96

7.3.3 Binary inputs............................................................................................................................. 96

7.4 Outputs........................................................................................................................................ 98

7.4.1 Outputs for circuit breaker control...................................................................................... 98

7.4.2 Outputs for signalling............................................................................................................. 98

7.4.3 IRF................................................................................................................................................99

7.5 Trip circuit supervision (TCS).................................................................................................. 99

7.5.1 TCS with external resistor....................................................................................................100

7.5.2 TCS without external resistor.............................................................................................. 101

7.6 Communication interfaces..................................................................................................... 101

7.6.1 Ethernet RJ-45 front connection......................................................................................... 101

7.6.2 Station communication rear connection ..........................................................................102

7.6.3 EIA-485 serial rear connection.............................................................................................102

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7.6.4 Process bus rear connection ...............................................................................................103

7.6.5 Recommended industrial Ethernet switches .................................................................. 103

7.7 Connection diagrams.............................................................................................................. 103

Section 8 Setting up a project in PCM600............................................................... 105

8.1 Protection and Control IED Manager PCM600...................................................................105

8.2 PCM600 projects...................................................................................................................... 105

8.3 Installing Connectivity packages.......................................................................................... 105

8.3.1 Installing IED Connectivity package from USB stick.......................................................106

8.3.2 Installing IED Connectivity package from Update Manager......................................... 106

8.4 Project handling in PCM600................................................................................................... 107

8.4.1 Creating a new project..........................................................................................................108

8.4.2 Importing a project................................................................................................................108

8.4.3 Opening a project.................................................................................................................. 109

8.4.4 Exporting a project................................................................................................................109

8.4.5 Backing up projects...............................................................................................................109

8.4.6 Exporting the substation to SCD file..................................................................................110

8.5 Building a plant structure........................................................................................................ 111

8.5.1 IEC 61850 naming conventions to identify an IED........................................................... 112

8.6 Inserting a PWC600 IED...........................................................................................................114

8.6.1 Inserting an IED from the template library........................................................................114

8.6.2 Inserting a configured IED.................................................................................................... 115

8.6.3 Setting an IED's IP address in the project..........................................................................116

8.7 Setting up communication between PCM600 and the IED.............................................. 118

8.7.1 Setting up IP addresses.........................................................................................................118

8.7.2 Setting up the PC or workstation for point-to-point access to IEDs front port....... 118

8.7.3 Setting up the PC to access the IED via a network.......................................................... 122

8.7.4 Security warning..................................................................................................................... 123

8.8 Setting technical key................................................................................................................ 123

8.9 Exporting an IED object...........................................................................................................126

Section 9 Application engineering............................................................................ 129

9.1 Engineering process overview .............................................................................................. 129

9.2 Using Switchsync Setting Tool.............................................................................................. 129

9.2.1 General description................................................................................................................129

9.2.2 Starting Switchsync Setting Tool....................................................................................... 130

9.2.3 Navigating between steps....................................................................................................132

9.2.4 Setting parameters overview...............................................................................................132

9.2.5 Description of setting parameters in SST.........................................................................135

9.2.5.1 Power system.................................................................................................................... 135

9.2.5.2 System time....................................................................................................................... 136

9.2.5.3 Breaker control.................................................................................................................. 136

9.2.5.4 Circuit breaker................................................................................................................... 137

9.2.5.5 Reference signals..............................................................................................................138

9.2.5.6 Controlled switching........................................................................................................140

9.2.5.7 Adaptive correction..........................................................................................................144

9.2.5.8 Compensation...................................................................................................................146

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9.2.5.9 Alarms enabling................................................................................................................ 150

9.2.5.10 Time synchronization.......................................................................................................154

9.2.5.11 Breaker times.....................................................................................................................155

9.2.6 Defining or editing a custom circuit breaker....................................................................157

9.2.6.1 Initiating of CB model creation or editing................................................................... 157

9.2.6.2 Editing the data ................................................................................................................157

9.2.6.3 Viewing the data .............................................................................................................. 157

9.2.6.4 Circuit breaker definition................................................................................................158

9.2.6.5 Transferring custom CB files..........................................................................................158

9.2.7 Intermediate saving...............................................................................................................159

9.2.8 Completing Switchsync Setting Tool.................................................................................160

9.3 Writing parameters to the IED...............................................................................................162

9.4 Modification of the default pre-configuration...................................................................164

9.4.1 Precautions..............................................................................................................................164

9.4.2 General information for working with PCM600...............................................................165

9.4.3 Working with the Application Configuration tool........................................................... 166

9.4.3.1 Adding application worksheets in the configuration............................................... 166

9.4.3.2 Function blocks.................................................................................................................168

9.4.3.3 Adding a function to the application............................................................................ 171

9.4.3.4 Function block execution parameters.......................................................................... 172

9.4.3.5 Signals and signal management....................................................................................173

9.4.3.6 Adding user-defined names............................................................................................174

9.4.3.7 Connections and variables..............................................................................................174

9.4.3.8 Saving the configuration................................................................................................. 176

9.4.3.9 Single-phase reference signal.........................................................................................177

9.4.3.10 Validation............................................................................................................................177

9.4.4 Working with the Parameter Setting tool......................................................................... 179

9.4.4.1 Displaying options............................................................................................................179

9.4.4.2 Modifying settings............................................................................................................179

9.4.4.3 Enabling setting groups..................................................................................................180

9.4.4.4 Copying setting group values.........................................................................................181

9.4.5 Local HMI engineering...........................................................................................................182

9.4.5.1 Local HMI engineering process...................................................................................... 182

9.4.5.2 LEDs and function keys................................................................................................... 183

9.4.5.3 Single-line diagram engineering....................................................................................186

9.4.6 Configuration adjustments for coupled loads.................................................................195

9.4.6.1 Coupled load energized from YN end...........................................................................196

9.4.6.2 Ungrounded load.............................................................................................................. 197

9.4.6.3 Coupled transformer using load voltage feedback................................................... 198

9.4.7 Modification of event and waveform record signals...................................................... 199

9.4.8 Modification of alarm signals..............................................................................................201

9.4.9 Modification of operation log input...................................................................................202

9.4.10 Modification of binary inputs and outputs ..................................................................... 203

9.4.10.1 Adding binary inputs and outputs to Application Configuration.......................... 204

9.4.11 Generic IEC61850 function block configuration .............................................................205

9.4.12 Connection of GOOSE close and open commands.........................................................206

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9.4.13 Connection of compensation signals via analog GOOSE..............................................206

9.4.14 Implementing setting groups for controlled switching.................................................207

9.4.14.1 Hardware connections.................................................................................................... 208

9.4.14.2 Application configuration...............................................................................................209

9.4.14.3 Settings...............................................................................................................................210

9.4.15 Activating trip circuit supervision (TCS)............................................................................ 211

9.4.15.1 TCS with external resistor............................................................................................... 211

9.4.15.2 TCS without external resistor.........................................................................................211

9.5 Writing the configuration to the IED.................................................................................... 212

Section 10 Local HMI..................................................................................................... 215

10.1 Local HMI elements.................................................................................................................. 215

10.1.1 Display...................................................................................................................................... 216

10.1.2 LEDs.......................................................................................................................................... 218

10.1.3 Keypad...................................................................................................................................... 218

10.1.4 Local HMI functionality..........................................................................................................219

10.1.4.1 Status and alarm indication............................................................................................219

10.1.4.2 Parameter management ................................................................................................ 220

10.1.4.3 Front port communication............................................................................................. 220

10.2 Logging on................................................................................................................................. 221

10.3 Logging off................................................................................................................................ 223

10.4 Navigating in the menu...........................................................................................................224

10.4.1 Menu structure....................................................................................................................... 224

10.4.2 Scrolling the display.............................................................................................................. 224

10.4.3 Changing the default view....................................................................................................225

10.5 Identifying the device.............................................................................................................. 225

10.6 Changing the local HMI language......................................................................................... 226

10.7 Settings and configuration parameters..............................................................................226

10.7.1 Browsing setting values....................................................................................................... 226

10.7.2 Editing setting........................................................................................................................ 227

10.7.2.1 Editing numerical values................................................................................................. 227

10.7.2.2 Editing string values........................................................................................................ 229

10.7.2.3 Editing enumerated values.............................................................................................229

10.7.2.4 Changing system time.....................................................................................................229

10.7.3 Saving settings....................................................................................................................... 229

10.8 Monitoring ................................................................................................................................ 230

10.8.1 Measured and calculated values......................................................................................... 230

10.8.2 Recorded data........................................................................................................................ 230

10.8.2.1 Operation log.................................................................................................................... 230

10.8.2.2 Waveform records............................................................................................................ 232

10.8.2.3 Events................................................................................................................................. 234

10.8.3 Remote monitoring................................................................................................................235

10.8.3.1 Monitoring the IED remotely.......................................................................................... 235

10.8.4 Application indications.........................................................................................................236

10.8.5 Internal IED fault ....................................................................................................................236

10.9 Clearing status information................................................................................................... 237

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10.10 Using the local HMI help..........................................................................................................238

Section 11 Web HMI.......................................................................................................241

11.1 Logging in.................................................................................................................................. 241

11.2 Home page (Device information)..........................................................................................243

11.3 Menu structure......................................................................................................................... 244

11.4 Warning and error messages.................................................................................................245

11.5 Selecting a list view..................................................................................................................245

11.6 Navigating between pages.................................................................................................... 246

11.7 Operation records....................................................................................................................246

11.7.1 Viewing operation records...................................................................................................248

11.7.2 Downloading operation records.........................................................................................248

11.8 Waveform records....................................................................................................................248

11.8.1 List of waveform records..................................................................................................... 249

11.8.2 Waveform viewer................................................................................................................... 250

11.8.3 Viewing and managing waveform record graphs............................................................251

11.9 Alarms......................................................................................................................................... 252

11.9.1 Viewing and acknowledging alarms...................................................................................252

11.10 Events and internal events..................................................................................................... 253

11.11 Trend graphs............................................................................................................................. 253

11.11.1 Changing the range of data points in equidistant view................................................ 254

11.11.2 Changing the range of data points in time view............................................................. 255

11.12 Generating reports.................................................................................................................. 256

11.13 IED menu.................................................................................................................................... 257

11.14 Logging out...............................................................................................................................259

Section 12 Commissioning...........................................................................................261

12.1 Commissioning checklist........................................................................................................261

12.2 Preparations.............................................................................................................................. 261

12.3 Checking IED operation.......................................................................................................... 262

12.4 Checking CT circuits................................................................................................................ 262

12.5 Checking VT circuits................................................................................................................ 262

12.6 Checking binary input and output circuits..........................................................................263

12.6.1 Binary input circuits...............................................................................................................263

12.6.2 Binary output circuits............................................................................................................263

12.6.3 Circuit breaker control wiring............................................................................................ 263

12.7 Checking optical connections............................................................................................... 264

12.8 Circuit breaker operating times............................................................................................264

12.8.1 Entering operating times manually....................................................................................264

12.8.2 Circuit breaker timing test mode....................................................................................... 266

12.8.2.1 Electrical connections..................................................................................................... 266

12.8.2.2 LHMI navigation................................................................................................................ 267

12.8.2.3 Circuit breaker contact status....................................................................................... 270

12.8.2.4 Operation............................................................................................................................271

12.8.2.5 Concluding circuit breaker test mode..........................................................................272

12.8.2.6 Applying the acquired operating times from CB test mode....................................273

12.9 Live switching........................................................................................................................... 274

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12.9.1 Capacitor bank....................................................................................................................... 274

12.9.2 Shunt reactor.......................................................................................................................... 274

12.9.3 Power transformer.................................................................................................................275

12.9.4 Transmission line or power cable....................................................................................... 275

12.10 Concluding commissioning....................................................................................................276

Section 13 IED operation ..............................................................................................277

13.1 Start-up.......................................................................................................................................277

13.1.1 Checking IED operation.........................................................................................................277

13.1.2 IED start-up sequence .......................................................................................................... 277

13.2 Normal operation..................................................................................................................... 277

13.3 Controlled switching operations...........................................................................................277

13.3.1 Switching operation mode...................................................................................................278

Section 14 Requirements on external equipment..................................................... 281

14.1 Circuit breaker...........................................................................................................................281

14.2 Current transformers...............................................................................................................281

14.3 Voltage transformers...............................................................................................................281

14.4 Non-conventional instrument transformers and merging units.................................... 281

14.5 SNTP server................................................................................................................................282

Section 15 Maintenance................................................................................................283

15.1 IED maintenance.......................................................................................................................283

15.2 Optimizing accuracy for circuit breaker changes..............................................................283

Section 16 Troubleshooting ........................................................................................ 285

16.1 Application diagnostics ......................................................................................................... 285

16.1.1 Resetting persistent signals................................................................................................305

16.2 Fault tracing.............................................................................................................................. 305

16.2.1 Identifying hardware errors.................................................................................................305

16.2.2 Identifying runtime errors................................................................................................... 306

16.2.3 Identifying communication errors..................................................................................... 306

16.2.3.1 Checking communication link operation.................................................................... 306

16.2.3.2 Checking merging unit status....................................................................................... 307

16.2.3.3 Checking time synchronization..................................................................................... 307

16.2.4 Running the display test.......................................................................................................307

16.3 Indication messages............................................................................................................... 308

16.3.1 Internal faults......................................................................................................................... 308

16.3.2 Warnings..................................................................................................................................308

16.3.3 Additional indications...........................................................................................................309

16.4 Correction procedures............................................................................................................309

16.4.1 Changing and setting the password................................................................................. 309

16.4.2 Identifying IED application problems................................................................................309

16.4.2.1 Inspecting the wiring.......................................................................................................309

Section 17 Technical data............................................................................................. 313

17.1 Dimensions ............................................................................................................................... 313

17.2 Power supply............................................................................................................................. 313

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17.3 Measuring inputs ..................................................................................................................... 313

17.4 Binary inputs..............................................................................................................................314

17.5 Signal outputs .......................................................................................................................... 315

17.6 Power outputs .......................................................................................................................... 315

17.7 Data communication interfaces ........................................................................................... 316

17.8 Enclosure class ......................................................................................................................... 317

17.9 Ingress protection.................................................................................................................... 318

17.10 Environmental conditions and tests.................................................................................... 318

17.11 Electromagnetic compatibility tests....................................................................................319

17.12 Insulation tests.........................................................................................................................320

17.13 Mechanical tests....................................................................................................................... 321

17.14 Product safety .......................................................................................................................... 321

17.15 EMC compliance ....................................................................................................................... 321

Section 18 Glossary....................................................................................................... 323

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 1

Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

1.1 This manual

The user manual provides basic instructions on how to install and use Switchsync PWC600. The manual also describes setting up a secure system, including password procedures and levels of access in the system. The manual provides instructions for engineering, mechanical and electrical installing, commissioning and operating, to cover the common use cases of the product.

1.2 Intended audience

This manual addresses new users as well as not frequent users of Switchsync PWC600, providing an easy start or refresh on using the product. The manual offers quick assistance to operators and field personnel as well as engineering and commissioning personnel.

1.3 Product documentation

1.3.1 Product documentation set

The user manual provides basic instructions on how to install and use Switchsync PWC600. The manual provides instructions for engineering, mechanical and electrical installing, commissioning and operating, to cover the common use cases of the product.

GUID-44873E8A-0624-49D3-AA84-4DA61C513D66 v3

GUID-0EFD9002-000E-43C2-A39F-D790486D43C1 v5

GUID-DBA0DD95-55A1-42D3-B161-8F1C487BA9AB v7

The communication protocol manual describes a communication protocol supported by the IED. The manual concentrates on vendor-specific implementations.

The cyber security deployment guideline describes setting up a secure system, including password procedures and levels of access in the system.

The technical manual contains application and functionality descriptions and lists function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals, setting parameters and technical data sorted per function. The manual can be used as a technical reference during the engineering phase, installation and commissioning phase, and during normal service.

1.3.1.1 Related documents

Documents related to Switchsync PWC600 Identity number

Communication protocol manual, IEC 61850 1MRK 511 464-UEN

Cyber Security deployment guidelines 1MRK 511 465-UEN

User Manual 1MRK 511 463-UEN

Technical manual 1MRK 511 462-UEN

MICS 1MRG 035 293

PICS 1MRG 035 460

PIXIT

TICS

GUID-42926503-028A-4885-96EA-39CE83211411 v6

1MRG 035 547

1MRG 035 548

User manual

1) Switchsync PWC600 1.1 is based on Relion 650 series, version 1.3. So the PIXIT and TICS from Relion 650 series, version 1.3 are applicable for Switchsync PWC600 1.1 too.

Section 1 1MRK 511 463 A Introduction

1.3.2 Document revision history

Document revision/date Product version History

A/2020-02 1.1 First release

1.4 Symbols and conventions

1.4.1 Symbols

The caution icon indicates important information or warning related to the concept discussed in the text. It might indicate the presence of a hazard which could result in corruption of software or damage to equipment or property.

The information icon alerts the reader of important facts and conditions.

The tip icon indicates advice on, for example, how to design your project or how to use a certain function.

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Although warning hazards are related to personal injury, it is necessary to understand that under certain operational conditions, operation of damaged equipment may result in degraded process performance leading to personal injury or death. It is important that the user fully complies with all warning and cautionary notices.

1.4.2 Document conventions

• Abbreviations and acronyms in this manual are spelled out in the glossary. The glossary also contains definitions of important terms.

• Push button navigation in the LHMI menu structure is presented by using the push button icons.

For example, to navigate between the options, use

• HMI menu paths are presented in bold. For example, select Main menu/Settings.

• LHMI messages are shown in Courier font. For example, to save the changes in non-volatile memory, select Yes and press .

• Parameter names are shown in italics. For example, the function can be enabled and disabled with the

and .

Operation

D0E809T201305141505 v3

setting.

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 2

Safety information

Section 2 Safety information

2.1 Safety information

2.1.1 Symbols on the product

All warnings must be observed.

Read the entire manual before doing installation or any maintenance work on the product.

Class 1 Laser product. Take adequate measures to protect your eyes and do not view directly with optical instruments.

2.1.2 Warnings

Observe the warnings during all types of work related to the product.

Only electrically skilled persons with the proper authorization and knowledge of any safety hazards are allowed to carry out the electrical installation.

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National and local electrical safety regulations must always be followed. Working in a high voltage environment requires serious approach to avoid human injuries and damage to equipment.

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Do not touch circuitry during operation. Potentially lethal voltages and currents are present.

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Always use suitable isolated test pins when measuring signals in open circuitry. Potentially lethal voltages and currents are present.

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Never connect or disconnect a wire and/or a connector to or from a IED during normal operation. Hazardous voltages and currents are present that may be lethal. Operation may be disrupted and IED and measuring circuitry may be damaged.

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Section 2 1MRK 511 463 A Safety information

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Dangerous voltages can occur on the connectors, even though the auxiliary voltage has been disconnected.

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Always connect the IED to protective earth, regardless of the operating conditions. This also applies to special occasions such as bench testing, demonstrations and off-site configuration. This is class 1 equipment that shall be earthed.

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Never remove any screw from a powered IED or from a IED connected to powered circuitry. Potentially lethal voltages and currents are present.

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Take adequate measures to protect the eyes. Never look into the laser beam.

2.1.3 Caution signs

Whenever changes are made in the IED, measures should be taken to avoid inadvertent tripping.

The IED contains components which are sensitive to electrostatic discharge. ESD precautions shall always be observed prior to touching components.

Always transport PCBs (modules) using certified conductive bags.

Do not connect live wires to the IED. Internal circuitry may be damaged

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Always use a conductive wrist strap connected to protective earth when replacing modules. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) may damage the module and IED circuitry.

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Take care to avoid electrical shock during installation and commissioning.

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1MRK 511 463 A Section 2

Safety information

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Changing the active setting group will inevitably change the IED's operation. Be careful and check regulations before making the change.

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1MRK 511 463 A Section 3

Switchsync PWC600 overview

Section 3 Switchsync PWC600 overview

3.1 Introduction

Switchsync PWC600 is a point-on-wave controller for high-voltage circuit breakers. Its purpose is to delay circuit breaker operation commands such that current inception or current interruption occurs at a phase angle that minimizes stress on the switched load or the circuit breaker. The PWC600 device (IED, intelligent electronic device) is usually installed in the control room in the bay control cabinet, where all required signals are present.

3.2 Hardware overview

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Figure 1: Switchsync PWC600 front view

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1 Enlosure

2 Local HMI

A label with the IED ordering number and serial number is attached to the local HMI.

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Section 3 1MRK 511 463 A Switchsync PWC600 overview

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Figure 2: Switchsync PWC600 rear panel with hardware modules

1 PSM02/PSM03: Power supply module with options for 48...125 VDC or 110...250 VDC

2 TRM01: Instrument transformer module with 4 current and 6 voltage inputs

3 COM03 + CPU02: Communication and high performance processing module

4 and 5 Not used, slots are empty in Switchsync PWC600

6 BIO01: Binary input/output module

7 PIO01: Precision binary input/output module with event time resolution of 100 µs

For more information on connections, see Section 7.1.

3.3 Functioning principle

The connection of PWC600 in a power system and its high-level functioning principle can be understood from optimal controlled switching instants for each phase from a primary reference signal. In most cases, the reference is taken from a source side voltage transformer (1). The evaluation considers the design and connection configuration of the load as well as the dielectric and mechanical characteristics of the circuit breaker. Consequently, it issues a synchronized opening or closing command to the respective operating coil (2 or 3) of each circuit breaker pole.

Figure 3. Upon receiving an Open or Close command, PWC600 evaluates the

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PWC600

Load

Source

Trip 1 (2)

Close (3)

Open

Prot. Trip

PBO

PBI

PBO

PBI

NO / 52a (6)

NC / 52b (7)

(1)

(4)

(5)

1MRK 511 463 A Section 3

IEC19001157 V1 EN-US

Switchsync PWC600 overview

Figure 3: Overview of PWC600 integration in a power system

PWC600 also monitors the electrical and mechanical health of the circuit breaker as well as the performance of controlled switching during the previous operation. This information is obtained by detection the instants of inception or interruption of the primary feedback signal, which can be load current (4) or load side voltage (5). If no suitable primary feedback signals are available, monitoring is based on the changeover instants of CB auxiliary contacts 52a/NO (6) and 52b/NC (7). From the available feedback signals, PWC600 calculates the target error (difference between expected switching time and actual switching time from last operation) and applies a timing correction in the next operation. This process is known as “adaptive correction”.

Refer to

Section 4.4.2 and Section 4.5 for more details on adaptation and monitoring.

PWC600 also has a facility for measuring CB operating times during pre-commissioning through temporarily connecting to the primary contacts of individual circuit breaker poles.

Figure 4 shows a block diagram of the interfaces to PWC600. The source side voltage, load

side voltage and load current are connected to the Analog input module (or alternatively received on an IEC 61850-9-2(LE) compliant process bus). Incoming Open or Close commands and output commands to the circuit breaker coils are connected to the binary input & output modules. Also, the pole-wise auxiliary contacts and spring charge level (applicable for specific drive designs) indicators are connected to binary input module. The power supply to the PWC600 is provided through Power supply module. Alarms related to the health of the circuit breaker as well as the performance of controlled switching operations can be generated by relay contacts on the Binary output modules. The PWC600 IED continuously monitors itself and in event of any internal failure, generates Internal relay failure (IRF) alarm. The user may interact with PWC600 through the local user interface (LHMI) or through a web interface (WHMI). Like for all ABB Relion IEDs, settings and configuration of PWC600 are prepared in PCM600 tool.

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Analog input

module

Binary input

modules

Binary output

modules

Communication

interfaces

LED alarms reset

Source voltage (3 phase)

Load voltage (3 phase)

Load current (3 phase)

Close command in

Open command in

Auxiliary contacts NC/52b

(3 phase)

Spring charge level

(3 phases)

Auxiliary contacts NO/52a

(3 phase)

Primary contacts (3 phase)

Local Ethernet interface

Station bus

PPS synchronization

IRIG serial connection

DC supply

Power supply

module

Close command out (3 phase)

Open command out (3 phase)

Alarms & warning

Internal relay failure (IRF)

Target evaluation

Breaker control

Operation monitoring

Alarms & recording

Controlled SwitchingMonitoring & Recording

LHMI

PWC600

Configuration & Settings

Section 3 1MRK 511 463 A Switchsync PWC600 overview

IEC19001158 V1 EN-US

Figure 4: External interfaces of PWC600 device

Refer Section 7 for more details on hardware interfaces of PWC600.

3.4 Application overview

Controlled switching, provided by Switchsync PWC600, is used for minimizing harmful electrical transients upon planned switching of loads such as capacitor banks, shunt reactors, power transformers, and power cables. The method is also gaining acceptance for reenergizing of EHV transmission lines, and replacing traditional pre-insertion resistors.

3.4.1 Common applications

The most common applications of controlled switching are listed below. Note that PWC600 is intended only for intentional switching operations, not for protection trips.

Shunt capacitor banks

Basic aim is to control energization to minimize the voltage transients as well as inrush currents. To improve interrupting performance, controlled opening can also be utilized.

Shunt reactors

Basic aim is to control de-energization to ensure reignition-free current interruption. In addition, controlled closing also serves as a useful method for minimizing inrush currents.

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Power transformers

Basic aim is to control energization to minimize inrush currents. This is enabled by controlled de-energization, to set a repeatable residual flux pattern, which is taken into account for the subsequent energization.

Unloaded transmission lines and power cables

Basic aim is to control energization to minimize overvoltage transients and to prevent missing current zeroes on fully compensated cables. To improve interrupting performance, controlled opening can also be utilized.

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1MRK 511 463 A Section 3

Switchsync PWC600 overview

3.4.2 Variable applications

In a 1½ circuit breakers arrangement, the middle (tie) breaker is connected to a load on each end. The same is applicable to every breaker in a ring layout. These two loads may be of the same type but more often they are different.

The traditional approach to optimize controlled switching of both loads is to install two pointon-wave (POW) controllers for the breaker, together with a hardware logic for transferring control to the appropriate POW controller. PWC600 1.1 and higher can accommodate these functionalities in a single device through a feature called Setting Groups, which allows automatic selection of different parameter sets based on external signals or conditions.

Variable applications, where setting groups are beneficial, include:

• For the tie breaker in 1½-CB or ring arrangements, select the appropriate reference source and switching strategy depending on the status of adjacent switches and/or voltage sources.

• In a double-busbar arrangement, select the appropriate busbar VT as reference, without the need for external circuits for switching the VT signals.

• For power transformers, apply a fallback strategy for closing (assuming zero residual flux) whenever the CB was opened not by PWC600.

• For loads with variable electrical configuration, e.g. switchable earthing of neutral point, apply the optimal switching strategy in all cases.

• For any application, bypass the controlled switching functionality whenever an external or internal binary signal is asserted.

• For FAT or similar situations, where the actual CB is switching low voltage, provide a set of alternate CB settings (e.g. RDDS) that does not interfere with the original settings to be applied in the high-voltage grid.

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3.5 User interfaces

The user can interact with Switchsync PWC600 in several ways.

• Local Human-Machine Interface (LHMI) on the front panel of the IED, featuring LCD screen, pushbuttons and status LEDs

• Web interface via web browser

• Various tools in Protection and Control Manager PCM600, installed on a PC

3.6 Communication

The IED supports communication protocols IEC61850-8-1 and HTTPS over Ethernet, and IEC 61850-9-2(LE) over separate Ethernet process bus.

All operational information and controls are available through these protocols. However, some communication functionality, for example, horizontal communication (GOOSE) between the IEDs, is only enabled by the IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol.

Waveform (disturbance) files are accessed using IEC 61850 or the Web interface. Disturbance files are also available to any Ethernet based application in the standard COMTRADE format. The IED can send binary signals to other IEDs (so called horizontal communication) using the IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) profile. Binary GOOSE messaging can, for example, be employed for protection and interlocking-based protection schemes. The IED meets the GOOSE performance requirements for tripping applications in distribution substations, as defined by the IEC 61850 standard. Furthermore, the IED supports

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Section 3 1MRK 511 463 A Switchsync PWC600 overview

the sending and receiving of analog values using GOOSE messaging. Analog GOOSE messaging enables fast transfer of analog measurement values over the station. The IED interoperates with other IEC 61850 compliant IEDs, tools and systems and simultaneously reports events to five different clients on the IEC 61850 station bus. IEC 61850-9-2(LE) is supported for subscribing to current and voltage signals in digital sampled value format.

All communication connectors, except for the front port connector, are placed on the integrated communication module. The IED is connected to Ethernet-based communication systems via the RJ-45 connector (10/100BASE-TX) or the fibre-optic multimode LC connector (100BASE-FX).

The IED supports the following time synchronization methods with a timestamping resolution of 1 ms:

Ethernet communication based:

• SNTP (simple network time protocol)

With special time synchronization wiring:

• IRIG-B

• PPS (pulse per second)

PPS signals are used for IEC 61850-9-2(LE) process synchronisation with accuracy of 4 µs.

3.7 PCM600 tool

Protection and Control IED Manager PCM600 offers all the necessary functionality to work throughout all stages of the IED life cycle.

• Planning

• Engineering

• Commissioning

• Operation and disturbance handling

• Functional analysis

When using PCM600 for writing to the IED, ensure that the LHMI or WHMI is not in a menu position where settings can be changed. Only one active writing transaction, from LHMI, WHMI, or PCM600, is allowed at a time.

With the individual tool components, you can perform different tasks and functions. PCM600 can operate with various topologies, depending on the customer needs.

For more information, see PCM600 documentation.

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3.7.1 Connectivity packages

A connectivity package is a software component that consists of executable code and data which enable system tools to communicate with a specific type of IED. Connectivity packages are used to create configuration structures in PCM600.

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1MRK 511 463 A Section 3

Switchsync PWC600 overview

A connectivity package with its associated IED Module(s) includes all of the data which is used to describe the IED. For example it contains a list of what parameters exist, which data format is used, the units, the setting range, the access rights and visibility of the parameter. In addition it contains code which allows software packages in PCM600 to properly communicate with the IED. It also allows for localization of text even when it is read from the IED in a standard format such as COMTRADE.

The connectivity package for PWC600 includes a product specific tool, Switchsync Setting Tool (SST), for entering the required settings for the application. SST comes with a library of ABB circuit breakers that can be used for controlled switching.

Update Manager is a tool that helps installing the appropriate connectivity package versions for different system products and tools. Update Manager is included with PCM600.

3.8 Environmental aspects

3.8.1 Sustainable development

Sustainability has been taken into account from the beginning of the product design including the pro-environmental manufacturing process, long life time, operation reliability and disposing of the IED.

The choice of materials and the suppliers have been made according to the EU RoHS directive (2002/95/EC). This directive limits the use of hazardous substances which are the following:

Table 1: Maximum concentration values by weight per homogeneous material

Substance Permitted maximum concentration

Lead - Pb 0.1%

Mercury - Hg 0.1%

Cadmium - Cd 0.01%

Hexavalent Chromium Cr (VI) 0.1%

Polybrominated biphenyls - PBB 0.1%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers - PBDE 0.1%

Operational reliability and long life time have been assured with extensive testing during the design and manufacturing processes. Moreover, long life time is supported by maintenance and repair services as well as by the availability of spare parts.

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Design and manufacturing have been done under a certified environmental system. The effectiveness of the environmental system is constantly evaluated by an external auditing body. We follow environmental rules and regulations systematically to evaluate their effect on our products and processes.

3.8.2 Disposing of the IED

Definitions and regulations of hazardous materials are country-specific and change when the knowledge of materials increases. The materials used in this product are typical for electric and electronic devices.

All parts used in this product are recyclable. When disposing of an IED or its parts contact a local waste handler who is authorized and specialized in disposing electronic waste. These handlers can sort the material by using dedicated sorting processes and dispose of the product according to the local requirements.

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Section 3 1MRK 511 463 A Switchsync PWC600 overview

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Table 2: Materials of the IED parts

IED Parts Material

Unit Metallic plates, parts and screws Steel

Plastic parts

PC1), LCP

LHMI display module Various

Package Box Cardboard

Attached material Manuals Paper

1) Polycarbonate

2) Liquid crystal polymer

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Application

Section 4 Application

4.1 Introduction

Switchsync PWC600 is a point-on-wave controller, which is used to reduce electrical stresses imposed on the circuit breaker as well as on the switched load during energization and deenergization operations. Switchsync PWC600 can be used for switching of all major load applications including reactors, capacitor banks, cables, transformers and transmission lines with various design and connection configurations. Circuit breaker closing and opening commands that are not time critical are routed through Switchsync PWC600. The device (IED) then issues individual commands to the circuit breaker poles depending on the load to be switched, considering its connection and design configuration.

Recommended switching targets for common load types are programmed into the software tools. From release 1.1.0 on, PWC600 is able to dynamically select one out of several controlled switching scenarios, which is relevant, for example, for the middle (tie) breaker in a 1½ CB arrangement.

After completion of a controlled switching operation, Switchsync PWC600 compares the actual with the target switching instants. The results are used to optimize the estimated operating times of the circuit breaker in the next operation. This process is known as “adaptive correction”; it compensates for systematic changes in the circuit breaker’s operation characteristics.

Deterministic changes in operating times due to internal or external parameters, such as auxiliary voltage, idle time, ambient temperature, drive energy, can also be compensated using individual compensation curves. Respective sensor signals are either connected to the IED directly, or they can be received from remote sources via IEC 61850 analog GOOSE messages.

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Switchsync PWC600 is capable of calculating the expected remaining life of the circuit breaker in terms of number of operations and electrical interrupter wear (ablation of arcing contacts, erosion of nozzles). This is based on interrupted primary current and status signals of CB auxiliary contacts.

On every supervised signal, Switchsync PWC600 can generate warnings and alarms when crossing assigned limits. Such conditions can be indicated visually by LEDs on the LHMI, electrically by alarm contacts on the IED, or remotely via its Ethernet communication interfaces. Each supervision alarm can be individually enabled or disabled.

4.2 Load applications

Switchsync PWC600 is designed for point-on-wave switching (also known as controlled switching) of capacitor banks, reactors, transformers, transmission lines, and power cables. For each type of equipment and its design and connection configuration, the Switchsync Setting Tool (SST) proposes controlled switching strategies based on CIGRE recommendations. These switching strategies can be directly adopted by the user or modified as needed. This provides full flexibility in accommodating load applications other than the predefined ones.

The following load applications are included in PWC600 along with recommended switching strategies. Refer

Section 5.1 for more details on individual applications.

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Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

4.2.1 Capacitor banks

Non-ideal energization of a capacitor bank may result in high transient inrush currents and, in turn, high switching over-voltages. To minimize the inrush currents, energization shall be performed near gap voltage zero of each pole of the circuit breaker connected to the capacitor bank. In this regard, the connection configuration of the capacitor bank shall be considered for deciding the optimum switching targets for individual poles of the circuit breaker.

Controlled de-energization is typically not needed, given that most modern CBs show a very low probability of re-strikes; however, in some cases, an increased safety against re-strikes may be preferred. Controlled opening targets are set to ensure sufficient arcing time such that an adequate gap is achieved between contacts at the time of arc extinction. The time between arcing contact separation until natural current zero where arc is expected to be quenched is known as “arcing time”. Consequently, arcing times shall be determined considering the expected natural current zero across individual poles of the circuit breaker based on the connection configuration of the capacitor bank.

4.2.2 Shunt reactors

When de-energizing a reactor, interaction between the reactor's inductance and stray capacitances will cause oscillating voltage transients with frequency in the range of kHz. Generally, for latest generation of CBs, the current is interrupted in the in vicinity of natural current zero for individual poles with very low value of chopping currents. Consequently, the voltage transient across the breaker (TRV) may not have too high magnitude, but will have a very short rise time in range of a millisecond. This can lead to breakdown of the dielectric withstand of the contact gap and hence, reappearance of the current through arcing. This phenomenon is known as a re-ignition and is not desirable because it can be harmful to both shunt reactor and circuit breaker. Controlled opening is used to reduce the probability of reignitions by ensuring sufficient gap between arcing contacts at time of natural current zero, where arc is expected to be quenched. The needed arcing time shall be evaluated considering the last half-cycle length (which may be extended or shortened due to interaction between phases) and probable over-voltage across the contact gap for each CB pole post the successful interruption.

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Controlled energization of reactors may be implemented to reduce the asymmetry in charging current due to initial DC component. It is worth noting that reactor cores do not typically saturate and hence, the charging current will have sinusoidal waveshape (power frequency only) with exponentially decaying DC component. The energization target is gap voltage peak for individual pole of the CB.

Certain magnetic reactor designs or electrical connection configurations will create inter-phase coupling effects upon switching. These include 3-limb core design, which causes magnetic coupling between phases, and Y (ungrounded) or delta connection schemes. The switching targets for individual poles of CB should be evaluated considering these effects.

4.2.2.1 Re-ignition free window

Adequate arcing times shall be ensured to minimize the probability of re-ignitions. The value of minimum arcing time derived from standardized reactor switching duty type test as specified in IEC 62271-110 serves as the base of this evaluation. It is worth noting that, for certain reactor configurations, the probable over-voltages post successful interruption and last loop length may be different for individual CB poles based on the rating, design and connection configuration of the reactor. Therefore,the optimal arcing times for controlled opening may also differ between phases.

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1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Application

For controlled de-energization of a non-coupled YN-connected reactor, the initial target arcing times for each CB pole are derived from the concept of "re-ignition free window", as shown in

Figure 5.

IEC19000959 V1 EN-US

Figure 5: Re-ignition free window for a non-coupled grounded reactor

Whenever the rising dielectric strength of the opening contact gap intersects the TRV, the interrupter will re-ignite. This is usually the case for short arcing times. Hence, the arcing time should not be lower than the minimum arcing time for re-ignition free interruption.

Figure 5

shows that the re-ignition free window of arcing times ranges from minimum arcing time, as obtained from type testing, to the length of the last half cycle. To cater for variations in the transient recovery voltage (TRV) due to rating of the reactor, mechanical & dielectric characteristics of the CB and site conditions, the center of the re-ignition free window is chosen as initial target arcing time for controlled opening.

As mentioned above, the length of last half cycle and the probable overvoltage post current interruption depend upon rating, design, and connection configuration of the reactor. Therefore, the initial target arcing time shall be evaluated for individual phases considering these parameters. In this regard, the minimum arcing times are re-evaluated based on gap voltage factors observed across individual interrupting poles for reactors with non-solidly grounded systems. Consequently, the re-ignition free window and initial arcing times are derived for individual circuit breaker poles. As the re-evaluation is based on linear approximation, the minimum arcing time is always taken as lower limit for the re-evaluated initial arcing time.

Initial arcing time values are provided as guidance as they are based on circuit breaker characteristics and standard IEC applications, and may require further adjustment depending on system specific considerations. As an example, for reactors with very low nominal currents, the TRV may become higher than what is specified in standard testing, and hence, may require longer target arcing time. Please contact the circuit breaker factory for guidance.

4.2.3 Power transformers

During no-load energization of a transformer, controlled switching is used for reducing inrush currents and, consequently, voltage distortion in the power system. For a weak grid, this distortion can lead to considerable voltage dip. If the transformer is directly connected to a long transmission line, it may create temporary overvoltage due to resonance of the line

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Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

capacitance with the transformer inductance. This can even lead to nuisance tripping of other equipment connected on the same grid.

The latest generation of power transformers exhibits very low levels of no-load losses (in range of 0.5-1% of the full load current). To achieve the same with optimum design, magnetizing curve of transformers are designed with high operating flux densities with saturation point just above the rated voltage of the transformer. This may lead to very steep rise in magnetizing inrush current for a very small level of asymmetry in the operating flux. In addition, the interphase coupling effects either because of electrical coupling due to at least one delta connected winding or due to magnetically coupled phases, will result into interdependency between resultant fluxes linking with individual phase windings. Therefore, asymmetry in resultant flux of one phase will impact the resultant flux linkage and hence, inrush current in other windings. In this context, the fluxes linking with individual phases are termed as “dynamic fluxes”.

It can be well appreciated that achieving symmetrical flux on energization requires consideration of residual fluxes in the core observed during the previous de-energization, effect of interphase dependency (dynamic fluxes) based on winding configurations (vector group), and core design type (3 limb, 4/5 limb or single-phase bank) of the transformer. Consequently, the switching strategy aims at energizing the individual poles on the reference voltage waveform in such a way that the resultant dynamic fluxes will be symmetric. To mitigate magnetic inrush current, no-load energization of a transformer should be performed at a phase angle where the source side flux will be equal to transformer side flux. This will create symmetric resultant flux in each limb, avoiding core saturation and resulting in minimized magnetizing current. The information required on residual fluxes is derived by controlled opening as a support for the subsequent controlled closing. The purpose of controlled opening is to set a repeatable pattern of residual fluxes. The subsequent closing for individual poles is targeted in such a way that the resultant flux will have minimum level of asymmetry. Refer

Section 5.1.6 for proposed switching strategies for controlled switching of

transformers with different design and connection configurations.

4.2.4 Discharged transmission lines and cables

For transmission lines and power cables, controlled energization is used to minimize the switching overvoltage on the line. To achieve this, controlled energization is targeted for gap voltage zero for individual poles of the circuit breaker.

Often, long cables or lines are compensated with shunt reactors at one or two ends to minimize reactive power pull during off-load condition. In such condition, energization targets shall be checked against missing zero phenomenon, which carries a risk of circuit breaker failure in case of protection trip during energization of the cable.

Like capacitor bank switching, controlled opening is typically not needed for cables and transmission lines. Nevertheless, controlled de-energization can be used for ensuring re- strike free operation of the circuit breaker.

4.3 Switching targets

On arrival of a switching command, the PWC600 IED calculates the optimal switching target phase angles with respect to the reference voltage or reference current signals. The calculations are based on the load to be switched, its connection and design configuration, and the switching duty considering operating time variations and external parameter variations.

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1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Application

4.3.1 Target reference

Controlled switching targets in Switchsync PWC600 are defined with respect to a reference signal.

• For load energization (controlled CB closing), primary voltage is always used as reference.

Voltage measurement may be single-phase or three-phase, for phase-to-ground or phaseto-phase voltage.

• For load de-energization (controlled CB opening), either the primary source voltage (same

as for closing operations) or the load current may be used as reference. Current measurement must be taken from all three phases, and the CT secondary current should not be lower than 50 mA.

Reference signals can be provided by conventional VTs/CTs, or from IEC 61850-9-2(LE) compliant NCITs. Analog signals are sampled at a rate of 80 samples per power cycle, i.e. sampling frequency of 4000 S/s at 50 Hz or 4800 S/s at 60 Hz. This sampling frequency cannot be changed.

The selected reference signal can be used only when its amplitude is sufficiently high. For signal levels below the "dead value" threshold, the IED will declare missing reference signal. If it receives a controlled switching command in this condition it will fall back to a user-defined contingency action of either unsynchronized switching (bypass) or blocking the CB operation.

4.3.2 Target definition

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With the reference signal selected, the individual switching targets are specified as phase angles of the intended electrical switching instants, relative to a positive-going zero crossing in the reference phase. The phase that should be switched first is called "lead phase" (some applications require two lead phases to operate at the same time).

In PWC600 1.1, the reference phase is always L1 regardless which VT phases are connected to the IED. Conversely, the lead phase can be selected arbitrarily according to the application requirements.

For common controlled switching applications, the optimal switching targets are predefined in Switchsync Setting Tool (SST), considering L1 as the lead phase. These should give good results in most use cases. The user just needs to specify the type of load, its electrical connections (vector group) and possibly few other design or application parameters. The tool chooses the recommended controlled switching strategies from its built-in database and presents them as default values. The user may directly adopt the proposed switching targets, or adapt them to any special targeting requirements in the application. Details on specifying controlled switching strategies in PWC600 are given in the following subsections.

4.3.2.1 Controlled energization targets

The making target for the L1 pole is specified as phase angle relative to a positive-going voltage zero of the L1 phase-ground voltage, regardless which VT phases are connected to the IED. For L2 and L3, the making targets are specified as phase angles relative to the L1 target.

As an example, the intended controlled closing strategy for a non-coupled grounded reactor is to energize each phase at its phase-to-ground voltage peak. With L1 as lead phase, this will give L1 making target as 90°, L3 making target at 60° after L1, and L2 target at 120° after L1.

Figure 6 shows the way targets are defined in SST based on selected application by the user.

The IED will further optimize and convert these electrical into mechanical target points (based on circuit breaker characteristics) and further into release instants (based on mechanical CB properties) for each breaker pole without further user input.

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User manual

Current L1 Current L2 Current L3

Source voltage L1 Source voltage L2 Source voltage L3

Target L1 in SST Target L2 in SST Target L3 in SST

Target current making angle L1 Target current making angle L2 Target current making angle L3

Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

The optimized electrical target points for individual phases are presented in the operation log as “Target current making angle”. Contrary to the definition above, though, each target making angle stored in operation log is specified relative to the preceding positive-going voltage zero crossing in the same phase (e.g. the L2 target making angle is given relative to a L2 voltage zero). This is shown in

Figure 6. For more details on operation evaluation, refer Section 4.5. For this example, considering an “ideal” circuit breaker, for which the impact of

circuit breaker characteristics (RDDS and scatter) can be neglected, the pre-defined targets to appear in SST and in the operation log are shown in

Table 3.

IEC19000960 V1 EN-US

Figure 6: Target definition for controlled energization of non-coupled reactor

Table 3: Targets in SST and operation log for energization of a non-coupled grounded reactor

Making targets L1 (lead phase) L2 L3

Defined in SST 90° 120° 60°

Recorded in operation log

90° 90° 270°

4.3.2.2 Controlled de-energization targets

The targets for controlled de-energization are specified in two parts for each phase:

• Expected angle of current interruption, which usually occurs at a natural current zero.

Elongation or shortening of the last current half cycle before interruption, due to electrical or magnetic coupling between phases, needs to be taken into account.

• Target arcing time for reliable current interruption. This will give the target instant of CB

contact separation.

The current interruption target for phase L1 is specified as phase angle relative to a positivegoing zero crossing of either source voltage or breaker current in that phase. The interruption targets in L2 and L3 are specified relative to the L1 target.

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As an example, the L1 current interruption target for a non-coupled grounded reactor with L1 as lead phase will be 270° with its source voltage as reference, or 180° with its current as reference. For the second interrupting phase L3, it will be being 60° later than L1, and for the last interrupting phase L2 it will be 120° later than L1. The arcing times for all three phases will be identical (assumed to be 7.5 ms in this example) for a non-coupled grounded reactor.

7 shows the way targets are defined in SST based on selected application by the user. The IED

will phase wise convert the current interruption instances into output commands based on defined arcing times for individual phases. SST for both source voltage and current as reference.

Figure

Table 4 shows the pre-defined targets to appear in

User manual

Current L1 Current L2 Current L3

Arcing time L1 Arcing time L2 Arcing time L3

Source voltage L1 Source voltage L2 Source voltage L3

Contact separation target L1 Contact separation target L2 Contact separation target L3

Current interruption target L1 Current interruption target L2 Current interruption target L3

Current L1 Current L2 Current L3

Arcing time L1 Arcing time L2 Arcing time L3

Source voltage L1 Source voltage L2 Source voltage L3

Contact separation target L1 Contact separation target L2 Contact separation target L3

Current interruption target L1 Current interruption target L2 Current interruption target L3

1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

IEC19000961 V1 EN-US

Application

Figure 7: Target definition for controlled de-energization of non-coupled reactor,

source voltage reference

IEC19000779 V1 EN-US

Figure 8: Target definition for controlled de-energization of non-coupled reactor,

current reference

Table 4: Targets in SST for de-energization of a non-coupled grounded reactor

Reference signal

Source voltage

Load current 180° 120° 60°

The predefined switching targets are optimized for single-pole operated (SPO) circuit breakers, which are considered best suitable for controlled switching. However, it is possible to perform controlled switching for three-pole-operated (TPO) circuit breakers with ganged operation or mechanical staggering. Refer

Current interruption targets

Arcing time (ms) at natural current zero L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 L1 (lead

phase)

L2 L3

270° 120° 60° 7.5 7.5 7.5

SST by default suggests L1 as lead phase for the different applications. Specify a different lead phase by entering a negative value for the L2 and/or L3 interruption target. Refer Section 5.2.3 for more details.

Section 5.2.2 for more details.

User manual

Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

4.3.3 Circuit breaker properties

Knowledge of key parameters of the circuit breaker is essential for successful controlled switching. These key parameters are usually separate for Close and Open operations.

• Mechanical behavior under nominal conditions (timing, accuracy)

• Dielectric properties (RDDS, re-ignition free window)

• Impact of external influences, such as DC control voltage or temperature, on operating times (compensation curves)

• Permitted limits on deviation from default values

• etc.

Some of these parameters are defined by the circuit breaker design; these can be provided in advance. Others are specific to each pole and are ideally obtained on site during (or prior to) commissioning.

Switchsync Setting Tool (SST) provides easy access to all relevant parameters. The installation package of the Switchsync PWC600 Connectivity Package also includes a library of ABB circuit breaker models, containing design-related parameters. In case the actual circuit breaker model is not included, the user may define a new “custom” circuit breaker type by modifying data from the library, or create a new circuit breaker type altogether.

For acquisition of pole-specific parameters prior to live switching, Switchsync PWC600 provides a “CB timing test mode”. With the main contacts temporarily connected to dedicated inputs, offline switching operations are controlled and evaluated by the IED. The properties thus learned are used in regular operations.

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4.4 Optimization of accuracy

The operating times (switching times) of the circuit breaker may change with certain parameters, such as time (age), temperature, idle time since the last operation, and DC control voltage. To optimize the controlled switching performance against such changes, Switchsync PWC600 provides two features, parameter compensation and adaptive correction. Based on these features, the release instants of the circuit breaker are adjusted for optimal targeting during controlled switching operations.

4.4.1 Parameter compensation

The Switchsync PWC600 IED has the facility to compensate for the influences of external and internal parameters, namely, DC control voltage, idle time, temperature, drive pressure, spring charge, and an additional user-defined parameter. For each of these, it applies individual parameter compensation curves consisting of parametric variation vs. required operating time correction. Separate curves are provided for Close and Open operations. The individual compensation values are added up to yield a total compensation value for each CB pole.

The library of ABB circuit breakers includes compensation curves for each CB type. During engineering in Switchsync Setting Tool, the user only needs to specify which sensors are connected to the IED. Accordingly, the compensation functions are activated. It is possible to enable, disable or modify individual compensation curves manually. Respective sensor signals are either connected to the IED directly, or are received from external acquisition devices (such as ABB RIO600) via IEC 61850 analog GOOSE messages. See

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Table 5 below.

User manual

3( ) 3( )new old



= + 

1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Table 5: Compensation facilities in pre-configuration

Parameter Sensor Qty. Inputs to IED

DC control voltage

Idle time Internal calculation based on

Stored energy in CB drive

TemperatureTemperature sensor (e.g.

Drive pressure

Additional quantity (userspecified)

Voltage sensor 1 DC supply on PSM module

status of current signal, load voltage signal, and/or CB auxiliary contacts

Set of 1 or 2 binary level contacts

Pt100) connected to external acquisition device

Pressure sensor connected to external acquisition device

Sensor for additional quantity, connected to external acquisition device

3 CT or VT inputs on TRM module, current or

voltage samples via IEC 61850-9-2, or binary inputs on PIO module

1 or 3 sets Binary inputs on BIO module

1 or 3 Analog GOOSE

Application

Compensation values are continuously updated. Thus, the actual compensation value is available at the time when a controlled switching operation is executed. Furthermore, each sensor signal is checked against supervision thresholds, and an alarm can be raised on crossing a limit.

4.4.2 Adaptive correction

After completion of a controlled switching operation, Switchsync PWC600 acquires the instants when the switching actually took place. For this purpose, it analyzes the primary analog signals (load current, load voltage) and the timing of binary signals from auxiliary contacts in the CB drive, as available. The instants of inception or interruption of the primary signals are determined using adjustable detection thresholds, see

Recommendations on the selection of feedback signals are given in Section 4.5.4.

The actual switching instants are compared with the target instants; the difference is called Target error. It is the basis for adaptive correction and other monitoring features.

4.4.2.1 Adaptive correction for closing

For closing operations, a fraction to update the estimated CB operating time for the next controlled closing operation. This process is known as “adaptive correction”; its purpose is to compensate systematic changes in the circuit breaker’s operation characteristics over time.

(Beta factor) of the target error is used as correction value,

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Section 4.5.1.2.

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User manual

PWC600 maintains internal adaptive correction values T3 for each breaker pole. After each controlled closing operation, T3 is updated with the target error ε according to

IECEQUATION19015 V1 EN-US

(Equation 1)

Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

Higher values of β will make the adaptive correction converge faster but may cause overshoot in case of fluctuating target errors. Conversely, lower values of β will provide smooth approach to the ideal target but will take longer to converge.

These calculations are done for each phase individually. Separate β factors are provided for electrical and mechanical feedback; however, it is recommended to use adaptive correction only on either electrical or mechanical feedback and set the other β factor to zero.

When using load current or load voltage for detecting the actual switching instants, adaptive correction is limited to adjusting for target errors not exceeding a quarter cycle. Hence, it is important to validate the actual controlled switching performance from the waveform records during commissioning. If high target errors are observed, the appropriate settings must be adjusted for good initial target accuracy.

4.4.2.2 Adaptive correction for opening

For opening operations, detection of each restrike/ reignition in any phase will cause increment in target arcing time by 1 ms for the respective phase for the next operations. The number of allowed increments (re-strike/re-ignition corrections) can be configured as disabled, 1 ms or 3 ms. If exceeding the number of allowed re-strike/re-ignition corrections, CB operations will be blocked irrespective of the contingency mode set by the user.

The internal values for adaptive correction and operation logs are periodically written to non-volatile memory to be preserved against power loss. To maximize the life of the memory elements, the write interval has been defined as 1 hour; this cannot be changed by the user. Therefore, to prevent loss of data, the IED should not be powered off within 1 hour of the last switching operation.

4.4.3 Overall optimization

4.4.3.1 Optimization of closing operations

For Close operations, the target instant TtC of mechanical contact touch in each phase is internally calculated as follows.

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TtC = T0 + T1 + T2 + T3 + T

where

T0 = ideal making target

T1 = offset from ideal target, to cater for dielectric and mechanical scatter

T2 = total combined correction value from parameter compensations

T3 = total combined correction value for electrical and/or mechanical adaptation

T4 = expected pre-arcing time (time between current inception and mechanical contact touch)

To achieve best possible performance considering dielectric and mechanical scatter, the difference in pre-strike voltage at both boundaries of the target making window shall be minimized. Consequently, the final (strategic) making target is slightly shifted from the ideal

User manual

Figure 8 section 3.4.3

Gap voltage Current Contact gap dielectric strength

Operating time scatter Contact gap dielectric scatter Overall scatter boundaries

Ideal target Strategic target Target making window

Strategic target normalization

Target making window

Ideal target for making: Peak of the gap voltageStrategic target for making: Slightly before gap voltage peak

Figure 9 section 3.4.3

Gap voltage Current Contact gap dielectric strength

Operating time scatter Contact gap dielectric scatter Overall scatter boundaries

Ideal target Strategic target Target making window

Strategic target normalization

Target making window

Ideal target for making:

Zero crossing of the gap voltage

Strategic target for making: Slightly after gap voltage zero

1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Application

target: forward for gap voltage zero target and back for gap voltage peak target. T1 and T

during controlled closing operation at voltage peak target and voltage zero target are demonstrated in Figure 9 and Figure 10 respectively.

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Figure 9: Switching target optimization for controlled closing, voltage peak targeting

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Figure 10: Switching target optimization for controlled closing, voltage zero targeting

Whenever the making target is specified as 0° or 90°, PWC600 optimizes the actual target instants as described above. For any other making target, no optimization is done but the

4.4.3.2 Optimization of opening operations

User manual

actual target instants are constrained to the range spanned by the strategic targets for 0° and 90°.

For controlled opening operations, the target instant TtO of mechanical contact separation is calculated as:

TtO = T0 – T3 – T4 = T0 – T

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Source voltage Gap voltage Current Contact gap dielectric strength

Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

where

T0 = ideal interrupting target

T3 = adaptive correction value for target arcing time due to re-strike or re-ignition detection

T4 = initial target arcing time (time between mechanical contact separation and current interruption)

T5= Extended arcing time due to adaptive correction

T3, T4 and T5 are shown in Figure 11, which depicts current interruption at reference voltage peak.

GUID-B20044E3-0841-45A0-8140-522E955366F1 V2 EN-US

Figure 11: Optimization of contact separation target for controlled opening (source

voltage reference)

4.5 Monitoring and supervision

All signals acquired by the Switchsync PWC600 IED are primarily used for execution and optimization of controlled switching operations. In addition, the same signals can be used for monitoring and supervision of the circuit breaker’s switching performance and its aging (due to number of operations or interrupter wear).

On receiving a switching command, the available compensation signals are evaluated for compensation values. After issuing a switching command, the IED monitors the input signals for status changes. The sequence of these events is evaluated to determine actual operating times and further conditions such as re-ignitions/re-strikes. All these data are recorded in the operation log.

The very first operation records (default: 20) are stored as “fingerprint records” in a separate instance of the operation log for later reference.

Table 6 summarizes the potential use of external signals (if available).

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User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Application

Table 6: Circuit breaker monitoring features

Signals Controlled switching optimization Monitoring and supervision

Current throughCB• Adaptive correction of

electrical switching times

• Idle-time compensation of mechanical switching times

• Electrical switching target errors

• Electrical making times and interrupting times

• Re-ignition/re-strike

• Interrupter wear (contact ablation, nozzle erosion)

• Circuit breaker status (open, closed)

• Idle time (time since last CB operation)

• Externally initiated switching operation

• CB operations count

Load voltage • Adaptive correction of

Auxiliary contacts status

DC control voltage

Temperature • Temperature compensation of

Drive pressure • Pressure compensation of

Spring charge • Spring charge compensation

Additional quantity (user defined)

Trip circuit voltage

electrical switching times

• Idle-time compensation of mechanical switching times

• Adaptive correction of mechanical switching times

• Idle-time compensation of mechanical switching times

• Voltage compensation of mechanical switching times

mechanical switching times

of mechanical switching times

• Additional compensation of mechanical switching times

• Electrical switching target errors

• Electrical making times and interrupting times

• Circuit breaker status (open, closed)

• Idle time (time since last CB operation)

• Externally initiated switching operation

• CB operations count

• Mechanical switching target errors

• Mechanical closing times and opening times

• Initial delay time, moving time

• Idle time (time since last CB operation)

• Externally initiated switching operation

• CB operations count

• Limit supervision

• Trip circuit supervision

For estimating interrupter wear, it is recommended to use protection class CT cores.

Various supervision alarms have been pre-defined to indicate if the associated parameter crosses the limit. Each alarm can have two stages: warning and alarm, for which user can define the limits, and which can be individually enabled or disabled.

4.5.1 Electrical operations monitoring

Following every controlled switching operation, certain parameters are extracted from the recorded feedback signals, which can be selected as CB current or load voltage. They are

User manual

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Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

summarized in Table 7. Close and Open commands refer to the control signals given to the circuit breaker drive.

Table 7: Monitored electrical parameters

Parameter Definition Remarks

Circuit breaker status Current through CB, or load

Current making angle Phase angle of detected current

Electrical operating time (making time, interrupting time)

Arcing time Time from estimated instant of

Electrical target error Difference between actual

Re-ignition/re-strike Re-occurrence of CB current

Interrupter wear Combined figure of contact

voltage, is above threshold

inception instant, relative to positive-going reference voltage zero crossing

Closing (current making): Time from CB Close command to current inception

Opening (current interruption): Time from CB Open command to final current interruption

mechanical separation of arcing contacts to final current interruption

(measured) electrical operating time and predicted (target) electrical operating time

detected after the expected current interruption instant

erosion, nozzle ablation, and so on, based on interrupted primary current

For loads of type power transformer, transmission line, or power cable, the nominal load current needs to be set to the expected charging current under no-load conditions.

Relevant for CB closing operations only.

Obtained from CB current or load voltage signals

Relevant only for CB opening operations.

Every detected re-ignition/restrike increases a counter and increases the target arcing time (up to a set limit).

4.5.1.1 Circuit breaker electrical status

Switchsync PWC600 attempts to detect electrical status change of the circuit breaker (current making or current interruption) from the primary current or load voltage signals. The strategies employed vary by the set load type.

• For capacitor bank and shunt reactor type loads, it can be assumed that load current is generally above dead-band value when energized.

• Power transformers exhibit very low magnetizing currents when energized. These currents are usually too low for reliable electrical operation detection. Electrical status detection is therefore based on load voltage only, if available. However, in case of electrical or magnetic coupling, additional measures are needed for correct detection of the making instants. Refer to

Electrical and magnetic coupling between phases can mislead the status detection algorithm. Hence, it is recommended to connect auxiliary contacts to the IED to allow mechanical status detection especially when load voltage is not used to detect the electrical operations.

Section 5.2.5 for details.

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User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Application

In case of a weak source, switching operations may cause voltage interference between phases for loads that are not solidly grounded. Therefore it is recommended to use current as feedback signal except for transformer application.

4.5.1.2 Detection of electrical switching instants

Detecting the precise instant of current making or current interruption is crucial to maintaining optimal accuracy by adaptive correction, and for faithful reporting of the controlled switching success. For detecting the actual instants when the selected electrical feedback signal starts or stops, PWC600 checks the signal against two thresholds.

1. Coarse threshold: The percentage of base value of voltage or current (based on selected feedback for monitoring and adaptation) to eliminate incorrect detection. This threshold should be high enough for reliable discernment of the presence or absence of the feedback signal even in the presence of noise, crosstalk, or inter-phase coupling effects.

2. Fine threshold: The percentage of base value of voltage or current (based on selected feedback for monitoring and adaptation) at which making or interruption is to be detected. This threshold should be low enough to achieve accurate inception or interruption instant detection while eliminating the effect of noise.

Always the fine threshold setting should be lower than the coarse threshold setting for both energization and de-energization operations.

Table 8 shows the proposed values of thresholds to be set in SST for different load

applications.

Table 8: Suggested coarse and fine threshold settings for various applications

Load Feedback signal Close Open

Coarse threshold Fine threshold Coarse threshold Fine threshold

Capacitor Current 10% 3% 20% 3%

Reactor Current 10% 3% 20% 3%

Transformer Load voltage 30% 20%

Transmission line or cable

) not relevant as load voltage cannot be used for detecting interruption instants.

Load voltage 10% 3% 20% 10%

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20%*) 3%*)

User manual

Generally, the proposed values given in Table 8 provide good accuracy in detection. In case of initially incorrect results the thresholds should be adjusted to provide sufficient margin considering possible variations in noise level.

PWC600 further converts the detected instants of current making and current interruptions into electrical operating times and actual switching angles. These values are recorded in the operation log and used for further monitoring purposes as described above.

Making instant detection

During closing operation, the algorithm initially detects the point where the absolute value of

GUID-5F57FFCE-D63C-4E8B-9C24-7D88AA8C7F93 v1

the signal first rises above the coarse threshold. From there, it back-tracks the waveform till it crosses the fine threshold. The earliest point where the signal crosses the fine threshold is declared as the inception instant.

Current

Detected making instant

Crossover of waveform for coarse threshold

Fine threshold

Coarse threshold

Actual current start instant

Noise

Current

Detected interruption instant

Crossover of waveform for coarse threshold

Fine threshold

Coarse threshold

Actual current interruption

Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

Figure 12 demonstrates the way fine and coarse threshold are set for correct detection of

making instant based on electrical current feedback. It can be observed that with proper adjustment of these thresholds, current start with very low magnitude can be detected with good accuracy. The error in detection is the time difference between the green and the red points marked in the figure, which happens to be very small.

IEC19000962 V1 EN-US

Figure 12: Defining thresholds for making instant detection during energization

Interrupting instant detection

For load de-energization, current interruption in most cases occurs at a natural current zero.

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Thus, the actual instant of contact separation cannot be deduced from the primary voltage and current signals. However, Switchsync PWC600 checks the current signals for signs of reignitions/re-strikes, in particular final current interruption occurring significantly later than expected. Moreover, after actual current interruption, many times, noise having decaying DC or L-C oscillatory nature is observed. This may lead to wrong re-ignition detection. To ensure proper detection, coarse and fine threshold settings shall be adjusted as shown in

IEC19000963 V1 EN-US

Figure 13.

Figure 13: Defining thresholds for current interruption instant detection during de-

energization

During opening operation, the algorithm initially detects the point where the absolute value of the signal last drops below the coarse threshold. From there, it forward-tracks the waveform till it crosses the fine threshold. The instant of crossing the fine threshold is declared as the interruption instant. As shown in fairly low value to enable detection of re-ignitions of low current amplitude. Moreover, this value should be set to provide sufficient margin against noise, decaying DC, or fast oscillatory signals.

Figure 13, the coarse detection threshold should be set to a

4.5.1.3 Detection of re-ignitions/re-strikes

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During opening, the circuit breaker is usually expected to interrupt the primary current at its natural zero. If current starts flowing again after that current zero, this is called a re-ignition (for inductive loads) or re-strike (for capacitive loads). The steep voltage front of current restart may damage the interrupter, hence it is desirable to avoid such events.

In every controlled opening operation, Switchsync PWC600 checks the electrical interrupting time from the load current signal (when available). If final current interruption is observed

User manual

Voltage

Current

time

Dielectricstrengthacross

breaker

TRV

time

TRV

Instantofcontact

separation

Initialcurrent

interruption

Re‐ignition

IEC19000918-1-en.vsdx

1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Application

within 1/4 of the power cycle later than expected, this is interpreted as re-ignition as shown in

Figure 14.

IEC19000918 V1 EN-US

Figure 14: Re-ignition in an inductive load

On the other hand, if the current interrupt interrupts later than 1/4 of the power cycle than expected, its considered as re-strike as shown in

Figure 15.

User manual

Voltageacross

thebreaker

Capacitor

voltage

Source

voltage

Current

‐Vm

2Vm

time

‐4Vm

3Vm

‐5Vm

Instantofcontact

separation

Instantofcurrent

interruption

Dielectricstrength

acrossbreaker

Re‐strikes

IEC19000917-1-en.vsdx

Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

IEC19000917 V1 EN-US

4.5.1.4 Interrupter wear

Figure 15: Re-strike on a capacitive load

In new condition, a circuit breaker is rated for a certain number of mechanical operations, that is, interrupting no or very low currents. It is also rated for a certain (low) number of operations interrupting maximum fault current. Between these extremes, the interrupted current in every Open operation causes some erosion of the contacts and ablation of the nozzles, until the CB

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User manual

IntTh1 IntTh2

100

1000

10000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Number of switching operations

Interrupted current (kA)

1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Application

loses its ability to reliably switch off currents. This interrupter wear characteristic is often given in form of a curve.

GUID-3DCD06E6-F638-4749-BF54-34B54D94B140 V2 EN-US

Figure 16: Example of interrupter wear characteristic of a circuit breaker rated for 10000

mechanical operations (interrupting currents up to IntTh1 = 3000 A) or 20 interruptions of rated fault current IntTh2 = 63 kA

Switchsync PWC600 calculates interrupter wear as the equivalent number of mechanical operations that the circuit breaker has lost after interrupting a specific current. This individual value and the cumulated interrupter wear are recorded in the operation log. Upon reaching the limits specific to each breaker type, a warning or alarm will be raised. The algorithm for calculation of interrupter wear is explained in the Technical Manual.

It is recommended to contact ABB for obtaining the optimal coefficients for interrupter wear of any circuit breaker type that is not included in the CB library of SST.

4.5.2 Mechanical operations monitoring

Following every switching operation, certain parameters are calculated from recorded instants of auxiliary contacts' changeover. They are summarized in Table 9, assuming both contact types (52a/NO and 52b/NC) are connected to the Switchsync PWC600 IED. Close and Open commands refer to the control signals given to the circuit breaker drive.

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User manual

time

travel

Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

Table 9: Monitored mechanical parameters

Parameter Definition Remarks

Initial delay time Closing: TNC = Time from Close

command to opening of 52b (NC) contact Opening: TNO = Time from Open

command to opening of 52a (NO) contact

Moving time T

Mechanical operating time (closing time, opening time)

Mechanical target error Difference between actual

Unstable operating times Fluctuation between several

NONC

Closing: TNO – TNC = Time from opening of 52b (NC) to closing of

52a (NO) contact Opening: TNC – TNO = Time from

opening of 52a (NO) to closing of 52b (NC) contact

Closing: T command to estimated point of

contact touch Opening: T

command to estimated point of contact separation

(measured) mechanical operating time and target mechanical operating time

consecutive operating times higher than threshold

= Time from Close

main

= Time from Open

main

Can be calculated only if respective auxiliary contact signals are available.

Can be calculated only if both auxiliary contact signals are available.

Linear estimation, based on initial delay time and moving time.

Indication of unstable operating times must be cleared manually.

Figure 17 shows a typical circuit breaker closing operation, to demonstrate the mechanical

monitoring parameters. The main portion of the linear travel curve (gray) is approximated by a straight line (black) connecting the changeover points of the 52a (NO) and 52b (NC) auxiliary contacts. The vertical axis marks the time when the closing command is given to the CB drive (t=0).

GUID-54A36C70-49D1-40A3-AE26-A8C7A5B44E9E V2 EN-US

Figure 17: Definition of mechanical monitoring parameters for a CB Close operation.

Definition for Open operations is equivalent.

4.5.3 Recommended alarms

Table 10 shows the list of user settable alarms to be enabled for different applications. For the

alarms listed in the table, if any application is not mentioned, the respective alarm can be disabled. User requirements take precedence.

GUID-BE55E502-CCD6-45DA-961B-F2B63A8EA79E v1

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 4

Application

Table 10: Recommended alarms to be enabled for various applications

Alarm list Application

Unsynchronized switching operation All

Actual switching instants, or CB operating time, out of limit

Re-ignition/re-strike Reactor, capacitor, cable

Unstable circuit breaker operating characteristics Overhead transmission lines

Loss of reference signal All

All

The full list of possible alarms and other diagnostic indications is given in Section 16.1.

4.5.4 Selection of feedback signals

Table 11 shows the list of required feedback signals for various load applications. The

mentioned signals are applicable for any design and connection configuration of the specified load. For any type of load, the source voltage (1 or 3 phases) must be used as reference for controlled closing operations.

Table 11: Recommended list of reference and feedback signals for various applications

Load Purpose Required signals Remark

Capacitor bank, shunt reactor

Power transformer Controlled opening

Discharged transmission line, power cable

Controlled opening reference

Switching evaluation, adaptive correction, restrike detection

reference

Adaptive correction Mechanical status

Controlled opening reference

Adaptive correction, restrike detection

Load current (3 phases) or Source voltage (1 or 3 phases)

Load current (3 phases)

Source voltage (1 or 3 phases)

indication (from auxiliary contacts) or Load voltage

Source voltage (1 or 3 phases)

Load voltage (3 phases, phase to ground)

GUID-F50A1448-895B-4D94-AFC4-6BF26C53CD45 v1

Selection of feedback among mechanical status indication or load voltage is done based on CB model and system conditions. Contact ABB for guidance.

The charging current for cables are generally low so current is not available for selection as feedback. However, for long cables having higher charging currents, current feedback may be suitable for adaptation in closing as well as for re-strike/re-ignition detection in opening. For such cases, use capacitor bank as the load to use current feedback.

User manual

Section 4 1MRK 511 463 A Application

In case of severely distorted current signal, high errors in switching instant detection may be observed even with adjusting the threshold. In such cases, the load voltage signal should be used for feedback.

4.5.5 Trip circuit supervision

Three of the binary outputs of the PWC600 IED feature additional circuitry for supervising the status of a CB trip circuit. Whereas these outputs are not used in PWC600, the trip circuit supervision (TCS) functionality can be applied to the controlled circuit breaker.

The TCS continuously injects a small DC current into the coil circuit and measures the resulting voltage at its terminals. This voltage is expected to fall in a certain range. If the voltage is too low this indicates a short circuit. Similarly, if the voltage is too high this indicates an open circuit. Both conditions will raise an alarm, if enabled.

Implementation of TCS is explained in

GUID-74377389-26D2-4181-8063-EBB21097FA7D v1

Section 7.5.

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

Section 5 Specific load applications

This section describes the controlled switching strategies and related settings for different load applications. Target settings to be applied in PWC600 for common load applications having different design and connection configurations are described in Section 5.1. Few special applications including switching sequence having lead phase other than L1, switching with gang operated mechanically staggered circuit breakers, controlled switching of impedance grounded reactors, and variable applications taking advantage of setting groups, are discussed in

5.1 Standard load applications

In this section, switching strategies for standard load applications are discussed, namely, capacitor banks, reactors, transformers, cables and discharged transmission lines. Recommended controlled switching strategies are given in the following subsections.

These considerations always assume

• Solidly grounded source of the power system

• Phase rotation L1-L2-L3

• Single-pole operated circuit breaker

• Lead phase (first phase to operate) L1

Section 5.2.

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PWC600 takes into account different configurations of the power system and the load automatically, same as the properties of the “real” circuit breaker. As an example, if the source/system or the load is ungrounded then the controlled switching strategies for an ungrounded load are applied. The dissimilarity in gap voltage factors (during energization) and last half cycle loop lengths (during de-energization) for individual poles of the circuit breaker are considered while calculating the recommended targets.

Contact ABB for load applications or connection configurations other than the ones described in this section. Also, contact ABB for non-standard applications such as switching of shunt reactor compensated cables.

Table 12 lists the application cases for various load configurations covered in this section.

Table 12: Application of controlled switching to various load configurations

Load Configuration Neutral Section

Capacitor bank YN Grounded Section 5.1.1

Y/D Ungrounded/not

Shunt reactor YN – Individual bank, 4-limb or 5-

limb core

Y/D – any core design Ungrounded Section 5.1.4

YN – 3-limb core Grounded Section 5.1.5

Table continues on next page

applicable

Grounded Section 5.1.3

Section 5.1.2

User manual

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

Load Configuration Neutral Section

Power transformer YNyn/YNy or similar – Non-

Transmission line and power cable

coupled transformer charged from YN winding

YNd/YNynd/YNyd or similar – Electrically and/or magnetically coupled transformer charged from YN winding

Yyn/Yy/Yd/Dyn/Dy/Dd or similar – Any transformer charged from Y or D winding

Discharged at time of energization

Grounded on side of charging

Ungrounded on side of charging

Not applicable Section 5.1.7

Section 5.1.6

5.1.1 Grounded capacitor bank

A discharged star-connected capacitor bank with grounded neutral is ideally energized at a source voltage zero crossing in each individual phase. If energizing polarity is not critical, the recommended sequence is L1-L3-L2 with 60° spacing between energization of the phases. For de-energization of a grounded star-connected capacitor bank, the recommended current interruption sequence is again L1-L3-L2 with 60° phase difference between phases. Optimum arcing times for all three phases will be identical as the phases are not coupled.

Table 13 shows the recommended targets for energization and de-energization of a grounded

capacitor bank.

Table 13: Controlled switching targets for grounded capacitor bank

Making targets Current interruption targets at natural

Switching strategy

L1 (lead phase)

Slightly after negativegoing zero crossing of L1 phase-toground voltage

L2 L3 L1 (lead

120° after L1

60° after L1

current zero

phase)

Positivegoing zero crossing of L1 phase current

GUID-C497E629-0313-4711-AEC7-1D3CA0344669 v1

L2 L3

120° after L1 60° after L1

5.1.1.1 Controlled energization

Table 14 shows the settings to be applied for controlled closing with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in

Table 14: Settings for controlled closing with PWC600 for grounded capacitor bank

Target making angle (deg) L1 (lead phase) L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

180° 120° 60° 1.00 1.00 1.00

Internally, PWC600 will add an offset to the entered making targets, to cater for the dielectric and mechanical characteristics of the specific circuit breaker, as explained in Section 4.4.3.1. These optimized targets can be seen as Target current making angle in the operation log.

GUID-9F3EBAA8-4ADB-4D2E-9C97-3DE8D66A4501 v1

Table 13.

Gap voltage prior to current making (p.u.)

User manual

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1

Current L1 Reference point Energization target L1

Source voltage L2 G ap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Reference point Energization target L2 Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3

Current L3 Reference point E nergization target L3

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

Figure 18 shows the waveform representation for controlled energization of a grounded

capacitor bank.

IEC19000998 V1 EN-US

Figure 18: Controlled energization of a grounded capacitor bank

5.1.1.2 Controlled de-energization

Table 15 shows the settings to be applied for controlled opening with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in

Table 15: Settings for controlled opening with PWC600 for grounded capacitor bank

Interruption target (deg) Arcing time (ms) L1 (lead

L2 L3 50 Hz 60 Hz

phase)

Source voltage reference

270° 120° 60° 5.5 4.6

Load current reference

360° 120° 60° 5.5 4.6

Figure 19 shows the waveform representation of controlled de-energization of a grounded

capacitor bank.

Table 13.

L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 L1 (lead

phase)

GUID-3B6BDE3C-CF56-4583-BCD5-99A8F16B4AE6 v1

L2 L3

User manual

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1

Current L1 Current interruption target L1 Arcing time L1

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Current interruption target L2 Ar cing time L2

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3

Current L3 Current interruption target L3 Arcing time L3

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

IEC19000997 V1 EN-US

Figure 19: Controlled de-energization of a grounded capacitor bank using source

voltage as reference

5.1.2 Ungrounded or delta connected capacitor bank

A discharged star-connected ungrounded or delta connected capacitor bank is ideally energized in L1-L2-L3 sequence. The first energizing phase L1 will see no pre-strike until first following pole L2 energizes, as the current will not flow until two circuit breaker poles are closed. In this case, the second energizing pole L2 will see line-to-line voltage of 1.73 pu prior to current making, and the ideal making target is at zero crossing of this voltage. After energizing of L1 & L2 poles, the last pole to close L3 will see 1.5 pu gap voltage due to neutral voltage shift and its ideal energization target is at zero crossing of this voltage, which appears 90° after L1 & L2 energization. The dissimilarity in gap voltages for individual circuit breaker poles is considered while evaluating the pre-arcing times for individual phase targets.

For an ungrounded capacitor bank, current interruption will take place in one pole initially followed by remaining two poles together. Moreover, due to shift in neutral point potential, the last loop length (that is, length of the last current half-cycle prior to interruption) in the second and third phases to open will become dissimilar. First interrupting pole will have 180° last loop length, whereas the second pole will see 30° shortening and the third pole will see 30° elongation in last loop length. The recommended sequence of current interruption is therefore, L1-L2L3. Also, the individual poles will see dissimilar over voltages across the contact gap. However, due to slow rising gap voltage for all three interrupting poles, target arcing times can be set identical for all three phases.

GUID-F8C240AD-DAEA-40CF-968F-FE005A95E12B v1

Table 16 shows the proposed targets for energization and de-energization of an ungrounded

capacitor bank.

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

Table 16: Controlled switching targets for ungrounded capacitor bank

Making targets Current interruption targets at natural

L1 (lead

Switching strategy

1) ΦD advancement in target of L1 to ensure that the switching of L1 happens prior to L2 and pre-strike happens across L2 only.

phase)

150° - Φ

L2 L3 L1 (lead

ΦD after L1 90° after L2 Positive-

current zero

phase)

going zero crossing of L1 phase current

L2 L3

L2 & L3 together: 90° after L1

In some cases, L1L2-L3 switching strategy for energization is used, where first two poles (L1 & L2) are energized together followed by the last phase (L3) 90° later. Contact ABB for more details.

5.1.2.1 Controlled energization

Table 17 shows the settings to be applied for controlled closing with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in Table 16. The source side voltage is considered as reference for the application.

Table 17: Settings for controlled closing with PWC600 for ungrounded capacitor bank

Target making Gap voltage prior to current making (p.u.) L1 (lead phase)* L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

150° -Φ

Figure 20 shows the waveform representation for controlled energization of an ungrounded

capacitor bank.

90° +Φ

GUID-0322A996-158C-499B-9ED5-0798307ECCC0 v1

0 1.73 1.5

User manual

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1

Current L1 Reference point Energization target L1

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Reference point Energization target L2

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3

Current L3 Reference point E nergization target L3

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

IEC19000788 V1 EN-US

Figure 20: Controlled energization of an ungrounded capacitor bank

If electrical monitoring is selected, to achieve proper monitoring and adaptation, disable adaptive correction for first energizing pole (L1) and put the maximum possible RDDS value, since no prestrike will be observed in first pole to close. Also, large electrical target errors will be recorded for this phase. To prevent raising of false alarms, remove the threshold supervision for the lead phase. Refer to Section 9.4.6.2. In the operation records for closing operations, the “Electrical operating time” and “Current making angle” values for the first energizing pole (L1) can be disregarded.

5.1.2.2 Controlled de-energization

Table 18 shows the settings to be applied for controlled opening with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in

Table 18: Settings for controlled opening with PWC600 for ungrounded capacitor bank

Interruption target (deg) Arcing time (ms) L1 (lead phase)

Source voltage reference

270° 90° 90° 5.5 4.6

Load current reference

360° 90° 90° 5.5 4.6

L2 L3 50 Hz 60 Hz

Table 16.

L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 L1 (lead

phase)

GUID-C31C13EA-1831-420A-B75F-CBC599F7D700 v1

L2 L3

Figure 21 shows the waveform representation of controlled de-energization of an ungrounded

capacitor bank.

User manual

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 C ontact gap dielectric strength L1

Current L1 Current interruption target L1 Arcing time L1

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 C ontact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Current interruption target L2 Arcing time L2

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 C ontact gap dielectric strength L3

Current L3 Current interruption target L3 Arcing time L3

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

IEC19000994 V1 EN-US

Figure 21: Controlled de-energization of ungrounded capacitor bank using source

voltage as reference

5.1.3 Grounded non-coupled reactor

A three-phase reactor is considered non-coupled if it has a four-limb, five-limb, or bank type core and is connected in YN (star grounded) circuit. This kind of reactor is ideally energized at a source voltage peak in the individual phases. If energizing polarity is not critical, the recommended sequence is L1-L3-L2 with 60° spacing between energization instants.

For de-energization of a grounded non-coupled reactor, the recommended current interruption sequence is again L1-L3-L2 with 60° shift between phases. Last loop length and expected gap voltage (TRV) post successful interruption will be same for all phases in this configuration. Consequently, the target arcing times will be identical for all three phases. The initial arcing times are evaluated based on the procedure described in

Table 19 shows the recommended targets for energization and de-energization of a grounded

non-coupled reactor.

Table 19: Controlled switching targets for grounded non-coupled reactor

Switching strategy

Making targets Current interruption targets at natural

L1 (lead phase)

Slightly before positive peak of L1 phaseto-ground voltage

L2 L3 L1 (lead

120° after L1 60° after L1 Negative-

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Section 4.2.2.1.

current zero

L2 L3

phase)

120° after L1 60° after L1 going zero crossing of L1 phase current

User manual

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3

Current L3 Reference point Energization target L3

Source voltage L2 G ap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Reference point E nergization target L2

Source voltage L1 G ap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1

Current L1 R eference point Energization target L1

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

5.1.3.1 Controlled energization

Table 20 shows the settings to be applied for controlled closing with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in

Table 20: Settings for controlled closing with PWC600 for non-coupled grounded reactor

Target making angle (deg) Gap voltage prior to current making (p.u.) L1 (lead phase) L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

90° 120° 60° 1.00 1.00 1.00

Figure 22 shows the waveform representation for controlled energization of a non-coupled

grounded reactor.

GUID-78EE5BBE-A784-4C93-87CF-3543C09CBAD9 v1

Table 19.

IEC19000791 V1 EN-US

Figure 22: Controlled energization of a non-coupled grounded reactor

5.1.3.2 Controlled de-energization

Table 21 shows the settings to be applied for controlled opening with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in since the last loop length for all three phases will be identical having current interruption sequence of L1-L3-L2 with 60° difference between individual phases.

Table 19. The arcing times for all three phases will be same,

GUID-C2F44FD0-06A9-4D40-B594-6039CBBA4BF7 v1

User manual

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3

Current L3 Current interruption target L3 Arcing time L3

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 C ontact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 C urrent interruption target L2 Arcing time L2

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1 Current L1 Current interruption target L1 Arcing time L1

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

Table 21: Settings for controlled opening with PWC600 for non-coupled grounded reactor

Interruption target Arcing time (ms) L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 50 Hz 60 Hz

L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 L1 (lead

phase)

L2 L3

Source voltage reference

270° 120° 60° Tarc

Tarc

Load current reference

180° 120° 60° Tarc

Tarc

is initial arcing time setting for 50 Hz, Tarc60 is for 60 Hz.

Initial arcing time values are provided as guidance as they are based on circuit breaker characteristics and standard IEC applications, see

Section 4.2.2.1; they

may require further adjustment depending on properties of the system or the reactor. If initial operations result in unintended re-ignitions, please consult the circuit breaker manufacturer for guidance.

Figure 23 shows the waveform representation of controlled de-energization of a grounded

non-coupled reactor.

IEC19000995 V1 EN-US

Figure 23: Controlled de-energization of a grounded non-coupled reactor using source

voltage as reference

5.1.4 Non-coupled ungrounded or delta connected reactor

A non-coupled ungrounded or delta connected reactor is ideally energized in L1-L2-L3 sequence. The first energizing phase L1 will see no pre-strike until first following pole L2

User manual

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Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

energizes, as the current will not flow until two circuit breaker poles are closed. In this case, the second energizing pole L2 will see line-to-line voltage, i.e., 1.73 pu prior to current making, and the ideal making target is at peak of this voltage. After energizing of L1 & L2 poles, the last pole to close L3 will see 1.5 pu gap voltage due to neutral voltage shift; its ideal energization target is at peak of this voltage, which appears 90° after L2 energization. The dissimilarity in gap voltages for individual circuit breaker poles is also considered while evaluating the prearcing times for individual phase targets.

For a non-coupled un-grounded or delta connected reactor, current interruption will take place in one pole initially followed by remaining two poles together. Moreover, due to shift in neutral point potential, the last loop length (that is, length of the last current half-cycle prior to interruption) will become dissimilar. First interrupting pole will have 180° last loop length, whereas the second pole will see 30° shortening and the third pole will see 30° elongation in last loop length. This will cause simultaneous current interruption in second and third poles, as already mentioned. The recommended sequence of current interruption is therefore, L1-L2L3. Also, the individual poles will see dissimilar over-voltages across the contact gap. The initial arcing time settings are evaluated according to the procedure described in

Section 4.2.2.1

considering the mentioned dissimilarities in last loop length as well as in the gap voltage across individual circuit breaker poles.

Table 22 shows the recommended making targets for energization as well as de-energization

of a non-coupled ungrounded reactor, using a positive-going zero crossing of L1 source voltage as reference.

Table 22: Controlled switching targets for non-coupled ungrounded reactor

Making targets Current interruption targets at natural

L1 (lead

Switching strategy

phase)

60° - Φ

L2 L3 L1 (lead

ΦD advancement in target of L1 is to ensure that the switching of L1 happens prior to L2 and pre-strike happens across L2 only.

In some cases, L1L2-L3 switching strategy for energization is used, where first two poles (L1 & L2) are energized together followed by the last phase (L3) 90° later. Contact ABB for details.

5.1.4.1 Controlled energization

Table 23 shows the settings to be applied for controlled closing with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in

Table 22.

current zero

phase)

90° after L2 Negative-

going zero crossing of L1 phase current

L2 L3

L2 & L3 together: 90° after L1

GUID-2BCC8C83-E5DC-4905-94AF-9905E94F0DB0 v1

Table 23: Settings for controlled closing with PWC600 for non-coupled ungrounded reactor

Target making angle L1 (lead phase)* L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

60° - Φ

90° +Φ

Gap voltage prior to current making (p.u.)

0 1.73 1.5

User manual

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 C ontact gap dielectric strength L3

Current L3 Reference point Energization target L3

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 C ontact gap dielectric strength L1

Current L1 Reference point Energization target L1

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Reference point Energization target L2

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

Figure 24 shows the waveform representation for controlled energization of a non-coupled un-

grounded reactor.

IEC19000787 V1 EN-US

Figure 24: Controlled energization of a non-coupled ungrounded reactor

If electrical monitoring is selected, to achieve proper monitoring and adaptation, disable adaptive correction for first energizing pole (L1) and put the maximum possible RDDS value, since no prestrike will be observed in first pole to close. Also, large electrical target errors will be recorded for this phase. To prevent raising of false alarms, remove the threshold supervision for the lead phase. Refer to Section Section 9.4.6.2. In the operation records for closing operations, the “Electrical operating time” and “Current making angle” values for the first energizing pole (L1) can be disregarded.

5.1.4.2 Controlled de-energization

Table 24 shows the settings to be applied for controlled opening with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in pole to interrupt (L1) will see higher overvoltage across its contacts compared to the last two interrupting poles (L2 & L3).

Arcing time and interruption target for individual poles are set accordingly.

Table 22. For an ungrounded non-coupled reactor, the first

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User manual

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3 Current L3 Current interruption target L3 Arcing time L3

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1 Current L1 Current interruption target L1 Arc ing time L1

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 C ontact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Current interruption target L2 Arcing time L2

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

Table 24: Settings for controlled opening with PWC600 for non-coupled ungrounded reactor

Interruption target (deg) Arcing time (ms) L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 50 Hz 60 Hz

L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 L1 (lead

phase)

L2 L3

Source voltage reference

270° 90° 90° Tarc

50_1

Tarc

50_2

Tarc

50_2

Tarc

60_1

Tarc

60_2

Tarc

60_2

Load current reference

180° 90° 90° Tarc

is initial arcing time setting for 50 Hz, Tarc60 is for 60 Hz.

Tarc

50_1

Tarc

50_2

Tarc

50_2

Tarc

60_1

Tarc

60_2

Tarc

60_2

Initial arcing time values are provided as guidance as they are based on circuit breaker characteristics and standard IEC applications, see

Section 4.2.2.1; they

Figure 25 shows the waveform representation of controlled de-energization of a non-coupled

ungrounded reactor.

IEC19001156 V1 EN-US

Figure 25: Controlled de-energization of non-coupled ungrounded reactor using source

voltage as reference

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

5.1.5 Magnetically coupled grounded reactor

For a magnetically coupled (three-limb) reactor, the first phase (L1) is ideally energized at gap voltage peak. The second phase (L3) is energized 90° after the first. The third phase (L2) is energized slightly (ΦD) after the second. In this L1-L3-L2 switching sequence, the ΦD delay in L2

target is intentionally applied to ensure the mentioned switching sequence. With these energization targets, first pole to close L1 will see gap voltage of 1 pu, whereas the following phase L3 will see 0.86 pu. After energization of the first two poles, the voltage across the last pole to close will become zero and hence, no prestrike will be observed for this pole.

The recommended current interruption sequence is L1-L3-L2 with 60° phase difference between phases. The slight dissimilarity in last half cycle loop length and TRV for individual phases is neglected while defining the initial targets.

Table 25 shows the recommended targets for energization and de-energization of a

magnetically coupled reactor in YN circuit, using a positive-going zero crossing of L1 source voltage as reference.

Table 25: Controlled switching targets for magnetically coupled (3-limb) grounded reactor

Making targets Current interruption targets at natural

Switching strategy

L1 (lead phase)

Slightly before positivegoing peak of L1

L2 L3 L1 (lead

90° + Φ after L1

90° after L1 Negative-

current zero

phase)

going zero crossing of L1 phase current

GUID-A5AEC62B-29E1-4753-A461-856E00D414D6 v1

L2 L3

ΦD2 after L1 ΦD3 after L1

ΦD delay in L2 making target is intentionally applied to ensure the L1-L3-L2 energizing sequence.

ΦD2 and ΦD3 for grounded 3-limb reactor are generally very close to 120° and 60° respectively. The actual value should be measured from the waveform record of first de-energization, to

update the settings accordingly.

5.1.5.1 Controlled energization

Table 26 shows the settings to be applied for controlled closing with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in

Table 26: Settings for controlled closing with PWC600 for a magnetically coupled (3-limb) grounded reactor

Target making angle (deg) Gap voltage prior to current making (p.u.) L1 (lead phase) L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

90° 90°+ Φ

ΦD denotes delay in L2 target which is intentionally applied to ensure the L1-L3-L2 switching sequence.

GUID-E28F4778-BA55-49FF-A7E8-B3F09C950292 v1

Table 25.

90° 1.0 0.0 0.86

User manual

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3

Current L3 Reference point Energization target L3

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1 Current L1 Reference point Energization target L1

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Reference point Energization target L2

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

Figure 26 shows the waveform representation for controlled energization of a magnetically

coupled (3-limb) grounded reactor.

IEC19000792 V1 EN-US

Figure 26: Controlled energization of a magnetically coupled (3-limb) grounded reactor

To achieve proper monitoring and adaptation, disable adaptation for last energizing pole (L2) and put the maximum possible RDDS value, since no prestrike will be observed in last pole to close. Also, large electrical target errors will be recorded for this phase. To prevent raising of false alarms, remove the threshold supervision for L2 phase. Refer to operation records for closing operations, the “Electrical operating time” and “Current making angle” values for the last energizing pole (L2) can be disregarded.

5.1.5.2 Controlled de-energization

Table 27 shows the settings to be applied for controlled opening with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in Table 25.

Table 27: Settings for controlled opening with PWC600 for magnetically coupled (3-limb) grounded reactor

Interruption target L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 50 Hz 60 Hz

Source voltage reference

270° 120° 60° Tarc

Load current reference

180° 120° 60° Tarc

Arcing time (ms)

L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

Section 9.4.6.1. In the

GUID-AAA4CF0C-F39D-407C-8DFA-8DEF5B056DAE v1

Tarc

User manual

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3 Current L3 Current interruption target L3 Arcing time L3

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2 Current L2 Current interruption target L2 Arcing time L2

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1

Current L1 Current interruption target L1 Arcing time L1

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

Tarc

is initial arcing time setting at 50Hz, whereas, Tarc60 is at 60Hz.

Generally, for magnetically coupled grounded reactors, the dissimilarity in last loop length between phases is very small. Furthermore, the highest gap voltage will appear for last pole to interrupt and will be similar to that of non-coupled grounded reactor configuration. Therefore, the same settings as for noncoupled grounded reactor configuration (equal target arcing times for all three poles) are applied in this case. The actual last loop lengths shall be checked after first controlled de-energization operation and settings shall be modified as needed.

Initial arcing time values are provided as guidance as they are based on circuit breaker characteristics and standard IEC applications, and may require further adjustment depending on system specific considerations. If initial operations result in unintended re-ignitions, please consult the circuit breaker manufacturer for guidance.

Figure 27 shows the waveform representation of controlled de-energization of a magnetically

coupled (3-limb) grounded reactor.

IEC19000786 V1 EN-US

Figure 27: Controlled de-energization of a magnetically coupled (3-limb) grounded

reactor using source voltage as reference

5.1.6 Transformers with different configurations

Energization of a power transformer is ideally done at a phase angle where the prospective flux matches the residual flux in the core. PWC600 1.1 does not measure the residual flux but applies controlled de-energization for impressing a repeatable residual flux pattern on the transformer core. The de-energization strategies are designed to keep the residual flux close to zero. With that, controlled energization assuming no residual flux will give reasonably good results. Further optimization of the energization strategy can be done based on the observed inrush currents.

User manual

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PWC600

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

This section covers the most common transformer configurations:

•

YNyn/YNy

or similar –

Non-coupled transformer with switching from YN

Being electrically as well as magnetically independent, energization of any one phase doesn’t have impact on the other phases. Hence, the making targets can be independently chosen in each phase, usually near phase-to-ground voltage peak. During de-energization, current interruption is targeted in L1-L3-L2 sequence, 60° apart. The below figures show commonly used transformer configurations in this category.

IEC19000778 V1 EN-US

Figure 28: Non-coupled YNyn transformer to be energized from YN side

IEC19000777 V1 EN-US

Figure 29: YNy transformer to be energized from YN side

•

YNd/YNynd/YNyd or similar – electrically coupled with switching from YN side; YNyn, YNy, or similar, with three-limb core – magnetically coupled with switching from YN side

A delta-connected secondary or tertiary winding creates electrical coupling between the phases. Similarly, a common three-limb core creates magnetic coupling between the phases. In both cases, the first phase is energized based on the residual flux in the transformer limb associated to that phase. Hereupon, the electrical or magnetic coupling creates dynamic magnetic fluxes also in the limbs that carry the windings of the nonenergized phases. Therefore, the energization targets for the later two phases are chosen based on the residual flux as well as the dynamic fluxes induced post first-phase energization. For de-energization, current interruption is targeted in L1-L3-L2 sequence, but due to coupling, the latter two interrupting phases will experience elongation and shortening. In

User manual

PWC600

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

ideal conditions, the first following phase L3 will get shortened and interrupt the current 30° later than the first interrupting phase L1. The last interrupting phase L2 will interrupt the current 120° post current interruption in L1. However, due to the non-sinusoidal nature of magnetizing currents, the actual interruption angles will deviate from the ideal ones. The current interruption targets are defined considering this effect. The below figures show commonly used transformer configurations in this category.

IEC19000776 V1 EN-US

Figure 30: Single-phase bank or 3-limb type YNd transformer to be energized from

YN side

User manual

IEC19000775 V1 EN-US

Figure 31: YNyn three-limb transformer to be energized from YN side

•

Yd, Dyn, Dy, Dd, or similar – electrically coupled with switching from Y or D side; Yyn, Yy, or similar, with three-limb core – magnetically coupled with switching from Y or D side

When charging an ungrounded or delta connected winding, current can flow only when two poles of the CB are closed. Therefore, the making target for the first two poles is determined from the residual fluxes in the associated transformer limbs and from the line-to-line voltage across these poles. Hereupon, electrical or magnetic coupling creates dynamic fluxes also in the limb that carries the winding of the non-energized phase. Therefore, the energization target for the third phase is chosen based on the residual flux as well as the dynamic flux induced post energization of the first two phases.

For de-energization of a coupled transformer from Y or Delta winding side, current interruption is targeted in L1-L2L3 sequence. In ideal conditions, current interruption will occur simultaneously in the last two phases (L2 & L3), 90° after current interruption in L1. The current interruption targets are defined considering this behavior.

The below figures show commonly used transformer configurations in this category.

PWC600

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

IEC19000774 V1 EN-US

Figure 32: Single-phase bank or 3-limb type Dyn transformer to be energized from D side

IEC19000773 V1 EN-US

Figure 33: Yyn single-phase bank type transformer to be energized from ungrounded Y

side

Table 28 shows the recommended targets for controlled switching of the transformer

configurations listed above. The effects of electrical as well as magnetic coupling between the phases and the windings have been considered while defining the switching targets.

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

Table 28: Controlled switching initial targets for various transformer configurations

ConfigurationSide of

YNyn / YNy or similar – noncoupled

YNd / YNynd / YNyd or similar – electrically and/or magnetical ly coupled (3-limb core)

Yd / Dyn / Dy / Dd with any core design, or Yyn / Yy with 3-limb (magnetic ally coupled) core

switching

YN Slightly

D / Y 60° – Φ

Making targets Current interruption targets L1 (lead phase)

before positive peak of L1 phase-toground voltage

before negative peak of L1 phase-toground voltage

after positivegoing zero crossing of L1 phaseto-ground voltage

L2 L3 L1 (lead

120° afterL160° after

90° + Φ after L1

ΦD2 afterL190° after

90° after L1

phase)

270° after positivegoing zero crossing of L1 phaseto-ground voltage

L2 L3

120° afterL160° after

120° afterL130° after L1

L2 & L3 together: 90° after L1

ΦD1 delay in L2 target is intentionally applied to ensure the L1-L3-L2 energizing sequence. Φ advancement in target of L1 is applied to ensure that L1 closes prior to L2 and pre-strike

happens across L2 only.

For controlled switching of a transformer having any other connection configuration than the ones mentioned above, contact ABB.

5.1.6.1 Controlled energization

Table 29 shows the settings to be applied for controlled closing with PWC600 to achieve the

energization strategies listed in Table 28.

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User manual

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

Table 29: Initial settings for controlled closing with PWC600 for various transformer configurations

ConfigurationSide of

YNyn / YNy or similar – noncoupled

YNd / YNynd / YNyd or similar – electrically and/or magnetical ly coupled (3-limb core)

Yd/Dyn/Dy /Dd with any core design or Yyn/Yy with 3-limb (magnetica lly coupled) core

switching

YN 90° 120° 60° 1.00 1.00 1.00

YN 270° 90°+ Φ

D/Y 60°- Φ

Target making angle (deg) Gap voltage prior to current making

L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

90° 1.0 0.0 0.86

90°+ Φ

(p.u.)

0 1.73 1.5

ΦD1 denotes delay in L2 target intentionally applied to ensure the L1-L3-L2 switching sequence. ΦD2 advancement in target of L1 is to ensure that the switching of L1 happens prior to L2 and pre-strike happens across L2 only.

To achieve proper monitoring and adaptation, it may be necessary to make some changes to the application configuration in PWC600. Refer to Section

9.4.6 for details. In the operation records for closing operations, the “Electrical

operating time” and “Current making angle” values for phase that was modified can be disregarded.

The application of controlled closing for a YNd transformer (either electrically and/or magnetically coupled) transformer is elaborated here. Energization is performed in L1-L3-L2 sequence. Each phase is ideally energized when source-side prospective flux is equal to loadside (transformer side) flux. Consequently, for the first pole (L1), the energization is targeted at the angle where L1 source-side prospective flux matches L1 residual flux. Due to coupling, this produces dynamic fluxes in the other two phases (L2 & L3). Energization of these two phases is targeted at the angle where these dynamic fluxes equal the source-side prospective fluxes.

Figure 34 demonstrates the ideal making targets in absence of residual flux, for controlled

energization of an YN connected transformer having at least one delta connected winding, from the YN connected side. The lead phase L1 and the targets are shown with last phase L2 to energize 18° post L3 energization to maintain L1-L3-L2 switching sequence.

User manual

Source_Flux_L1 Source_Flux_L2 Source_Flux_L3

Resultant_Flux_L1 Resultant Flux_L2 Resultant_Flux_L3

Target_L1 Target_L2 Target_L3

Current_L1 Current_L2 Current_L3

Vsource_L1 Vsource_L2 Vsource_L3

Gap_Dielectric_Strength_L1 Gap_Dielectric_Strength_L2 Gap_Dielectric_Strength_L3

Gap_Voltage_L1 Gap_Voltage_L2 Gap_Voltage_L3

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

IEC19000795 V1 EN-US

Figure 34: Closing on default targets in absence of residual fluxes

Controlled opening shall precede every controlled closing operation with targets set in such a way that minimum level of residual flux is set for each phase. Therefore, first step of for onsite commissioning is to perform controlled opening operation, with the targets discussed in

Section 5.1.6.2. Thereafter, the first controlled energization operation is performed at ideal

targets assuming zero residual fluxes.

In the next step, targets can be manually adjusted based on inrush current signature and relative value of current peaks in the individual phases obtained during the first energization operation. These adjustments are individual to each transformer. The results for the example used here are shown in left.

Figure 35 and Figure 36, where the L3 making target is shifted to the

User manual

Source_Flux_L1 Source_Flux_L2 Source_Flux_L3

Resultant_Flux_L1 Resultant Flux_L2 Resultant_Flux_L3

Target_L1 Target_L2 Target_L3

Current_L1 Current_L2 Current_L3

Vsource_L1 Vsource_L2 Vsource_L3

Gap_Dielectric_Strength_L1 Gap_Dielectric_Strength_L2 Gap_Dielectric_Strength_L3

Gap_Voltage_L1 Gap_Voltage_L2 Gap_Voltage_L3

Source_Flux_L1 Source_Flux_L2 Source_Flux_L3

Resultant_Flux_L1 Resultant Flux_L2 Resultant_Flux_L3

Target_L1 Target_L2 Target_L3

Current_L1 Current_L2 Current_L3

Vsource_L1 Vsource_L2 Vsource_L3

Gap_Dielectric_Strength_L1 Gap_Dielectric_Strength_L2 Gap_Dielectric_Strength_L3

Gap_Voltage_L1 Gap_Voltage_L2 Gap_Voltage_L3

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

IEC19000992 V1 EN-US

Figure 35: Controlled closing on default targets in presence of residual fluxes

IEC19000991 V1 EN-US

Figure 36: Controlled closing on corrected targets in presence of residual fluxes

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

As mentioned in Section 4.5.1.1 and Table, current is not a suitable feedback signal for monitoring or adaptation of transformer switching application. (However, it is still recommended to connect the current signals to PWC600 for inclusion in the waveform recording to assess the switching performance during commissioning.) Therefore, either mechanical status indication from auxiliary contacts or load voltage shall be chosen as feedback for transformer application. Moreover, in case of electrical or magnetic coupling of the phases in the load, with load voltage being used for electrical operation detection, special arrangements are needed. Refer

Section 5.2.5 for more details.

5.1.6.2 Controlled de-energization

As discussed above, the controlled energization targets are set for matching a residual flux pattern that was achieved by means of a previous controlled de-energization. The asymmetry in current interruption for individual poles due to magnetic (3-limb) and/or electric (delta connected winding) coupling is considered while defining the interruption targets. shows the settings to be applied for controlled opening with PWC600 to achieve an optimum switching strategy.

Table 30: Settings for controlled opening with PWC600 for various transformer configurations with source

voltage reference

ConfigurationSide of

YNyn / YNy or similar – noncoupled

YNd / YNynd / YNyd or similar – electrically and/or magnetical ly coupled (3-limb core)

Yd / Dyn / Dy / Dd with any core design, or Yyn / Yy with 3-limb (magnetic ally coupled) core

switching

YN 270° 120° 60°

YN 270° 120° 30°

D/Y 270° 90° 90°

Interruption target (deg) Arcing time (ms) at 50 Hz or 60 Hz L1 (lead phase)

L2 L3 L1 (lead

phase)

Tarc_trafo

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Table 30

L2 L3

User manual

The interruption targets are defined based on inter-phase coupling effects assuming a pure sinusoidal current wave with a phase shift of 90° from the voltage signal. However, realistic magnetizing currents contain harmonics and the current interruption targets may deviate from the ones mentioned in the table. Nevertheless, the targets are only used to set a residual flux pattern through controlled opening. Fine tuning during controlled energization is used to mitigate any magnetizing current effects.

Source voltage L1 Load voltage L1 Current L1 Current interruption target L1 Arcing time L1

Source voltage L2 Load voltage L2 C urrent L2 Current interruption target L2 Arcing time L2

Source voltage L3 Load voltage L3 Current L3 C urrent interruption target L3 Arcing time L3

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

The target arcing times for all phases (Tarc_trafo) are set in such a way that contact separation starts just prior to the target interruption instant in each phase. This will ensure that a minimum level of residual flux is set for each phase.

Primary current cannot be used as reference for controlled de-energization of no-load transformers, as it is usually non-sinusoidal and of very low amplitude.

Figure 37 shows the waveform representation of controlled de-energization of a YNd

transformer to be de-energized from grounded YN side. As per Table 30, current interruption in the first following phase L3 should occur 30° after the first interrupting phase L1, and 120° after L1 in the last interrupting phase L2. However, due to harmonics present in the magnetizing current, there may be slight variation in the interruption instants. Also, the contact separation is targeted just prior to the voltage peak so that residual fluxes can be set to best possible minimum value.

IEC19000785 V1 EN-US

Figure 37: Controlled de-energization of an electrically and/or magnetically coupled

transformer to be switched from YN side using source voltage as reference

5.1.7 Transmission line and power cable

An unloaded transmission line or power cable is ideally energized at gap voltage zero of the individual CB poles. This strategy minimizes the switching overvoltages, which could otherwise exceed 2 pu at the far end of the line or cable due to reflection at the open end.

For a highly compensated cable or line, the energization strategy is usually a compromise between two contradicting goals:

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1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

1. Minimize switching overvoltage by energizing near gap voltage zero (as explained above).

2. Obtain symmetrical inrush current to prevent missing current zeros, by energizing near gap voltage peak.

In such a case, the optimal energization targets need to be determined individually for every installation, based on a network study. Please contact ABB for guidance.

Although modern circuit breaker types are classified as having low or very low probability of re-strike, controlled de-energization of cables or transmission lines can further reduce the probability of re-strikes. Table 31 shows the recommended switching strategies for transmission lines and power cables.

Table 31: Controlled switching targets for unloaded transmission lines and power cables

Making targets Current interruption targets at natural

Switching strategy

L1 (lead phase)

Slightly after positivegoing zero crossing of L1 phase-toground voltage

L2 L3 L1 (lead

120° after L1 240° after L1 Positive-

current zero

L2 L3

phase)

120° after L1 60° after L1 going zero crossing of L1 phase current

The same controlled energization strategy can be employed during reenergization. However, trapped charges are not considered. Thus, the switching overvoltage will likely be higher than during energization of a discharged line or cable, but lower than in worst-case uncontrolled reclosing.

5.1.7.1 Controlled energization

Table 32 shows the settings to be applied for controlled closing with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in

Table 32: Settings for controlled closing with PWC600 on power cable or transmission line

Target making angle (deg) L1 (lead phase) L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

0° 120° 240° 1.00 1.00 1.00

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Table 31.

Gap voltage prior to current making (p.u.)

User manual

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1

Line side voltage L1 Reference point Energization target L1

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2 Line side voltage L2 Reference point Energization target L2

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3

Line side voltage L3 Reference point Energization target L3

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

Figure 38 shows the waveform representation for controlled energization of a discharged

transmission line or power cable.

IEC19000789 V1 EN-US

Figure 38: Controlled energization of an unloaded transmission line or power cable

5.1.7.2 Controlled de-energization

Table 33 shows the settings to be applied for controlled opening with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in Table 31.

Table 33: Settings for controlled opening with PWC600 for an unloaded transmission line or power cable

Interruption target (deg) Arcing time (ms) L1 (lead phase)

Source voltage reference

270° 120° 60° 5.5 4.6

Figure 39 shows the waveform representation of controlled de-energization of a discharged

transmission line or power cable.

L2 L3 50 Hz 60 Hz

L1 (lead phase)

The user may modify the interruption targets, for example, for implementing a different phase sequence. SST validates the entered target instants against the expected length of the last current half cycle loop, to ensure alignment of the strategy with load behavior.

L2 L3 L1 (lead

phase)

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L2 L3

User manual

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Current Interruption target L2 Arcing time L2

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1

Current L1 Current Interruption target L1 Arcing time L1

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3

Current L3 Current Interruption target L3 Arcing time L3

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

IEC19000993 V1 EN-US

Figure 39: Controlled de-energization of an unloaded transmission line or power cable

using source voltage as reference

5.2 Special load applications

Switchsync PWC600 can also be used for some special applications where customized settings need to be applied. In this section, few examples of such cases are described as listed in

34.

Table 34: Special application cases for various load configurations

Application Configuration Neutral Section

Shunt reactor Impedance grounded reactor,

Three-pole operated circuit breaker

Lead phase other than L1 Example of non-coupled

Handling of two loads with Setting groups functionality

Coupled transformers Adaptation in case of coupled

all common core designs

Capacitor bank energization Ungrounded Section 5.2.2

reactor energization and deenergization with L3 as lead phase

Example of switching of capacitor bank and transformer with circuit breaker in the tie bay.

transformers using load voltage feedback

GUID-07FE3B63-1855-47D3-A4E5-1C1DFCAC8767 v1

Impedance grounded (Resistor or reactor)

Grounded Section 5.2.3

Grounded Section 5.2.4

Grounded/ Ungrounded

Section 5.2.1

Section 5.2.5

Table

User manual

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

5.2.1 Impedance grounded reactor

Reactors are provided with impedance grounding to limit short circuit currents as well as improving success rate for secondary arc extinction during auto-reclosure for transmission lines with shunt reactor compensation. Generally, the reactors are grounded through reactor. At lower voltage levels, reactors are occasionally grounded through a resistor.

During de-energization, the impedance grounding creates neutral potential shift and hence, the TRV post current interruption and the last half cycle loop lengths may be dissimilar for individual CB poles. In this case, the shortening and elongation of the last half cycle loop length will be in range of 0° to 30°.

For reactors grounded through a reactor, the last half cycle loop of the second phase to be deenergized is elongated based on design (magnetically coupled or non-coupled) of the reactor and on the inductance value of the inductor used for grounding. The last half cycle loop length for first and third phases will be 180°.

For reactors grounded through a resistor, the last half cycle loop length for both second and third interrupting poles will get altered. Generally, for same voltage and power rating, in same system, the TRV for non-coupled reactors with neutral grounding inductor is found to be comparatively higher than that for non-coupled reactors grounded through a resistor as well as for coupled reactors grounded through a resistor or reactor.

A reactor with Neutral Grounding Reactor (NGR) is ideally energized at a peak of the gap voltage in each CB pole. The magnitude and phase angle of gap voltage for individual CB poles depends upon design of the reactor (coupled or non-coupled) and the value and type (inductor or resistor) of neutral grounding. The ideal controlled switching strategies for reactor with NGR are shown in

Table 35.

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Table 35: Controlled switching targets for impedance grounded reactor

Making targets Current interruption targets at natural

Switching strategy

L1 (lead phase)

ΦE1 after positive-

going zero crossing of L1 phase-toground voltage

L2 L3 L1 (lead

ΦE2 after L1 phase

ΦE1, ΦE2 & ΦE3 are the deviations from ideal gap voltage peak targets in individual CB poles, based on reactor design (coupled or non-coupled) and on the impedance of the neutral

grounding resistor or reactor.

Initially, Φ

and ΦD3 are considered as 120° and 60° respectively. During commissioning, the

actual interruption instants should be measured from the waveform record of first deenergization and the settings shall be updated accordingly.

5.2.1.1 Controlled energization

Table 36 shows the settings to be applied for controlled closing with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in Table 35.

ΦE3 after L1 phase

current zero

phase)

Negativegoing zero crossing of L1 phase current

L2 L3

ΦD2 after L1 ΦD3 after L1

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1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

Table 36: Settings for controlled closing with PWC600 for impedance grounded reactor with L1 phase source

voltage reference

Target making angle (deg) (L1-L3-L2 switching sequence) L1 (lead phase) L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

Gap voltage prior to current making (p.u.)

1.0 U

ΦE1 denotes optimized energization target based on design of the reactor and the phase angle between impedance of reactor and the neutral grounding resistor or reactor. In case of reactor

grounded reactor, ΦE1 will be 90°.

ΦE2 denotes the optimized energization target for L2 phase (last to energize) from target of phase L1. For reactor grounded systems, it is always 120°, whereas for resistor grounded

systems, the value depends upon the design and the resistance of the grounding resistor.

ΦE3 denotes the optimized energization target for L3 phase (second to energize after L1) from target of phase L1. The value of adjustment in all the cases depends upon the design of the

reactor and the value of resistance or inductance of the neutral grounding impedance.

U2 and U3 denote the gap voltage factors for L2 and L3 phases. For any reactor design, the gap voltage for first energizing phase (L1) will always be 1 pu. For non-coupled reactors with either

resistance or inductor grounded systems, the last two energizing phases (L3 & L2) will observe gap voltages other than 1 pu, depending upon the design of the reactor and the value of resistance or reactance of the neutral grounding impedance.

For all configurations, PWC600 will internally add an offset to the entered making targets, to cater for the respective gap voltage in each phase and for the dielectric and mechanical characteristics of the specific circuit breaker, as explained in Section 4.4.3.1. These optimized targets can be seen as Target current making angle in the operation log.

The values of ΦE1, ΦE2 and ΦE3 are shown in Table 37.

Table 37: Target making angles for different impedance grounded reactor configurations

Reactor configuration ΦE1(L1) ΦE2(L2) ΦE3(L3)

Non-coupled, grounded through inductor

Non-coupled, grounded through resistor

Magnetically coupled, grounded through inductor

Magnetically coupled, grounded through resistor

90° 120° Φ

90° 120° 60°

165° 100°

For magnetically coupled reactors with resistance grounding, the ideal switching targets depend on multiple parameters and are therefore given as approximated values.

User manual

180 3

tan











180 1

tan











 



210

180 1

tan



−





− 

 

180 1

150 tan

π K



−





= − 

 

180 2

tan

π3K



−





=

 

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

IECEQUATION19111 V1 EN-US (Equation 2)

where K is the ratio of neutral impedance to phase impedance, defined as “k factor” in this document.

IECEQUATION19112 V1 EN-US (Equation 3)

IECEQUATION19113 V1 EN-US (Equation 4)

IECEQUATION19426 V1 EN-US (Equation 5)

IECEQUATION19427 V1 EN-US (Equation 6)

The values of U2 and U3 are shown in Table 38 below.

Table 38: Gap voltage factors for different impedance grounded reactor configurations

Reactor configuration U2 U3

Non-coupled, grounded through inductor U

Non-coupled, grounded through resistor 1 U

Magnetically coupled, grounded through inductor

Magnetically coupled, grounded through resistor

1 1

1 1.3

User manual

11U

12KK

1 3 3

()

0.1006 0.6233 1.21 0.981U K K K= − + +

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

IECEQUATION19114 V1 EN-US (Equation 7)

IECEQUATION19115 V1 EN-US (Equation 8)

IECEQUATION19401 V1 EN-US (Equation 9)

Specific load applications

The formula for U22 is an approximation obtained by curve fitting for various values of K.

The target angles and gap voltage factors (U) for impedance grounded reactors are initial values (proposed by SST), which may need modification to optimize controlled switching performance. Especially for magnetically coupled reactors, the proposed values are based on approximation. The values highly depend upon magnetic circuit design and the grounding impedance. For further guidance please inquire with the local ABB representative.

Figure 40 shows the waveform representation for controlled energization of a non-coupled

reactor, grounded with inductance having a k factor greater than 0.3. The targets are chosen based on switching strategy described in the Table 36.

User manual

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2 Current L2 Ref erence point Energization target L2

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 Contact gap dielectric strength L1

Current L1 Reference point Energization target L1

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 Contact gap dielectric strength L3 Current L3 R eference point Ener gization target L3

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

IEC19000793 V1 EN-US

Figure 40: Controlled energization of an inductance grounded non-coupled reactor

5.2.1.2 Controlled de-energization

Table 39 shows the settings to be applied for controlled opening with PWC600 to achieve the

switching strategy described in Table 35.

Table 39: Settings for controlled opening with PWC600 for impedance grounded reactor

Interruption target (deg) Arcing time (ms) L1 (lead phase)

Source voltage reference

270° 120° θ Tarc

Load current reference

180° 120° θ Tarc

The values of θ for various impedance grounded reactor configurations are given in Table 40.

L2 L3 50 Hz 60 Hz

L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

1_50

Tarc

2_50

Tarc

3_50

Tarc

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1_60

Tarc

2_60

Tarc

3_60

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180

Tm tan ( 3 (1 2 )K



−



=  +

 

Source voltage L3 Gap voltage L3 C ontact gap dielectric strength L3 Current L3 Current interruption target L3 Arcing time L3

Source voltage L2 Gap voltage L2 Contact gap dielectric strength L2

Current L2 Current interruption target L2 Arcing time L2

Source voltage L1 Gap voltage L1 C ontact gap dielectric strength L1 Current L1 Current interruption target L1 Arcing time L1

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Table 40: Current interruption target in L3 for different impedance grounded reactor configurations

Reactor configuration θ

Non-coupled, grounded through inductor Tm

Magnetically coupled, grounded through inductor (k factor ≥0.3)

Magnetically coupled, grounded through inductor (k factor <0.3)

Non-coupled, grounded through resistor 60°

Magnetically coupled, grounded through resistor 60°

IECEQUATION19116 V1 EN-US (Equation 10)

60°

Specific load applications

Initial target arcing times are calculated by SST based on reactor data. The settings should be adjusted, if necessary, from the result of the first controlled opening operation.

Figure 41 shows the waveform representation of controlled de-energization of an inductance

grounded non-coupled reactor using source voltage as reference.

IEC19000996 V1 EN-US

Figure 41: Controlled de-energization of an inductance grounded non-coupled reactor

using source voltage as reference

User manual

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

5.2.2 Energization of ungrounded capacitor bank with three-pole operated circuit breaker

Three-pole operated (TPO) circuit breakers with mechanically staggered design are frequently used for controlled switching in medium-voltage applications, especially for energization of ungrounded capacitor banks. The mechanical staggering between poles depends upon the application and switching sequence to be achieved. Therefore, to achieve controlled switching with three-pole operated mechanically staggered circuit breakers, full details in context to the rating, design and connection configuration of the power equipment needs to be furnished in advance to the circuit breaker supplier unit. Based on these details, circuit breaker switching sequence for the specific application and needed staggering between the poles are defined. In this section, application of a three-pole operated operated circuit breaker for controlled energization of an ungrounded capacitor bank is discussed.

With simultaneous closing strategy, two phases of a discharged ungrounded capacitor bank are energized together, followed by the third phase 90° later. Considering L1-L3-L2 switching sequence, L1 & L3 can be energized together followed by L2 phase 90° later (L1L3-L2). To achieve this sequence, closing time of the middle pole (L2) needs to be increased by 5 ms at 50 Hz or 4.2 ms at 60 Hz over the closing times of the remaining two poles (L1 & L3). For a TPO circuit breaker, the operating command can be wired only to the closing coil of the common drive between the poles. Thus, with a single drive to operate the circuit breaker, only the target of phase L1 will contribute to the controlled switching, whereas the targets defined for L2 and L3 will have no practical effect. Similarly, adaptive correction in L2 and L3 will not be possible.

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Table 41 shows the PWC600 configuration details for this application.

Table 41: PWC600 settings for energization of ungrounded capacitor bank with TPO breaker

Target making angle (deg) (L1L3-L2 sequence) Gap voltage prior to current making (p.u.) L1 (lead phase) L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

30° + Φ

90° 0 1 1.5 1

Figure 42 shows the waveform record of controlled energization of an ungrounded capacitor

bank with a TPO circuit breaker. The L1L3-L2 energization sequence has been achieved with the circuit breaker poles being mechanical staggered as mentioned previously.

User manual

Energization of L1 & L3

Energization of L2

Difference of 90 (5ms) achieved with staggering

Source voltage phase L1

Source voltage phase L2

Source voltage phase L3

Current phase L1

Current phase L2

Current phase L3

Neutral current

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

IEC19000797 V1 EN-US

Specific load applications

Figure 42: Waveform record of controlled energization of an ungrounded capacitor bank

with TPO circuit breaker in L1L3-L2 switching sequence

The binary signals included in the waveform records are:

• CloseCmdIn: Closing command at input of PWC600

• NO-L1: “52a” auxiliary contact status

• NC-L1: “52b” auxiliary contact status

• ClsCmdOutL1: Closing command out to Closing coil of Circuit breaker

For application with a TPO circuit breaker, some changes need to made in application configuration of PWC600, to enable monitoring and adaptation only for the first phase L1 on which the controlled switching is targeted. Consequently, commands and circuit breaker status signals related to only phase L1 are displayed in waveform record. The corresponding view of operation record is shown in

Figure 43. Contact ABB for details.

User manual

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

IEC19000799 V1 EN-US

Figure 43: Operation record of controlled energization of an ungrounded capacitor bank

with TPO circuit breaker in L1L3-L2 switching sequence

5.2.3 Non-coupled Reactor energization and de-energization with L3 as lead phase

PWC600 always proposes the switching strategies for both energization and de-energization operations, considering L1 as lead phase. However, the suggested targets for individual phases can be modified in the range of -1800° to +1800° to facilitate flexibility in switching strategies. As example, this section explains the targets to be applied for controlled switching (both closing and opening) of a non-coupled grounded reactor with L3-L2-L1 switching sequence.

5.2.3.1 Controlled energization

Figure 44 shows the switching targets to be applied for energization, using the targets

definition from Section 4.3.2.1.

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Current L1 Current L2 Current L3

Source voltage L1 Source voltage L2 Source voltage L3

Target L1 in SST T arget L2 in SST Target L3 in SST

90

-60

-120

270

-60

-120

7.5 ms

Current L1 Current L2 C urrent L3

Arcing time L1 Arcing time L2 Arcing time L3

Source voltage L1 Source voltage L2 Source voltage L3

Current interruption target L1 Current interruption target L2 Current interruption target L3

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

IEC19000790 V1 EN-US

Specific load applications

Figure 44: Controlled energization of a non-coupled grounded reactor in L3-L2-L1

sequence

As the energization target for first phase L1 is defined with reference to a zero crossing of source voltage L1, the ideal energization target for L1 will be 90°. The targets for L2 and L3 are defined with reference to L1 target; hence, for L3-L2-L1 sequence, L2 will be energized 60° earlier than L1 (-60°) and L3 will be energized 120° earlier than L1 (-120°), as shown in PWC600 further optimizes the targets internally, considering gap voltage factor for individual poles and mechanical and dielectric characteristics of the circuit breaker. Refer to Section

4.4.3.1 for details.

Figure 44.

5.2.3.2 Controlled de-energization

Figure 45 shows the current interruption targets at natural current zero in each phase. The

applied switching targets are relative to source voltage zero, using the targets definition from

Section 4.3.2.2. The initial arcing times for all three phases are considered as 7.5 ms.

IEC19000784 V1 EN-US

Figure 45: Controlled de-energization of a non-coupled grounded reactor in L3-L2-L1

sequence, voltage reference

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As the de-energization target for first phase L1 is defined with reference to a zero crossing of source voltage L1, the current interruption target (at natural current zero in L1), will be 270°.

User manual

CB1

CB2

CB3

VTr

IEC19000988-en.vsdx

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

The targets for L2 and L3 are defined with reference to L1 target; hence, for L3-L2-L1 sequence, L2 will interrupt 60° earlier than L1 (-60°) and L3 will interrupt 120° earlier than L1 (-120°), as shown in Figure 45. From these electrical targets, the mechanical target contact separation instants are obtained by subtracting the arcing times, which here are given as 7.5ms for all three phases.

5.2.4 Variable applications

In a 1½ circuit breakers arrangement, the middle (tie) breaker is connected to a load on each end. The same would apply to every breaker in a ring layout. These two loads may be of the same type but more often they are different. See breaker CB2 is connected to both a capacitor bank and a power transformer.

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Figure 46 for an example, where the tie

IEC19000988 V1 EN-US

Figure 46: Example SLD of a CB switching two loads

In this example, the ideal energization strategies for the two loads (capacitor and transformer)

are not the same: Whereas the capacitor bank should be energized near voltage zero to minimize the switching overvoltages and inrush currents, the transformer should be energized near voltage peak (depending on residual flux). Thus, for successful controlled energization in each case, the controlled closing strategy needs to be matched to the load that will be energized at that time.

Rather than installing two separate PWC600 devices to control CB2 – one for each load – PWC600 1.1 and higher can accommodate this functionality in a single device through a feature called Setting Groups. It allows automatic application of different parameter sets based on external signals or conditions. Selecting a setting group applies the parameters of that group immediately, without application restart or similar delay factors.

In the example of

Figure 46, Setting Group 1 (SG1) could be programmed for energizing the

power transformer from the capacitor end of CB2 and Setting Group 2 (SG2) for energizing the capacitor bank from the transformer end of CB2. The recommended controlled switching strategies for each of these load types are described in

Section 5.1.

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

In addition to the controlled switching strategies, the application also needs to select the appropriate VT to be used as reference source for targeting. Here, the selected setting group should define one VT as reference source and the other as feedback signal. If the voltage transformers VTr and VC are present in the example diameter, these are the preferred VTs to be connected to PWC600. Otherwise, the busbar VTs V1 and V2 can be used as reference, albeit they will not allow seeing the actual voltage feedback on the load being switched.

Another aspect that may vary in two-loads situations is the selection of feedback signals for detecting the actual switching instants. Different load types may require different feedback signals, as explained in previous sections. Also, the availability of load VTs and precision auxiliary contacts must be considered. In the example above, CB auxiliary contacts could be defined as feedback signal for transformer energization, and the current through CB2 for capacitor energization.

When defining the feedback signals consider the number of available inputs. For example, only one three-phase current transformer (preferably measuring the current through the CB) can be connected to the IED. If more analog input signals are required, they can be provided via IEC 61850-9-2(LE) process bus.

When each end of the circuit breaker is connected to a load, the current direction when switching the first load will be the opposite of when switching the second one. This does not affect PWC600 functionality but will be reflected in the waveform records, in that the phase relation (leading or lagging) between current and voltage may be inverted.

The crucial step for correct application of setting groups is defining the criteria for automatic selection of the appropriate group. In the example of Figure 46, the following criteria lend themselves to straightforward implementation.

1. RMS of voltage signal, computed inside PWC600 from VT signal: If VTr is off (below the zero-level threshold), the next CB2 closing will presumably energize the transformer; hence apply SG1, which uses VC or V1 as reference source. Otherwise apply SG2, which uses VTr or V2 as reference source for energizing the capacitor.

2. Status of external switchgear, taken from its auxiliary contact via binary input(s): If CB1 is closed, the next CB2 closing will presumably energize the transformer, hence apply SG1. Otherwise apply SG2.

These criteria could be refined by including the status of disconnectors and other switches in the diameter. Possibly a combined selection signal can be extracted from the diameter interlocking logic. However, bear in mind that the goal is assuring appropriate controlled switching under live conditions, hence a simple binary criterion will often suffice.

Similar applications that are easily handled by setting groups include:

• In a double-busbar arrangement, select the appropriate busbar VT as reference, without the need for external circuits for switching the VT signals. An obvious criterion is the position of a busbar disconnector, obtained from its auxiliary contact.

• For power transformers, apply a fallback strategy for closing (assuming zero residual flux) whenever the CB was opened not by PWC600. This condition can be derived inside PWC600 through logic functions.

• For loads with variable electrical configuration, e.g. switchable earthing of neutral point, apply the optimal switching strategy in all cases. The criterion is the position of the relevant switch.

• For any application, bypass the controlled switching functionality whenever an external or internal binary signal is asserted.

User manual

Implementation of setting groups for controlled switching is described in

Section 9.4.14.

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

5.2.5 Adaptive correction for coupled transformers using load voltage feedback

For magnetically and/or electrically coupled transformers, voltage start is observed in all three phases as soon as first phase is energized, even if the second and third poles are still open. Therefore, special adjustments are needed for correctly detecting the making instants from load side voltage in the later phases, to obtain proper adaptive correction in case of coupled transformers.

Example of an electrically coupled transformer with vector group YNd1 or YNd11 to be energized from YN side is discussed here. Primary phase-to-ground voltage is measured on the YN side of the transformer. Therefore, the voltages measured by the VT directly replicate the voltage across the individual transformer windings.

As soon as the first phase L1 is energized, voltage is seen in all three phases of the transformer. To sense the electrical making instants separately for the first energizing phase L1 and the first following phase L3, a differential arrangement is used as shown in Here, the L1 making instant is determined from the differential winding voltage VL1–V

(between L1 and L2 phases). The energization instant for the first following phase (L3) is likewise obtained from the differentially winding voltage VL2 – VL3 (between L2 and L3 phases),

which is almost zero prior to L3 energization. Furthermore, as soon as first following phase (L3) energizes, due to the coupling effect, full voltage also appears on the last phase still to be energized (L2). Hence, the energizing instant for last energizing phase (L2) cannot be sensed from the load voltage feedback and its adaptation shall be disabled. Moreover, the resultant flux for this phase is locked as soon as the first two phases (L1 & L3) are energized. Therefore, the variation in energization instant of the last energizing phase (L2) doesn’t impact the peak inrush current variations.

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Figure 47.

To achieve proper monitoring and adaptation, disable adaptive correction for the last energizing pole (L2) and put the maximum possible RDDS value, since no prestrike will be observed in last pole to close. Also, large electrical target errors will be recorded for this phase. To prevent raising of false alarms, remove the threshold supervision for L2 phase. Refer to

Section 9.4.6.3 . In the

operation records for closing operations, the “Electrical operating time” and “Current making angle” values for the last energizing pole (L2) can be disregarded.

Figure 47 also shows that it is not possible to detect the actual making instants from the

primary current signals, as it does not rise immediately upon energization.

User manual

Source voltage L1 Source voltage L2 Source voltage L3

Load voltage L1 Load voltage L2 Load voltage L3

Load voltage (L1-L2) Load voltage (L2-L3) Load voltage (L3-L1)

Differential voltage start (L1-L2) Differential voltage start (L2-L3) Differential voltage start (L3-L1)-Disabled

Current L1 Current L2 Current L3

1MRK 511 463 A Section 5

Specific load applications

IEC19000796 V1 EN-US

Figure 47: Transformer side voltages arranged for sensing energization instants of

coupled transformer to be energized from YN side

Table 42 shows transformer side voltage feedback to be used for some example transformer

configurations. It is assumed that each voltage transformer measures the phase-to-ground voltage.

Table 42: Feedback signals for some transformer configurations with YN connected voltage transformer

Configuration Side of

energization

Non-coupled

YN YNyn0 YN/yn V

transformer

Electrically or

YN YNd1 / magnetically coupled transformers

D Dyn1 / Dyn11 D Vd1-V

Vector group Transformer

winding having load

Feedback to PWC600 for individual phase inputs L1 L2 L3

YN VL1-V

YNd11

YNd1 d V

YNd11 V

Dyn1 yn VL1-V

Dyn11 VL1-V

VL2-V

Vd2-V

VL2-V

VL3-V

VL2-V

Vd3-V

VL3-V

VL2-V

Where,

User manual

Section 5 1MRK 511 463 A Specific load applications

VL1, VL2 and VL3 are the phase-to-ground measured voltages from voltage transformer respectively.

Vd1 = VL1 – VL2,

Vd2 = VL2 – VL3,

Vd3 = VL3 – V

Measurement of the differential voltages can be realized either by external wiring or through a modification of the PWC600 application configuration. Contact ABB for further details.

For voltage feedback using a voltage transformer not measuring phase-toground voltage, contact ABB.

The suitability of the voltage transformer feedback signal depends upon the type of voltage transformer design (capacitive voltage transformer vs. electromagnetic voltage transformer), the design and connection configuration of the power transformer, and adjacent equipment to be switched together with the transformer (for example, a long cable connected to any one winding of the transformer). This needs to be checked individually for every installation.

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 6

Installation

Section 6 Installation

6.1 Unpacking, inspecting and storing

6.1.1 Removing transport packaging

IEDs require careful handling.

1. Examine the delivered products to ensure that they have not been damaged during the transport.

2. Remove the transport packing carefully without force.

The cardboard packaging material is 100% recyclable.

6.1.2 Inspecting the product

6.1.2.1 Identifying the product

1. Locate the IED's order number from the label attached to the IED's case.

2. Compare the IED's order number with the ordering information to verify that the received product is correct.

6.1.2.2 Checking delivery items

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Check that all items are included in the delivery in accordance with the delivery documents.

6.1.2.3 Inspecting the IED

IEDs require careful handling before installation on site.

• Check the IED to see if any damage occurred during transportation.

If the IED has been damaged during transportation, make a claim against the transport contractor, and notify the local ABB representative.

6.1.2.4 Returning an IED damaged in transit

If damage has occurred during transport, appropriate actions must be taken against the latest carrier. Please inform the nearest ABB office or representative. Notify ABB immediately if there are any discrepancies in relation to the delivery documents.

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Section 6 1MRK 511 463 A Installation

6.1.3 Storing

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If the IED is stored before installation, it must be done in the original transport packaging in a dry and dust free place. Observe the environmental requirements stated in the technical data section.

6.2 Checking environmental conditions and mounting space

The mechanical and electrical environmental conditions at the installation site must be within the limits described in the technical data.

• Avoid installation in dusty, damp places.

• Avoid places susceptible to rapid temperature variations, powerful vibrations and shocks,

surge voltages of high amplitude and fast rise time, strong induced magnetic fields or similar extreme conditions.

• Check that sufficient space is available.

Sufficient space is needed at the front and rear of the IED to allow access to wires and optical fibres and to enable maintenance and future modifications.

6.3 Rack mounting the IED

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1. Attach the mounting brackets to both ends of the IED using the screws enclosed with the

rack mounting kit.

D0E523T201305141600 V1 EN-US

Figure 48: Mounting the brackets

1 Mounting brackets

2 Screws

2. Tighten the screws using a Torx T25 screwdriver.

3. Mount the IED with the rack mounting panels to the 19" rack.

4. Tighten the screws.

User manual

1MRK 511 463 A Section 6

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Installation

Figure 49: Rack mounted 3U IED

A 57.2 mm (2.25”)

B 224 mm (8.82”) + 12 mm (0.47”) with ring-lug connector

C 25.5 mm (1”)

D 482 mm (19”)

E 132 mm (5.20”), 3U

6.4 Arranging ventilation

Ventholes are located at the bottom and on the back plate of the IED. Reserve sufficient space around the IED to ensure adequate ventilation.

• Reserve at least 2U below and above the unit.

• Reserve for rack mount approximately 10 cm behind the unit, measured from the surface of the cover.

• Ensure sufficient space for the wiring and the installation of cable ducts.

6.5 Safety against laser exposure

The Tx output of the X9 communication port features a class 3R laser diode for long-range communication. However, this port is never used ins Switchsync PWC600. Hence, the Tx output shall be covered at all times.

Always keep the factory supplied cap on the Tx output of port X9, to prevent exposure to laser radiation.

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X317X101

X319

X420

X102

X321 X326

X324 X329

X0 X8 X9 X10 X1

X2 X3

1MRK 511 463 A Section 7

Hardware interfaces

Section 7 Hardware interfaces

7.1 Connectors

GUID-79B91E2D-81CF-4D4C-9DD3-708CC2BA7204 V2 EN-US

Figure 50: Rear panel connectors

Table 43: Interfaces used in the default pre-configuration of the Switchsync PWC600 IED

Connector Description

X0 Connection for Detached HMI (Not used in Switchsync PWC600)

X1 Station bus: IEC61850-8-1, Web interface

X2 Redundant station bus, optional

X3 Process bus, sampled values from IEC 61850-9-2LE compliant merging units

X8 EIA-485 and IRIG-B serial connection

X9 Legacy optical serial communication (Not used in Switchsync PWC600)

X10 Optical 1PPS signal input for time synchronisation

X101, X102 Conventional CT and VT inputs

X317, X326 Signalling outputs

X319 IRF (Internal failure output)

X321 Open and close command outputs

X324 Circuit breaker auxiliary switch position inputs

X329 Close/Open command and CB drive energy status inputs

X420 Auxliary supply voltage input

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7.2 Physical connections

7.2.1 Connecting protective earthing

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Connect the IED to earth using a 16.0 mm2 (AWG 5) flat copper cable. Use an earth lead of maximum 1500 mm (59”) length. Note that extra length is required for door mounting.

1. Loosen the nut from the protective earth pin to connect a separate earth protection lead.

Section 7 1MRK 511 463 A Hardware interfaces

D0E13861T201305151403 V2 EN-US

Figure 51: The protective ground pin is located to the left of connector X101 on the

3U full 19” case

Each IED must have its own earth lead connected to the earth circuit connector.

2. Connect the earth lead to the earth bar.

3. Thread the copper cable on the protective earth pin.

4. Tighten the nut on the protective earth pin.

5. Support the earth lead so that it cannot break or weaken. Observe the situations for mechanical, chemical or electrochemical conditions.

7.2.2 Connecting wires

Connect each signal connector terminal with one 0.5...2.5 mm2 (AWG 20...13) wire or with two 0.5...1.0 mm2 (AWG 20...17) wires.

2. Connect each compression type (X101 and X102) terminal for CTs/VTs with one 0.5...6.0 mm2 (AWG 20...10) wire or with two wires of maximum 2.5 mm2 (AWG 13).

Connect each terminal on the communication module for IRIG-B with one 0.2 - 1.0 mm (AWG 24…17) wire.

Connect each terminal on the communication module for EIA-485 with one 0.2 - 1.0 mm (AWG 24…17) wire.

See the following subsections for product-specific terminal assignments in the pre-configuration.

7.2.2.1 Connecting to screw-compression type terminals

Terminal blocks of screw-compression type are used for electrical connections.

1. Open the screw terminal before inserting a wire into it for the first time. To open the screw terminal, turn the fixing screw anti-clockwise until the terminal hole is wide open (the inside of the terminal hole is surrounded by metal).

2. Insert the wire and turn the fixing screw clockwise until the wire is firmly fixed.

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User manual

Abb PWC600 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Table of contents

Introduction

1.1 This manual

1.2 Intended audience

1.3 Product documentation

1.3.1 Product documentation set

1.3.1.1 Related documents

1.3.2 Document revision history

1.4 Symbols and conventions

1.4.1 Symbols

1.4.2 Document conventions

Safety information

Section 2 Safety information

2.1.1 Symbols on the product

2.1.2 Warnings

2.1.3 Caution signs

Switchsync PWC600 overview

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Hardware overview

3.3 Functioning principle

3.4 Application overview

3.4.1 Common applications

3.4.2 Variable applications

3.5 User interfaces

3.6 Communication

3.7 PCM600 tool

3.7.1 Connectivity packages

3.8 Environmental aspects

3.8.1 Sustainable development

3.8.2 Disposing of the IED

Application

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Load applications

4.2.1 Capacitor banks

4.2.2 Shunt reactors

4.2.2.1 Re-ignition free window

4.2.3 Power transformers

4.2.4 Discharged transmission lines and cables

4.3 Switching targets

4.3.1 Target reference

4.3.2 Target definition

4.3.2.1 Controlled energization targets

4.3.2.2 Controlled de-energization targets

4.3.3 Circuit breaker properties

4.4 Optimization of accuracy

4.4.1 Parameter compensation

4.4.2 Adaptive correction

4.4.2.1 Adaptive correction for closing

4.4.2.2 Adaptive correction for opening

4.4.3 Overall optimization

4.4.3.1 Optimization of closing operations

4.4.3.2 Optimization of opening operations

4.5 Monitoring and supervision

4.5.1 Electrical operations monitoring

4.5.1.1 Circuit breaker electrical status

4.5.1.2 Detection of electrical switching instants

4.5.1.3 Detection of re-ignitions/re-strikes

4.5.1.4 Interrupter wear

4.5.2 Mechanical operations monitoring

4.5.3 Recommended alarms

4.5.4 Selection of feedback signals

4.5.5 Trip circuit supervision

Specific load applications

5.1 Standard load applications

5.1.1 Grounded capacitor bank

5.1.1.1 Controlled energization

5.1.1.2 Controlled de-energization

5.1.2 Ungrounded or delta connected capacitor bank

5.1.2.1 Controlled energization

5.1.2.2 Controlled de-energization

5.1.3 Grounded non-coupled reactor

5.1.3.1 Controlled energization

5.1.3.2 Controlled de-energization

5.1.4 Non-coupled ungrounded or delta connected reactor

5.1.4.1 Controlled energization

5.1.4.2 Controlled de-energization