3B Scientific Ultrasonic Echoscope User Manual

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3B SCIENTIFIC3B SCIENTIFIC
3B SCIENTIFIC®
3B SCIENTIFIC3B SCIENTIFIC
U10010 Ultrasonic Echoscope and Accessories
PHYSICSPHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICSPHYSICS
®
Operating instructions
1
2
3
4
5
bu
bt
bs
br
Safety instructions
For your own safety and that of the equipment, please read the following instructions thoroughly before us­ing this ultrasonic device and its accessories. The slits in the device are for ventilation and must not be covered to avoid overheating of the equipment. We recommended that the feet on the device be used. Ensure that the specified operating voltage and safety measures are observed. Never try to insert objects through the ventilation slits since this could lead to short circuits or electric shocks. Connect only the ultrasonic transducer supplied by 3B Scientific GmbH to the "PROBE" sockets. Caution: the transmitting transducer may experience voltage pulses as high as 300 V. Be aware that this is laboratory equipment and not a medical appliance. The ultrasonic sensors are not to be used on people or animals.
6
blbmbnbobpbq
9
1 Start point for time-dependent amplification 2 Trigger slope (rise time) for time-dependent amplification 3 Width of time-dependent amplification 4 Threshold for time-dependent amplification 5 Transmitter power 6 Receiver gain 7 Power supply 8 Mains switch 9 Receiver unit
7
bl Probe connection for reflection mode
or receiver in transmission mode
bm Reflection/transmission mode changeover switch
8
bn Probe connection for transmission mode bo Transmitter unit bp Clocking unit (time-dependent amplifier) bq Connector sockets for oscilloscope br Signal output A scan (LF signal) bs Signal output (HF signal) bt Signal output for trigger signal bu Signal output for time-dependent amplifier ramp
Contents
1. Introduction ........................................ 12
2. Components.........................................12
2.1. U10010 Ultrasonic echoscope controls ....... 12
2.2. Ultrasonic transducers................................ 12
2.2.1. U10015 1-MHz ultrasonic transducer ......... 12
2.2.2. U10017 4-MHz ultrasonic transducer ......... 12
2.3. Accessories ................................................. 12
2.3.1. U10027 Acrylic block with holes................. 12
2.3.2. U10020 Equipment set for longitudinal
and transverse waves.................................. 12
2.3.3. U10022 Aluminum block with
protractor scale .......................................... 13
2.3.4. U10023 Polyoxymethylene (POM) plate
with protractor scale .................................. 13
2.3.5. U10025 Reflection plate ............................. 13
2.3.6. U10026 Set of three cylinders..................... 13
2.3.7. U10029 Heart valve model ......................... 13
2.3.8. L55/1 Model of a single breast
with benign tumor ..................................... 13
All rights are reserved by 3B Scientific GmbH. No part of this operating manual may be reproduced, rewritten, copied
or redistributed in any form without the express permission of 3B Scientific GmbH.
3B Scientific GmbH accepts no responsibility for damage caused by incorrect use of the equipment, nor for any
repairs or modification made by third parties other than those authorized by 3B Scientific GmbH.
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3. Software ..............................................13
3.1. Program operation ..................................... 13
3.2. Menu functions .......................................... 14
4. Suggested experiments..........................14
4.1. Wave nature of ultrasound ......................... 14
4.2. Determining the frequency
of the transducer in use ............................. 15
4.3. Speed of longitudinally propagated
sound in test bodies ................................... 15
4.4. Attenuation of sound in test bodies ........... 15
4.5. Attenuation of sound in fluids.................... 16
4.6. Frequency-dependent attenuation............. 16
4.7. Time-dependent amplifier ......................... 17
4.8 Frequency dependence of resolution ......... 18
4.9. Manually guided B image........................... 18
4.10. Time-motion mode (M mode)..................... 18
4.11. Transmission coefficient and speed
of transversely propagated sound .............. 19
4.12 Combination of B image and
A scan – testing of materials ...................... 20
5. Technical details ..................................20
5.1 U10010 Ultrasonic echoscope controls ....... 20
5.2. U10015 1-MHz ultrasonic transducer ......... 20
5.3. U10017 4-MHz ultrasonic transducer ......... 20
5.4. U10027 Acrylic block with holes ................. 20
5.5 U10020 Equipment set for
longitudinal and transverse waves ............. 20
5.6 U10022 Aluminum block with
protractor scale .......................................... 20
5.7. U10023 Polyoxymethylene (POM) plate
with protractor scale .................................. 20
5.8. U10025 Reflection plate ............................. 20
5.9. U10026 Set of three cylinders ..................... 20
5.10. U10029 Heart valve model ......................... 20
5.11. L55/1 Model of a single breast with benign
tumor ......................................................... 20
6. Bibliography ........................................20
dependent amplifier can be viewed separately. The gain for the amplification of the received signal can be ad­justed in 5-dB steps from 0 to 35 dB. The transmitter power can be adjusted in 10-dB steps from 0 to 30 dB. For time-dependent amplification, the start point, the rise time, the threshold and the width can all be con­tinuously adjusted up to a maximum gain of 35 dB. Also included is the ASH control software for Microsoft Windows. This allows you to measure amplitude and timing differentials. It also supports the simultaneous display of HF signal and amplitude signal so that, un­like with conventional A-image equipment, the wave nature of ultrasound can be demonstrated. An addi­tional chart simultaneously shows the form of and change in the time-dependent amplification. Other software options include: manually guided B-images; time-motion mode; FFT on a selected signal segment; zoom function; changeover between time and resolu­tion depending on the speed of sound, which can also be adjusted; switching between measuring ranges; data export and print capability; automatic mode display (transmission or refection).
2.2. Ultrasonic transducer
2.2.1. Ultrasonic transducer 1 MHz U10015
For examinations at greater depth or examinations in­volving high power and low depth resolution, 16-mm piezo-ceramic disc in cast metal housing, preset for water propagated sound, one cable with frequency­coded snap-in plug.
2.2.2. Ultrasonic transducer 4 MHz U10017
For examinations requiring maximum depth resolu­tion at shallow depth, 16-mm piezo-ceramic disc in cast metal housing, preset for water propagated sound, 1-m cable with frequency-coded snap-in plug.
1. Introduction
Ultrasonic echoscopy (also called sonography) has de­veloped into one of the key procedures for medical examination and materials technology. Although there is a confusingly wide range of ultrasonic devices pro­duced for various applications, all of them rely on the same basic principle of emitting a mechanical wave and recording the reflections in an echogram.
2. Components
2.1. Ultrasonic echoscope controls U10010
The U10010 echoscope is an ultrasonic A-image de­vice with an output for pure pulse echo operation and an extra output and converter for operation with two ultrasonic transducers for transmission measurements. The device is equipped with a parallel interface for connection to transfer data to a PC. To make the principle behind the device clearer, the individual components, receiver, transmitter and time-
2.3. Accessories
2.3.1. Acrylic block with holes U10027
For determining speed of sound and attenuation of an ultrasonic signal in acrylic (polyacrylate), for pin­pointing discontinuities, and investigating imaging er­rors caused by sound shadows or ground echoes, fre­quency-dependent resolution capacity and display of a manual B image. To investigate resolution, both the 1-MHz and the 4-MHz transducers are required. Pol­ished polyacrylate block with drilled holes of various diameter for simulating discontinuities at various dis­tances from the surface of the block.
2.3.2. Equipment set for longitudinal and transverse waves U10020
For investigating the propagation of longitudinal and transverse (shear) waves in solid bodies and determin­ing elastic constants (shear modulus, modulus of elas­ticity and Poisson number) of these bodies. Also for determining ultrasonic attenuation in fluids by means
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of time-dependent amplitude measurement with moveable reflector. Ultrasound is first passed vertically through a body under test placed in a trough filled with water. Only longitudinal waves are propagated through the body. The transmission amplitude of these is recorded. In rotating the body to ever greater angles, the ampli­tude of the longitudinal waves decreases and trans­verse waves are increasingly propagated through the body. These appear in the amplitude domain as a sec­ond peak. From the angle where total reflection of the longitudi­nal waves takes place, the speed of the longitudinal waves can be calculated. The speed of transverse waves can be calculated from the angle where the maximum transmission amplitude for transverse waves occurs. If the body is rotated further, total reflection of the trans­verse component may also occur depending on the magnitude of the speed of sound in proportion to that in the surrounding fluid. From the two speeds of sound, the elastic constants (shear modulus, modulus of elasticity and Poisson number) for the body under test can be calculated. Acrylic (included in the scope of delivery), aluminum and polyoxymethylene (POM) plates are available as test bodies. The speed of transverse waves in acrylic (polyacrylate) is almost exactly the same as in water. In aluminum the speed is greater and in POM it is smaller than in water. Set consists of sounding trough, acrylic test plate in holder with protractor scale and two transducer hold­ers for 1-MHz or 4-MHz ultrasonic transducers that al­low for precise positioning of the transducers on the sounding trough.
2.3.3. Aluminum plate with protractor scale U10022
Accessory for longitudinal and transverse waves equip­ment set for investigating the propagation of transverse waves in metals and for determining the elastic con­stants such as shear modulus, modulus of elasticity and Poisson number for aluminum; high quality reflector (large reflection coefficient in water) and therefore easy­to-measure signal amplitudes for attenuation meas­urements in liquids (e.g. water, cooking oil, glycerine).
individual echoes analyzed. The result is a shifting of the median frequency to lower frequencies since the higher frequency components are more strongly at­tenuated.
2.3.6. Set of 3 cylinders U10026
Polished polyacrylate cylinders for determining speed of sound and attenuation of ultrasound in acrylic. Measurements can be made using reflection mode or transmission mode.
2.3.7. Heart valve model U10029
Twin chamber with rubber membrane and pressure regulator for demonstrating the action of heart valves using the time-motion method. During the experiment, the membrane chamber produces an image similar to that produced by a valve of a beating heart in an elec­trocardiogram as used for medical diagnosis.
2.3.8. Model of a single breast with benign tumor
Imitation breast made of silicon with a simulated be­nign tumor for demonstrating B-image mode.
3.Software
3.1. Program operation
As soon as the program is started, the measuring equip­ment is immediately activated. The user interface is shown in the illustration above. In the top part of the screen, the A-image signal, the current position of the markers (vertical red and green lines), the frequency of the receiving transducer that is connected and the current mode (reflection/pulse echo or transmission). The markers can be positioned using the mouse (the mouse cursor changes when the markers are to be moved).
2.3.4. Polyoxymethylene (POM) plate in test holder with protractor scale U10023
Accessory for longitudinal and transverse waves equip­ment set for investigating the propagation of transverse waves in plastic and for determining the elastic con­stants such as shear modulus, modulus of elasticity and Poisson number for POM.
2.3.5. Reflection plate U10025
Polished acrylic plate for investigating multiple ech­oes and measuring frequency-dependent attenuation. The 4-MHz transducer is particularly suited for meas­urements of this kind. Initially an echo image with at least three echoes is recorded and the spectrum of the
The scale for the time axis (time measurement) can be switched to display distance (depth measurement) ["Time"/"Depth" buttons]. An entry for the speed of propagation as required for calculation can be made using the Settings option in the menu (default: 1000 m/s). The UP-DOWN button pairing at the left-hand edge of the screen is for changing the amplitude resolution (top) and shifting the zero-axis (bottom).
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The constant updating of the A image can be suspended (Freeze) by using the "Stop" button and restarted us­ing the "Start button". When the image is frozen, the FFT button becomes active. If this is clicked, the am­plitude spectrum of the segment of signal bounded by the markers is displayed in a new window (see illustra­tion below.)
At the same time, a measurement function using the mouse is activated (crosshair cursor). Frequency and amplitude are displayed at the position where the mouse is situated. The form can be printed (standard printer under Windows), or the spectrum can be saved (as an ASCII table) using the Export function. The "Zoom" button magnifies the display of a selected depth range. Position and width of the range are set by moving the sliders in the middle of the screen with the mouse. The "Full" button causes the "Zoom" func­tion to be deactivated again. The button marked "100"/"200" allows the measuring range (maximum time or resolution) to be switched between 100 µs and 200 µs. The "A" [A image], "HF" [High-frequency signal] and "All" [both signals] settings allow you to select the form in which the signal should be displayed. In the central region of the screen, the characteristics for time-dependent amplification are shown includ­ing all parameters (start point, rise time, width, thresh­old). At the bottom of the window, status information is displayed. Among the items shown here are the time or the depth represented by the current marker posi­tions. The difference between the red and green mark­ers is displayed in yellow. The current transmitted level and primary gain are shown at the bottom left. The bottom right gives the amplitude of the received volt­age at the mouse cursor position (the center of the crosshair.)
3.2. Menu functions
File Print Form Prints the window
(form) to the current printer
Export Exports the
measured values as an ASCII table to a text file (columns: Time, HF data, A image, TGC),
Exit Exit the program
Settings Speed of Entry for the speed
sound of sound to allow
correct display of depth (default: 1000 m/s)
Port Selection of LPT
port for communication with
controlling PC Type of Duration Axis = time meas. (default)
Depth Axis = depth
Display A-scan Displays the A
image (A mode)
HF data Displays the HF
signal (Echo)
All Displays both signals
(HF echo and A line/
envelope) B image Activates the form for displaying a
B image (B-mode image)
M-mode Activates the form for displaying an
M-mode image
4. Suggested experiments
4.1. Wave nature of ultrasound
With the aid of the software, it is possible to display a signal corresponding to a reflection, e.g. between an acrylic block and air, in HF mode (high frequency os­cillation), in A mode (amplitude component = enve­lope of HF signal) and in both modes at once. This can convey to the student which signal gives rise to a typi­cal A image. Below is a screenshot of the software user interface showing the measured signal at the top and the settings for the amplifier underneath it.
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4.2. Determining the frequency of the transducer in use
From the initial echo of the transducer or from a lightly
and the edge of the body allows the longitudinal speed of sound cL to be calculated from the measured time t
as follows damped reflection, it is possible to determine the dis­tance between two maxima in the high-frequency sig­nal oscillation with the aid of the zoom function. This
s
2
c
=
L
t
involves placing the measuring cursors at two adjacent peaks of the high frequency signal as shown in the above screenshot. The time difference can then be read directly from the status bar. With this information, the frequency of the transducer being used may be calcu­lated (in this case 1/1µs = 1 MHz).
4.3. Longitudinal speed of sound in test bodies
An ultrasonic transducer is attached to test bodies made of various materials and the time between the emis­sion of a pulse and the reception of an echo reflected from a boundary layer is measured (see photograph below). Knowing the distance s between the transducer
Some results of measurements involving different ma-
terials and geometries are shown in the table below.
Material Time t Distance s Speed of sound ∆c
[µs] [µs] [mm] [mm] longitudinal [m/s] [m/s]
Acrylic Rod 1 84.1 0.4 112.9 0.2 2685 18
Rod 2 112.5 0.6 151.0 0.2 2684 18 Block Length 111.3 0.4 150.0 0.2 2695 13 Width 30.3 0.4 40.2 0.2 2653 48 Height 59.4 0.4 79.8 0.2 2687 25 Standard value 2610-2750
PVC Block Length 84.9 0.4 98.0 0.2 2309 16
Width 76.8 0.4 87.6 0.2 2281 17 Height 70.3 0.4 80.7 0.2 2296 19 Standard value 2220-2380
(1)
4.4. Attenuation of sound in test bodies
Using the measuring cursor for determining amplitude in the ASH program, the amplitude A of the echo from the rear surface of two bodies of identical but differ­ent size can be measured. Applying the law of attenu­ation to these measurement gives
A = A0 e
–αx
(2)
which can be rearranged to give the sound attenua­tion coefficient
α
=
2
α
1
Ln
xx
()
1221
A A
(3)
A1 is the amplitude for a body of width x1 and A2 is that
for a body of width x2. The factor of 1/2 in equation (3) emerges from the fact that sound must traverse the distance twice when the reflection method is used. If a transmitter-receiver arrangement is employed, the fac­tor is omitted.
In all cases care should be taken to ensure that the
amplifier settings are kept identical as far as possible
in order to achieve reproducible results.
Thus the thicknesses of the objects should not differ
greatly. The sound attenuation coefficient in (3) is fre-
quency-dependent so that the frequency used for the
measurement should always be quoted along with the
result. The theoretical frequency-independent absorp-
tion coefficient
α
is given by (4) (where υ is the fre-
0
quency of the ultrasonic wave):
α
α
=
2
ν
(4)
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Unfortunately, in most bodies and fluids there is a large scattering component to the attenuation coefficient. Since scattering is dependent on the ratio of the wave­length to the size of the scattering object, this can lead to wide variations in the frequency dependence of the attenuation arising from (4). When comparing with standard published values, it should be noted that the values are usually given in dB/cm so that the value for α results from (3) thus:
α
[1 / cm] or [neper / cm] =
αα
dB cm
[]
Lg e
20 8 686
()
dB cm//
[]
=
.
(5)
4.5. Attenuation of sound in fluids
By measuring inside a fluid container with a movable reflector it is possible to plot a curve of the reflected amplitude for various values.
An external program can then derive the attenuation coefficient α by finding a fit for the exponential func­tion in (3) or more simply identifying a linear fit to a line that matches (3) when it is rearranged in the form (6):
yax
=
A
0
α
Ln
2
xx
=−
()
A
i
i0
(6)
where A0 is the amplitude of the peak closest to the transducer. All subsequent measurements (i) are related to this value so that the measuring error at greater dis­tances becomes much smaller. If the speed of sound in the fluid has already been determined (e.g. by using the transmission method where measuring both lengthways and across the width eliminates the effect of the container's walls) and entered into the program, the distances of the reflector from the transducer can be read off directly from the software (Depth setting). Attenuation of sound in water is too weak to measure any alteration in amplitude over a distance of around 20 cm. The following diagram shows a graph as meas­ured for sunflower oil.
By setting the amplifier appropriately, the entire avail­able path may be used for measurements. Using a fre­quency of 1 MHz gives a value of about 0.5 dB/cm for the attenuation coefficient, which is close to the pub­lished value of 1 dB/cm for frequencies of 1 – 5 MHz.
4.6. Frequency-dependent attenuation
Frequency-dependent attenuation can be studied very well using a thin acrylic plate (thickness 1 – 2 cm approx., see photograph).
Since parallel surfaces give a series of multiple echoes when the transducer is placed straight against them, the frequency components of individual echo pulses can be investigated using the FFT function built into the program. The following illustration shows the cor­responding FFT analyses. It can clearly be seen that higher frequencies are attenuated more acutely as the distance traveled through the plate increases. Thus the median frequency (the frequency component of the highest amplitude) becomes shifted.
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The rise time, threshold and start point of the ampli-
fier can all be adjusted so that the individual echoes
all appear to be of equal magnitude. The time-depend-
ent amplifier thus compensates for the attenuation in
the material. Variations in width and point of action
can emphasize areas at different depths or even filter
certain depths out. An example is shown in the follow-
ing diagram.
4.7. Time dependent amplification
The plate used in 4.6 can also be used to demonstrate the time-dependent amplification method that is of­ten employed, particularly in medicinal applications.
The damping visible in the display above is just about
eliminated with the time-dependent amplification set-
tings used in the display below.
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4.8 Frequency dependence of resolution
Two small discontinuities situated close together in a specially manufactured test body (see section 4.9) can be used to demonstrate the frequency dependence of resolution. The discontinuities are investigated using a 1-MHz and a 4-MHz transducer and the ability to separate the two locations is compared for the two frequencies. The amplitude signals for both frequencies are shown in the following diagrams. The top one is the display for the 1-MHz transducer and the lower is for the 4-MHz transducer.
The software converts the amplitude scan into a two­dimensional brightness display.
At each of the various discontinuities, the focus of the ultrasonic transducer, the position resolution and im­age errors (such as sound shadows) can all be displayed.
4.10. Time-motion mode (M-mode)
So-called M-mode allows ultrasonic reflections from moving boundary layers to be displayed. This can be used, e.g. in an echocardiogram, to investigate the valves of the heart. The heart itself can be simulated using the heart valve model (U10029) with a rubber membrane caused to move by a ball-shaped bellows.
4.9. Manually guided B image
A test body with discontinuities can be used along with the built-in B-Image software feature to demonstrate how a B (brightness) image is generated from an am­plitude signal. The 1-MHz transducer (U10015) is slowly and evenly guided over the test body as in the following illustra­tion.
The corresponding software option (M-mode) allows the movements to be shown as a two-dimensional dis­play.
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The M-mode image basically corresponds to a displace-
Cc
TF
=
()
1 2
sin
φ
C
E
L
=
+
()−()
ρ
υ
υυ
1
112
ment-time graph, so that the speed of movement can be determined from the rise time.
4.11. Transmission coefficient and transverse
speed of sound
With an experiment set-up like that shown in Figure 2 (transducer in transmission mode attached to a water­filled trough containing a rotatable plate with a speci­fied thickness of 1 cm), by turning the plate it can be demonstrated that when an ultrasonic wave passes from a fluid to a solid body at a non-perpendicular angle, both longitudinal and transverse waves are ex­cited.
Since transverse sound waves are produced by shear­ing and their speed is lower than that of longitudinal waves, the following regions arise (example with acrylic): Angle of incidence 0°: only a peak for longitudinal waves possibly with multiple reflections Small angle of incidence (<=10°): multiple reflections vanish, amplitude decreases Angle of 10° - 30°: peaks for both longitudinal and transverse waves Angle >30°: only transverse waves remain with ampli­tude maxima at an angle of incidence of about 40°. Amplitude becomes smaller at increasing angles The amplitude in transmission mode or, by measuring the transmission in the absence of the plate, the am­plitude transmission coefficient can now be calculated for both longitudinal and transverse waves (see follow­ing diagram).
Since the transmission of transverse waves through the
plate is greatest at a transmission angle of 45°, the
maximum in the transverse amplitude curve may be
used to determine the angle of incidence Φ and thus
the transverse speed of sound by means of the follow-
ing equation
(7)
where cF is the speed of sound in water (1480 m/s).
Fig. 17 shows the measurement results for a test body
composed of 1 cm thick acrylic. For an amplitude
maximum at 40°, equation (7) gives the speed of trans-
verse waves to be approximately 1600 m/s. The pub-
lished value is 1450 m/s. Determining the angle more
precisely would certainly lead to greater accuracy in
this case.
Separation into longitudinal and transverse amplitudes
is possible due to the differences in time of travel re-
sulting from the large differences in speed of longitu-
dinally and transversely propagated waves. Even with
a plate of only 1 cm thickness, the transverse waves
are sufficiently delayed to be measured (see following
illustration).
The speed of transverse waves allows the shear modu-
lus (torsion modulus) G to be calculated:
G
C
=
T
ρ
(8)
The modulus of elasticity E (Young's modulus) for the
body can be calculated from the longitudinal speed of
sound if the cross-sectional contraction coefficient (υ-
-Poisson number) is known:
(9)
When cross-sectional expansion is negligible (for thin
rods):
E
C
=
L
ρ
(10)
where ρ is always the density of the body
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If cT and cL are known, the Poisson number υ can also be calculated by means of equation (11):
υ
C
C
()
L
=
T
υ
−2112
(11)
4.12. Combination of B image and A scan for testing materials
To demonstrate the testing of materials, a body with invisible discontinuities is provided. A manually guided B image can be used to gain an initial idea of where the discontinuities lie. The precise coordinates can then be determined and plotted with the help of an A scan.
5. Technical details
5.1 Ultrasonic echoscope U10010
Frequency range: 1 MHz to 5 MHz Measuring mode: can be switched between
pulse-echo and transmission modes
Transmitted signal: Dirac pulse
(<1µs, 10 V – 300 V) Transmitter power: 0 30 dB, in 10 dB steps Gain: 0-35 dB, in 5 dB steps Time-dependent amplifier: continuously adjustable
threshold, start point, rise time
and duration, up to 30 dB gain Connections: TGC signal, trigger, NF signal,
HF signal all via BNC
sockets (Var. Ex) Computer port: Sub D-25 socket on LPT
via male-male cable Sampling rate: 10 MHz per channel Dimensions: 256 x 257 x 156 mm Mains voltage: 115 V / 230 V switchable Power consumption: max. 20 VA
5.2. Ultrasonic transducer 1 MHz U10015
Dimensions: 65 mm x 27 mm
5.3. Ultrasonic transducer 4 MHz U10017
Dimensions: 65 mm x 27 mm
5.4. Acrylic block with holes U10027
Dimensions: 150 x 80 x 40 mm
5.5 Equipment set for longitudinal and transverse ultrasound propagation U10020
Sound trough: 200x100x60 mm Protractor scale: 360°, with 5° divisions Acrylic plate: 70 x 45 x 10 mm Dimensions: 104 x 75 x 50 mm
5.6 Aluminum block with protractor scale U10022
Protractor scale: 360°, with 5° divisions Aluminum block: 70 x 45 x 50 mm Dimensions: 104 x 75 x 50 mm
5.7. Polyoxymethylene (POM) plate with protractor scale U10023
Protractor scale: 360°, with 5° divisions POM plate: 70 x 45 x 10 mm Dimensions: 104 x 75 x 50 mm
5.8. Reflection plate U10025
Dimensions: 80 x 40 x 10 mm
5.9. Set of 3 cylinders U10026
Dimensions: 40 mm x 40 mm
80 mm x 40 mm 120 mm x 40 mm
5.10. Heart valve model U10029
Dimensions: 160 mm x 70 mm
5.11. Model of a single breast with benign
tumor L55/1
Model breast made of silicon rubber with simulated benign growth
6. Bibliography
Millner, R.: Ultraschalltechnik – Grundlagen und Anwendung. Physik-Verlag, 1987 Kuttruff, H.: Physik und Technik des Ultraschalls. S. Hirzel-Verlag Stuttgart, 1988 Krautkrämer, J., Krautkrämer, H.: Werkstoffprüfung mit Ultraschall. Springer Verlag, 1968 Weiterführend: Sutilov, V.A.: Physik des Ultraschalls. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1984 Morse, P.M., Ingard, K.U.: Theoretical Acoustics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1968
3B Scientific GmbH • Rudorffweg 8 • 21031 Hamburg • Germany • www.3bscientific.com • Technical amendments are possible
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