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Yashica Twin Lens Reflex Guide
First Edition: January, 1964
How to Use
The Yashica A, Yashica B, Yashica C, Yashica D,
Yashica 635, Yashica 44A, Yashica-MAT, Yashica 44LM
and Yashica MAT LM cameras
By W. D. EMANUEL
The Focal Press
London and New York
Yashica Twin Lens Reflex Guide
These web-pages have been scanned and converted from the original "Focal Press" publication "Yashica Twin
Lens Reflex Guide", First Edition: January, 1964. Cameras covered are the Yashica A, Yashica B, Yashica C,
Yashica D, Yashica 635, Yashica 44A, Yashica-MAT, Yashica 44LM and Yashica MAT LM cameras.
Consequently it does not cover the later models such as the MAT 12, 24 and the later 124-Series Models. There
may be reference to "current" and "discontinued" models. Obviously all Yashica TLR cameras described are
now long discontinued, but for ease of editing if nothing else, all the original text has been retained.
The original book was divided into two sections, effecti vely an overview and a "green pages" section covering
specific models in more detail. I've not bothered with a green background to these pages, but hopefully I will
have included links where appropriate to the relevant text.
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Table of Contents
• About this Guide
• The Yashica reflex camera
• Yashica Reflex Models
• Handling the Yashica Reflex
• Focusing
• Loading and Unloading
THE YASHICA REFLEX: MODEL BY MODEL
o Yashica A and 44A
o Yashica D and 635
o Using 35 mm. Film in Yashica 635
o Yashica Mat and Yashica Mat LM
o The Photoelectric Exposure Meter
o Yashica 44LM
• Films and Filters
• Exposure
• Flash Photography
• Camera Care in Tropical Climates
• Subjects for the Yashica
• Taking Colour Pictures
• Facts and Figures
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This is a Camera Guide. It deals with one make of camera, but it is not boosting it. The Camera Guide is a Focal Press
publication. It is not sponsored or censured by manufacturers, or depe ndent on them in any way. The Camera Guide is as
scrupulous in fully describing the camera and advising on its use as the very best type of manufacturers' book of
instructions.
First Edition: January, 1964
How to Use
The Yashica A, Yashica B, Yashica C, Yashica D, Yashica 635, Yashica 44A, Yashica-MAT, Yashica 44LM and Yashica
MAT LM cameras
By W. D. EMANUEL
Some items of equipment or certain materials mentioned in this book may not be freely available in every country. Import
and marketing conditions vary widely, and are outside the control of the photographic dealer.
© Focal Press Ltd., 1964
Printed 1964 in Great Britain by The Sidney Press Ltd., Bedford
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THE YASHICA REFLEX CAMERA
The Yashica rollfilm reflex cameras are twin-lens mirror reflex cameras made in two sizes, one taking 12 exposures of a
size 2¼ x 2¼ in. (6 x 6 cm.) on standard 120 roll film, the other taking 12 exposures 1 5/8 X 1 5/8 in. (4 x 4 cm.) on 127
roll film.
Two lenses matched for focal length are mounted one above the other on a common panel. The upper lens projects an
image of the subject via a mirror on to a ground glass screen in the top of the camera, while the lower one projects a
similar image on to the film: the ground glass image therefore shows at all times the full-size picture as it will appear on
the negative, upright but reversed left to right. To compensate for any parallax between the viewing and taking lens, the
ground glass is suitably masked. The ground glass on top of the camera is protected in the closed position by the foldeddown finder hood. When opened, this forms a light-excluding hood 2½ in. high; it carries a magnifier for critical focusing
and has a built-in framefinder for eye-level direct vision.
The Yashica reflex cameras are focused by a large focusing knob on the side of the camera. This is geared to the front
panel and smoothly and simultaneously controls both lenses. A depth of field indicator is incorporated.
A film speed indicator is built into the centre of the focusing knob except model D and 635, where it is in the film
transport knob.
A tripod bush is located in the centre of the camera base. The back of the camera hinges open for insertion of the film. It
carries a substantial spring-loaded pressure plate to locate the film precisely in its focal plane. The shutter is released by a
body release knob on the front of the camera.
The body is diecast and leather covered. The dimensions of the 2¼ x 2¼ models are 5 5/8 X 4 1/8 x 3 ¾ in., weight from
32 oz. to 40 oz. The 4 x 4 models measure 4½ 3¼ x 3¼ in. and weigh from 24 oz. to 29 oz.
The various Yashica rollfilm reflex models are distinguished from each other by the type of lens built-in, the number of
shutter speeds, various automatic features and built-in exposure meter.
Some discontinued models of the Yashica reflex, such as models B, C and 44 which were on the market only for a short
time, are so similar to the current ones that they have not been dealt with in the guide separately. There are also several
transition variations of the Yashica reflex models listed below. These variations are of a minor nature and the consequent
change in manipulation self-evident.
Yashica Reflex Models
The 2¼ x 2¼ in. models are:
• Yashica reflex A.
As general description above, fitted with Yashikor, earlier models with Yashimar f 3.5 80 mm. three-element, in
four-speed Copal shutter, X flash synchronized, film transport by knob, non-automatic, accessory shoe fitted.
• Yashica reflex B.
Similar to A with aperture and shutter speed set by levers on either side of the shutter rim.
• Yashica reflex C.
Adds to model A semi-automatic film transport, speed range from 1 to 1/300 sec., field lens in focusing screen,
full XM flash synchronization, Yashikor f3.5 80 mm. lens with bayonet mount for filters, built-in delayed action.
• Yashica reflex D.
Similar to model C with increased speed range 1 to 1/500 sec., aperture and speed setting in cut-out window
above finder lens controlled by thumb wheels.
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• Yashica reflex 635.
As model D with facilities for using 35 mm. miniature film by incorporating additionial transport knob, film
counter and rewind control. Supplied with conversion kit.
• Yashica Mat reflex.
As general description above, fitted with Yashinon f3.5 80 mm. and finder lens f3.2, shutter 1 to 1/500 sec., builtin delayed action. fully XM synchronized. Aperture and speed setting in cut-out window above finder lens,
controlled by thumb wheels with click stops. Film transport fully automatic by lever wind. Fresnel lens in reflex
screen.
• Yashica Mal-LM.
As Yashica-Mat, but has built-in photo-electric exposure meter, uncoupled, scale built into focusing knob.
The 4 x 4 models are:
• Yashica 44.
As general description above with Yashikor f3.5 60 mm. lens in bayonet mount, crank handle for film transport.
Copal shutter speeds 1 to 1/500 sec., built-in self-timer, fully XM synchronized, focusing screen with field lens.
• Yashica 44A.
As model 44 but lens with push-on mount, transport by wheel, non-automatic, shutter speeds1/25 to 1/300 sec., X
synchronized, no delayed action release.
• Yashica 44LM.
As model 44 but with Yashinon f3.5 60 mm. lens, with built-in photo-electric exposure meter, uncoupled, scale
built into film transport knob, semiautomatic film transport.
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THE YASHICA MODELS
Model D developed from Model A via the now-discontinued B and C models. It has semi-automatic film
transport and thumb-wheels for setting aperture and shutter speed. The Mat and Mat-LM have fully automatic
film transport by lever wind . These are all 2¼ in. x 2¼ in. models, but the 635 version of Model D also takes 35
mm. film. The 4 cm x 4 cm. models are the 44 (now discontinued), the 44A (similar to Model A) and the 44LM,
with built-in exposure meter.
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HANDLING THE YASHICA REFLEX
In order to simplify the description and handling of the Yashica Reflex camera without being confused by different
features of individual models, this guide has been divided into a general section which applies to all models, while the
requirements and consequently different handling of each model are found on the "green pages".
For convenience, a symbolic reference system is also used in the general section. Wherever the sign # appears, further
details will be found in the camera pages of the green section for each camera type. The appropriate pages are marked
accordingly in the bottom left or right hand corner.
Holding
Hold the camera as steady as possible; the slightest shake, even if its effect is not visible in the negative, becomes apparent
in the enlargement. Always stand with your legs apart for extra steadin e ss.
When working with the reflex finder at chest-level, place cameras which have the focusing knob on the left side in the
palm of the right hand, with right index finger on the release on the front while thumb and index finger of the left hand rest
on the focusing knob. On cameras with the focusing knob on the right side hold camera in the left hand with left index
finger on the release, while thumb and index finger of the right hand move the focusing knob.
When using the eye-level finder hold up the camera so that the eye is level with the back sight in the focusing hood. Grip
the body with both hands, placing the index finger of the right hand on the release. Press the camera body against nose and
forehead to give it additional support.
To release the shutter, press the button with the right-ha n d i nde x finger. Use finger pressure only, keeping the grip steady.
The pressure must be slow and smooth. The slower the exposure time, the smoother must be the release, as the risk of
camera shake and consequent blurring of the image is greater.
For slow speed exposures in the hand at chest-level, hold your breath and operate the release smoothly to avoid shake.
When using long exposures while holding the camera at eye-level rest the camera against some support, or at least lean
against something stable. In this way 1/8 sec., or more, can be risked without incurring camera shake.
A tripod is advisable when taking exposures of 1/15 sec. or longer or with the delayed-action release.
Left:
With these models which have
the focusing knob on the left-
hand side, support and steady
the camera with your right
hand thumb on the release
button, and operate the
focusing knob with the left
hand.
Right:
Where the focusing knob is on
the right-hand side, hold the
camera in the left hand with
the left index finger on the
release and operate the
focusing knob with the right
hand.
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The ideal body stance. Sling the camera round your neck, supporting it against the chest, and stand with your feet
slightly apart.
Although the standard hold for the Yashica reflex is the steadiest, various alternatives are possible in special
situations. You can hold the camera above your head to shoot over crowds, etc. (left); You can shoot round the
corner (centre left) or for action subjects you can use the eye-level finder (centre right). For time exposures mount the
camera on a tripod (right) and release the shutter with the aid of the cable release.
Carrying
However elegant it may be to carry the camera on a long strap from the shoulder, this is quite unsuitable for quick action.
A better method is to carry it on a short strap around the neck at chest-level ready for work.
The ever-ready case enables the Yashica reflex to be used without removing it from the case. The anchoring lugs on either
side prevent the camera from failing out.
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The Reflex Finder
The reflex finder is a viewing-cum-focusing device. It consists of a focusing screen on top of the camera and in most
models additionally a fresnel screen. This gives an extremely bright image right to the edges, and high colour brilliance.
The image entering the camera through the finder lens is reflected on to it by a mirror. This reflex image remains visible
even during and after the exposure.
Its purpose is first to show the exact picture area, and secondly to help in getting the picture sharp on the film.
Viewing
The picture on the screen appears upright but reversed left to right. Movements are also reversed left to right. To follow a
moving object the camera must be turned against the apparent movement.
With the frame finder built into the focusing hood you can also follow movement -it shows an upright and right-wayround image.
When using the frame finder, do not attempt to turn the camera to the right or left away from the eye, nor try to move the
eye from the centre of the back sight. This "spying round the corner" is deceptive, as only that section will appear on the
negative which you see in the finder looking straight ahead with the eye close to and in the centre of the opening.
You will probably hold the camera reasonably level, but make sure that vertical lines of the picture run parallel with the
lines engraved on the screen or the sides of the screen itself. You can tilt the camera intentionally, but make sure that the
effect does not look like an accidental tilt.
Parallax Compensation
The reflex finder of the Yashica reflex is masked so that the field seen in it right down to 3½ ft. will appear on the
negative.
The frame finder yields a view of its own as it views from a point away from the lens. The greater the distance between
the two, the bigger the difference of this point of view, i.e. the parallax. Parallax hardly counts when viewing and taking a
subject at distances down to 6 ft., as the difference of viewpoint is negligible as compared with the distance between
camera and subject.
But if we photograph anything at close quarters-take a portrait for example-the parallax may show. The image as seen
through the frame finder may include all of, say, a hat worn by the subject of your portrait, while quite a portion of it may
be cut off in the picture taken. So do not use the frame finder at close quarters. If you must use it, make allowances by
including in the frame finder view a strip at the top of the frame that you can do without in the picture. And the closer You
are to tile Subject, the wider that strip must be.
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VIEWFINDERS
Left: The standard method of viewing with the Yashica is to
look straight down on the ground-glass screen in the top of
the camera. A large hinged magnifier in the hood swings out
to enlarge the whole screen area. You can thus judge the
image sharpness really accurately.
Below: To raise the magnifier, press the front of the focusing hood cover inwards (lef t), holding the focussing hood
so that it does not close. To lower the magnifier, press downwards on the rim. Be careful to lower the magnifier
before closing the focusing hood.
Above: For moving subjects, the direct-view sportsfinder is often preferable. To use the finder, push he front of the
focusing hood cover inward and downward until it clicks into place (left). Sight Your subject through the smaller
aperture at the back of the focusing hood (centre). To close the frame, push the button at the bottom right of the back
of the focusing sing hood (right).
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Focusing
The second purpose of the reflex finder -obtaining the best possible definition- is at the same time one of the most
important aids to obtaining good results.
The less experienced user of the reflex screen is apt to accept all too hastily, a seemingly sharp impression of the image for
satisfactory definition. There are, however, different degrees of sharpness and you can make use of these very differences
to find the best possible setting.
Turn the focusing knob to and fro while observing how the main object to be focused becomes more and more sharp up to
a point beyond which it again loses definition.
At this "beyond" stage reverse the movement of the focusing knob. Slowly narrow down the degree of to and fro
movement of the focusing knob until you unmistakably arrive at the point of the very best definition.
You encircle, as it were, the point which you want absolutely sharp by going over and over again its neighbourhood, all of
which will appear reasonably sharp. Before or beyond the point of maximum definition the image still appears sufficiently
sharp, but do not be deceived by this fact: the image is not good enough for enlarging.
When watching the screen at waist level, swing the built-in magnifying glass into position by pressing the front flap of the
reflex hood inwards. This helps to check critical sharpness. The camera is best raised near to the eye when using the
magnifier.
When you have finished with the magnifier, lower it again. If you keep it in front of the screen you may get excellent
definition, but are apt to lose sight of the picture as a whole.
The frame finder cannot be used for focusing. Generally the best way is to use first the reflex finder for focusing and then
change over to the frame finder for viewing.
This procedure is unsuitable for photographing moving subjects. The frame finder is, however, more effective with zone
focusing methods (p.49). These ensure that all subjects within a certain depth of field will be recorded sharply. Zone
focusing is, in fact, preferable to any other method when dealing with rapidly moving subjects in front of a reflex camera.
It is almost impossible to catch and shoot fast motion when your attention is fixed on the mirrored image that shows
directions and movement the wrong way round. With a frame finder it is quite easy to follow everything and keep the
other eye on the subject before it comes into the field of the finder.
Alternatively, for action shots, you can pre-focus the camera at a distance at which the subject will be at a given moment,
or focus on a spot which the subject has to pass.
With subjects liable to react self-consciously (e.g., children), focus on some object which is the same distance from the
camera as your real subject, but in a different direction. When the range is found, swing the camera round and shoot.
Shooting
Practise the following operations first with an empty camera until you can do them practically automatically.
1. Transport the film.
2. Select shutter speed.
3. Select aperture.
a. Cock shutter-on models with film transport wheel only.
4. Focus and determine picture area to obtain a sharp picture and the view you want.
5. Release the shutter gently.
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Loading and Unloading
The Yashica reflex uses standard size 120 roll film. It gives 12 exposures 2¼ x 2¼ in. (6 x 6 cm.). The Yashica reflex "44"
uses 127 size roll film for 12 exposures 1 5/6 x 1 5/8 in. (4 x 4 cm.). These are film spools which are loaded into the
camera in daylight. Avoid loading or unloading the camera in brilliant sunligh t. Choose a shady spot or do it in the shadow
of your own body if nothing better is available.
Loading
1. Open camera back
by holding the carriers upside down, and turning the ring on the base in the direction of the arrow marked 0, that is anticlockwise, fold away the back cover.
2. Insert the film.
The empty spool in the bottom chamber has to be transferred into the top chamber. Pull out the spring knob on the camera
side wall, remove the empty spool and insert it into the top chamber. For this purpose, pull out the spring-loaded knob of
top chamber. Place the empty spool with the grooved end towards the film transport into the top chamber so that the
groove engages in the film transport cross bar. Now allow the spring catch to spring back into its original position and so
engage the empty spool in the chamber. For model 44LM see #.
Insert the roll of film in the bottom chamber after breaking the seal so that the pointed end of the backing paper points
upwards towards the empty spool. Pull the paper end over the film aperture to the empty take-up spool. Insert the wedgeshaped end of the paper into the wide slot of the take-up spool.
On all Yashica reflex models without a red film window in the camera back, transport the film until the lateral double
arrow (on some makes of film, triangular marks) printed on the film backing paper point to the red triangular marks on
either side of the centre of the film aperture of the camera.
3. Close the camera
by pushing the back panel against the camera body and turn the ring on the base in the direction of the arrow marked C,
that is, in a clockwise direction, to lock the back to the body.
4. Get the film ready for the first exposure #.
5. Set film speed and type #.
LOADING
Above, left to right: With the Yashica A and 44A open the camera back, insert the film and attach the end to the take-
up spool. Close the camera and wind the film on until No.1 appears in the he red window (far right).
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Above left to right. With the Yashica D, 635 and Yashica-Mats,
open camera back, insert film and attach to take-up spool. Wind
film until crossbar on paper points to arrowheads on camera body
and close camera back. Turn winder of semi-automatic models
(right) or turn crank of automatic models (far right) until No.1
appears in film counter window.
Above, left to right: With Yashica 44LM open camera back, insert
film and attach to take-up spool and close camera back. Turn the
film winding knob (right) until No.1 appears in the red window. Set
the automatic counter to No.1 (far right) by pushing the reset
button backward while deressing the film release button.
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THE YASHICA REFLEX: MODEL BY MODEL
These "green pages" (Ed. : in the original booklet actual green paper was used) deal with the individual Yashica Reflexes
in detail.
Self-contained sections for each model cover Points of loading, unloading, shooting and specific controls.
For a fuller explanation of aspects common to all Yashica Reflexes, compare these sections with the same headings in the
main text.
Yashica A and 44A
• Loading
• Unloading
• Shooting
• Special Controls
Yashica D and 635
• Loading
• Unloading
• Shooting
• Special Controls
• Using 35 mm. film in Yashica 635
• Unloading 35 mm. film
• Shooting with 35 mm. film
Yashica Mat and Mat LM
• Loading
• Unloading
• Shooting
• Special Controls
• Photo-electric exposure meter of Mat LM
• Using the meter
Yashica 44 LM
• Loading
• Unloading
• Shooting
• Photo-electric exposure meter
• Using the meter
• Special controls
Note:
The shutters of current Yashica models D, 635 MAT, MAT LM and 44LM use the new standard speeds of 1,½,¼, 1/8,
1/15, 1/30, 1/60, etc., as shown in the following pages. Earlier models used the speeds 1,½, 1/5, 1/10,1/25, 1/50, etc.
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YASHICA A AND YASHICA 44A
The Yashica A and 44A are equipped with f 3.5 Yashikor, a three-element triplet of 80 mm. focal length in case of the 2¼
x 2¼ model and 60 mm. in the 4 x 4 model as both taking and viewing lens. The shutter is the "Copal" four-speed (1/25,
1/50 1/100 and 1/300 sec. and B for time exposures) with X synchronization. The aperture adjustment is from f3.5 to f22.
Focusing is by wheel on the side of the camera with distances engraved in feet and metres. A depth of field indicator is
engraved on the camera body above the distance wheel. A reminder disc for the speed of film loaded into the camera is
built into the film transport knob in the 2¼ x 2¼ and in the focusing knob in the 4 x 4 model. An accessory shoe is fitted
to the left side of the camera, primarily intended to accept a flash gun.
The folding reflex finder hood, opened and closed by one hand action, incorporates a frame finder and a focusing
magnifier. The focusing screen of the 44A model incorporates a fresnel screen for enhanced brightness and even
illumination.
The camera back is hinged on and has a pressure plate and red film window with cover. The film transport is the
conventional way by transporting the next number into the film window.
Model A accepts push-on filters, close-up lenses and lens hood of 32 mm. diameter.
Model 44A accepts push-on filters, close-up lenses and lens hood of 28.5 mm. diameter.
ACCESSORIES for Yashica A and 44A include filters for black-and-white and colour photography, 1 and 2 diopter closeup lens pairs, lens hood and hand grip.
Loading
1. Open camera back.
2. Insert the film.
3. Close camera back.
4. Get film ready for the first exposure by turning the film transport knob until the film counter window in the back
of the carnera shows No.1.
5. Set film speed on the film reminder disc (in transport knob of model A and in focusing knob of model 44A) by
turning the ASA or DIN speed of the film used opposite the indicator dot on the rim. This has no function as far
as working the camera is concerned. It is simply a reminder.
Unloading
1. Wind off the film after all 12 exposures have been taken by turning the film transport knob until the film backing
paper has passed the film window, then give another 2 turns.
2. Open camera back.
3. Remove the exposed film, close back or reload with new film.
Shooting
1. Advance the film to the next number in the film window with the film transport knob.
2. Select the shutter speed by turning the outer serrated rim of the shutter until the speed required points to its arrow
head pointer. The figures engraved 25, 50, 100, 300 are fractions of seconds and stand therefore for1/25, 1/50,
1/100, 1/300 sec. See also chapter on Exposure.
3. Select the aperture by turning tine lever pointing to the aperture scale to the aperture value, 3.5, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16
or 22 which is there engraved. See also chapter on "'Exposure".
a. Cock shutter by pushing down cocking lever protruding outside the shutter speed scale as far as it will go and
let it snap back.
4. Focus and determine picture area. See p.10, "The Reflex Finder".
5. Release the shutter by gently pressing the release button on the camera front.
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Special Controls
TIME EXPOSURES are made by setting the shutter to B - the shutter will remain open as long as the release is depressed.
Use a cable release. See chapter on "Exposure".
FLASH SYNCHRONIZATION. The shutter is X flash, synchronized. The flash contact is on the base of the camera front.
See chapter on "Flash".
Model A (right) has a focusing knob for righ t -handed operation with the film-winding knob just above it. The 44A
(left) has left-handed focusing with film wind on the right. Otherwise the cameras are similar, with magnifying glass
to facilitate focusing sportsfinder frame and flash synchronization. The shutter speed ring and aperture control are
around the taking lens. The shutter release button is at the bottom front of the camera for right index finger operation.
Shooting with the Yashica A and 44A.
From left to right: Advance the film and select the shutter speed. Select aperture and cock shutter. Focus the picture
on the screen and press the shutter release.
Loading...