When using the PM1D system software V1.41, please keep in mind the following supplementary explanations.
Note regarding file compatibility
●
Files that you created using system software V1.41 cannot
be loaded into a system that is running system software
V1.3 or earlier. Data that you created using system software V1.3 or earlier can be loaded into system software
V1.41. In this case, memories related to functions that were
added in 1.41 will be the same as the factory setting.
The following issues concern timecode events,
and should be read in conjunction with page
33 of the CS1D Reference Manual (Software).
●
When registering several events close together, up to five
events can be safely registered within any three second period. If you register six or more events, the sixth and subsequent events may not be recalled properly.
●
Since it takes a few seconds to chase the time code, events
are typically executed three seconds after the time code
begins running. Therefore, you must start the time code
at least three seconds before any events that you want to
execute. Note also that scenes cannot be recalled manually during this three-second period.
●
Events in the time code event list are executed only once
during each time code pass.
●
Since time code events set to INC or DEC are executed
relative to the scene number selected when the time code
first begins running, they are not affected by scene recalls
performed by other means that occur once the time code
is up and running.
●
If a scene is recalled via the time code event list while a
scene recall by some other means is being processed, the
scene recall will be executed once the first recall operation
is complete. However, if a scene recall by some other means
occurs while a scene recall via the time code event list is
being processed, the second recall may sometimes fail.
●
Time code events can be executed on the console even
without a ENGINE connected so long as TC IN SELECT
is set to either [INT GEN] or [CONSOLE]. The FADE
TIME function, however, will not operate.
●
RECALL UNDO cannot be used to undo scenes recalled
via the time code event list.
The following issues concern Mirror mode, and
should be read in conjunction with page 10 of
the CS1D Operation Manual (Start-up).
●
Reliable operation cannot be guaranteed if Engine A and
Engine B are connected differently.
●
The C port of the AI8 analog input unit cannot be used.
●
From system software V1.3 onward, functionality was
added for automatic switching from ENGINE A to ENGINE
B in mirror mode. This will automatically switch the engine from A to B when the following problems are detected.
This function automatically switches from engine A to B
if either of the following problems are detected.
1. Failure of engine A itself
2. Failure of the CONTROL I/O cable
However in order for this function to work correctly, the
following conditions must be met.
1. Engine A and engine B must both be connected correctly and functioning
2. The DIGITAL I/O cable must be connected
3. In addition, the entire system must be installed as described in the operating manual
Please also be aware of the following cautionary notes regarding the automatic engine switching function.
1. Automatic switching from engine B to engine A will
not occur.
2. If a problem occurs in the CONTROL I/O cable, switching between engines A/B will take priority over switching between connectors 1/2.
3. If the power of engine A fails during operation, it will
take approximately one second for automatic switching to occur, engine B to be selected, and audio output
to begin.
(Sound will not be interrupted if the problem is only
in the CONTROL I/O cable.)
4. If there is a problem with connections when the console is powered-on, the automatic switching may not
occur in some cases. You will need to switch manually
as needed.
Addition explanation for PREVIEW mode
●
PREVIEW mode lets you view the scene settings that have
been stored by scene memory operations on the CS1D.
The various parameters in PREVIEW mode indicate the
current state of the signal processing.
If one unit is connected to more than one engine, and you
select PREVIEW mode for the system connected to the
engine not specified for the control port, you will not be
able to operate GAIN GANG or A/B LINK.
Regarding the software version printed in the
manuals
●
All manual references to PM1D system software “version
1.0” should be read as “version 1.41”.
●
The PC connection will be denied for reasons of safety if
the “PM1D Manager for Windows” application software
is a different version than the system version of the PM1D
itself. You must use the software from the same CD-ROM
to ensure that the versions match.
1
Thank you for purchasing the CS1D.
Additions and changes to PM1D system software V1.25
This document explains the functionality that been added or changed in PM1D system software version 1.25.
Change in how fade-time processing of each channel is defeated
Up through PM1D system software v1.2, operating a
fader while the fade time was being executed caused
fade-time processing for that channel to be cancelled.
However since it is easy to operate a fader inadvertently,
this version of the software disables this automatic cancellation, in order to prevent accidents.
If you want to cancel fade-time processing as before,
operate the fader while holding down one of the following:
•
The [SHIFT/GRAB] switch of the data entry block
•
The [SHIFT] switch in the CHANNEL SELECT section of the SELECTED INPUT CHANNEL block
•
The [SHIFT] switch in the CHANNEL SELECT section of the SELECTED OUTPUT CHANNEL block
Drag & drop effect data
(EFFECT ASSIGN screen)
In the EFFECT function EFFECT ASSIGN screen, you
can now use Drag & Drop to copy all settings of an
effect. Here’s how to do this.
A popup window will ask you to confirm the copy
operation.
2. To execute the copy, click the OK button. To cancel,
click the CANCEL button.
When you click the OK button, all parameters
including the effect type will be copied.
1. In the EFFECT ASSIGN screen, click the effect type
graphic for the copy source internal effect (1–8),
and drag & drop it onto the graphic for the copy
destination internal effect.
In the EFFECT function EFFECT ASSIGN screen, you
can now access the corresponding EFFECT 1–8 screen
by clicking the graphic that indicates the effect type. This
lets you operate effect parameters more quickly.
The parameters of the currently selected effect will be
assigned to the MIX [LEVEL/BAL] encoders as
shown in the following diagram. At this time, the
MIX OUTPUT block MIX [NAME] indicator will
show the parameter name (up to four characters).
CS1D MIX OUTPUT block
PAIR
ONONONONONONONONONONONONONONONONONONONONONONON
PAIRPAIR
Encoders 1–12
PAIR
PAIR
PAIRPAIR
PAIR
PAIRPAIR
PAIR
ON
1-24
PAIR
MIX
LAYER
Reference pages
•
Software section, page 12
Using the encoders to control
effect parameters
(EFFECT 1–EFFECT 8 screens)
When the EFFECT function EFFECT 1–8 screens are
displayed, you can now use the encoders of the MIX
OUTPUT block to control the effect parameters. To do
this, use the following procedure to.
1. Access one of the EFFECT 1–EFFECT 8 screens.
2. Click the ASSIGN button located in the center of
the screen to turn it on.
Encoders 13–24
Hint
•When an EFFECT 1–EFFECT 8 screen is displayed,
you can hold down the [SHIFT/GRAB] switch of
the data entry block and press the MIX LAYER [124] switch or the [25-48] switch to obtain the same
result.
•The ASSIGN button on/off setting is common to
all of the EFFECT 1–EFFECT 8 screens. If you
switch between EFFECT 1–EFFECT 8 screens
when the ASSIGN button is on, the parameters of
the new screen will be assigned.
3. To return to the previous state, click the ASSIGN
button to turn it off.
The encoder functions will return to their previous
state.
Hint
The encoder functions will also return to their previous state if you access a screen other than EFFECT 1–
EFFECT 8, or if you press either the MIX LAYER [124] or [25-48] switch.
ASSIGN button
2
Reference pages
•
Basic operation, page 130
•
Software section, page 11
1
2
Automatic GEQ insertion
(GEQ PARAMETER screen)
When you select a graphic EQ insert destination in the
GEQ function GEQ PARAMETER screen, insertion will
automatically be switched on in the corresponding
channel.
For example if you select a input channel as the GEQ
insert destination, the INS. button of the corresponding
channel will now automatically be turned on in the IN
PATCH function INSERT/DIRECT POINT screen. (It is
no longer necessary to manually turn the INS. button
on, as in earlier versions.)
“When you select an input channel as a GEQ insert
destination, ...”
Additional functions in GEQ
ASSIGN 1-12 / 13-24 screens
The following buttons have been added to the GEQ
ASSIGN 1-12/13-24 screens.
2
1
GEQ ON/OFF button
This button switches each GEQ on/off.
DISPLAY ORDER REVERSE button
This button reverses the order of the GEQs in the
GEQ ASSIGN 1-12/13-24 screens. By default, the
GEQs are arranged in ascending order from bottom
to top, but will be arranged in ascending order from
top to bottom when you turn on this button.
“the INS. button of that channel will automatically be
turned on in the IN PATCH function INSERT/DIRECT
POINT screen.”
In the same way, if you select an output channel as the
insert destination, the INS. button of the corresponding
channel will automatically be turned on in the OUT
PATCH function INSERT POINT screen.
When you defeat graphic EQ insertion in the GEQ
PARAMETER screen, insert will automatically be
switched off for the corresponding channel.
Reference pages
•
Basic operation, pages 134–135
•
Software section, page 13
“Order when the DISPLAY ORDER REVERSE button is
on”
Reference pages
•
Software section, pages 16–17
3
1
2
Meter display in the IN HA/
INSERT function / OUT INSERT
function
In the IN HA/INSERT function and the OUT INSERT
function, meters are now displayed even for the effect
return, the graphic EQ output, and units to which the
talkback signal is assigned.
“Units to which an effect return is assigned”
Additions and changes in the
INPUT UNIT screen
The following two additions/changes have been made in
the SYS/W.CLOCK function INPUT UNIT screen.
12
UNIT SELECT button
This button virtually connects a unit to the jack
selected by the IN 1–IN 10 buttons. This is the same
function as the UNIT SELECT button located in the
upper right of the screen in the previous version of
the software.
When you click this button, a popup window will
appear, allowing you to select a unit.
“Units to which a graphic EQ output is assigned”
“Units to which the talkback signal is assigned”
Reference pages
•
Software section, pages 87 and 132
4
Hint
In V1.25, the above popup window lets you directly
select the model names (AI8-ML8, AI8-ML4AD4,
AI8-AD8) of currently-installed cards. If you select
one of these model names, it will not be necessary to
specify the installed card.
UNIT LIBRARY button
This button access the UNIT LIBRARY window,
where you can store/recall setting data for all units.
This button has the same function as the UNIT
LIBRARY button found in the ST IN INS/UNIT LIB
screen (IN HA/INSERT function).
Reference pages
•
Software section, pages 47–48
1
2
Additions and changes in the
OUTPUT UNIT screen
The following two additions/changes have been made in
the SYS/W.CLOCK function OUTPUT UNIT screen.
12
UNIT SELECT button
This button virtually connects a unit to the jack
selected by the OUT 1–OUT 6 buttons. This is the
same function as the UNIT SELECT button located
in the upper right of the screen in the software of the
previous version.
When you click this button, a popup window will
appear, allowing you to select a unit.
Additional master clocks available
for selection
(WORD CLOCK screen)
In the SYS/W.CLOCK function WORD CLOCK screen,
the following three types have been added to the master
clocks that can be selected.
•
CONSOLE INT 48k
The internal clock of the CS1D (48 kHz)
•
CONSOLE INT 44.1k
The internal clock of the CS1D (44.1 kHz)
•
W.CLOCK IN
The word clock supplied to the WORD CLOCK IN
jack of the CS1D
•The above master clocks are displayed only if the
setting level is set to “ADVANCED” in the WORD
CLOCK screen.
•Some of the buttons in the WORD CLOCK
screen are arranged differently in V1.25.
In particular when using Mirror mode, selecting the
console’s INT 48k or INT 44.1k as the master clock will
allow you to construct a system that does not use an
external clock generator.
In this case, connections and settings will be as shown
on the following page.
Hint
In V1.25, the model names (A08-DA8) of cards that
are already installed can be selected directly. If you
select a model name, it will not be necessary to specify the installed card.
UNIT LIBRARY button
A button has been added that allows you to access the
UNIT LIBRARY window, where you can store/recall
setting data for all units. This button has the same
function as the UNIT LIBRARY button located in the
OUT INSERT function ST MAS INS/UNIT LIB
screen.
Reference pages
•
Software section, pages 50–51
5
• Example setting 1
The word clock output from the console is distributed, and supplied to the various components. In this example, the
console fills the role of the clock generator.
Clock distributor
WORD
CLOCK OUT
WORD
CLOCK IN
CONSOLE
I/O
DIGITAL I/ODIGITAL I/O
CONSOLE
I/O
DSP1D (-EX)DSP1D (-EX)
CS1D
WORD
CLOCK IN
INPUT/
OUTPUT
• Word clock settings
MASTER CLOCK SELECT
Console INT 48k or INT 44.1k
WORD CLOCK INPUT SELECT
Engine: W.CLOCK IN
Each unit: W.CLOCK IN
WORD CLOCK IN
INPUT/OUTPUTINPUT/OUTPUT
Each unit
: BNC cable connection
: Word clock signal flow
: D-sub half-pitch 68-pin cable connection
INPUT/
OUTPUT
• Example setting 2
The word clock is supplied via the digital audio signal that is output from the DIGITAL I/O jack of the console. In this case,
each component that is connected by a 68-pin D-sub cable will extract the word clock from the 68-pin D-sub connector.
CONSOLE
DSP1D (-EX)
I/O
DIGITAL I/O
CS1D
INPUT/
OUTPUT
INPUT/OUTPUT
• Word clock settings
MASTER CLOCK SELECT
Console INT 48k or INT 44.1k
WORD CLOCK INPUT SELECT
Engine: 68-pin D-sub connector (AUTO and W.CLOCK IN both turned off)
Each unit: 68-pin D-sub connector (AUTO and W.CLOCK IN both turned off)
The CONSOLE INT 48k and CONSOLE INT 44.1k
settings were added so that when Mirror mode is
used, a system can be constructed without using an
external clock generator. If this is used for other
purposes, or if you have connected a device that
requires a high-precision word clock, it may not
6
Each unit
: D-sub half-pitch 68-pin cable connection
: Word clock signal flow
operate correctly. In such cases, either use an external clock generator or select INT 48k/INT 44.1k of
the engine as the master clock.
Reference pages
•
Installation, pages 24, 28–29
•
Software section, page 54
1
2
Additions and changes in the SYSTEM CONNECTION screen
The following two additions/changes have been made to
the SYS/W.CLOCK function SYSTEM CONNECTION
screen.
1
2
Manual switching of the DIGITAL I/O connectors
You can now manually switch the number (1 or 2) of
the DIGITAL I/O connector that connects the console and engine.
To do so, click the button beside the number corresponding to the DIGITAL I/O connector of the console or engine.
Click here
A switching popup window will appear, so press the
OK button to perform the switch.
Display PC connection status
The status of the connection between the console/
engine and the PC is now displayed in the PC CONNECTION section of the screen. The display has the
following significance.
•
PERMIT button
This button specifies whether to permit connection between the console/engine and the PC. When
this button is on, data transfer will be enabled
between the console/engine and PC whose serial
ports are connected to each other. For details refer
to the manual of the PC software “PM1D Manager
for Windows.”
•
OFFLINE/ONLINE
This indicates the status of connections between
the console/engine and PC. When the serial ports
are connected to each other and data can be transferred, the ONLINE symbol will be displayed. If
data cannot be transferred even though the serial
ports are connected, the OFFLINE symbol will be
displayed.
Reference pages
•
Installation, pages 23, 26, 27
•
Software section, pages 44, 45, 46
Even if you switch the number of the DIGITAL I/O
connector in the SYSTEM CONNECTION screen,
the previous connector will automatically be valid if
the appropriate signals are not being input from the
newly selected connector.
7
1
2
1
2
Changes in the main display
The main display has been changed as follows.
12
Cancel a modified scene memory number
When the scene memory title area is blinking, you
can click this area to return to the scene number that
was last stored/recalled. This is the same function as
the [CLEAR] switch of the SCENE MEMORY block.
CUE symbol
CUE symbols that indicate the section in which the
[CUE] switch is currently on have been added to the
screen. Each symbol has the following meaning.
•
INPUT CUE
This symbol will be displayed if the [CUE] switch
of an input channel is on.
•
OUTPUT CUE
This symbol will be displayed if the [CUE] switch
of an output channel is on.
•
DCA CUE
This symbol will be displayed if the [CUE] switch
of a DCA group is on.
•
SUB IN CUE
This symbol will be displayed if the SUB IN CUE
button is turned on in the MATRIX/ST function
SUB IN screen.
•
EFFECT CUE
This symbol will be displayed if the CUE button is
on in the EFFECT function EFFECT 1–EFFECT 8
screen or the EFFECT ASSIGN screen.
•
KEY IN CUE
This symbol will be displayed if the KEY IN CUE
button is on in the IN GATE/COMP function
GATE PRM screen.
Changes in the CUE/SOLO screen
The MON/CUE function CUE/SOLO screen has
changed as follows.
SET ALL/CLEAR ALL button added to INPUT
SOLO SAFE section
This button sets/clears all Solo Safe settings for the
input channels.
SET ALL/CLEAR ALL button added to OUTPUT
SOLO SAFE section
This button sets/clears all Solo Safe settings for the
output channels.
Reference pages
•
Software section, pages 74–75
Changes in the FADE TIME screen
A SET ALL button has been added to the SCENE function FADE TIME screen.
1
21
Reference pages
•
Software section, page 3
8
When you click the SET ALL button (1), the fade function will be enabled for all input channels, output channels, and DCA groups.
Reference pages
•
Software section, pages 25–26
Changes in the RECALL SAFE
screen
A SET ALL button and CLEAR ALL button have been
added to the SCENE function RECALL SAFE screen,
allowing Recall Safe to be set/cleared simultaneously for
all units.
12
Input/output unit sharing
Multiple PM1D systems can now share various types of
input/output unit (AI8, AO8, DIO8).
Specifying the Unique ID
If you want multiple PM1D systems to share an input/
output unit, you must first specify a Unique ID for each
engine. The Unique ID is an identifying number that
specifies the engine that will be the control source when
multiple engines (DSP1D-EX {DSP1D}) are connected
in parallel to an input/output unit. (When the PM1D
system is in the default state, engine A is set by default to
ID=1, and engine B to ID=2.)
If you want to change this ID, access the SYS/W.CLOCK
function SYSTEM CONNECTION screen, and click the
button located above the graphic of the engine.
(Alternatively, move the cursor to the button and press
the [ENTER] key.)
When you click the SET ALL button (1), all units will
be set to Recall Safe. When you click the CLEAR ALL
button (2), Recall Safe will be defeated for all units.
If the SET ALL button is on, all units (including
units that are not displayed in this screen) will be
set to Recall Safe. Please be aware that Recall Safe
will be applied to units that are not currently
patched, and to units that are patched to Insert.
Reference pages
• Basic operation, page 106
• Software section, pages 23, 24
UNIQUE No. button
When you click the button, a popup window will appear,
allowing you to select the Unique ID.
In this window, the button of the currently-selected ID
will be on. Select a new ID, and click the OK button.
The modified Unique ID will not take effect until you
restart the PM1D system. Turn off the power of all components, and then turn the power on again.
Make sure that the Unique ID of each engine does
not coincide. If the ID numbers coincide, the units
may malfunction.
Hint
Unique ID settings need to be made only if an input/
output unit is being shared by multiple engines.
9
Sharing an input/output unit between multiple engines (Standard mode)
The following diagram shows example connections when sharing an AI8 input unit in Standard mode. The AI8’s OUTPUT jacks A–C are connected to engines (DSP1D) 1–3, each with a different Unique ID.
The control source engine (DSP1D) is selected by the CONTROL PORT switch of the AI8. In this diagram, the CONTROL PORT switch is set to A, so engine (DSP1D) 1 (ID=1) which is connected to the AI8’s OUTPUT jack A will be the
control source, and will adjust all parameters including gain.
CS1D-3
DSP1D-3
[UNIQUE No. : 3]
AI8 input unit
CONTROL
OUTPUT
PORT
A
CBA
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
IN
OFF
75Ω
ON
OUT
Set to A
CONTROL
PORT
A
CB A
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
IN
OFF
75Ω
ON
OUT
CBA
[UNIQUE No. : 2]
OUTPUT
Although engine (DSP1) 2 (ID=2) and engine (DSP1D)
3 (ID=3) can also recognize the AI8, they cannot adjust
its parameters. (Unit-related parameters will be shaded
in the screen.) Settings for the entire unit (such as word
clock-related settings) will also be controllable only from
engine (DSP1D) 1 (ID=1). If you want to change the
control source engine (DSP1D), change the position of
the AI8’s CONTROL PORT switch.
CS1D-2
DSP1D-2
CS1D-1
DSP1D-1
[UNIQUE No. : 1]
10
Sharing an input/output unit between multiple engines (Mirror mode)
The following diagram shows example connections when sharing an AI8 input unit in Mirror mode. The AI8’s OUTPUT
jack A is connected to engine (DSP1D-1) A, and OUTPUT jack B is connected to engine (DSP1D-2) B. In Mirror mode,
the connected jack for each unit is controlled in software. For this reason, engine A must be connected to jack A of each
unit, and engine B must be connected to jack B of each unit. (In Mirror mode, the AI8’s jack C cannot be used.)
CS1D-1
DSP1D-B
[UNIQUE No. : 2]
INPUT
1
AI8 input unit
CONTROL
OUTPUT
PORT
A
CBA
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
IN
OFF
75Ω
ON
OUT
Set to A or B
The vacant jack of a unit used in Standard mode
must not be connected to a Mirror mode system.
Doing so will cause malfunctions.
CONTROL
PORT
A
CB A
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
IN
OFF
75Ω
ON
OUT
DSP1D-A
[UNIQUE No. : 1]
INPUT
1
OUTPUT
CBA
11
When multiple units (AI8) are shared in Mirror mode, each unit (AI8) must be connected to the identically-numbered
jack of engine (DSP1D) A/B.
Correct connections
• Mirror mode
CS1D-1
DSP1D-B
[UNIQUE No. : 2]
INPUT
1 2 3 4 5
CONTROL
PORT
OFF
A
B
C
CLOCK
ON
WORD
IN
75Ω
OUT
AI8-1 input unitAI8-2 input unit
CONTROL
OUTPUT
PORT
A
CBA
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
IN
OFF
75Ω
ON
OUT
OUTPUT
CB A
CBA
DSP1D-A
[UNIQUE No. : 1]
INPUT
1 2 3 4 5
CONTROL
PORT
A
CB A
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
CBA
IN
OFF
75Ω
ON
OUT
OUTPUT
CONTROL
PORT
A
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
OFF
ON
CBA
IN
75Ω
OUT
OUTPUT
Incorrect connections
If separate units are connected to the identically-numbered jack of engines (DSP1D) A/B as shown in the following diagram, the HA settings etc. will change when you switch between engines (DSP1D) A/B.
• Mirror mode
CS1D-1
DSP1D-B
[UNIQUE No. : 2]
INPUT
1 2 3 4 5
CONTROL
PORT
AI8-1 input unitAI8-2 input unit
CONTROL
OUTPUT
PORT
A
CBA
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
IN
OFF
75Ω
ON
OUT
A
CB A
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
IN
OFF
75Ω
ON
OUT
CBA
*1: The AI8-1’s OUTPUT jack A must be connected to the DSP1D-A’s INPUT1.
*2: The AI8-2’s OUTPUT jack A must be connected to the DSP1D-A’s INPUT2.
12
OUTPUT
DSP1D-A
[UNIQUE No. : 1]
INPUT
1 2 3 4 5
*1*2
CONTROL
PORT
A
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
OFF
ON
IN
75Ω
OUT
OUTPUT
CB A
CBA
CONTROL
PORT
A
B
C
WORD
CLOCK
OFF
ON
CBA
IN
75Ω
OUT
OUTPUT
Owner’s Manual
FCC INFORMATION (U.S.A.)
1. IMPORTANT NOTICE: DO NOT MODIFY THIS UNIT! This product, when installed as indicated in the instructions contained in this manual, meets FCC
requirements. Modifications not expressly approved by Yamaha may void your authority, granted by the FCC, to use the product.
2. IMPORTANT: When connecting this product to accessories and/or another product use only high quality shielded cables. Cable/s supplied with this product MUST
be used. Follow all installation instructions. Failure to follow instructions could void your FCC authorization to use this product in the USA.
3. NOTE: This product has been tested and found to comply with the requirements listed in FCC Regulations, Part 15 for Class “B” digital devices. Compliance with
these requirements provides a reasonable level of assurance that your use of this product in a residential environment will not result in harmful interference with
other electronic devices. This equipment generates/uses radio frequencies and, if not installed and used according to the instructions found in the users manual, may
cause interference harmful to the operation of other electronic devices. Compliance with FCC regulations does not guarantee that interference will not occur in all
installations. If this product is found to be the source of interference, which can be determined by turning the unit “OFF” and “ON”, please try to eliminate the
problem by using one of the following measures: Relocate either this product or the device that is being affected by the interference. Utilize power outlets that are on
different branch (circuit breaker or fuse) circuits or install AC line filter/s. In the case of radio or TV interference, relocate/reorient the antenna. If the antenna lead-in
is 300 ohm ribbon lead, change the lead-in to coaxial type cable. If these corrective measures do not produce satisfactory results, please contact the local retailer
authorized to distribute this type of product. If you can not locate the appropriate retailer, please contact Yamaha Corporation of America, Electronic Service
Division, 6600 Orangethorpe Ave, Buena Park, CA 90620
The above statements apply ONLY to those products distributed by Yamaha Corporation of America or its subsidiaries.
ADVARSEL!
Lithiumbatteri—Eksplosionsfare ved fejlagtig
håndtering. Udskiftning må kun ske med batteri
af samme fabrikat og type. Levér det brugte
batteri tilbage til leverandoren.
VARNING
Explosionsfara vid felaktigt batteribyte. Använd
samma batterityp eller en ekvivalent typ som
rekommenderas av apparattillverkaren.
Kassera använt batteri enligt fabrikantens
instruktion.
VAROITUS
Paristo voi räjähtää, jos se on virheellisesti
asennettu. Vaihda paristo ainoastaan
laitevalmistajan suosittelemaan tyyppiin. Hävitä
käytetty paristo valmistajan ohjeiden
mukaisesti.
NEDERLANDTHE NETHERLANDS
● Dit apparaat bevat een lithium batterij voor geheugen
back-up.
● Raadpleeg uw leverancier over de verwijdering van de
batterij op het moment dat u het apparaat ann het einde
van de levensduur afdankt of de volgende Yamaha Service
Afdeiing:
Yamaha Music Nederland Service Afdeiing
Kanaalweg 18-G, 3526 KL UTRECHT
Te l. 030-2828425
● This apparatus contains a lithium battery for memory
back-up.
● For the removal of the battery at the moment of the
disposal at the end of the service life please consult your
retailer or Yamaha Service Center as follows:
Yamaha Music Nederland Service Center
Address: Kanaalweg 18-G, 3526 KL
UTRECHT
Te l: 030-2828425
● Gooi de batterij niet weg, maar lever hem in als KCA.
● Do not throw away the battery. Instead, hand it in as small
chemical waste.
Important
Read the following before operating the CS1D
•
Warnings
•
Do not allow water to enter this unit or allow the
unit to become wet. Fire or electrical shock may
result.
•
Connect this unit’s power cord only to an AC outlet
of the type stated in this Owner’s Manual or as
marked on the unit. Failure to do so is a fire and electrical shock hazard.
•
Do not place heavy objects, including this unit, on
top of the power cord. A damaged power cord is a
fire and electrical shock hazard. In particular, be
careful not to place heavy objects on a power cord
covered by a carpet.
•
Do not modify the unit. Doing so is a fire and electrical shock hazard.
•
Do not place a container with liquid or small metal
objects on top of this unit. Liquid or metal objects
inside this unit are a fire and electrical shock hazard.
Cautions
•
This unit has ventilation holes at the top and bottom
to prevent the internal temperature rising too high.
Do not block them. Blocked ventilation holes are a
fire hazard.
•
Since this device is heavy, please use an appropriate
number of people (two or more) when moving it.
•
Before moving the CS1D, you must be sure to lower
the display toward the back until it is fastened in
position.
Operating Notes
•
The digital circuits of this unit may induce a slight
noise into nearby radios and TVs. If noise occurs,
relocate the affected equipment.
Using a mobile telephone near this unit may induce
noise. If noise occurs, use the telephone away from
the unit.
•
XLR-type connectors are wired as follows: pin 1:
ground, pin 2: hot (+), and pin 3: cold (–).
•
If the message “WARNING LOW BATTERY !”
appears when you turn on this unit, contact your
dealer as soon as possible about replacing the internal data backup battery. The unit will still operate
correctly, but data other than the presets will be lost.
We recommend that you save the data on an ATAcompatible PC flash storage card before replacing the
battery.
•
The performance of components with moving contacts, such switches, rotary controls, faders, fans, and
connectors, deteriorates over time. The rate of deterioration depends on the operating environment and
is unavoidable. Consult your dealer about replacing
defective components.
•
The CS1D is cooled by fan exhaust openings located
on its rear panel. Check these regularly and use a vacuum cleaner etc. to ensure that the openings do not
become clogged with dust. Before performing this
maintenance, you must turn off the POWER switch
of the PM1D power supply unit and make sure that
the CS1D is not operating.
•
The power must be turned on/off using the POWER
switch of the PW1D power supply unit. Do not turn
the power on/off by plugging in the power cable, or
by using a power strip or circuit breaker. Doing so
may cause malfunctions.
•
Do not rapidly turn on and off the POWER switch of
the PW1D power supply unit. Doing so may cause
excessive current to damage the system. You must
allow at least five seconds to elapse between poweron and power-off.
Handling the included PM1D System Software disc
The included PM1D System Software Disc is CD-R media containing documentation and software for the PM1D.
A computer with a connected CD drive is required in order to use this documentation and software.
For details on the contents, refer to the documentation on the disc.
Please observe the following points when handling the disc.
Failure to do so may cause problems such as the recorded data being lost, the drive to malfunction, or the printed label to
become blurred.
•
Do not place the disc in locations of direct sunlight,
high temperature, or high humidity.
•
Do not touch either surface of the disc.
Hold the disc at the edges. Gently wipe dust or dirt
off of the recording surface of the disc.
ii
•
Do not wipe the disc with chemicals or detergents.
•
Do not bend or drop the disc.
•
Use an air duster or cleaner to remove dust. Vigorously rubbing the surface of the disc with a dry cloth
may scratch the disc.
Important
•
Do not write on the disc or affix labels to it.
•
Keep water droplets or condensation off of the label
surface.
•
Yamaha Corporation makes no guarantee of a disc
that is rendered unreadable due to careless handling.
CS1D Exclusion of Certain Responsibility
Manufacturer, importer, or dealer shall not be liable for any incidental damages including personal injury or any other
damages caused by improper use or operation of the CS1D.
About the LCD display
The LCD screen built into the CS1D has the following characteristics. Please be aware that even if the following symptoms occur, this is not a malfunction or a defect.
•
Since the LCD display is manufactured with
extremely delicate technology, individual pixels may
not display correctly. (A pixel may be constantly lit or
constantly dark.)
•
The LCD screen may be affected by changes in the
ambient temperature.
•
Depending on the environment of use, you may
notice unevenness in brightness or small spots.
•
Since the LCD screen uses a cold cathode tube for a
backlight, the state of the display will gradually
change over time.
Cautions when handling the track pad
•
Place your hand and arm in a relaxed, natural position, and operate the track pad by moving your finger lightly across the surface or tapping it gently.
•
This device is designed to be operated with one finger. It will not operate in the following situations.
1) When operated by a gloved finger
2) When operated with a pen, ballpoint pen, or pencil etc.
3) When operated by two or more fingers
4) When operated with an object placed on it
•
The unit may not operate correctly if water droplets
or condensation are present on the surface, or if
operated using a soiled or sweaty finger. If condensation occurs, dry the unit thoroughly, or wipe it dry
before use.
Trademarks
ADAT MultiChannel Optical Digital Interface is a trademark and ADAT and Alesis are registered trademarks of Alesis
Corporation. Tascam Digital Interface is a trademark and Tascam and Teac are registered trademarks of Teac Corporation. Windows and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Compact Flash is a trademark of SanDisk
Corporation. Yamaha is a trademark of Yamaha Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective
holders and are hereby acknowledged.
•
To avoid malfunctions, please observe the following
cautions.
1) Do not drop objects on the unit, strike it, or subject it to strong physical shock.
2) Do not spill coffee, juice, or other liquids on the
unit.
•
Do not operate the unit with a pointed metal object
such as a pen, since this will damage the unit.
•
If the surface becomes soiled, wipe it clean with a dry
cloth. If the surface is severely soiled, wipe with a
moist cloth, and dry carefully before use.
•
Do not touch the surface while the por is being
turned on.
Copyright
No part of the CS1D software or this Owner’s Manual may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means
without the prior written authorization of Yamaha Corporation.
The “CS1D Operating Manual (Start-up)” is an introductory manual that explains how to connect the various components of the PM1D system and verify that the PM1D system is operating correctly.
When starting up the PM1D system for the first time, or if you have changed the configuration of the system such as
when the PM1D system has been moved to another location and/or re-connected, we recommend that you follow the
procedure described in this manual to verify that the system is operating correctly.
•
This manual explains only the minimum operations.
For details on operating the PM1D system, please
refer to “CS1D Operating Manual (Basic operation)”
•
For details on the specifications and functionality of
the engine (DSP unit DSP1D-EX {DSP1D}) and I/O
units, please refer to the owner’s manual included
with each device.
•
For details on the function and operation of the controllers and connectors found on the top panel, rear
panel, and front panel of the console (CS1D), refer to
“CS1D Reference Manual (Hardware).”
•
For details on the software in the display screen of
the console (CS1D), refer to “CS1D Reference Manual (Software).”
Screen shots shown in this manual are taken from a
prototype. Please be aware that they may differ
slightly from the actual screens on your unit.
Printing conventions in “CS1D Operating Manual (Start-up)”
•
Differences between the 96 channel model and 48
channel model
In general, the “CS1D Operating Manual (Start-up)”
is written with the 96 channel model PM1D system
(the model with the DSP1D-EX as the engine) in
mind. Where the functionality of the 96 channel
model differs from the 48 channel model (the model
with the DSP1D as the engine), the functionality of
the 48 channel model is enclosed in curly brackets { }.
•
Standard mode and Mirror mode
The PM1D system has two operation modes (elements that determine system structure and connection method); “Standard mode” in which one
console is connected to one engine, and “Mirror”
mode in which one console is connected to two
engines of which only one is used.
Be aware that the mode used by the PM1D system
will depend not only on the number of engines, but
also on the type of connections and on the internal
settings.
Explanations that apply only to Standard mode will
be indicated by the following symbol.
DSP
x1x1
The PM1D system version 1.0 does not support any
other operation mode (i.e., other than Mirror
mode) in which two engines are used.
•
Distinguishing between the controls of the CS1D
and the on-screen knobs/buttons
Names of controls (switches, encoders, faders) on the
top panel, rear panel, and front panel of the CS1D
are enclosed in square brackets [ ] in order to distinguish them from the knobs and buttons etc. that are
displayed in the screen.
Example: Tu rn on the [TO ST] switch.
(This indicates an operation on the top panel of the
CS1D.)
Example: Click the BASIC button.
(This indicates an operation in the display screen.)
•
Va r ious icons
The following icon is used to call your attention to
various tips for operation or to reference pages.
Hint
The following icon is used to indicate particularly
important items or operations that you must be
aware of.
Explanations that apply only to
indicated by the following symbol.
DSP
x2x2
Mirror mode will be
1
Introducing the various components
The PM1D system consists of the following types of components. (The components that are actually included will differ
depending on your system.)
Engine (DSP1D-EX {DSP1D})
This is the DSP unit that performs the majority of the
audio processing in the PM1D system, such as audio signal input/output, mixing, and effects. There are two
models of engine: the 96 channel DSP1D-EX, and the
48 channel DSP1D.
ENGINE ID
A B
CONTROL I/O
1 2
INPUT
CONFIGURATION
48CH 96CH
POWER
ON/ OFF
Console (CS1D)
The mixing operations, scene memory/library operations, and various editing operations of the PM1D system are performed from this console.
The following models of AI8 are available, depending on
the type of analog input cards that are installed.
•
AI8-ML8
A unit with eight mic/line input cards installed
•
AI8-AD8
A unit with eight AD cards installed
•
AI8-ML4AD4
A unit with four mic/line input cards + four AD
cards installed
Cards can be installed in the AI8 only by a Yamaha
service engineer. The user must never attempt to
install a card himself.
Analog output unit (AO8)
This is an output unit that outputs analog audio signals
from the engine, and can accommodate eight DA cards
(LMY4-DA).
1234567
8
OUTPUT UNIT NO.
INPUT SELECTOR
A
B
POWER
ON/ OFF
ANALOG OUTPUT BOX
Power supply (PW1D)
This power supply provides power to the console.
POWER
ON OFF
Analog input unit (AI8)
This is an input unit that inputs analog audio signals to
the engine, and can accommodate up to eight analog
input cards.
12345678
INPUT UNIT NO.
PHANTOM MASTER
ON
OFF
POWER
ON/ OFF
ANALOG INPUT BOX
+48V
The following types of cards can be installed in the AI8.
•
Mic/line input card (LMY2-ML)
•
AD card (LMY4-AD)
Cards can be installed in the AO8 only by a Yamaha
service engineer. The user must never attempt to
install a card himself.
Digital input/output unit (DIO8)
I/O UNIT ID
PORT B SELECTOR
5-8
1-4
POWER
ON/ OFF
This unit performs input/output of ADAT, Tascam, and
AES/EBU format digital audio signals and input/output
of analog audio signals to and from the engine of the
PM1D system. Each DIO8 unit can accommodate up to
eight digital I/O cards or analog I/O cards.
The following types of card can be installed.
CardFormatInputOutput
MY8-TDTASCAM8 IN8 OUT
MY8-ATADAT8 IN8 OUT
MY8-AEAES/EBU8 IN8 OUT
MY8-ADANALOG IN8 IN—
MY4-ADANALOG IN4 IN—
MY4-DAANALOG OUT—4 OUT
AP8AD*ANALOG IN8 IN—
AP8DA*
*: Manufactured by Apogee Corporation
ANALOG OUT—8 OUT
* As of September 1, 2000
2
It is not possible to install and use a total of five or
more AP8AD/AP8DA cards. Also, if you are using
AP8AD/AP8DA cards simultaneously with MY8AD/MY4-AD/MY4-DA cards, there are restrictions
on the number of cards, as described below. Never
exceed the allowable number of cards, since
attempting to use a greater number of cards than
allowed may damage the DIO8 due to excessive
current. If you are not using AP8AD or AP8DA
cards, or if you are using AP8AD or AP8DA cards
simultaneously with an MY8-TD/MY8-AT/MY8AE card, there is no limitation on the number of
MY8-TD/MY8-AT/MY8-AE cards that can be used.
Introducing the various components
[AP8AD] +
[AP8DA] cards
used
Total 0 cardsUp to a total of 8 cards
Total 1 cardUp to 6 cards
Total 2 cardsUp to 4 cards
Total 3 cardsUp to 2 cards
Total 4 cardUp to 1 card
Total 5 or more
cards cannot
be used
[MY8-AD] +
[MY4-AD] +
[MY4-DA]
cards used
——
[MY8-TD] +
[MY8-AT] +
[MY8-AE] cards
used
Up to the number
of vacant DIO8
slots
Up to the number
of vacant DIO8
slots
Up to the number
of vacant DIO8
slots
Up to the number
of vacant DIO8
slots
3
CS1D Operating Manual (Start-up)
Terms used in the “CS1D Operating Manual (Start-up)”
Of the specialized terms used in operating the CS1D, this section will explain the terms that appear in “CS1D Operating
Manual (Start-up).” For a more detailed explanation of terms, refer to “CS1D Operating Manual (Basic Operation).”
[CURSOR] switches
Track pad
Display
Data entry block
•
Display
This refers to the LCD display located in the upper
center of the CS1D console. When you wish to
change an internal setting of the CS1D, you can recall
the appropriate screen in the display, and use the
buttons or knobs in the display to edit the setting.
•
Pointer
The arrow shown in the display is called the
“pointer,” and is used to select the object that you
wish to modify. You can move the pointer by pressing
your finger on the track pad (located in the data
entry block) and dragging it up/down/left/right.
Pointer
Right switch
•
Left switch[ENTER] switches
Click
“Click” refers to the action of placing the pointer on
a specific item in the display, and pressing the left or
right switch of the track pad (located in the data
entry block). This action is used to turn an on-screen
button on/off, or to move the cursor to a specific
item.
Using the [CURSOR] switches (located in the data
entry block) to move the cursor to a specific item and
then pressing the [ENTER] switch will have the same
result as clicking on that item.
Hint
As alternative ways to perform this action, you can
use a mouse connected to the MOUSE connector of
the CS1D, or use the arrow keys and ENTER key of a
keyboard connected to the KEYBOARD connector of
the CS1D.
Mouse left click
•
Cursor
The red frame shown in the display is called the “cursor.” An on-screen item will be enclosed by the cursor to indicate that this item is selected for
modification.
Cursor
4
Left switch
Click
Mouse right click
Right switch
Click
•
Drag
“Drag” refers to the action of placing the pointer
over a specific object on the screen, and holding
down the left or right switch while you slide your finger left/right/up/down across the track pad.
This action is used to continuously adjust a knob or
slider in the screen, or to move a specific item to
another location.
Hint
As an alternative way to perform this action, you can
use a mouse connected to the MOUSE connector of
the CS1D.
Introducing the various components
Track pad
Drag
While pressing
Drag
Mouse
5
1
Connections (Standard mode)
DSP
x1x1
This section explains connections for Standard mode, in which one console (CS1D) is connected to one engine (DSP1DEX {DSP1D}).
Connecting the console and engine (Standard mode)
The following diagram shows typical connections between the console and engine for Standard mode.
ENGINE A
INOUT
CONSOLE
I/O
CONTROL
I/O
DIGITAL
ENGINE A
(DSP1D-EX{DSP1D})
Digital input/output connections
Use the included D-sub half pitch 68 pin cable to
connect the DIGITAL I/O ENGINE A connector of
the console to the CONSOLE I/O connector of the
engine.
These connectors transmit and receive multi-channel
digital audio signals.
The console and engine each have two identical digital input/output connectors, numbered 1 and 2.
These two sets of connectors are completely identical, and the system will operate normally if just one
set is connected. However, you may connect both 1
and 2 so that one of them can be used as a backup.
You must connect the identically-numbered con
nectors of the console and engine to each other. If
differently-numbered connectors are connected to
each other, the system will not function correctly.
I/O
1
ENGINE A
INOUT
CONTROL
2
I/O
CONSOLE (CS1D)
DC POWER
INPUT A
3
POWER SUPPLY (PW1D)
This method of connection is recommended for
most cases.
DIGITAL I/O
CONSOLE
2
ENGINE B
12121
Console (CS1D)
ENGINE A
CONSOLE
CASCADE
I/O
1IN531
2OUT642
DIGITAL I/O
OUTPUT
6
Engine
(DSP1D-EX {DSP1D})
Connections (Standard mode)
22
22
Hint
If both digital input/output connectors 1 and 2 are
connected, connector 1 will be given priority when
the power is turned on.
If the word clock stops being supplied from either
connector 1 or 2 (whichever is the currently-used
connector), the receiving device will automatically
switch to the other connector.
•
Use only Yamaha-manufactured D-sub half pitch 68
pin cables to connect the digital input/output connectors. Operation cannot be guaranteed if any other
cables are used.
•
If you need a cable of a different length than the
included D-sub half pitch 68 pin cable, please contact your dealer.
Control input/output connections
Use BNC cables (50
Ω
) to connect the CONTROL I/
O ENGINE A IN connector of the console to the
CONTROL I/O OUT connector of the engine, and
the CONTROL I/O ENGINE A OUT connector of
the console to the CONTROL I/O IN connector of
the engine.
These connectors transmit and receive control signals between the console and engine.
The console and engine each have two identical sets
of connectors, numbered 1 and 2.
These two sets of connectors are completely identical, and the system will operate normally if just one
set is connected. However, you may connect both 1
and 2 so that one of them can be used as a backup.
This method of connection is recommended for
most cases.
MIDICONTROL I/O
IN
USB
WORD CLOCK
IN
OFF
75Ω
ON
CONSOLE
1
IN
OUT
2
IN
OUT
REMOTE
RS-422
GPI
TIME CODE IN
CONTROL I/O
CONSOLEENGINE BENGINE A
1
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
1
IN
OUT
2
2
IN
OUT
Console (CS1D)
1
IN
OUT
2
IN
OUT
OUT
THRU
PC
CONTROL
RS-232-C
OUT
Hint
If both control input/output connectors 1 and 2 are
connected, connector 1 will be given priority when
the power is turned on.
If the currently-used control output connector stops
functioning correctly, the receiving device will automatically switch to the other connector.
Power supply connections
Use the included special cable to connect the DC
POWER INPUT connector of the console to the DC
OUTPUT connector of the PW1D power supply.
The rear panel of the console has two DC POWER
INPUT connectors, A and B.
If you are using only one power supply, you may connect it to either DC POWER INPUT connector.
Hint
You can also connect two power supplies to the two
DC POWER INPUT connectors A and B. If this connection method is used, the PM1D system will continue to operate even if one of the power supplies
should unexpectedly fail, since the other power supply will continue to supply power to the system.
2
Engine
(DSP1D-EX {DSP1D})
You must connect the identically-numbered con
nectors of the console and engine to each other. If
differently-numbered connectors are connected to
each other, the system will not function correctly.
-
3
7
CS1D Operating Manual (Start-up)
Connecting an analog input/output unit to the engine (Standard mode)
The following diagram shows a common way of making connections between the engine and analog input/output units
for Standard mode.
12
INPUT 2
INPUT 1
ENGINE A
(DSP1D-EX{DSP1D})
OUTPUT 2
OUTPUT 1
INPUT AINPUT AOUTPUT AOUTPUT A
AI8 (ID=2)AI8 (ID=1)AO8 (ID=1)AO8 (ID=2)
ANALOG INPUT BOXANALOG INPUT BOX
CONTROL PORT
Switch = A
CONTROL PORT
Switch = A
Analog input unit AI8 connection
Connect the OUTPUT A connector of the AI8 analog
input unit to one of the INPUT 1–INPUT 10 connectors of the engine. Set the CONTROL PORT
switch (located on the rear panel of the AI8) to the A
position.
Analog output unit AO8 connection
Connect the INPUT A connector of the AO8 analog
output unit to one of the OUTPUT 1–OUTPUT 6
connectors of the engine. Set the INPUT SELECTOR
switch (located on the front panel of the AO8) to the
A position.
Hint
An AI8 analog input unit can be connected to any
INPUT connector of the engine, and the number of
that INPUT connector will be the ID number of that
unit. Similarly, an AO8 analog output unit can be
connected to any OUTPUT connector of the engine,
and the number of that OUTPUT connector will be
the ID number of that unit.
INPUT SELECTOR
Switch = A
ANALOG OUTPUT BOXANALOG OUTPUT BOX
INPUT SELECTOR
Switch = A
Be careful not to connect inputs and outputs in
reverse. If such a connection is made, the unit will
not be recognized and cannot be controlled.
8
1
2
Connections (Standard mode)
Connecting a digital input/output unit to the engine (Standard
mode)
When connecting a DIO8 digital input/output unit to the engine in Standard mode, the method will depend on whether
you use only slots 1–4 (of the DIO8’s slots 1–8) or slots 1–4 as well as slots 5–8.
If input/output cards are installed only in DIO8
slots 1–4
The following diagram shows example connections
for when input/output cards are connected only to
slots 1–4 of the DIO8.
ENGINE A
INPUT 1
Connect the OUTPUT A connector of the digital
input/output unit to one of the INPUT 1–10 connectors of the engine, and connect the INPUT A connector of the digital input/output unit to one of the
OUTPUT 1–6 connectors of the engine. In this case,
set the PORT B SELECTOR switch (located on the
front panel of the DIO8) to the 5-8 position.
(DSP1D-EX{DSP1D})
OUTPUT AINPUT A
DIO8 (ID=1)
PORT B SELECTOR=5–8
OUTPUT 1
If input/output cards are also installed in DIO8
slots 5–8
The following diagram shows example connections
for when input/output cards are installed in DIO8
slots 1–4 and also in slots 5–8.
INPUT 1
ENGINE A
INPUT 2
Connect the OUTPUT connectors A/B of the digital
input/output unit to the INPUT 1–10 connectors of
the engine, and connect the INPUT connectors A/B
of the digital input/output unit to OUTPUT 1–6
connectors of the engine. In this case, set the PORT B
SELECTOR switch (located on the front panel of the
DIO8) to the 5-8 position.
(DSP1D-EX{DSP1D})
BBAA
OUTPUTINPUT
DIO8 (ID=1)
PORT B SELECTOR=5–8
OUTPUT 2
OUTPUT 1
Hint
The DIO8 digital input/output unit can be connected to any INPUT connector/OUTPUT connector of the engine. The DIO8 will automatically select
a control connector according to the status of connections, and the connector number of the engine
connected to that connector will be displayed in the
LED display as the unit ID. In the example shown
above, the INPUT 1 connector number is the unit ID
number.
Be careful not to connect inputs and outputs in
reverse. If such a connection is made, the unit will
not be recognized and cannot be controlled.
When using an MY8-AT card to handle ADAT for
mat signals, synchronization may tend to be lost
easily, depending on the device that is connected.
1
2
For more reliable synchronization, we recommend
that the word clock for the combination of digital
audio equipment you are using be taken from other
than the ADAT format connector.
-
9
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