WILEY Design deployment and performance User Manual

DESIGN, DEPLOYMENT
AND PERFORMANCE
OF 4G-LTE NETWORKS

DESIGN, DEPLOYMENT
AND PERFORMANCE
OF 4G-LTE NETWORKS

A PRACTICAL APPROACH

Ayman Elnashar

Emirates Integrated Telecomms Co., UAE

Mohamed A. El-saidny

QUALCOMM Technologies, Inc., USA

Mahmoud R. Sherif

Emirates Integrated Telecomms Co., UAE

This edition rst published 2014
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Elnashar, Ayman.

Design, deployment and performance of 4G-LTE networks : A Practical Approach / Dr Ayman Elnashar,

Mr Mohamed A. El-saidny, Dr Mahmoud Sherif.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-68321-7 (hardback)

1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Mobile communication systems. I. Title.
TK5103.2.E48 2014

′

621.3845

6–dc23

2013037384

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-1-118-68321-7

Typeset in 10/12pt TimesLTStd by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

1 2014

To my beloved kids Noursin, Amira, and Yousef. You’re the inspiration!

This book is dedicated to the memory of my father (God bless his soul) and also
my mother, who’s been a rock of stability throughout my life. This book is also
dedicated to my beloved wife whose consistent support and patience sustain me
still.

My sincerest appreciations for a lifetime career that has surpassed anything my
imagination could have conceived.

Ayman Elnashar

To my Family for all their continuous support. To my elder brother for his guidance
and motivation throughout the years. To my inspirational, intelligent, and beautiful
daughter, Hana.

Your work is going to ll a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly
satised is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great
work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t
settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you nd it. – Steve Jobs

Mohamed A. El-saidny

This work would not have been possible without the consistent and full support of
my beloved family. To my beloved wife, Meram, to my intelligent, motivating, and
beautiful kids, Moustafa, Tasneem, and Omar. You are my inspiration.

To my Dad, my Mom (God bless her soul), my brother, and my entire family. Thank
you for all your support and encouragement.

There is no elevator to success. You have to take the stairs. – Unknown Author

Those who think they have found this elevator will end up falling down the elevator
shaft

Mahmoud R. Sherif

Contents

Authors’ Biographies xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi

1 LTE Network Architecture and Protocols 1

Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny

1.1 Evolution of 3GPP Standards 2

1.1.1 3GPP Release 99 3

1.1.2 3GPP Release 4 3

1.1.3 3GPP Release 5 3

1.1.4 3GPP Release 6 4

1.1.5 3GPP Release 7 4

1.1.6 3GPP Release 8 5

1.1.7 3GPP Release 9 and Beyond 5

1.2 Radio Interface Techniques in 3GPP Systems 6

1.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 6

1.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 6

1.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 7

1.2.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 7

1.3 Radio Access Mode Operations 7

1.3.1 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) 8

1.3.2 Time Division Duplex (TDD) 8

1.4 Spectrum Allocation in UMTS and LTE 8

1.5 LTE Network Architecture 10

1.5.1 Evolved Packet System (EPS) 10

1.5.2 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 11

1.5.3 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 13

1.5.4 LTE User Equipment 13

1.6 EPS Interfaces 14

1.6.1 S1-MME Interface 14

1.6.2 LTE-Uu Interface 15

1.6.3 S1-U Interface 17

1.6.4 S3 Interface (SGSN-MME) 18

viii Contents

1.6.5 S4 (SGSN to SGW) 18

1.6.6 S5/S8 Interface 19

1.6.7 S6a (Diameter) 21

1.6.8 S6b Interface (Diameter) 21

1.6.9 S6d (Diameter) 22

1.6.10 S9 Interface (H-PCRF-VPCRF) 23

1.6.11 S10 Interface (MME-MME) 23

1.6.12 S11 Interface (MME – SGW) 23

1.6.13 S12 Interface 23

1.6.14 S13 Interface 24

1.6.15 SGs Interface 24

1.6.16 SGi Interface 25

1.6.17 Gx Interface 26

1.6.18 Gy and Gz Interfaces 27

1.6.19 DNS Interface 27

1.6.20 Gn/Gp Interface 27

1.6.21 SBc Interface 28

1.6.22 Sv Interface 28

1.7 EPS Protocols and Planes 29

1.7.1 Access and Non-Access Stratum 29

1.7.2 Control Plane 29

1.7.3 User Plane 30

1.8 EPS Procedures Overview 31

1.8.1 EPS Registration and Attach Procedures 31

1.8.2 EPS Quality of Service (QoS) 34

1.8.3 EPS Security Basics 36

1.8.4 EPS Idle and Active States 38

1.8.5 EPS Network Topology for Mobility Procedures 39

1.8.6 EPS Identiers 44

References 44

2 LTE Air Interface and Procedures 47

Mohamed A. El-saidny

2.1 LTE Protocol Stack 47

2.2 SDU and PDU 48

2.3 LTE Radio Resource Control (RRC) 50

2.4 LTE Packet Data Convergence Protocol Layer (PDCP) 52

2.4.1 PDCP Architecture 53

2.4.2 PDCP Data and Control SDUs 53

2.4.3 PDCP Header Compression 54

2.4.4 PDCP Ciphering 54

2.4.5 PDCP In-Order Delivery 54

2.4.6 PDCP in LTE versus HSPA 55

2.5 LTE Radio Link Control (RLC) 55

2.5.1 RLC Architecture 56

2.5.2 RLC Modes 57

Contents ix

2.5.3 Control and Data PDUs 60

2.5.4 RLC in LTE versus HSPA 60

2.6 LTE Medium Access Control (MAC) 61

2.7 LTE Physical Layer (PHY) 61

2.7.1 HSPA(+) Channel Overview 61

2.7.2 General LTE Physical Channels 71

2.7.3 LTE Downlink Physical Channels 71

2.7.4 LTE Uplink Physical Channels 72

2.8 Channel Mapping of Protocol Layers 73

2.8.1 E-UTRAN Channel Mapping 73

2.8.2 UTRAN Channel Mapping 76

2.9 LTE Air Interface 76

2.9.1 LTE Frame Structure 76

2.9.2 LTE Frequency and Time Domains Structure 76

2.9.3 OFDM Downlink Transmission Example 80

2.9.4 Downlink Scheduling 81

2.9.5 Uplink Scheduling 88

2.9.6 LTE Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) 89

2.10 Data Flow Illustration Across the Protocol Layers 90

2.10.1 HSDPA Data Flow 90

2.10.2 LTE Data Flow 91

2.11 LTE Air Interface Procedures 92

2.11.1 Overview 92

2.11.2 Frequency Scan and Cell Identication 92

2.11.3 Reception of Master and System Information Blocks (MIB and SIB) 93

2.11.4 Random Access Procedures (RACH) 94

2.11.5 Attach and Registration 95

2.11.6 Downlink and Uplink Data Transfer 96

2.11.7 Connected Mode Mobility 96

2.11.8 Idle Mode Mobility and Paging 99

References 100

3 Analysis and Optimization of LTE System Performance 103

Mohamed A. El-saidny

3.1 Deployment Optimization Processes 104

3.1.1 Proling Device and User Behavior in the Network 105

3.1.2 Network Deployment Optimization Processes 107

3.1.3 Measuring the Performance Targets 108

3.1.4 LTE Troubleshooting Guidelines 119

3.2 LTE Performance Analysis Based on Field Measurements 123

3.2.1 Performance Evaluation of Downlink Throughput 127

3.2.2 Performance Evaluation of Uplink Throughput 131

3.3 LTE Case Studies and Troubleshooting 134

3.3.1 Network Scheduler Implementations 135

3.3.2 LTE Downlink Throughput Case Study and Troubleshooting 136

3.3.3 LTE Uplink Throughput Case Studies and Troubleshooting 139

x Contents

3.3.4 LTE Handover Case Studies 146

3.4 LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 153

3.4.1 Introduction to Cell Reselection 155

3.4.2 LTE to WCDMA Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 155

3.4.3 WCDMA to LTE Inter-RAT Cell Reselection 160

3.5 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Optimization Considerations 165

3.5.1 SIB-19 Planning Strategy for UTRAN to E-UTRAN Cell Reselection 165

3.5.2 SIB-6 Planning Strategy for E-UTRAN to UTRAN Cell Reselection 167

3.5.3 Inter-RAT Case Studies from Field Test 168

3.5.4 Parameter Setting Trade-off 174

3.6 LTE to LTE Inter-frequency Cell Reselection 177

3.6.1 LTE Inter-Frequency Cell Reselection Rules 177

3.6.2 LTE Inter-Frequency Optimization Considerations 177

3.7 LTE Inter-RAT and Inter-frequency Handover 180

3.7.1 Inter-RAT and Inter-Frequency Handover Rules 187

3.7.2 Inter-RAT and Inter-Frequency Handover Optimization

Considerations 188

References 189

4 Performance Analysis and Optimization of LTE Key Features: C-DRX,

CSFB, and MIMO 191

Mohamed A. El-saidny and Ayman Elnashar

4.1 LTE Connected Mode Discontinuous Reception (C-DRX) 192

4.1.1 Concepts of DRX for Battery Saving 193

4.1.2 Optimizing C-DRX Performance 195

4.2 Circuit Switch Fallback (CSFB) for LTE Voice Calls 204

4.2.1 CSFB to UTRAN Call Flow and Signaling 206

4.2.2 CSFB to UTRAN Features and Roadmap 216

4.2.3 Optimizing CSFB to UTRAN 231

4.3 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Techniques 252

4.3.1 Introduction to MIMO Concepts 252

4.3.2 3GPP MIMO Evolution 256

4.3.3 MIMO in LTE 258

4.3.4 Closed-Loop MIMO (TM4) versus Open-Loop MIMO (TM3) 261

4.3.5 MIMO Optimization Case Study 267

References 270

5 Deployment Strategy of LTE Network 273

Ayman Elnashar

5.1 Summary and Objective 273

5.2 LTE Network Topology 273

5.3 Core Network Domain 276

5.3.1 Policy Charging and Charging (PCC) Entities 280

5.3.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 283

5.3.3 Serving Gateway (SGW) 286

5.3.4 PDN Gateway (PGW) 287

Contents xi

5.3.5 Interworking with PDN (DHCP) 289

5.3.6 Usage of RADIUS on the Gi/SGi Interface 291

5.3.7 IPv6 EPC Transition Strategy 293

5.4 IPSec Gateway (IPSec GW) 294

5.4.1 IPSec GW Deployment Strategy and Redundancy Options 299

5.5 EPC Deployment and Evolution Strategy 300

5.6 Access Network Domain 303

5.6.1 E-UTRAN Overall Description 303

5.6.2 Home eNB 305

5.6.3 Relaying 307

5.6.4 End-to-End Routing of the eNB 308

5.6.5 Macro Sites Deployment Strategy 312

5.6.6 IBS Deployment Strategy 317

5.6.7 Passive Inter Modulation (PIM) 319

5.7 Spectrum Options and Guard Band 327

5.7.1 Guard Band Requirement 327

5.7.2 Spectrum Options for LTE 327

5.8 LTE Business Case and Financial Analysis 333

5.8.1 Key Financial KPIs [31] 334

5.9 Case Study: Inter-Operator Deployment Scenario 341
References 347

6 Coverage and Capacity Planning of 4G Networks 349

Ayman Elnashar

6.1 Summary and Objectives 349

6.2 LTE Network Planning and Rollout Phases 349

6.3 LTE System Foundation 351

6.3.1 LTE FDD Frame Structure 351

6.3.2 Slot Structure and Physical Resources 353

6.3.3 Reference Signal Structure 356

6.4 PCI and TA Planning 360

6.4.1 PCI Planning Introduction 360

6.4.2 PCI Planning Guidelines 361

6.4.3 Tracking Areas (TA) Planning 362

6.5 PRACH Planning 370

6.5.1 Zadoff-Chu Sequence 371

6.5.2 PRACH Planning Procedures 372

6.5.3 Practical PRACH Planning Scenarios 373

6.6 Coverage Planning 375

6.6.1 RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, and SINR 375

6.6.2 The Channel Quality Indicator 378

6.6.3 Modulation and Coding Scheme and Link Adaptation 381

6.6.4 LTE Link Budget and Coverage Analysis 385

6.6.5 Comparative Analysis with HSPA+ 401

6.6.6 Link Budget for LTE Channels 405

6.6.7 RF Propagation Models and Model Tuning 409

xii Contents

6.7 LTE Throughput and Capacity Analysis 418

6.7.1 Served Physical Layer Throughput Calculation 418

6.7.2 Average Spectrum Efciency Estimation 418

6.7.3 Average Sector Capacity 419

6.7.4 Capacity Dimensioning Process 419

6.7.5 Capacity Dimensioning Exercises 423

6.7.6 Calculation of VoIP Capacity in LTE 426

6.7.7 LTE Channels Planning 431

6.8 Case Study: LTE FDD versus LTE TDD 437
References 443

7 Voice Evolution in 4G Networks 445

Mahmoud R. Sherif

7.1 Voice over IP Basics 445

7.1.1 VoIP Protocol Stack 445

7.1.2 VoIP Signaling (Call Setup) 449

7.1.3 VoIP Bearer Trafc (Encoded Speech) 449

7.2 Voice Options for LTE 451

7.2.1 SRVCC and CSFB 451

7.2.2 Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) 452

7.3 IMS Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 455

7.3.1 IMS Overview 456

7.3.2 VoLTE Call Flow and Interaction with IMS 460

7.3.3 Voice Call Continuity Overview 469

7.3.4 SRVCC from VoLTE to 3G/2G 471

7.3.5 Enhanced SRVCC (eSRVCC) 480

7.4 Key VoLTE Features 482

7.4.1 End-to-End QoS Support 482

7.4.2 Semi-Persistent Scheduler 486

7.4.3 TTI Bundling 488

7.4.4 Connected Mode DRX 491

7.4.5 Robust Header Compression (ROHC) 492

7.4.6 VoLTE Vocoders and De-Jitter Buffer 497

7.5 Deployment Considerations for VoLTE 503
References 505

8 4G Advanced Features and Roadmap Evolutions from LTE to LTE-A 507

Ayman Elnashar and Mohamed A. El-saidny

8.1 Performance Comparison between LTE’s UE Category 3 and 4 509

8.1.1 Trial Overview 512

8.1.2 Downlink Performance Comparison in Near and Far Cell Conditions 513

8.1.3 Downlink Performance Comparison in Mobility Conditions 515

8.2 Carrier Aggregation 516

8.2.1 Basic Denitions of LTE Carrier Aggregation 518

8.2.2 Band Types of LTE Carrier Aggregation 519

8.2.3 Impact of LTE Carrier Aggregation on Protocol Layers 520

Contents xiii

8.3 Enhanced MIMO 520

8.3.1 Enhanced Downlink MIMO 522

8.3.2 Uplink MIMO 523

8.4 Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) and Small Cells 523

8.4.1 Wireless Backhauling Applicable to HetNet Deployment 524

8.4.2 Key Features for HetNet Deployment 528

8.5 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) 529

8.6 Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception 531

8.6.1 DL CoMP Categories 531

8.6.2 UL CoMP Categories 533

8.6.3 Performance Evaluation of CoMP 533

8.7 Self-Organizing, Self-Optimizing Networks (SON) 535

8.7.1 Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) 536

8.7.2 Mobility Robust Optimization (MRO) 537

8.7.3 Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) 539

8.7.4 SON Enhancements in LTE-A 540

8.8 LTE-A Relays and Home eNodeBs (HeNB) 540

8.9 UE Positioning and Location-Based Services in LTE 541

8.9.1 LBS Overview 541

8.9.2 LTE Positioning Architecture 543

References 544

Index 547

Authors’ Biographies

Ayman Elnashar was born in Egypt in 1972. He received the B.S. degree in electrical
engineering from Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, in 1995 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical communications engineering from Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt, in 1999 and 2005, respectively. He obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees while work­ing fulltime. He has more than 17 years of experience in telecoms industry including GSM,
GPRS/EDGE, UMTS/HSPA+/LTE, WiMax, WiFi, and transport/backhauling technologies.
He was part of three major start-up telecom operators in MENA region (Mobinil/Egypt,
Mobily/KSA, and du/UAE) and held key leadership positions. Currently, he is Sr. Director of
Wireless Broadband, Terminals, and Performance with the Emirates Integrated Telecommuni­cations Co. “du”, UAE. He is in charge of mobile and xed wireless broadband networks. He
is responsible for strategy and innovation, design and planning, performance and optimization,
and rollout/implementation of mobile and wireless broadband networks. He is the founder
of the Terminals department and also the terminals lab for end-to-end testing, validation,
and benchmarking of mobile terminals. He managed and directed the evolution, evaluation,
and introduction of du mobile broadband HSPA+/LTE networks. Prior to this, he was with
Mobily, Saudi Arabia, from June 2005 to Jan 2008 and with Mobinil (orange), Egypt, from
March 2000 to June 2005. He played key role in contributing to the success of the mobile
broadband network of Mobily/KSA.

He managed several large-scale networks, and mega projects with more than 1.5 billion USD
budgets including start-ups (LTE 1800 MHz, UMTS, HSPA+, and WiMAX16e), networks
expansions (GSM, UMTS/HSPA+, WiFi, and transport/backhauling) and swap projects
(GSM, UMTS, MW, and transport network) from major infrastructure vendors. He obtained
his PhD degree in multiuser interference cancellation and smart antennas for cellular systems.
He published 20+ papers in wireless communications arena in highly ranked journals such as

IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, IEEE Transactions Vehicular technology,
and IEEE Transactions Circuits and Systems I, IEEE Vehicular technology Magazine, IET
Signal Processing, and international conferences. His research interests include practical

performance analysis of cellular systems (CDMA-based & OFDM-based), 3G/4G mobile
networks planning, design, and Optimization, digital signal processing for wireless com­munications, multiuser detection, smart antennas, MIMO, and robust adaptive detection
and beamforming. He is currently working on LTE-Advanced and beyond including eICIC,
HetNet, UL/DL CoMP, 3D Beamforming, Combined LTE/HSPA+, Combined LTE/WiFi:
simultaneous reception, etc …

Mohamed A. El-saidny is a technical expert with 10+ years of international technical and
leadership experience in wireless communication systems for mobile phones, modem chipsets,
and networks operators. He received the B.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering and the M.Sc.

xvi Authors’ Biographies

degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA in 2002
and 2004, respectively. From 2004 to 2008, he worked in Qualcomm CDMA Technology,
Inc. (QCT), San Diego, California, USA. He was responsible for performance evaluation and
analysis of the Qualcomm UMTS system and software solutions used in user equipment. As
part of his assignments, he developed and implemented system studies to optimize the perfor­mance of various UMTS algorithms. The enhancements utilize Cell re-selection, Handover,
Cell Search and Paging. He worked on several IOT and eld trials to evaluate and improve
the performance of 3G systems. Since 2008, he has been working in Qualcomm Corporate
Engineering Services division in Dubai, UAE. He has been working on expanding the 3G/4G
technologies footprints with operators, with an additional focus on user equipment and net­work performance as well as technical roadmaps related to the industry. Mohamed is currently
supporting operators in Middle East and North Africa in addition to worldwide network oper­ators and groups in LTE commercial efforts. His responsibilities are to ensure the device and
network performance are within expectations. He led a key role in different rst time features
evaluations such as CSFB, C-DRX, IRAT, and load balance techniques in LTE. As part of
this role, he is focused on aligning network operators to the device and chipset roadmaps and
products in both 3G and 4G. Mohamed is the author of several international IEEE journal
papers and contributions to 3GPP, and an inventor of numerous patents.

Mahmoud R. Sherif is a leading technical expert with more than 18 years of international

experience in the design, development and implementation of fourth generation mobile broad­band technologies and networks. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from
the City University of New York, USA in February 2000. His Ph.D. degree was preceded
by the B.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering and the M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineer­ing from the University of Ain Shams in Cairo, Egypt in 1992, and 1996, respectively. From
1997 to 2008, he was working in the Wireless Business Unit at Lucent Technologies (which
became Alcatel-Lucent in 2007), in Whippany, New Jersey, USA. He led the Voice and Data
Quality and Performance Analysis team responsible for the end-to-end performance anal­ysis of the different wireless/mobile technologies. In November 2008, he moved to Dubai
in the United Arab Emirates to join the Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Co. “du”
where he is now the Head of the Mobile Access Planning within du (Senior Director Mobile
Access Planning) managing the Radio Planning, Site Acquisition and Capacity and Feature
Management Departments. He is responsible for managing the planning of the mobile access
network nationwide, Mobile Sites’ Acquisition, Strategic Planning on Mobile Access Net­work Capacity Management, all Feature testing and rollout across 2G, 3G and LTE, dening
and managing the nancial resources efciently and with alignment with company’s nancial
targets (CAPEX & OPEX). He is also responsible for the mobile access network technology
strategy in coordination with the commercial and marketing teams. He is considered a com­pany expert resource in the various mobile broadband technologies, including HSPA+, LTE,
VoLTE and LTE-A. He has published several related papers in various technical journals as
well as multiple international conferences. He has multiple contributions to the 3GPP and other
telecommunications standards. He also has multiple granted patents in the USA.

Preface

Cellular mobile networks have been evolving for many years. Several cellular systems and
networks have been developed and deployed worldwide to provide the end user with quality
and reliable communication over the air. Mobile technologies from the rst to third generation
have been quickly evolving to meet the need of services for voice, video, and data.

Today, the transition to smartphones has steered the user’s interest toward a more
mobile-based range of applications and services, increasing the demand for more network
capacity and bandwidth. Meanwhile, this transition presents a signicant revenue opportunity
for network operators and service providers, as there is substantially higher average revenue
per user (ARPU) from smartphone sales and relevant services. While the rollout of more
advanced radio networks is proceeding rapidly, smartphone penetration is also increasing
exponentially. Therefore, network operators need to ensure that the subscribers’ experience
stays the same as, or is even better than, with the older existing systems.

With the growing demand for data services, it is becoming increasingly challenging to meet
the required data capacity and cell-edge spectrum efciency. This adds more demand on the
network operators, vendors and device providers to apply methods and features that stabilize
the system’s capacity and consequently improves the end-user experience. 4G systems
and relevant advanced features have the capabilities to keep up with today’s widespread
use of mobile-communication devices, providing a range of mobile services and quality
communications.

This book describes the long term evolution (LTE) technology for mobile systems; a transi­tion from third to fourth generation. LTE has been developed in the 3GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Project), starting from the rst version in Release 8 and through to the contin­uing evolution to Release 10, the latest version of LTE, also known as LTE-Advanced. The
analysis in this book is based on the LTE of 3GPP Release 8 together with Release 9 and
Release 10 roadmaps, with a focus on the LTE-FDD (frequency division duplex) mode . Unlike
other books, the authors have bridged the gap between theory and practice, thanks to hands on
experience in the design, deployment, and performance of commercial 4G-LTE networks and
terminals.

The book is a practical guide for 4G networks designers, planners, and optimizers, as well
as other readers with different levels of expertise. The book brings extensive and broad prac­tical hands-on experience to the readers. Practical scenarios and case studies are provided,
including performance aspects, link budgets, end-to-end architecture, end-to-end QoS (quality
of service) topology, dimensioning exercises, eld measurement results, applicable business
case studies, and roadmaps.

xviii Preface

Chapters 1 and 2 describe the LTE system architecture, interfaces, and protocols. They also

introduce the LTE air interface and layers, in addition to downlink and uplink channels and
procedures.

Chapters 3 to 8 constitute the main part of the book. They provide a deeper insight into the

LTE system features, performance, design aspects, deployment scenarios, planning exercises,
VoLTE (voice over long term evolution) implementation, and the evolution and roadmap to
LTE-Advanced. Further material supporting this book can be found in www.ltehetnet.com.

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our deep gratitude to our colleagues in Qualcomm and du for assist­ing in reviewing and providing excellent feedback on this work. We are indebted to Huawei
team in the UAE for their great support and review of Chapters 5 and 6, and also for providing
the necessary supporting materials. Special thanks go to the wireless broadband and termi­nals team at du for their valuable support. We acknowledge the support of Harri Holma from
NSN, for reviewing and providing valuable comments on Chapters 5 and 6. We wish to express
our appreciation to every reviewer who reviewed the book proposal and provided very posi­tive feedback and insightful comments. Thanks for their valuable comments and suggestions.
Our thanks go to our families for their patience, understanding, and constant encouragement,
which provided the necessary enthusiasm to accomplish this book. Also, our deep and sincere
appreciations go to our professors who supervised and guided us through our academic career.
Finally,we would like to thank the publishing team at John Wiley & Sons for their competence,
extensive support and encouragement throughout the project to bring this work to completion.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

16-QAM 16-Quadrature amplitude modulation
64-QAM 64-Quadrature amplitude modulation
1G, 2G, 3G or 4G 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation
3GPP Third generation partnership project
3GPP2 Third generation partnership project 2
AAA Authentication, authorization and accounting
ACK Acknowledgment
AES Advanced encryption standard
AF Application Function
AIPN All-IP network
AMBR Aggregate maximum bit rate
AMC Adaptive modulation and coding
AMD Acknowledged mode data
AN Access network
APN Access point name
ARP Allocation and retention priority
ARQ Automatic repeat request
AS Access stratum
BC Business Case
BCCH Broadcast control channel
BCH Broadcast channel
BI Backoff indicator
BLER Block error rate
BP Bandwidth part
BSR Buffer status report
BW Bandwidth
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
CCCH Common control channel
CCE Control channel elements
CDD Cyclic delay diversity
CDM Code Division Multiplexed
CDMA Code division multiple access

xxii Abbreviations and Acronyms

CDS Channel dependent scheduling
CFI Control format indicator
CN Core network
COGS Cost of Goods Sold
CP Control plane

Cyclic prex
CQI Channel quality indicator
CRC Cyclic redundancy check
CRF Charging Rules Function
C-RNTI Cell radio network temporary identier
CS Circuit switched
CSG Closed subscriber group
CSI Channel signal information
CW Code word
DAS Distributed Antenna System
DCCH Dedicated control channel
DCI Downlink control information
DFT Discrete Fourier transform
DFTS-OFDM Discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multi-

plexing
DL Downlink
DL-SCH Downlink shared channel
DM Demodulation
DM-RS Demodulation reference signal
DNS Domain Name System
DRX Discontinuous transmission
DS Data services
DTCH Dedicated trafc channel
E-AGCH Enhanced absolute granting channel
EBITDA Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization
E-DCH Enhanced dedicated channel
E-DPCCH Enhanced dedicated physical control channel
E-DPDCH Enhanced dedicated physical data channel
E-HICH Enhanced hybrid indicator channel
EEA EPS encryption algorithm
EIA EPS integrity algorithm
EIR Equipment Identity register
EMM EPS mobility management
eNB Evolved node B
EPC Evolved packet core
EPLMN Equivalent PLMN
EPRE Energy per resource element
EPS Evolved packet system
E-RGCH Enhanced relative granting channel
ESM EPS session management
ESP Encapsulated security protocol

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii

ETWS Earthquake and tsunami warning system
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access; PHY aspects
E-UTRAN Evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network; MAC/L2/L3 aspects
FD Full-duplex
FDD Frequency division duplex
FDM Frequency division multiplexing
FDMA Frequency division multiple access
FFT Fast Fourier transform
FH Frequency hopping
FI Framing information
FL Forward link
FMS First missing sequence
FS Frame structure
FSTD Frequency shift time diversity
GBR Guaranteed bit rate
GERAN GSM/EDGE radio access network
GGSN GPRS gateway support node
GPRS General packet radio service
GSM Global system for mobiles (European standard)
GTP-U GPRS tunneling protocol – user
GUMMEI Globally unique MME identity
GUTI Globally unique temporary identier
GW Gateway
HA Home agent
HAP ID HARQ process ID
HARQ Hybrid ARQ
HD Half-duplex
HFN Hyper frame number
HI Hybrid ARQ indicator
HLD High Level Design
HLR Home location register
HNBID Home evolved node B identier
HO Handover
HPLMN Home public land mobile network
HRPD High rate packet data
HS High speed
HSDPA High speed downlink packet access
HS-DPCCH High speed dedicated control channel
HSPA High speed packet access
HSPA+ High speed packet access evolved or enhanced
HSS Home subscriber service
HSUPA High speed uplink packet access
IDFT Inverse discrete Fourier transform
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IFFT Inverse fast Fourier transform
IMS IP Multimedia subsystem

xxiv Abbreviations and Acronyms

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet protocol
IP-CAN IP connectivity access network
ISI Inter-symbol interference
ISR Idle signaling load reduction
IRR Internal Rate of Return
L1, L2, L3 Layer 1, 2, 3
LA Location area
LAC Location area code
LAI Location area identier
LAU Location area updating
LCG Logical channel group
LDAP Lightweight Directory Access
LFDM Localized frequency division multiplexing
LI Lawful Interception
LI Length indicators
LTE Long term evolution
LTI Linear time invariant
MAC Medium access control
MAC-I Message authentication code for integrity
MBMS Multimedia broadcast multicast service
MBR Maximum bit rate
MBSFN Multimedia broadcast over a single frequency network
MCCH Multicast control channel
MCH Multicast channel
MCS Modulation and coding schemes
MCW Multiple code word
ME Mobile equipment
MIB Master information block
MIMO Multiple-input–multiple-output
MME Mobility management entity
MMEC MME code
MMEGI MME group ID
MSISDN Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network-Number
MOS Mean Opinion Score
MTCH Multicast trafc channel
MU-MIMO Multi-user multiple-input–multiple-output
NAK Negative acknowledgment
NAS Non-access stratum
NDI New data indicator
NID Network ID
NPV Net Present Value
OCS Online Charging System
OFCS Ofine Charging System
OFDM Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal frequency division multiple access

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxv

OS Operating system
PAPR Peak-to-average power ratio
PAR Peak to average ratio
PBCH Physical broadcast channel
PCC Policy charging and control
PCCH Paging control channel
PCFICH Physical control format indicator channel
PCH Paging channel
PCRF Policy and charging rules function
PDCCH Physical downlink control channel
PDCP Packet data convergence protocol
PDG Packet data gateway
PDN Packet data network
PDSCH Physical downlink shared channel
PDSN Packet data serving node
PDU Protocol data unit
PELR Packet error loss rate
P-GW Packet data network gateway
PHICH Physical hybrid automatic repeat request indicator channel
PHR Power headroom report
PHY Physical layer
PIM Passive Intermodulation
PLMN Public land mobile network
PMCH Physical multicast channel
PMI Precoding matrix indicator
PMIP Proxy mobile IP
PoC Push-to-talk over cellular
PRACH Physical random access channel
PRB Physical resource block
PS Packet switched
PSC Primary synchronization code
P-SCH Primary synchronization channel
PSS Primary synchronization signal
PSTN Packet switched telephone network
PSVT Packet switched video telephony
PTT Push-to-talk
PUCCH Physical uplink control channel
PUSCH Physical uplink shared channel
QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
QCI QoS class identier
QoS Quality of service
QPSK Quadrature phase shift keying
RA Routing area
RAC Routing area code
RACH Random access channel
RAN Radio access network

xxvi Abbreviations and Acronyms

RAPID Random access preamble identier
RAR Random access response
RAU Routing area updating
RB Resource block
RBG Resource block group
RDS RMS delay spread
RE Resource element
REG Resource element group
RI Rank indicator
RIV Resource indication value
RL Reverse link
RLC Radio link control
RLF Radio link failure
RMS Root-mean-square
RN Relay Node
RNC Radio network controller
RNL Radio network layer
RNTI Radio network temporary identier
ROHC Robust header compression
ROI Return On Investment
RPLMN Registered PLMN
RRC Radio resource control
RRM Radio resource management
RS Reference signal
RV Redundancy version
SAE System architecture evolution
SAW Stop-and-wait
SC-FDM Single-carrier frequency division multiplexing
SC-FDMA Single-carrier frequency division multiple access
SCH Supplemental channel (CDMA2000)

Synchronization channel (WCDMA)
SCTP Stream control transmission protocol
SCW Single code word
SDF Service data low
SDM Spatial division multiplexing
SDMA Spatial division multiple access
SDU Service data unit
SFBC Space frequency block code
SFN System frame number
SGSN Serving GPRS support node
S-GW Serving gateway
SI System information message
SIB System information block
SINR Signal to interference noise ratio
SM Session management

Spatial multiplexing

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxvii

SNR Signal to noise ratio
SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol
SPOF Single Point of Failure
SPS Semi-persistent scheduling
SR Scheduling request
SRS Sounding reference signals
SSC Secondary synchronization code
S-SCH Secondary synchronization channel
SSS Secondary synchronization signal
SU-MIMO Single-user multiple-input–multiple-output
TA Tracking area

Timing advance/alignment
TAC Tracking area code
TAI (_List) Tracking area identier (_List)
TAU Tracking area update
TDD Time division duplex
TDM Time division multiplexing
TDMA Time division multiple access
TFT Trafc ow template
TPC Transmit power control
TTI Transmission time interval
Tx Transmit
UCI Uplink control information
UE User equipment
UL Uplink
UL-SCH Uplink shared channel
UMTS Universal mobile telecommunications system
UP User plane
UTRA UMTS terrestrial radio access
UTRAN UMTS terrestrial radio access network
VAF Voice Activity Factor
VoIP Voice over Internet protocol
VoLTE Voice over LTE
VRB Virtual resource block
VT Video telephony
WACC Weighted Average Cost of Capital
WCDMA Wideband code division multiple access
WiMAX Worldwide interoperability for microwave access
X2 The interface between eNodeBs
ZC Zadoff– Chu