WILEY Broadband Access Service Manual
BROADBAND ACCESS
BROADBAND ACCESS
WIRELINE AND WIRELESS –
ALTERNATIVES FOR
INTERNET SERVICES
Steve Gorshe
PMC-Sierra, Inc., USA
Arvind R. Raghavan
Blue Clover Devices, USA
Thomas Starr
Stefano Galli
ASSIA Inc., USA
This edition fi rst published 2014
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
ISBN: 9780470741801
Set in 9/11pt TimesLTStd-Roman by Thomson Digital, Noida, India
1 2014
To my wife Bonnie Gorshe, and sons Alex and Ian Gorshe; S.D.G.
Steve Gorshe
To the Lord, in the spirit of Karma Yoga.
Arvind Raghavan
To my wife, Marilynn Starr.
Thomas Starr
To Tobey and Hannah.
Stefano Galli
Contents
About the Authors xv
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xix
1 Introduction to Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 A Brief History of the Access Network 2
1.3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 3
1.3.1 DSL Technologies and Their Evolution 3
1.3.2 DSL System Technologies 5
1.4 Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable (HFC) 5
1.5 Power Line Communications (PLC) 6
1.6 Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 7
1.7 Wireless Broadband Access 10
1.8 Direct Point-to-Point Connections 12
Appendix 1.A: Voiceband Modems 12
2 Introduction to Fiber Optic Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 A Brief History of Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 16
2.3 Introduction to PON Systems 18
2.3.1 PON System Overview 18
2.3.2 PON Protocol Evolution 19
2.4 FITL Technology Considerations 21
2.4.1 Optical Components 21
2.4.2 Powering the Loop 22
2.4.3 System Power Savings 23
2.4.4 PON Reach Extension 25
2.5 Introduction to PON Network Protection 30
2.5.1 Background on Network Protection 31
2.5.2 PON Facility Protection 31
2.5.3 OLT Function Protection 35
2.5.4 ONU Protection 40
2.5.5 Conclusions Regarding Protection 42
viii Contents
2.6 Conclusions 42
Appendix 2.A: Subscriber Power Considerations 43
References 43
Further Reading 43
3 IEEE Passive Optical Networks 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet-based PON (EPON) 45
3.2.1 EPON Physical Layer 46
3.2.2 Signal Formats 46
3.2.3 MAC Protocol 48
3.2.4 Encryption and Security 49
3.2.5 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 50
3.2.6 ONU Discovery and Activation 51
3.2.7 ONU Ranging Mechanism 52
3.2.8 EPON OAM 52
3.2.9 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 53
3.3 IEEE 802.3av 10Gbit/s Ethernet-based PON (10G EPON) 54
3.3.1 10G EPON Physical Layer 54
3.3.2 Signal Format 58
3.3.3 MAC Protocol 59
3.3.4 Forward Error Correction 59
3.3.5 ONU Discovery and Activation 61
3.3.6 ONU Ranging Mechanism 61
3.3.7 10G EPON OAM 61
3.3.8 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 61
3.4 Summary Comparison of EPON and 10G EPON 61
3.5 Transport of Timing and Synchronization over EPON and 10G EPON 61
3.6 Overview of the IEEE 1904.1 Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical
Networks (SIEPON) 63
3.6.1 SIEPON MAC Functional Blocks 65
3.6.2 VLAN Support 67
3.6.3 Multicast Service 67
3.6.4 SIEPON Service Management 67
3.6.5 Performance Monitoring and Verification 69
3.6.6 SIEPON Service Availability 70
3.6.7 SIEPON Optical Link Protection 70
3.6.8 SIEPON Power Savings 70
3.6.9 SIEPON Security Mechanisms 71
3.6.10 SIEPON Management 71
3.7 ITU-T G.9801 Ethernet Passive Optical Networks using OMCI 71
3.8 Conclusions 71
Appendix 3.A: 64B/66B Line Code 72
References 75
Further Readings 75
4 ITU-T/FSAN PON Protocols 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 ITU-T G.983 Series B-PON (Broadband PON) 78
Contents ix
4.3 ITU-T G.984 Series G-PON (Gigabit-capable PON) 79
4.3.1 G-PON Physical Layer 79
4.3.2 G-PON Frame Formats 81
4.3.3 G-PON Encapsulation Method (GEM) 87
4.3.4 G-PON Multiplexing 91
4.3.5 Encryption and Security 92
4.3.6 Forward Error Correction 92
4.3.7 Protection Switching 94
4.3.8 ONU Activation 94
4.3.9 Ranging Mechanism 95
4.3.10 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 96
4.3.11 OAM Communication 97
4.3.12 Time of Day Distribution 97
4.3.13 G-PON Enhancements 101
4.4 Next Generation PON (NG-PON) 101
4.4.1 Introduction to G.987 series XG-PON (NG-PON1 – 10Gbit-capable PON) 102
4.4.2 XG-PON Physical Layer 102
4.4.3 XG-PON Transmission Convergence Layer and Frame Structures 105
4.4.4 Forward Error Correction 108
4.4.5 XG-PON Encapsulation Method (XGEM) 109
4.4.6 XG-PON Management 110
4.4.7 XG-PON Security 110
4.4.8 NG-PON2 40 Gbit/s Capable PON 110
Appendix 4.A: Summary Comparison of EPON and G-PON 112
References 113
Further Readings 114
5 Optical Domain PON Technologies 115
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 WDMA (Wavelength Division Multiple Access) PON 115
5.2.1 Overview 115
5.2.2 Technologies 116
5.2.3 Applications 120
5.3 CDMA PON 120
5.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet 122
5.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing and OFDM 123
5.5.1 Introduction 123
5.5.2 OFDMA PON 123
5.6 Conclusions 125
References 126
Further Readings 126
6 Hybrid Fiber Access Technologies 127
6.1 Introduction and Background 127
6.2 Evolution of DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) to Passive
Optical Networks 127
6.2.1 Introduction and Background 127
6.2.2 DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE) 128
6.2.3 Conclusions for DPoE 135
x Contents
6.3 Radio and Radio Frequency Signals over Fiber 135
6.3.1 Radio over Fiber (RoF) 136
6.3.2 Baseband Digital Radio Fiber Interfaces 136
6.3.3 Radio Frequency over Glass (RFoG) 138
6.4 IEEE 802.3bn Ethernet Protocol over Coaxial Cable (EPoC) 140
6.5 Conclusions 140
References 141
Further Readings 141
7 DSL Technology – Broadband via Telephone Lines 143
7.1 Introduction to DSL 143
7.2 DSL Compared to Other Access Technologies 144
7.2.1 Security and Reliability 144
7.2.2 Point-to-Point Versus Shared Access 145
7.2.3 Common Facilities for Voice and DSL 146
7.2.4 Bit-rate Capacity 146
7.2.5 Hybrid Access 146
7.2.6 Future Trends for DSL Access 146
7.3 DSL Overview 147
7.3.1 Voice-band Modems 147
7.3.2 The DSL Concept 147
7.3.3 DSL Terminology 149
7.3.4 Introduction to DSL Types 151
7.3.5 DSL Performance Improvement, Repeaters, and Bonding 152
7.3.6 Splitters and Filters for Voice and Data 153
7.3.7 Other Ways to Convey Voice and Data 155
7.4 Transmission Channel and Impairments 156
7.4.1 Signal Attenuation 158
7.4.2 Bridged Taps 159
7.4.3 Loading Coils 162
7.4.4 Return Loss and Insertion Loss 163
7.4.5 Balance 163
7.4.6 Intersymbol Interference (ISI) 163
7.4.7 Noise 164
7.4.8 Transmission Channel Models 170
7.5 DSL Transmission Techniques 170
7.5.1 Duplexing 170
7.5.2 Channel Equalization and Related Techniques 171
7.5.3 Coding 172
References 174
Further Readings 174
8 The Family of DSL Technologies 175
8.1 ADSL 175
8.1.1 G.lite 176
8.1.2 ADSL2 and ADSL2plus 177
8.1.3 ADSL1 and ADSL2plus Performance 178
8.2 VDSL 179
8.2.1 VDSL2 181
8.2.2 VDSL2 Performance 182
Contents xi
8.3 Basic Rate Interface ISDN 184
8.4 HDSL, HDSL2, and HDLS4 185
8.5 SHDSL 185
8.6 G.fast (FTTC DSL) 187
Reference 188
9 Advanced DSL Techniques and Home Networking 189
9.1 Repeaters and Bonding 189
9.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) 190
9.3 Vectored Transmission 190
9.4 Home Networking 195
References 195
Further Readings 195
10 DSL Standards 197
10.1 Spectrum Management – ANSI T1.417 197
10.2 G.hs – ITU-T Rec. G.994.1 199
10.3 PLOAM – ITU-T Rec. G.997.1 200
10.4 G.bond – ITU-T Recs. G.998.1, G.998.2, and G.998.3 201
10.5 G.test – ITU-T Rec. G.996.1 202
10.6 G.lt – ITU-T Rec. G.996.2 202
10.7 Broadband Forum DSL Testing Specifications 203
10.8 Broadband Forum TR-069 – Remote Management of CPE 204
References 205
11 The DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) Protocol 207
11.1 General Introduction 207
11.2 Introduction to MSO Networks 207
11.3 Background on Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) Networks 208
11.4 Introduction to DOCSIS 210
11.5 DOCSIS Network Elements 210
11.5.1 CMTS (Cable Modem Terminating System) 211
11.5.2 CM (Cable Modem) 212
11.5.3 FN (Fiber Node) 213
11.5.4 RF Combiner Shelf 213
11.6 Brief History of the DOCSIS Protocol Evolution 213
11.6.1 DOCSIS 1.0 214
11.6.2 DOCSIS 1.1 214
11.6.3 DOCSIS 2.0 214
11.6.4 DOCSIS 3.0 215
11.6.5 Regional History and Considerations 215
11.7 DOCSIS Physical Layer 216
11.7.1 DOCSIS Downstream Transmission 216
11.7.2 DOCSIS Upstream Transmission 218
11.8 Synchronization and Ranging 222
11.8.1 Synchronization 223
11.8.2 Ranging 224
11.9 DOCSIS MAC Sub-Layer 226
11.9.1 Downstream MAC 227
11.9.2 Upstream MAC 228
xii Contents
11.9.3 MAC Management Messages 232
11.9.4 MAC Parameters 233
11.10 CM Provisioning 239
11.11 Security 240
11.12 Introduction to Companion Protocols 242
11.12.1 The PacketCable
11.12.2 The OpenCable
TM
Protocol 242
TM
Protocol 242
11.12.3 PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM) 242
11.13 Conclusions 243
References 243
Further Readings 243
12 Broadband in Gas Line (BIG) 245
12.1 Introduction to BIG 245
12.2 Proposed Technology 245
12.3 Potential Drawbacks for BIG 245
12.4 Broadband Sewage Line 247
Reference 247
13 Power Line Communications 249
13.1 Introduction 249
13.2 The Early Years 250
13.3 Narrowband PLC 251
13.3.1 Overview of NB-PLC Standards 252
13.4 Broadband PLC 253
13.4.1 Overview of BB-PLC Standards 254
13.5 Power Grid Topologies 257
13.5.1 Outdoor Topologies: HV, MV, and LV 257
13.5.2 Indoor Topologies 258
13.6 Outdoor and In-Home Channel Characterization 261
13.6.1 Characteristics of the HV Power Line Channel 262
13.6.2 Characteristics of MV Power Line Channel 262
13.6.3 Characteristics of LV Power Line Channel 263
13.6.4 Power Line Noise Characteristics 263
13.7 Power Line Channel Modeling 269
13.7.1 Recent Results on the Modeling of Wireline Channels: Towards a Unified
Framework 271
13.8 The IEEE 1901 Broadband over Power Line Standard 273
13.8.1 Overview of Technical Features 273
13.8.2 The MAC and the Two PLCPs 274
13.8.3 Access-Specific Features 275
13.9 PLC and the Smart Grid 277
13.9.1 PLC for MV 279
13.9.2 PLC for LV 279
13.10 Conclusions 283
References 284
Further Reading 285
Contents xiii
14 Wireless Broadband Access: Air Interface Fundamentals 287
14.1 Introduction 287
14.2 Duplexing Techniques 287
14.2.1 Frequency-Division Duplex 288
14.2.2 Time-Division Duplex 288
14.3 Physical Layer Concepts 289
14.3.1 The Wireless Channel 289
14.3.2 Diversity 290
14.3.3 Channel Coding 291
14.3.4 Interleaving 291
14.3.5 Multi-Antenna Techniques and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) 291
14.4 Access Technology Concepts 295
14.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 295
14.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 295
14.4.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 295
14.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 297
14.4.5 MAC Protocols 299
14.5 Cross-Layer Algorithms 300
14.5.1 Link Adaptation 300
14.5.2 Channel-Dependent Scheduling 300
14.5.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 302
14.6 Example Application: Satellite Broadband Access 303
14.7 Summary 303
Further Reading 304
15 WiFi: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN 305
15.1 Introduction 305
15.2 Technology Basics 306
15.2.1 System Overview 306
15.2.2 MAC Layer 308
15.2.3 Physical Layer 311
15.3 Technology Evolution 312
15.3.1 802.11 b 312
15.3.2 802.11 a/g 313
15.3.3 802.11 n 314
15.3.4 802.11 ac 316
15.4 WLAN Network Architecture 318
15.5 TV White Space and 802.11 af 320
15.6 Summary 320
Further Readings 321
16 UMTS: W-CDMA and HSPA 323
16.1 Introduction 323
16.2 Technology Basics 324
16.2.1 Network Architecture 324
16.2.2 Protocol Architecture 325
16.2.3 Physical Layer (L1) 327
16.2.4 Layer-2 334
16.2.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 336
xiv Contents
16.3 UMTS Technology Evolution 338
16.3.1 Release 99 338
16.3.2 Release 5: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 339
16.3.3 Release 6: Enhanced Uplink 343
16.3.4 Release 7 347
16.3.5 Release 8 and Beyond 348
16.4 CDMA2000 350
16.5 Summary 351
Further Readings 352
17 Fourth Generation Systems: LTE and LTE-Advanced 353
17.1 Introduction 353
17.1.1 LTE Standardization 353
17.1.2 LTE Requirements 354
17.2 Release 8: The Basics of LTE 355
17.2.1 Network Architecture 355
17.2.2 PDN Connectivity, Bearers, and QoS Architecture 358
17.2.3 Protocol Architecture 360
17.2.4 Layer-1: The Physical Layer 361
17.2.5 Layer-2 and Cross-Layer Algorithms 370
17.2.6 Layer-3: Radio Resource Control (RRC) 380
17.3 Release 9: eMBMS and SON 383
17.3.1 Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) 384
17.3.2 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 386
17.4 Release 10: LTE-Advanced 386
17.4.1 Carrier Aggregation 388
17.4.2 Heterogeneous Networks with Small Cells 391
17.5 Future of LTE-Advanced: Release 11 and Beyond 395
17.5.1 Cooperative Multi-Point (CoMP) 396
17.5.2 Release 12 and the Future of LTE 398
17.6 IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX Systems 399
17.7 Summary 400
Further Readings 402
18 Conclusions Regarding Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 403
Index 407
About the Authors
Steve Gorshe
Steve Gorshe is a Distinguished Engineer in the CTO organization of PMC-Sierra, Inc., where his work
since 2000 has included technology development and telecommunications standards. He received his
BSEE from the University of Idaho (1980) and both his MSEE (1982) and PhD (2002) degrees from
Oregon State University. Since 1983, he has worked in product development, applied research, and
systems architecture of telecommunications access and transport systems. His standards activity includes
over 300 contributions across six standards bodies, serving as technical editor for nine North American
and international standards, and currently serving as Associate Rapporteur for the Q11 group of ITU-T
Study Group 15.
Steve is a Fellow of the IEEE. His IEEE activities include Communications Magazine Editor-inChief (2010–2012), Associate Editor-in-Chief (2006–2009), and Broadband Access Series co-editor
(1999–2006). He has also served as the IEEE Communications Society Director of Magazines and
Chair of the Transmission, Access and Optical Systems Technical C ommittee.
Steve has 37 patents issued or pending, over 24 published papers, and is co-author of two textbooks and
co-author of chapters in three other textbooks.
Arvind R. Raghavan
Arvind R. Raghavan heads research and development at Blue Clover Devices, where he is involved with
the design and implementation of innovative products for the Internet of Things, with current emphasis on
Bluetooth Low Energy technology. Before joining Blue Clover Devices, he was part of the Radio
Technology and Strategy group at AT&T Labs, where his work focused on the impact of QoS on LTE,
design and analysis of heterogeneous networks, and advanced MIMO techniques for standardization in
3GPP. Prior to joining AT&T Labs, he played a lead role in the Systems Engineering group at
ArrayComm, LLC, where they developed specifications for their multi-antenna signal processing
products, conducted performance analyses, and made contributions to the standardization of WiMAX
systems. Arvind holds MS and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from Clemson University.
Thomas Starr
Thomas Starr is a Lead Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Laboratories in Hoffman Estates, Illinois.
Thomas is responsible for the development and standardization of local access and home networking
technologies for AT&T’s network. These technologies include ADSL, HDSL, SHDSL, VDSL and G.hn.
In 2009, Thomas received the prestigious AT&T Science and Technology Medal. He serves as Chairman
of the Broadband Forum and has also served as a member of the Board of Directors since its inception as
the ADSL Forum in 1994. Thomas has been a distinguished fellow of the Broadband Forum From 1988 to
2000, has served as Chairperson of ANSI accredited standards working group T1E1.4, which develops
xvi About the Authors
xDSL standards for the United States, received the Committee T1 Outstanding Leadership Award in
2001, and now serves at ATIS COAST-NAI Chairman. In the ITU-T SG15, Thomas serves as Chairman
of Working Party 1, addressing fiber, DSL, and home networking standards, and participates in the ITU
SG15 Q4 group on xDSL international standards.
Thomas is a co-author of the books DSL Advances, published by Prentice Hall in 2003, and
Understanding Digital Subscriber Line Technology, published by Prentice Hall in 1999. Thomas is
also the author of the Science Fiction novel Virtual Vengeance. Thomas previously worked for 12
years at AT&T Bell Laboratories on ISDN and local telephone switching systems, and twenty US
patents in the field to telecommunications have been issued to him. Thomas holds a MS degree in
Computer Science and a BS degree in Computer Engineering from the University of Illinois in Urbana,
Illinois.
Stefano Galli
Stefano Galli received his MS and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Rome
“La Sapienza” (Italy) in 1994 and 1998, respectively. He is currently the Director of Technology Strategy
of ASSIA – the leading developer of automated management and diagnostics tools for broadband
networks. Prior to this position, he held the role of Director of Energy Solutions R&D for Panasonic
Corporation and Senior Scientist at Bellcore.
Dr. Galli is serving as Chief Information Officer of the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc),
director of Smart Grid activities for the IEEE ComSoc Technical Committee on Power Line Communications, member of the Energy and Policy Committee of IEEE-USA, and as Editor for the IEEE
Transactions on Communications and the IEEE Communications Magazine. Dr. Galli is also serving as
Rapporteur for the ITU-T Q15/15 “Communications for Smart Grid” standardization group. Past
positions include serving as Co-Chair of the “Communications Technology” Task Force of IEEE
2030 (Smart Grid), Leader of the “Theoretical and Mathematical Models” Group of IEEE 1901
(Broadband over Power Lines standard), Coexistence sub-group Chair of the SGIP/NIST PAP 15,
elected Member-at-Large of the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc) Board of Governors, and a
variety of other leadership positions in the IEEE. He has also served as Founder and first Chair of the IEEE
ComSoc Technical Committee on Power Line Communications.
Dr. Galli is a Fellow of the IEEE, has received the 2013 IEEE Donald G. Fink Best Paper Award for his
paper on Smart Grid and Power Line Communications, the 2011 IEEE ComSoc Donald W. McLellan
Meritorious Service Award, the 2011 Outstanding Service Award from the IEEE ComSoc Technical
Committee on Power Line Communications, and the 2010 IEEE ISPLC Best Paper Award. He holds
several issued and pending patents, has published over 90 peer-reviewed papers, has co-authored three
book chapters on power line communications, and has made numerous standards contributions to the
IEEE, the ITU-T, the Broadband Forum, and the UK NICC.
Acknowledgments
Thanks are given to the experts who provided assistance for the chapters on DSL technology: George
Ginis, Ken Kerpez, Vladimir Oksman, Craig Schelp, Massimo Sorbara, and Arlynn Wilson. Thanks also
are given to Marilynn Starr for her support and assistance.
Steve would like to thank the following people for their generous help, excellent comments and reviews
for portions of his chapters: Frank Effenberger, Alon Bernstein, Chris Look, Onn Haran, Jeff Mandin,
Lior Khermosh, Bob Murray, Valy Ossman, and Jim Dahl. Steve also wants to thank PMC-Sierra for
allowing some of his white paper material to be adapted for this book.
Arvind would like to acknowledge the significant contributions of his wife, Sanchita Shetty, for
painstakingly generating all the figures in the wireless chapters, and her unwavering support throughout
the writing of this book. He would also like to express his heartfelt gratitude to Paul Chiuchiolo, Rich
Kobylinski, Milap Majmundar, and Tom Novlan, for reviewing the wireless section of the book and
providing excellent feedback for improving the quality and accuracy of the manuscript. Finally, he would
like to thank his family and all his wonderful friends in Austin for their love and encouragement.
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
2G Second Generation
3G Third Generation
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
10GE 10 Gigabit/s Ethernet specified in IEEE 802.3
10G EPON 10 Gbit/s Ethernet Passive Optical Network specified in IEEE 802.3
ABS Almost Blank Subframes
AC Alternating Current
AC Access Category
ACK Acknowledgement
ACM Adaptive Coding and Modulation
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line specified in ITU-T G.992.1
ADSL2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2 specified in ITU-T G.992.3
ADSL2plus Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2plus specified in ITU-T G.992.5
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
AFE Analog Front End
AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel
AM Acknowledged Mode
AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure
A-MPDU Aggregate MAC Protocol Data Unit
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
AMR Automatic Meter Reading
A-MSDU Aggregate MAC Service Data Unit
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AP Access Point
APD Avalanche Photo Diode
APS Automatic Protection Switching
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
ARP Allocation and Retention Priority
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request, Retransmission
AS Access Stratum
ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission
ASF DOCSIS Aggregated Service Flow
A-TDMA Advanced TDMA (used with DOCSIS)
ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol
xx List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
AWG American Wire Gauge
AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating WDM filter/multiplexer
BB Broad Band
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BE Best Effort service
BEMS Building Energy Management System
BER Bit Error Rate (or Ratio)
BIP Bit Interleaved Parity
BMC Broadcast Multicast Control
BMSC Broadcast Multicast Service Center
B-ONU DPoE Bridge ONU
BPL Broadband over Power Lines
B-PON FSAN/ITU-T Broadband PON protocol specified in the ITU-T G.983 series
BRI-ISDN Basic Rate Integrated Services Digital network
BSS Basic Service Set
BTS Base Transceiver Station (for a wireless network)
CA Carrier Aggregation
CAPEX Capital Expense
CAPWAP Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points
CATV Community Access Television
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CBS Committed Burst Size
CC Component Carrier
CCA Clear Channel Assessment
CCCH Common Control Channel
CCK Complementary Code Keying
CCO Capacity and Coverage Optimization
CDD Cyclic-Delay Diversity
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CENELEC European Committee for Electotechnical Standardization
CEPCA Consumer Electronics Powerline Alliance
CES Circuit Emulation Service
CFP Contention Free Period
CIF Carrier Indicator Field
CIR Committed Information Rate
CM Cable Modem
CMCI DOCSIS Cable Modem CPE Interface
CMTS DOCSIS Cable Modem Terminating System
CN Core Network
CO Telephone company Central Office
CoMP Cooperative Multi-Point
CP Contention Period
CP Cyclic Prefix
CPC Continuous Packet Connectivity
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
CPICH Common Pilot Channel
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface
CQI Channel Quality Information
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
CRE Cell Range Expansion
CRS Cell-specific Reference Signal
CS Circuit Switched
CS Channel Sensing
CSA Carrier Serving Area
CS/CB Coordinated Scheduling/Coordinated Beamforming
CSG Closed Subscriber Group
CSI-RS Channel State Information Reference Signal
CSM Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing
CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
CSO Cell Selection Offset
CTCH Common Traffic Channel
CTS Clear-to-send
CTS Common Technical Specification for G-PON
CV Code Violation
C-VID Customer VLAN Identifier (Ethernet)
CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter
DAS Distributed Antenna System
dB Decibel, ten times the common logarithm of the ration of two powers
DBA Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
DBC Dynamic Bonding Change (in DOCSIS 3.0)
DBG Downstream Bonding Group (in DOCSIS 3.0)
DBR Dynamic Bandwidth Report
DC Direct Current
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
DCF Distributed Coordination Function
DCH Dedicated Channel
DCS Downstream Channel Set (in DOCSIS 3.0)
DELT Dual Ended Line Test
DEMARC Carrier owned Demarcation device between the carrier and the CPE
DER Distributed Energy Resources
DFE Decision Feedback Equalizer
DFT Discrete-time Fourier Transform
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DIFS Distributed Interframe Spacing
DL Downlink
DLC Digital Loop Carrier
DLL Data Link Layer
DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel
DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal
DMT Discrete Multi Tone modulation
DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
D-ONU DPoE ONU
Downstream Data flowing towards the customer
xxii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
DPB Dynamic Point Blanking
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPoE DOCSIS Protocol over Ethernet protocol
DPS Dynamic Point Selection
DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying
DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DR Demand Response
DRX Discontinuous Reception
DS Direct Sequence
DS1 Digital Signal level 1 in the North American asynchronous telephone network
hierarchy
DS-CDMA Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
DSCP DiffServ Code Point
DSID Downstream Service ID (in DOCSIS 3.0)
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer
DSM Dynamic Spectrum Management (in DSL)
DSM Demand Side Management (in Smart Grid)
DSP Digital Signal Processing
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DTX Discontinuous Transmission
DVB Digital Video Broadcast
DVB-RCS Digital Video Broadcast Return Channel via Satellite
DVB-S2 Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite - Second generation
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
E-AGCH Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel
EBS Excess Burst Size
ECH Echo Cancelled Hybrid
eCM embedded Cable Modem
EDCA Enhanced Distributed Channel Access
E-DCH Enhanced Dedicated Channel
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
EDGE Enhanced Data-rates for GSM Evolution
E-DPCCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Control Channel
E-DPDCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data Channel
E-HICH Enhanced HARQ Indicator Channel
eICIC Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
EIR Excess Information Rate
eMBMS Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service
EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
EMS Element Management System
EO Electrical to Optical signal conversion
eOAM Extended OAM messages used in DPoE
EOC Embedded Operations Channel
EONT Embedded ONT
eNodeB Evolved Node-B
EPC Evolved Packet Core
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii
EPON Ethernet Passive Optical Network (1 Gbit/s rate)
EPS Evolved Packet System
E-RGCH Enhanced Relative Grant Channel
eSAFE embedded Service/Application Functional Entity
ESP Ethernet Service Path
ESS Extended Service Set
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
E-UTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
EVC Ethernet Virtual Circuit
EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
FACH Forward Access Channel
FBI Feedback Information
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FCS Frame Check Sequence
FDD Frequency Division Duplexing
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
F-DPCH Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel
FEC Forward Error Correction
FeICIC Further Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
FEXT Far End crosstalk
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FH Frequency Hopping
FH-CDMA Frequency Hopping Code Division Multiple Access
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FITL Fiber in the Loop
FN Fiber Node (in a HFC network)
FSAN Full Service Access Network industry consortium
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FTTC Fiber to the Curb
FTTCab Fiber to the Cabinet
FTTCell Fiber to the Cell site
FTTH Fiber to the Home
FTTN Fiber to the Node
FTTO Fiber to the Office
FTTP Fiber to the Premises
G.hn ITU-T G.9960/9961 home networking standard
G.hs ITU-T G.994.1 DSL handshake protocol
G.lite ITU-T G.992.2 reduced complexity ADSL
G.lt ITU-T G.996.2 standard for DSL line test functions
G.test ITU-T G.996.1 standard for testing of DSL modems
GBR Guaranteed Bit Rate
GE Gigabit/s Ethernet
GEM G-PON Encapsulation Method
GERAN GSM Edge Radio Access Network
GFP Generic Framing Procedure specified in ITU-T G.7041
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
xxiv List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center
GP Guard Period
G-PON FSAN/ITU-T Gigabit-capable PON protocol specified in the ITU-T G.984 series
GPRS GSM Packet Radio System
gPTP generalized Precision Timing Protocol
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
GTC G-PON Transmission Convergence
HAN Home Area Network
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HCF Hybrid Coordination Function
HD-PLC High Definition Power Line Communication
HDR High Data Rate
HDSL High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line
HDSL2 High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line, 2 wire version
HDSL4 High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line, 4 wire version
HE Head End
HEC Header Error Check
HEMS Home Energy Management System
HetNet Heterogeneous Network
HF High Frequency
HFC Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial cable network
HLR Home Location Register
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HS-PDSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control Channel
HSS Home Subscriber Server
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
HV High Voltage
IAD Integrated Access Device
ICIC Inter-cell Interference Coordination
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IED Intelligent Electronic Devices
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IFS Inter-Frame Spacing
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
IP Internet Protocol
IP-HSD DOCSIS IP High-Speed Data service
IPP Inter-PHY Protocol
IPTV Television delivered over Internet Protocol
IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
IR Infra-Red
IR Incremental Redundancy
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxv
IRC Interference Rejection Combining
IS-54 A second generation cellular standard
IS-136 A second generation cellular standard, an improvement on IS-54ISI Intersymbol
interference
ISI Inter-symbol Interference
ISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISP Internet Service Provider
ISP IEEE 1901 Inter System Protocol
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication Standardization Sector
JP Joint Processing
JT Joint Transmission
kft kilofeet (length of wire)
L1 Layer-1
L2 Layer-2
L3 Layer-3
LAN Local Area Network
LDPC Low Density Parity Check
LDR Low Data Rate
LED Light Emitting Diode
LF Low Frequency
LLID Ethernet Logical Link Identifier
LOF Loss Of Frame
LoS Line of Sight
LOS Loss Of Signal
LSB Least Significant Bit
LTE Long Term Evolution (mobile telephone standard)
LV Low Voltage
MAC Medium Access Control
MAN Metro Area Network
MBMS-GW Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Gateway
MBR Maximum Bit Rate
MBSFN Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network
MCCA MCF Controlled Channel Access
MCE Multicell/Multicast Coordination Entity
MCF Mesh Coordination Function
M-CMTS Modular CMTS
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MEF Metro Ethernet Forum
MELT Metallic line test
MF Medium Frequency
MF-TDMA Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access
MIB Management Information Base
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Out
MLB Mobility Load Balancing
xxvi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
MLME MAC Layer Management Entity
MME Mobility Management Entity
MMSE Minimum Mean Squared Error
MoCA Multimedia over Coax Alliance
Modem Modulator/Demodulator, a transceiver
MPCPDU Multi-Point Control Protocol PDU
MPDU MAC Protocol Data Unit
MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group video compression standards
MRC Maximal Ratio Combining
MRO Mobility Robustness Optimization
MSB Most Significant Bit
MSC Mobile Switching Center
MSDU MAC Service Data Unit
MSO Multiple System Operator (cable network operator)
MTA Multimedia Terminal Adapter
MTL Multi-Conductor Transmission Line
MU-MIMO Multi-user Multiple Input Multiple Output
MV Medium Voltage
NACK Negative Acknowledgement
NAS Non-Access Stratum
NAV Network Allocation Vector
NB Narrow Band
NE Network Element
NEXT near end crosstalk
NG-PON FSAN/ITU-T Next Generation PON protocol
NI Network Interface
NID Network Interface Device
NMS Network Management System
Node-B Base Station in a third generation cellular system
nrt-PS Non-real-time Poling Service (DOCSIS)
NRZ Non-Return to Zero line code
NSR Non-Status Reporting
NTU Network Termination Units
OAM Operations, Administration and Maintenance
OAM&P Operations, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning
OBSAI Open Base Station Architecture Initiative
ODN Optical Distribution Network
OE Optical to Electrical signal conversion
OEO Optical to Electrical to Optical signal conversion (repeater)
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OLT Optical Line Terminal
OLU Optical Line Unit
OMCC ONU Management and Control Channel
OMCI ONU Management and Control Interface
ONT Optical Network Terminal
ONU Optical Network Unit
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxvii
OTN Optical Transport Network (ITU-T G.709)
OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation
PAP Priority Action Plan
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
PBR Prioritized Bit Rate
PCB Physical layer Control Block
PCC Primary Component Carrier
PCCH Paging Control Channel
PCCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel
PCF Point Coordination Function
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PCH Paging Channel
PCI Pre-coder Indicator
PCMM Packet Cable Multi-Media protocol
PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDFA Praseodymium Doped Fiber Amplifier
PDN Packet Data Network
PDN Premises Distribution Network
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDU Protocol Data Unit
PEIN Prolonged Electrical Impulse Noise
PF Proportionally Fair
P-GW PDN Gateway
PHEV Plug-in (Hybrid) Electric Vehicles
PHICH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
PHS Payload Header Suppression
PHY Physical Layer
PIFS PCF Inter-Frame Spacing
PIN Photo diode constructed with P-type, Intrinsic, and N-type semiconductor regions
PL Power Line
PLC Power Line Communications
PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Procedure
PLI Payload Length Indicator
PLO Physical Layer Overhead
PLOAM Physical Layer OAM
PMCH Physical Multicast Channel
PMD Physical Medium Dependent sublayer
PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator
PMS-TC Physical media specific transmission convergence sublayer
PON Passive Optical Network
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PRB Physical Resource Block
PRIME Powerline Related Intelligent Metering
PS Packet Switched
xxviii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
PSB Physical Layer Synchronization Block
PSD Power Spectral Density
PSS Primary Synchronization Signal
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PTI Payload Type Indicator
PTP Precision Timing Protocol
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QCI QoS Class Identifier
QoS Quality of Service
RACH Random Access Channel
RAN Radio Access Network
RAT Radio Access Technology
RB Resource Block
RCS Ripple Carrier Signaling
RDI Remote Defect Indication
RE Resource Element
REIN Repetitive Electrical Impulse Noise
RF Radio Frequency
RFI Radio Frequency Interference
RFoG Radio Frequency over Glass
RI Rank Indicator
RIT Radio Interface Technology
RLC Radio Link Control
RMS-DB Root Mean Square - Delay Spread
RNC Radio Network Controller
RoF Radio over Fiber
RoHC Robust Header Compression
R-ONU RFoG Optical Network Unit
RP Repeater
RP Reception Point
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRH Remote Radio Head
RS Reed Solomon
RSOA Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
RT Remote Terminal
RTD Round Trip Delay
rt-PS Real-time Poling Service (DOCSIS)
RTS Request-to-send
RTT Round Trip Time
SA System Architecture
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
SAI Serving Area Interface
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SCB Single Copy Broadcast Ethernet frame
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