White Knight AT100 Owner's Manual

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White Knight Fluid Handling Inc.

187 E 670 S Kamas, Utah 84036 USA

Phone [phone] • Fax [phone] •Toll Free 888.796.2476

wkfluidhandling.com

AT100 Owner’s Manual

WHITE KNIGHT

AT100 Owner’s Manual

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Recommended Mode of Installation 4
When Replacing a Competitor’s Pump 8
Cautions on Installation 10
Exploded View 11
Installation Instructions 12
Pump Stroke & Leak Detect Installation Instructions 13-17
Footprint 18
Flow Curves 18
Air Consumption 19
Air Supply Pressure to Temperature Limits 19
Rebuild Information and Options 20
Trouble Shooting 20
Decontamination Instructions 21
Ordering Instructions for non EXT 100 Series pumps 22
Rebuild Service or Kit Ordering Instructions 26
Warranty 27
Pulsation Dampening 28-31
Other Accessories 32
Electronic Accessories 33
Decontamination Certificate 34

Pricing, performance data, claims and other information contained within this owners manual is
subject to change without notice.

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Congratulations!

You are about to install a pump that has become legendary in the high purity
chemical pumping industry. White Knight is a leader in no metal high purity
pumps and continues to drive the industry with new technology. Since the
inception of White Knight in 1995, we have been awarded over 10 US patents for
our designs, with multiple other patents pending! Currently, White Knight
produces over 20 size/model combinations of zero metal high purity pumps, far
more than any other producer of high purity pumps anywhere. White Knight has
also been the recipient of multiple prestigious industry awards for its designs.

Other than PFA tubing and a few ceramic and electronic components and
assemblies, all parts of White Knight pumps are manufactured right here at our
plant in Kamas, Utah. This allows us to be rigorous in our quality assurance
process where almost all processes are performed right here at White Knight.
White Knight molds its own PTFE and machines all of its own PTFE, PFA, and
plastic components. This ensures that strict cleanliness procedures are always
followed and that components are built under consistent methods and conditions
to make our products as reliable and consistent as possible.

Your new pump was assembled and tested in a class 100, temperature and
humidity controlled cleanroom. It successfully underwent a battery of tests and
was then dried out and double bagged in the cleanroom to ensure cleanliness
and its operational integrity.

Before installing your White Knight pump please carefully review this owners
manual. There are many helpful hints and ways to optimize the installation of
your White Knight pump as well as instructions and requirements for installation
and use.

White Knight also provides many accessories that will enhance the abilities of
your White Knight pump. Many of these are briefly described in this manual.

We have gone to great lengths to provide you with what we believe to be not only
the best value for the money in high purity pumps, but the best high purity pump
period. We hope that you agree.

John Simmons
President, White Knight Fluid Handling, Inc.

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Recommended Mode of Installation New System Design

The following is an attempt to go over some basic physics of White Knight pumps
so that care may be taken in the design phase of equipment or applications
wherein White Knight pumps are used. Following the principles described in this
document will ensure the most practical and reliable installation of White Knight
pumps, though it is understood that the ideal mode may not always be possible.

Several principles should be understood before proceeding.

 SUCTION LIFT: Any air driven pump pushes better than it lifts. This means

that if you have to move liquid up ten feet, that the pump will move more liquid
faster (and in most cases the pump will be more reliable) if the pump is
installed at liquid level and is allowed to push the liquid up the ten feet.
Rather than being installed at the ten foot level to lift liquid up to the delivery
level. The same should be said for long runs. The best installation is with the
pump as near the source as possible.

 RESTRICTION OF LIQUID INLET LINE: Restricting the liquid supply of the

pump causes the pump to work harder and should be avoided when possible,
particularly in the event of pumping more viscous liquids.

 UNDER SUPPLY OF OPERATIONAL AIR: Under supplying of air to an air

driven pump can cause a pump to run erratically. Air driven pumps vary
throughout the cycle as to how much air they require. Though the rate of air
usage is averaged for air usage charts, if the bare minimum air supply (as
shown on the charts) is provided, there are fractions of seconds during a
cycle where a pump would be “starved” for air. This could cause a pump to
run erratically or to stall. In many instances, it could affect the ability of the
pump to self-prime. White Knight publishes the size of air line orifice for all of

its pumps to avoid this situation. These sizes are listed on the “Warning”

sheet shipped out with every pump and included in this manual.

 DRY RUNNING: While the consequences vary from model or brand of air

driven pump, it is always best to limit the amount of dry running that the pump
is required to perform. The worst case is in the instance of pumps with
wetted shafts such as the White Knight AT, AP, APFM, and Renaissance
series as well as some other brands of air driven pumps. Pumps with wetted
shafts use the liquid that they are pumping to lubricate the shaft and seals.
When these pumps are run dry, they are not receiving sufficient lubrication to

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keep abnormal wear from the shaft and/or seal. When this occurs, the pump
gradually loses its ability to self-prime. It is White Knight’s recommendation
that all air driven pumps with wetted shafts be installed in a flooded style (with
gravity feeding liquid to the pump). This does not mean that the pump must

be installed in a flooded style, remember that we are talking about “ideal”

conditions. It should also be understood that when any air driven pump is
running dry, it is cycling faster than it would be if it were pumping liquid. This
means that in the same amount of time, a pump running dry will achieve a
higher number of cycles against its life expectancy than a pump that is
pumping liquid, thereby shortening (in time) the life of the pump.

 HEAD PRESSURE: While some air driven pumps common to the high purity

chemical industry limit the percentage of head pressure (amount of liquid line
pressure that the pump is pumping against) to air supply pressure, no White
Knight pumps are restricted in any such way. White Knight pumps can be
installed in any head pressure situation up to dead head (liquid line pressure
equaling air supply pressure, which equates to no flow). White Knight pumps
come standard to work in high back pressure situations. For applications
where high head pressures are needed the Renaissance series of pumps are
recommended as they are capable of running at air pressures of up to 100
PSI.

 DEAD HEAD: Though some air driven pumps in the industry do not allow it,

White Knight pumps can actually be controlled by opening and closing the
outlet line of the pump.

 CLOSED OR PLUGGED LIQUID INLET LINE: Air driven pumps should not

be controlled by closing the liquid inlet line to the pump. This causes undue
stress on bellows or diaphragms, and in many cases can cause a pump to
“race” thereby subtracting cycles from its life expectancy at an alarming rate.

 ORIENTATION: While it is possible to install air driven pumps in other than

up right positions in flooded suction circumstances, it is not recommended.
Check valves within White Knight pumps are actuated by gravity and/or flow.
Therefore, a pump installed in the upright position would run more efficiently
than a pump that was installed in another way. A White Knight (and most
other air driven pumps in the high purity chemical industry) will not prime
themselves if installed in any way other than upright (within a few degrees).

 THERMAL CYCLING: Some pumps in the industry have limits on or special

maintenance requirements for pumps in conditions that thermal cycle. No
White Knight pumps have special requirements for thermal cycling
applications, but pumps must be operated within their respective temperature
to pressure limitations.

 SUPPLY PRESSURE RECOMMENDATIONS: While all manufactures of air

driven pumps set a limit (red line) on how much air pressure can be used for

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pump operation, it is always best to operate a pump at lower than red line
supply pressures. Life expectancy goes up as supply pressure goes down.
The life of many air driven pumps goes up significantly if the pump is
operated at between 60%-70% of red line pressures, particularly in open loop
systems where there is very little head pressure to slow pump cycling.

 PASSING SOLIDS: In any instance where pumps are installed in an

application where solids could be introduced into the liquid, a pre pump filter
such as the White Knight Catcher should be installed in the inlet line going

to the pump. These pre pump filters are designed to catch solids before they
get to the pump where they could damage bellows, diaphragms, or other
parts of the pump. Of particular concern are shards from broken wafers in
semiconductor manufacturing. Care should be taken in selecting the pre
pump filter. Some pre pump filters have a very fine screen that screens out
anything that could damage a pump, but screens this fine come with other
problems. Some chemistries including but not limited to sulfuric acid and
phosphoric acid can begin to produce crystals similar in size and shape to
table salt crystals. Such crystals can plug up the screen and cause undue
stress to the pump, particularly to bellows or diaphragms. White Knight does
not cover such damage under warranty. While there is no perfect size of
screen that keeps out the bad without plugging up, the best scenario is to use
White Knight Catcher pre pump filters. With the Catcher the screen is
large enough to keep from becoming plugged in normal industry conditions.
And, when a Catcher is used in conjunction with a White Knight pump, if a
solid passes through the Catcher and damages the pumps (very unlikely)
White Knight will repair the pump under warranty.

 OVERSIZED INLET LINE: White Knight (as well as many other air driven

pumps) are best installed with liquid inlet lines larger than the liquid outlet
lines, particularly in open loop systems where there is very little head
pressure. This reduces strain on bellows and diaphragms and also in many
cases reduces surge in the outlet line from the pump.

 PULSATION: White Knight pumps are famous for the low surge created in

outlet lines down stream from the pump. However, there are things that can
be done to reduce surge even further. White Knight offers Flatliner

Pulsation dampeners in various sizes to minimize surge created by air driven
pumps. In open loop systems where there is very little head pressure, most
White Knight customers find it unnecessary to use additional pulsation
dampening devices, however, as head pressure increases, the requirement
for pulsation dampening increases. A less expensive way to lessen pulsation

in the outlet line is by the usage of a “stand tube”. This is accomplished by

installing a Tee in the outlet line from the pump. The Tee is pointed upward
and a piece of tubing (typically 3-4 feet long) is stood up and capped. As the
pump runs, the liquid pressure in the line compresses the air in the stand tube
during the pressure part of the pump stroke and the compressed air in the
stand tube pushes liquid back into the line during the shift part of the pump

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cycle. These stand tubes are pretty effective, however, they must be
monitored and from time to time the cap may need to be removed to allow the
tube to release liquid and refill with air.

 LEAKY LINES: All liquid tubing connectors upstream and downstream from

the pump should be tight and leak proof. But on the inlet side of the pump, a
leak may not be noticed, as if the leak is sufficiently large, the pump will
simply not prime. Select a quality type of liquid connection throughout your
system and make sure that they are installed properly.

 BOILING LIQUID: In the event of pumping chemistries at or near their boiling

point, it must be remembered that the boiling temperature of any liquid
reduces under vacuum conditions. As a pump sucks liquid into it, the liquid in
the supply line to the pump is under a vacuum condition. Depending on the
amount of vacuum and the temperature of the liquid, liquid could boil in the
outlet line of the pump when it is not boiling in the tank (or other supply
reservoir). Placing the pump as close as possible to the tank and with as little
vertical lift as possible (the pump being flooded by gravity is ideal) minimizes
boiling in the inlet line. Boiling of the liquid in the inlet line causes a pump to

“race” thereby shortening its life, and in extreme circumstances will cause the

pump not to prime.

 FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS: High purity pumps are frequently used to pump

flammable solvents. Any system used to pump flammable solvents should be
properly grounded to avoid ignition by static charge. Where high purity
pumps are constructed from insulative materials (PTFE and PFA) grounding
the pump is not sufficient. A test from River’s Edge on using insulative pumps
to pump flammable liquids indicated that the liquid itself must be grounded
and that other procedures should be followed. A copy of the test is available
from our web site or may be acquired by calling or emailing us at White
Knight. Designs planning the use of any insulative type pump for use with
flammable solvents should only be done by those having proper training and
understanding of the effects of static electricity buildup in such systems.

 CLEAN SUPPLY AIR: White Knight (as well as many other high purity air

driven pumps) require the use of CDA (Clean Dry Air) (Solids: No more than
1PPM with size no more than 1.0um Moisture: No more than 1PPM Oils: No
more than 1PPM) or nitrogen. Use of supply air that does not meet these
specifications could result in close tolerance parts of the pump shifting
mechanisms to seize.

 ABRASIVE SLURRIES: Pumping of abrasive slurries will shorten the life of

any pump. Pumps are still warranted when used in abrasive applications,
however components that wear with use, will wear faster. Normal wear is not
a condition covered by warranty.

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 CROSS CONTAMINATION: When replacing pumps in existing systems,

care should be taken to avoid cross contamination. PTFE (and for that matter
all plastics as well) are porous. As a high purity pump is run in a chemistry,
that chemistry is retained in the pores of the material. This situation is
increased if the pump is used in a thermal cycling application. This being the
case, care should be taken to keep a record of which pumps (White Knight
and most other high purity pump suppliers serial number each pump) have
been in which chemistries and then should be used only in the same
chemistry to avoid cross contamination.

 PUMP MONITORING: Pump monitoring can be performed by several

methods such as Fiber Optic stroke detection (special pump heads required)
or Solid State Pressure Switch monitoring which can be installed on any
White Knight pump. These options are described on our web site in the
options section and are available through our authorized distributors.

 LEAK DETECTION: Several types of leak detection are also available from

White Knight including Bubble In – Bubble Out and fiber optic air side leak
detection. These products are also described on our web site and are
available through our distributors.

 PROGRAMABLE CONTROLING: White Knight has developed the Merlin

pump controller that can be used to program a White Knight pump. Run time
and volume “recipes” can be programmed into the Merlin to control any
White Knight pump.

Things to Watch For When Replacing Our Competitor’s

Pumps

 AIR UNDERSUPPLY: Some other air driven pumps used in pumping high

purity chemistry are not as sensitive to air under supply as the White Knight
pumps are. Make sure that if you are replacing a competitor’s pump with a
White Knight pump that the proper sized air line is used. This information is

contained on a page called “warning” which is sent out with every White

Knight pump, is included in this manual and is also available from our web
site.

 INLET/OUTLET CONFIGURATION: Most other air driven pumps used in

high purity applications are very particular in their connections to liquid inlet
and outlet for the pump. Many configurations are available on all White
Knight pumps and in most cases we can attach to liquid lines in a very similar
orientation and connection type as the pump that you have been using. A list
of options is available in the ordering section of this manual, on our web site

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under ordering instructions for each of our respective pumps, or contact a
White Knight representative for assistance.

 PUMP MONITORING AND TRANSLATION: Many tools monitor a pump

while it is running and have alarms set for when pumps cycle too fast or too
slow, which could indicate a problem. White Knight pumps can use several
types of monitoring that provide a signal back to the tool that allows
monitoring of the White Knight pump. The problem is that no two brands or
models of pumps have the same displacement per stroke. This means that if
upper or lower limits are set in a monitoring system and a different brand or
model of pump is installed, that alarms could be immediately thrown. There
are two ways to overcome this problem. First of all, the alarms set in the tool
or its monitoring system can be reprogrammed. The biggest problem with

this option is that many times if a tool is upgraded with manufacturer’s

software later on the alarms are re-set. This can also cause problems with
the same tools in one area running different pumps, especially in the event of
a gradual change out. Different tools with different needs for programs can
become hectic. Because of this, White Knight developed Merlin pump
translators. Merlin pump translators are programmable at the White Knight
factory or by the user with the purchase of an additional kit. The Merlin
pump translators are capable of converting output to a fractional derivative of
actual operation based on displacement in order to provide monitoring
information back to tool similar to what signals would have been with other
pump of different displacement at similar flow. This eliminates the need for
reprogramming alarms in most instances.

 PULSATION DAMPENING: When replacing one of our competitor’s pumps

for reasons of potential metal contamination take care to eliminate any other
source of potential metal contamination that you can. In many instances
when replacing a competitive pump with a White Knight, pulsation dampeners
that have been required before are no longer needed due the low pulsation
created by White Knight pumps. If this is the case, remove any pulsation
dampeners that have metal parts in them and discard them. If pulsation
dampening is still required, replace the pulsation dampener with a zero metal
pulsation dampener such as the White Knight Flatliner pulsation dampener.

 PASSING SOLIDS: Make sure that if there is a potential for solids (such as

wafer shards) to be introduced into the liquid that the pump will be pumping
that a suitable pre pump filter such as the White Knight Catcher is installed.

White Knight warrants all White Knight pumps against passing solids when
used in conjunction with a Catcher.

 AIR VALVE AND REGULATOR NEEDS: Double check to make sure that all

air regulators and solenoid valves are sufficiently sized to run the White
Knight pump that you are installing.

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WARNING

 DO NOT LIFT PUMP BY SHUTTLE VALVE ASSEMBLY!

Damage may occur to mounting system.

 Required air flow for the AT/AP50 pneumatic shuttle is 3/16" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AT/AP100 pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.

Required air flow for the PL60 pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AP200 pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AT/AP300 pneumatic shuttle is 3/8" minimum orifice unrestricted.

 Required air flow for the AP50FM pneumatic shuttle is 3/16" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AP100FM pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.

Required air flow for the FM60 pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AP200FM pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AP300FM pneumatic shuttle is 3/8" minimum orifice unrestricted.

 Required air flow for the AT/AP25EXT2 pneumatic shuttle is 3/16" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AT/AP50EXT2 pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.

Required air flow for the AP100EXT2 pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AT/AP100EXT3 pneumatic shuttle is 3/8" minimum orifice unrestricted.

 Required air flow for the AP25FMEXT2 pneumatic shuttle is 3/16" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AP50FMEXT2 pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.

Required air flow for the AP100FMEXT2 pneumatic shuttle is 1/4" minimum orifice unrestricted.
Required air flow for the AP100FMEXT3 pneumatic shuttle is 3/8" minimum orifice unrestricted.

 Do not operate any White Knight® pumps above the " air supply/fluid temperature limitations" (see

chart for specifications) or 60psi static in ambient applications on all versions of AP and AT series
pumps.

 Minimum operating pressure is 20psi.
 Tubing connectors supplied by White Knight must be used on the inlet and outlet ports of the

pump. THESE PORTS ARE NOT NPT OR ANY OTHER STANDARD. Attempting to
use connectors other than ones supplied by White Knight will damage the pump. Such damage is
not covered under warranty. Many styles of connection are available. If your pump does not have
the style of connector that you desire, please contact White Knight for other options.

 BE FAMILIAR WITH WHITE KNIGHT® PUMP INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS.

White Knight® pump installation requirements may vary from requirements of other pneumatic

pumps.

If you are in need of any of the above mentioned literature please contact us by one of the
following:

Toll free : 888.796.2476 Phone : [phone] Fax : [phone]
E-mail : [e-mail] Web site : wkfluidhandling.com

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AT Series Pump Exploded View

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