Boomer II
OEM Modem Module
User Manual
and
Integrator’s Guide
November 2002
© Wavenet Technology Pty Ltd
ACN 079 965 003
Publication No. BM210012WT27
Published November 2002
This publication is copyright and no part may be reproduced or copied without the prior consent of:
Wavenet Technology Pty Ltd.
140 Burswood Rd
Burswood, 6100
Western Australia
Telephone: +61 8 9262 0200
Facsimile: +61 8 9355 5622
E-mail: wavenet@wavenet.com.au
Web Site: www.wavenet.com.au
This manual is intended to be used for the operation of Wavenet Technology equipment. Performance
figures quoted are typical values and subject to normal manufacturing and service tolerances.
Wavenet Technology Pty Ltd reserves the right to alter, without notice, the equipment, software or
specification to meet technological advancement.
Microsoft, Windows and the Windows logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation in the United States and other countries. Other product and company names herein may be
the trademarks of their respective owners.
Whilst every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, neither Wavenet
Technology Pty Ltd nor any of its representatives shall have any liability to any person or entity with
respect to any liability, loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the
information contained in this book.
Published by Wavenet Technology Pty Ltd.
This device has not been authorized as required by the rules of the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC). This device is not, and may not be, offered for sale or lease, or sold or leased
within the USA, until authorization is obtained.
This product contains a transmitter approved under the FCC rules.
800MHz Modem Module FCC ID: PQS
900MHz Modem Module FCC ID: PQS
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules.
Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
(1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and
(2) This device must accept any interference rece
operation.
-BM28001
-BM29001
ived including interference that may cause undesired
Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide __________________________________________________ Contents
Contents
Introduction ......................................................................................................9
Applications................................................................................................11
Compliance Statement...............................................................................12
Information for Your Safety.........................................................................13
Host Requirements.....................................................................................14
The Integrator’s Task.....................................................................................15
Plan the Product and Create the Design .................................................... 16
Develop a Usage Model .........................................................................16
Develop a Message Model .....................................................................16
Define a Service Strategy.......................................................................17
Diagnostic Capabilities ...........................................................................18
Customer Problem Isolation....................................................................18
End User Support ...................................................................................18
Investigate and Obtain Regulatory Approval ..........................................18
Develop and Validate the Hardware...........................................................19
Design the Hardware Platform................................................................19
Consider Power Supply Options .............................................................19
Select the Source Antenna.....................................................................19
Set Up a Development Test Environment............................................... 19
Develop Supporting Applications Software.................................................20
Select a Communications Model ............................................................20
Develop End-to-End Applications Software ............................................20
Test and Approve the Product....................................................................20
Perform EMI and Desense Testing.........................................................20
Set Up a Final Test Environment............................................................21
Install and Field Test the Product ...........................................................21
Environmental Issues.................................................................................21
ESD Handling Precautions .....................................................................22
Regulatory Requirements...........................................................................23
Modem Only Certification........................................................................23
Full Product Certification.........................................................................23
Country Requirements............................................................................23
Air Interface Protocols ............................................................................ 27
Installing the Modem......................................................................................29
Mounting the Boomer II OEM Modem to Your Device................................30
Connecting the Data Interface Port ............................................................31
Data Interface Pin Descriptions ..............................................................33
Modem On/Off Control............................................................................34
Modem Reset Input ................................................................................ 35
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Contents __________________________________________________ Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide
Serial Communications Interface............................................................35
Status Input / Output lines ...................................................................... 37
LED Indicators ........................................................................................38
LED Output Lines ................................................................................... 39
Selecting & Positioning the Antenna ..........................................................40
Antenna Safety ....................................................................................... 40
Mobile and Portable Devices..................................................................40
Selecting an Antenna..............................................................................42
Connecting the Antenna .........................................................................42
Positioning the Antenna.......................................................................... 43
Source Based Time Averaging Function ................................................43
Supplying Power ........................................................................................ 45
Ratings ...................................................................................................45
Management...........................................................................................45
Conservation...........................................................................................46
Power Save Protocol ..............................................................................46
Power Profile .......................................................................................... 47
Power Control.........................................................................................48
Power-Up Sequence...............................................................................48
Power Down Sequence ..........................................................................50
Batteries .................................................................................................51
Applying Battery Technologies ...............................................................53
Battery Recharging.................................................................................54
Plug-in Supplies......................................................................................54
Automotive Supplies...............................................................................54
Environmental Considerations ................................................................ 54
Using the Modem Test Jig .............................................................................55
Features .....................................................................................................55
Updates......................................................................................................55
Exploring the Boomer II Test Jig ................................................................56
Initial Calibration.........................................................................................59
Set Up ........................................................................................................ 59
RSUSER ....................................................................................................61
Operations .............................................................................................. 61
Using RSUSER.......................................................................................62
Hot Key Descriptions ..............................................................................62
Reprogramming Modems .......................................................................66
Testing ...........................................................................................................67
Hardware Integration..................................................................................67
Enabler Functions...................................................................................67
Specific Tests .........................................................................................67
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Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide __________________________________________________ Contents
Desense and EMI.......................................................................................68
Regulatory Compliance ..............................................................................69
Application Software...................................................................................70
Software Driver Configuration.................................................................70
Network Configuration ............................................................................70
Final Assembly...........................................................................................70
End User Problem Resolution .................................................................... 70
OEM Service Depot Repair........................................................................71
Desense.........................................................................................................73
Noise Sources............................................................................................74
Receiver Susceptibilities.............................................................................74
Measurement Techniques..........................................................................74
Alternate Measurement Method ................................................................. 75
Methods of Controlling Emissions ..............................................................76
Shielding Approach.................................................................................76
Alternate EMI Reduction Methods ..........................................................77
RF Network Issues .....................................................................................78
Antenna......................................................................................................79
Field Strengths from the Antenna ...........................................................79
Antenna Interactions...............................................................................79
Desense Summary.....................................................................................79
Application Development ...............................................................................81
Roaming Issues..........................................................................................82
Roaming Requirements..........................................................................82
Inbound SDU Failures ............................................................................84
Outbound SDU Failure ...........................................................................85
Loss of Network Contact.........................................................................85
Power Management ...................................................................................86
Power Save Mode .................................................................................. 86
On/Off upon User Demand.....................................................................86
Radio On/Off on Application Command..................................................87
Battery Life Considerations.....................................................................87
Power Save Protocol ..............................................................................87
Wireless Data Systems Considerations ..................................................... 88
Application Efficiency.............................................................................. 88
Large Message Transfer.........................................................................88
Message Transit Time ............................................................................89
Message Routing and Migration ....................................................................91
Message Routing.................................................................................... 91
Network Link Layers ...............................................................................92
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Contents __________________________________________________ Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide
Standard Context Routing (SCR) ...............................................................93
SCR Message Types..............................................................................94
Highlights of SCR Differences ................................................................94
SCR Header Charts ...................................................................................98
Host Request Message Header Fields ................................................... 99
Host Confirmation Message Header Fields ..........................................101
Mobile Information Message Header Fields..........................................103
DataTAC Messaging (DM) .......................................................................105
DM Message Types..............................................................................105
Highlights of DM Differences ................................................................105
DM Header Charts ...................................................................................106
Message Generate Header Fields ........................................................106
Receive Header Fields ......................................................................... 108
Host Messaging (HM)...............................................................................110
Other Development Issues.......................................................................110
Localizing an Application ......................................................................110
Testing an Application ..........................................................................111
Appendix A - NCL Interface .........................................................................113
Generic NCL (Native Mode) .....................................................................113
Command SDUs (CMND, ASCII A)...............................................113
Event Report SDUs (EVENT, ASCII B) .........................................115
Response Status SDUs (RESP, ASCII C) .....................................116
Wavenet Specific NCL Extensions...........................................................118
GET STATUS COMMANDS:.........................................................118
Generic set RPM Configuration command type 1
(WN_SET_PARAM):.............................................................................122
Generic set RPM Configuration command type 2..........................125
Generic get RPM Configuration command (WN_GET_PARAM): ......... 126
NCL Label Values..........................................................................127
Appendix B - Software Development Kit ......................................................129
SDK Contents...........................................................................................129
System Requirements..............................................................................131
SDK Software Architecture.......................................................................131
NCL Application Programmer’s Interface .................................................131
Implementation .....................................................................................131
Logical Architecture ..............................................................................132
Application Interface .............................................................................134
SCR Application Programmer’s Interface .................................................149
Implementation .....................................................................................150
SCR Structures..................................................................................... 150
SCR Functions......................................................................................154
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Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide __________________________________________________ Contents
Appendix C – Sample programs ..................................................................165
Client Application......................................................................................165
Server Application ....................................................................................168
Initialisation and Login ..........................................................................168
Appendix D - Wavenet Application Loader ..................................................171
Updating Application Loader Software on Your Modem...........................171
Troubleshooting........................................................................................173
Appendix E - Numeric Conversion Chart .....................................................175
Appendix F - Specifications .........................................................................177
Appendix H - Glossary.................................................................................179
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Contents __________________________________________________ Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide
Wavenet Technology 8 BM210012WT27
Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide ________________________________________________ Introduction
t
Introduction
The Boomer II OEM Modem Module is a radio packet modem,
intended for use on Motorola DataTAC 4000 SFR and DataTAC 5000
MFR data communication networks.
It is primarily designed to be integrated into customer equipment as an
OEM module, for use with a host running wireless applications or as
the RF communications enabler device for telemetry products. There
are two versions available,
800MHz version (A band) and
900MHz version (B band)
Messages from the end user are sent from the host device through the
serial interface, and are transmitted by the modem when it is in
network contact. Messages to the end user are received and
acknowledged by the modem, then passed to the user’s host.
Within an area of coverage, the modem performs auto-roaming (autoscanning, channel selection, and registration on a new channel). The
modem operates in either battery save or non-battery save modes, as
instructed by the network and overridden by the host computer. The
modem determines which RF protocol to use, based on the attributes
specified by the configured channel list, and dynamic channel
information from the network.
The modem interfaces to the host controller by using the data interface
port. The protocol supported over this link is the Native Control
Language (NCL).
Although the modem has embedded software, it has no built in
application software. All application software must be separately
installed and run from the host to which the modem is connected. A
Software Development Kit (SDK) is available and described later in
this manual to assist this process.
A picture of the Boomer II OEM Modem Module is shown below.
RF Connector
LED
Window
Data Interface Por
BM210012WT27 9 Wavenet Technology
Introduction ________________________________________________ Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide
This manual contains the following sections:
Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: The Integrator’s Task
Section 3: Installing the Modem
Section 4: Modem Test Jig
Section 5: Testing
Section 6: Desense
Section 7: Application Development
Section 8: Message Routing and Migration
In addition there is very useful reference information contained in the
numerous Appendices which the reader may like to scan.
Features
The Boomer II OEM Modem is approximately the size of a credit card
and just 9mm thick. The modem is easily connected to many other
devices and can be incorporated into a variety of package formats. The
modem has a TTL serial port.
The Boomer II OEM Modem has the following features:
Serial communications interface port (TTL level)
running an NCL protocol
Indicator lights shows the status of the network coverage and
power supply
Four configurable digital input/output lines for external
control/monitoring
Software configurable RF calibration adjustments to suit
specific networks
High sensitivity reception
Small footprint and low profile design
Low-voltage and low standby current consumption for battery
based products
Auto-wake up of host on incoming messages
Roaming capabilities as used in DataTAC system
Modem is always online using the DataTAC network
Easy to install, service and update
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Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide ________________________________________________ Introduction
Applications
Suitable devices in which the Boomer II OEM Modem can be used
include the following applications:
Meter Reading
The modem can be used to read billing information from intelligent
electrical meters and basic disc meters. Data is transmitted wirelessly
through a radio network to billing computers.
Point of Sale
The modem can perform handshaking and complete verification of all
data transmitted through the wireless network whilst providing
convenient operator mobility such as open air events or conferences.
Vending Machines
Vending machines can also utilise radio data technology. Many
machines already transmit usage and refill requirements to company
head offices via standard telephone lines. Radio modems allow vending
machines to be placed in areas with poor access to telecommunications
infrastructure, providing a cost-effective alternative to installing new
telephone lines. On refilling, only the required refills will be
despatched to the required sites maximising truck carrying capacity and
consequently efficiency.
Alarm Detection
Conventional telephone wire connections are slow to dial out and can
burn before the emergency call can be placed. Laws in many states and
countries require businesses to have an on-line dial out fire alarm
system. The Boomer II OEM Modem offers a real solution to this
problem.
Parking, Buses and Ticketing
Ticketing machines are being be converted to cashless operation. The
Boomer II OEM Modem is the best alternative to facilitate the
introduction of this cashless technology.
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Introduction ________________________________________________ Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide
Compliance Statement
This device has not been authorized as required by the rules of the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). This device is not, and may not be, offered
for sale or lease, or sold or leased within the USA, until authorization is obtained.
The Wavenet Boomer-II OEM Modem Module has been tested and
found to comply with the limits for a class B digital device, pursuant to
Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide
reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation.
Output is specified at the antenna terminal of this module. This
modular transmitter is only approved for OEM integration into final
products that satisfy mobile operating requirements of 2.1091 of the
FCC rules. The final product and its antenna must operate with a
minimum separation distance of 20 cm or more from all persons using
the antenna with maximum average gain not exceeding 1 dBi to satisfy
MPE compliance. Separate approval is required for this module to
operate in portable products with respect to 2.1093 of FCC rules.
Wavenet has obtained certificates of Technical Acceptability for use in
Canada in accordance with the Radio Standards Procedure RSP-100
and Radio Standards Specification RSS119, Issue 3.
This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy
and, if not installed and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions, may cause interference harmful to radio communications.
There is no guarantee however, that interference will not occur in a
particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful
interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined
by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to
correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from
that to which the receiver is connected.
Consult your supplier or an experienced radio/TV technician
for assistance.
Warning: Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly
approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s
authority to operate this equipment.
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Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide ________________________________________________ Introduction
Information for Your Safety
Please read these safety instructions and the operation instructions
provided in this manual before operating the Boomer II OEM Modem.
Safe Use
Switch the modem off in areas where radio devices are forbidden, or
when it may cause interference or danger. For example, fuel depots
(fuel storage and distribution areas), chemical plants, and locations in
which hazardous or combustible gases may be present and where
blasting operations are in progress.
Do not use the modem in an aircraft. Such use may affect aircraft
instrumentation, communication and performance and may be illegal.
Be aware that the modem may interfere with the functionality of
inadequately protected medical devices, including pacemakers.
Additionally, the effect of the radio signals from the modem on other
electronic systems, including those in your car (such as electronic fuelinjection systems, electronic anti-skid braking systems, and electronic
cruise-control systems) may affect the operation of these systems,
which should be verified before use in the applications
Do not place the modem on an unstable surface. It may fall and damage
the equipment.
Never push objects of any kind into the modem through openings as
they may short out parts that could result in a fire or electrical shock.
Never spill liquid of any kind on the modem. Do not use the modem
near water (for example near a bathtub or sink, in a wet basement, near
a swimming pool etc.). The modem should be situated away from heat
sources.
Disconnect the modem from the power source before cleaning. Do not
use liquid or aerosol cleaners. Use a damp cloth to clean the unit.
Disconnect the modem from the power source and contact your
supplier if:
Liquid has been spilled or objects have fallen onto the modem.
It has been exposed to rain or water.
It has been dropped or damaged in any way.
It does not operate normally by following the instructions
contained in this manual.
It exhibits a distinct change in performance.
Failure to observe all these instructions will void the limited warranty.
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Introduction ________________________________________________ Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide
Integrator Developers Kit
Wavenet has made available an Integrator Developers Kit which
contains all the components necessary to get an evaluation and
development platform up and running in the shortest possible time. The
Developers Kit contains the following components
Boomer-II Modem Test Jig
Power Cable
RS-232 Serial Cable
MMCX to SMA antenna adaptor cable
800 MHz (blue tip) or 900 MHz (red tip) ¼ wave whip antenna
Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) connector strips (5 pieces)
FPC connectors (5 pieces)
CDROM containing Software Developers Kit (SDK) and
Integrator's Guide/User Manual
Host Requirements
The minimum system requirements of the host interface PC in order to
utilise the Integrator Developers Kit are:
Intel compatible Pentium computer or higher
Windows 98 or later
16MB RAM (memory) minimum, 32MB recommended
1MB available hard disk space
9-pin serial Port using a 16550 UART
3.5-inch Disk Drive
CD-ROM drive
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Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide ____________________________________________ Integrator’s Task
The Integrator’s Task
This section provides background information and points out the
objectives and tasks of reaching the goal of a successful
implementation.
Areas of Focus Benefits
Serial Port
Pass-Through Capability
Understanding RF Design
Software & Hardware
Enables modem diagnostics
and software upgrades
without the need to
disassemble the host device
or terminal.
Provides the required
network coverage.
Sets end-user performance
criteria.
Reduces risk of costly
redesigns.
Provides reliable operation
through a state-of-the-art
functional interface.
Helps ensure longer service
life and fewer field returns.
Because wireless data communication technologies are usually
described using a unique variety of jargon, buzzwords, and technical
details, it is sometimes hard to know where to start. You may also have
difficulty evaluating this technical information when you find it.
As an OEM integrator, you must accurately choose where and how a
wireless technology will facilitate communication for your application.
You will also have to evaluate which technical considerations will give
your product an edge over the competition.
To successfully integrate the Boomer II OEM wireless modem into the
host platform, you must perform the following tasks:
Plan the product and create the design
Develop and validate the hardware
Develop supporting applications software
Test and approve the product
As you review these tasks, allow sufficient time for such required
activities as the regulatory approval process. Identify critical path
activities up front.
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Integrator’s Task ____________________________________________ Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide
Plan the Product and Create the Design
To plan the product and create the design, perform the following steps:
Develop a usage model.
Develop a message model.
Define a service strategy.
Investigate and obtain regulatory approval.
Develop a Usage Model
The usage model answers the question, “How will the end product be
used (portable or mobile; 8 hours, 7 days a week; and so on)?”
Perhaps the most important enabler of success is a clear determination
of how the final product is to be used. This steers the development
process, because all design considerations drive toward meeting the
needs of the final user. For example, design issues related to a mobile
device, such as alternator noise and vibration, are completely different
from considerations required for a fixed-point telemetry application
powered by a solar panel. Defining what is and what is not important to
the end user helps to make the critical engineering trade-off decisions
that are inevitable in every product design.
Develop a Message Model
The message model defines how many messages are sent/received and
how often. To create the message model, determine how much and
how often data will be sent in each of the uplink (terminal to network)
and downlink (network to terminal) directions.
Answer the question, “Is there a requirement for the terminal to be on
and able to receive 8 hours a day, or does the user turn the unit on only
when making a query to the host system?” The answer has a direct
bearing on the battery size and capacity requirement for powering the
device. The amount of data sent and received is relevant in calculating
the cost of airtime and deciding on which type of network connection
to use. In short, the message model is required source data for making
many engineering design decisions, especially in calculating such
values as sleep time versus wake time and in determining battery
capacity requirements.
For additional information, refer to section “Message Traffic Model”
on page 47. The typical approach to creating the model is to define the
peak and average network throughput requirements based on input
from the user. Wavenet Technology is able to provide current
consumption figures for each of the various modes of operation
(receive and transmit, for example) and explain the functionality of the
network Power Save protocol.
The network throughput of the host device depends on many factors in
addition to the raw throughput of the radio channel. For example, in
addition to the overhead involved in forward error correction and
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Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide ____________________________________________ Integrator’s Task
support for packet headers, the number of active users on a shared RF
channel can directly affect network throughput.
Define a Service Strategy
The service strategy determines whether the integrated modem is the
cause of a user’s problem and sets a policy for keeping the end user
operational during repair. The service strategy must consider all
potential service situations and evaluate them in light of the usage
model.
To ensure that a final product can be efficiently serviced, you must
design for service-ability early in the development process. At a
minimum, you must develop a functional service strategy that contains
a well-considered procedure for performing unit-level screening. The
test must primarily determine whether a fault lies with the modem or
with the product. The test must also screen for network problems and
human error.
Wavenet provides an evaluation board (a standalone test jig) and
various software test utilities. The evaluation board provides a
mounting platform and electrical interface to the modem. Testing is
performed much more efficiently while the modem is still integrated
within the host device or terminal, whether for a factory end-of-line test
or while at the user’s site.
For your product to allow integrated testing of the modem, you are
required to provide modem pass-through mode and utilise Wavenet
RSUSER software. See “End User Problem Resolution” on page 70.
Without pass-through, the modem must be mounted on the evaluation
board for diagnostics and troubleshooting. Pass-through mode also
allows for modem software upgrades.
A thoroughly developed OEM serviceability plan typically includes a
needs assessment for developing software utilities that can assist in
identifying communication problems between the host device and the
modem and between the modem and the RF network.
These utilities must be able to send commands to the modem, evaluate
the modem responses, perform network connectivity testing, and verify
data communication with the network.
The utilities can be developed using NCL. This link-layer protocol set
provides the capability to monitor and evaluate the modem’s operating
condition and all communications to and from the network host.
NCL 1.2 uses a command-response functional model. First, the
network host asks for modem status and status of network connectivity.
The modem then responds with its status and the state of network
connection management.
Such a software utility is essential for field service engineers and shop
technicians to diagnose problems with the product and to troubleshoot
a problem to a failed assembly or mismanaged communication link.
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Integrator’s Task ____________________________________________ Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide
Diagnostic Capabilities
To provide modem diagnostics, there are three LEDs on the modem
itself. When the unit is first powered up it goes through its own self test
and the status is reflected in the visual status of the LEDs.
Customer Problem Isolation
When application-visible problems are discovered in the field, you
must isolate the source of the problem. Is it the network, wireless
modem, or the host product that is not working as expected? Often it
can be a user’s misunderstanding of how to use the product.
Regardless, remote troubleshooting is essential to reducing the number
of returned products and lowering service costs, particularly if the host
must be disassembled for removal of the modem.
Wavenet recommends that your product application (both at the
terminal and host ends) incorporate sufficient problem diagnostic
software to determine the cause of the problem remotely. Often, the
best approach is to incorporate progressively deeper loop back tests to
determine the point at which the communication link fails.
As stated elsewhere, you need to make this remote diagnostic
functionality be part of your standard software load.
End User Support
You have two choices in dealing with an integrated modem that needs
to be swapped out and returned for service:
Decommission the modem and re-use the LLI
Replace the modem
If you decommission the modem Id (the LLI) from the defective unit
and transfer it to a replacement unit, the user and the network operator
are unaffected. This can only be done by an authorized Wavenet
service centre with the appropriate permissions and authority. If you
simply swap the defective unit with a replacement, the user must notify
the network operator.
Investigate and Obtain Regulatory Approval
Most countries where the final product will be sold currently require
approval from the local government regulatory body. It is your
responsibility to investigate and obtain the proper regulatory approval
and certification for each country in which the product is sold.
Regulatory issues are discussed in more detail in “Regulatory
Requirements” on page 23. In addition, see “Regulatory Compliance”
on page 69.
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Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide ____________________________________________ Integrator’s Task
Develop and Validate the Hardware
To develop and validate the hardware, perform the following steps:
Design the hardware platform
Consider power supply options
Select the source antenna
Set up a development test environment
Design the Hardware Platform
Integrating a wireless modem into a hardware design requires many
steps. Here again, the usage and message models are necessary to
calculate issues such as battery size, heat dissipation, isolation from
EMI, and physical mounting of the unit to ensure proper grounding.
Hardware design is your responsibility. Wavenet can provide
recommendations where applicable and may also assist with
verification of EMI-caused desense once the modem is integrated into
the host.
Consider Power Supply Options
Power supply requirements vary according to the usage and message
models. Beyond accounting for the current drain of the modem in its
various operating modes, consider ripple and noise on the power lines,
and the ability to supply sufficient instantaneous current to allow
proper operation of the transmitter. Also, ensure that the power supply
can accommodate the highest power consumption under transmit
conditions and that the voltage does not fall below the minimum levels
at the modem terminals. (Remember voltage drops can occur in the
interconnectivity wiring and this must be kept as short as possible.)
Together, these requirements define the type and size of power supply
to use with the modem. These issues are discussed in more detail in the
sections “Power Management” on page 45 and “Batteries” on page 51.
Important: Avoid use of switching power supplies. They can easily
cause RF noise that desenses the modem.
Select the Source Antenna
The ERP (Effective Radiated Power) generated by the antenna must
meet the requirements of the various network operators. Consider these
network requirements when you select an antenna system. See
“Connecting & Positioning the Antenna” on page 40.
Set Up a Development Test Environment
A number of development test aids are available to assist in hardware
and applications development. Wavenet can provide both the modem
hardware and an evaluation board. The evaluation board is a specially
developed circuit board with test points and jumper switches. The
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Integrator’s Task ____________________________________________ Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide
evaluation board allows for maximum flexibility in accessing and
controlling connections into and out of the modem. Wavenet also
provides various software utilities that can help in performing
development tests. See “Testing” on page 67.
Supplementing the test environment, the network operator sometimes
provides a live development network, one separate from the production
network on which you can develop and test your application.
Develop Supporting Applications Software
To develop supporting applications software, perform the following
steps:
Select a communications model
Develop end-to-end applications software
Select a Communications Model
Select a communications model. Most vertical market applications use
fleet host (SCR) connections to a single host, whereas horizontal
applications typically use a gateway to allow connection to the Internet
or other external networks. See “Air Interface Protocols” on page 27.
Develop End-to-End Applications Software
In addition to coding the product-specific features for your application,
you are urged to incorporate RF-specific reporting and monitoring
features, such as received signal strength (RSSI), channel quality, and
in-range/out-of-range conditions. Many applications track the number
of packets sent and received and the various events and status
indicators available from the modem. The Boomer II modem uses a
packetised serial interface (Native Control Language 1.2) to allow the
application to simultaneously monitor RF-related information and
application-specific data.
Test and Approve the Product
To test and approve the product, perform the following steps:
Perform EMI and desense testing
Set up a final test environment
Install and field test the product
Perform EMI and Desense Testing
Proper modem operation requires that you minimize EMI
(electromagnetic interference) radiated from your product’s platform.
Excess noise significantly reduces the wireless modem’s ability to
receive, making the network less likely to be heard.
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Wavenet provides a test facility for measuring host emissions and
subsequent modem desense of integrated host terminals. See “Desense
and EMI” on page 68. In addition, see “Desense” on page 73.
Set Up a Final Test Environment
To ensure proper assembly of the final product (antenna properly
connected, serial port operational, and so on), perform an end-to-end
test that proves the final product can receive and transmit at the
required signal levels. In locations where the final assembly test is
performed within network coverage area, this test is relatively simple.
But in locations where network coverage is not available, or for
products to be shipped to another country, it is necessary to test by
secondary means.
The final assembly test must verify that all connections to the modem
are made correctly. Testing on a network is not required. See “Final
Assembly” on page 70, and “End User Problem Resolution” on page
70.
Install and Field Test the Product
When the product is shipped to a site, it is installed or mounted in a
particular location, one that might restrict RF communications. The
service question is whether the behaviour of a dysfunctional product is
caused by poor coverage or a network service provider is down. To
guarantee that the modem is located in an area of good coverage and
that an end-to-end loop back message is possible, your product needs a
software application to perform the test.
Your most effective approach to field testing is to include an
installation test procedure as part of your standard software load. See
“Final Assembly” on page 70 and see “End User Problem Resolution”
on page 70.
Environmental Issues
The Boomer II OEM modem is designed for a combination of easy
serviceability and general ruggedness but are designed to be housed in
a host device or terminal. The modem is tested to conform to the
environmental levels (for example, industrial use specifications and PC
card standards) that meet the intended applications of most integrators.
If you need additional ruggedness and safety in your products, you
must engineer the environmental characteristics of your host product to
achieve a special safety rating.
General Precautions
Minimise handling of static sensitive modules and components.
Wear a grounded anti static wrist strap while handling static
sensitive components.
Do not bend or stress the modem in any way.
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Reinsert connectors straight and evenly to avoid causing short
and open circuits.
ESD Handling Precautions
The Boomer II OEM modem contains components sensitive to ESD
(electrostatic discharge). For example, people experience up to 35kV
ESD, typically while walking on a carpet in low humidity
environments. In the same manner, many electronic components can be
damaged by less than 1000 volts of ESD. Although the Boomer-II
modem has been designed with a high level of ESD protection you
should observe the following handling precautions when servicing host
devices or terminals:
Always wear a conductive wrist strap.
Eliminate static generators (plastics, Styrofoam, and so on) in
the work area.
Remove nylon or polyester jackets, roll up long sleeves, and
remove or tie back loose hanging neckties.
Store and transport all static sensitive components in ESD
protective containers.
Disconnect all power from the unit before ESD sensitive
components are removed or inserted, unless noted.
Use a static safeguarded workstation, which can be set up by
using an anti static kit. This kit typically includes a wrist strap,
two ground cords, a static control table mat, and a static control
floor mat.
When anti static facilities are unavailable use the following techniques
to minimize the chance of damaging the equipment:
Let the static sensitive component rest on a conductive surface
when you are not holding it.
When setting down or picking up the static sensitive
component, make skin contact with a conductive work surface
first and maintain this contact while handling the component.
If possible, maintain relative humidity of 70-75% in
development labs and service shops.
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Regulatory Requirements
You are required to obtain regulatory approval of products that
integrate the Boomer II OEM wireless modem into a host device or
terminal. The specific details for achieving regulatory approval vary
from country to country.
Worldwide, government regulatory agencies for communications have
established standards and requirements for products that incorporate
fixed, mobile, and portable radio transmitters. The Boomer-II OEM
modem is certified in specific regional markets to levels of compliance
appropriate for an integrated device.
Modem Only Certification
The non-integrated modem meets the regulatory requirements for the
countries listed below (but related certification does not necessarily
exist):
Country Regulation
Agency
Australia Australian
Communications
Authority (ACA)
Canada Industry Canada
(IC)
United States Federal
Communications
Commission (FCC)
Modem
Model
Boomer-II FCC compliance is
Boomer-II RSS119 – Radio
Boomer-II FCC CFR Title 47,
Related
Requirements
accepted
Performance
Part 15 Conducted
and Emitted
Radiation Class B
FCC Part 90 – Radio
Performance
Approval
Number
In process
In process
In process
Full Product Certification
As the integrator, you must determine what additional specific
regulatory requirements are required for the country in which your
product is sold. This means, your product must be individually
certified, even though the Boomer II OEM Modem Module may
already be approved. The certification process includes submittal of
prototype products and acceptable test results.
Integrators can use Boomer II OEM Modem Module certifications to
facilitate this integrated-product approval process. Upon request,
Wavenet can send copies of the certifications and related information.
Be prepared for the certification process for your product to take from a
few weeks to several months. Its duration can be affected by safety
requirements, the type of product, and the country in which you are
seeking approval.
Country Requirements
The country requirements given below are provided as a general guide
to the certification processes in the regions and countries given. You
are strongly encouraged to use the services of a consultant or a full-
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service test house if you have limited expertise in meeting the
regulatory requirements of a specific country.
All certification tests must be made by a qualified laboratory to ensure
that the equipment complies with the applicable technical standards.
United States of America
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires application
for certification of digital devices in accordance with CFR Title 47,
Part 2 and Part 15. A Wavenet Boomer-II OEM Modem Module is part
of a complete system and certain testing is necessary for the integrated
product.
FCC Part 15, Class A/B certification must be performed with the
maximum configuration use and include all peripherals of the
integrated product. The application for certification must refer to the
approval data on file for the particular Boomer-II Modem Module, as
shown in the following example. Include the following language in
user documentation inserting the name of the integrated product in
place of xxx below:
“The Wavenet Boomer-II OEM modem module is a
subassembly of xxx and has FCC Identifier PQS-BM28001”
(or PQS-BM29001 as appropriate)
FCC Part 2 certification requires all integrated products to have
routine environmental evaluation for radio-frequency (RF) exposure
prior to equipment authorization or use in accordance with FCC rules
2.1091 and 2.1093 and FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radio
Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, OET Bulletin 65 and its
Supplement C.
For “portable devices”, defined in accordance with FCC rules as
transmitting devices designed to be used within 20 cm of the user body
under normal operating conditions, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
testing must be performed. An exposure limit of 1.6 W/kg will apply
to most OEM integrated applications.
For “mobile or fixed devices”, defined as transmitting devices
designed to be generally used such that a separation distance of at least
20 cm is maintained between the body of the user and the transmitting
radiated structure, Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) limits may
be used with field strength or power density limit of 0.54 mW/cm2 (at
806 MHz).
Wavenet submitted module specific information and test reports for
generic MPE compliance. The antennae used for FCC certification
were:
For the 800 MHz modem: Radiall/Larsen - Whip Standard
¼ wave SPWH20832 (maximum average gain 1dBi)
For the 900 MHz modem: Radiall/Larsen - Whip Standard
¼ wave SPWH20918 (maximum average gain 1dBi)
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If the Boomer-II OEM Modem Module is used in a mobile or fixed
application and if the integrator uses one of the above antennae with an
antenna lead length no shorter than 150mm, the MPE limits will not be
exceeded. In this case, the following clause should be included in the
installation and user documentation:
"To satisfy FCC RF exposure requirements a separation
distance of 20 cm or more should be maintained between the
antenna of this device and persons during device operation. To
ensure compliance, operations at closer than this distance is not
recommended."
If a different antenna is used to that which was tested by Wavenet for
FCC approval, then the integrated product must be re-tested as a
complete unit and submitted with its own FCC ID.
It is mandatory for portable integrated products such as handheld and
body-worn devices to comply with FCC guidelines for Specific
Absorption Rate (SAR) requirements. Refer to OET Bulletin 65 and
Supplement C (June 2002). The submission should include end product
information, end product SAR/MPE test report, and a reference to the
Wavenet Boomer-II OEM Modem Module FCC ID for all other
Part 90 requirements.
It is a requirement for integrated product certification that you provide
the following statement in user documentation:
“Regulatory Notice of Compliance
This equipment has been tested and found to comply within the
limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the
FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation.
This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency
energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the
instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications. However, there is no guarantee that
interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this
equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or
television reception, which can be determined by turning the
equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct
the interference by one or more of the following measures:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and
receiver.
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit
different from that to which the receiver is connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV
technician for help.”
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Labelling
The FCC requires the integrated product to be labelled as shown here:
“This product contains a type-accepted transmitter approved
under FCC ID: PQS-BM2xxxxx.”
Refer to FCC CFR 47, Part 2, Subpart J for information on obtaining
an FCC grantee code, FCC identifier requirements, label requirements,
and other equipment authorisation procedures.
The FCC does not permit use of an FCC identifier until a Grant of
Equipment Authorisation is issued. If you display a device at a trade
show before the FCC has issued a grant, the following statement must
be prominently displayed:
“This device has not been approved by the Federal
Communications Commission. This device is not, and may not
be, offered for sale or lease, sold or leased until the approval of
the FCC has been obtained.”
Canada
Industry Canada (IC), formerly the Department of Communications,
requires certification for all radio transceivers as either type-approved
or technically accepted.
If you do not make any physical or electrical changes to the Boomer II
OEM modem and you add an antenna externally to your host product,
you are not required to make a formal application to Industry Canada,
because Boomer II OEM modems continue to be covered under the
original Radio Equipment Certificate of Type Approval.
Most of the tests required for FCC applications can be used for
Industry Canada applications. IC requires additional tests, which
distinguishes their certification process as unique.
The Radio Standards Procedure RSP-100 describes the procedure for
obtaining certification of radio equipment and labelling requirements.
These documents are available upon request from Industry Canada in
Ottawa.
Labelling
IC requires OEM products to be labelled as
109 BXXXX
Where XXXX represents the number supplied to the OEM by IC.
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Air Interface Protocols
Data exchange protocols transport data between the host device or
terminal and the network. Within the radio portion of the network,
between the device and the base station, specialized RF protocols (RDLAP or MDC4800) carry the data. These radio protocols are typically
transparent to wireless applications.
The modem communicates over radio frequency channels using the
RD-LAP 9.6, RD-LAP 19.2, or MDC 4800 protocols and an internal
800, or 900MHz radio to operate over 12.5 or 25kHz RF channels. The
network-specific configuration is constant for all like devices on the
network and includes the channel list and the system ID.
The modem has dual protocol capability on DataTAC 4000 systems in
the United States and Canada. The modem’s RF protocol is based on
the attributes specified by the configured channel list, and dynamic
channel information from the network.
On DataTAC 5000 systems, only the RD-LAP protocol is supported.
The modem performs auto-roaming (that is, auto-scanning, channel
selection, and registration on a new channel). Battery-save operation
(Power Save protocol) is supported within most DataTAC networks.
RD-LAP Network Operation
The RD-LAP 9.6 and 19.2 protocols are used by DataTAC 4000 and
5000 networks. The modem supports both continuously keyed,
multiple channel (MFR) and intermittently keyed, SFR (single
frequency reuse) network configurations, depending on the network
type. The RD-LAP protocol specifications provide the reference RF
protocol link-access procedures supported by the wireless modem.
While on the network, the modem performs auto-roaming and batterysave (Power Save protocol) functions.
Note: On Motient and Bell Mobility networks the modem operates in
either MDC 4800 mode or RD-LAP 19.2 mode, as provided by local
coverage.
MDC 4800 Network Operation
The MDC 4800 protocol is available exclusively on Motient (United
States) and Bell Mobility (Canada) networks. The modem supports
intermittently keyed, SFR network operation.
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Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide _________________________________________________Installation
Installing the Modem
This section will help you to successfully integrate the Boomer II OEM
Modem into your custom application.
When integrating a wireless modem, internal connections and
placements are critical to a successful implementation. Specific
attention must be paid to the following support mechanisms:
Mechanical mounting
Serial interface and control
Antenna
DC power
Software
Desense control (see page 73 for further information)
The OEM wireless modem is well suited for mobile or fixed
applications. Ruggedised and capable of operating in extreme
environments, the modem can provide communications for a wide
variety of products.
Handheld Portable Terminal Use
Without question, handheld designs produce the most hostile
environment for an integrated modem. A handheld device, such as a
portable terminal, is typically battery powered, subjected to
temperature extremes, and designed to be physically robust.
When designing portable devices, you must consider the following
issues:
DC power noise levels on the host interface
Minimum operating voltage levels
Shutdown procedures
Device internal ambient temperature
Antenna gain and proximity to user
Repair and reprogramming facilities (pass-through mode of
operation)
Mechanical design for drop, vibration, dust, salt, and liquid spill
Note: Regarding the mechanical design, the Boomer II OEM modem is
designed assuming that the host device controls these conditions.
Fixed Mount Usage
Fixed-mount usage eliminates most of the mechanical constraints of
handheld designs, although the requirements still apply. Fixed-mount
units are sometimes AC-line powered and require filtering to eliminate
the 50Hz or 60Hz noise that can impair modem operation, depending
upon country of use.
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t
Other considerations include mobile usage, which typically implies
vehicular applications. Some of the design implications of mobile
usage include:
Resets
The design must attempt to eliminate modem resets caused by supply
voltage drops while the vehicle is starting. This is very disruptive to the
network link.
Supply Levels and Noise
Special care is required to ensure the modem is not subjected to DC
voltages exceeding specifications. This could create costly damage to
the RF section of the modem. Adhere to the power supply noise
specifications in your design.
Noise
Vehicular installations can be noisy.
Antenna
The antenna must be mounted like any other cellular or land mobile
radio antenna. Usually the vehicle roof provides a good ground plane
unless it is fabricated of non-metallic material such as fibreglass.
Mounting the Boomer II OEM Modem to Your Device
Before using your modem you must:
Mount the Boomer II OEM Modem to your device
Connect the Data Interface Port
Connect and position the antenna
Supply power
A picture of the Boomer II OEM Modem is shown below.
RF Connector
LED
Window
Data Interface Por
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Proper mounting of the modem requires securely fastening it within the
product housing. The mating surface should be flat and ensure a rigid
mounting for the modem to minimise the transmission of vibration to
the unit. There should be an adequate supply of airflow to ensure the
modem’s temperature limits are not exceeded.
To ensure ease of access for installation and troubleshooting, locate the
modem within the product in such a way that serial I/O and antenna
connections are readily accessible. Quick access to the modem allows
it to be efficiently removed, probed, and functionally tested.
The Boomer II OEM Modem has an M2 Mounting Bolt hole in each
corner, which should be used to bolt the modem onto an appropriate
surface. The hole pattern is four holes in a 60mm X 46mm X 42mm
trapezoid, with each hole to suit an M2 (2.0mm) bolt. Refer to the
following diagram.
52
70
Top View
9
Side View
Connecting the Data Interface Port
There are two connectors to interface the Boomer II OEM Modem with
your device.
Hole diameter:
4 x 2.30mm
Fixing screw
size: M2
46.0 CTRS
42.0 CTRS
Mounting Details
RF Connector (described in the next section), and
Data Interface Port
The data interface port is used to interface the modem to a serial
computing device and a power supply. The power supply requirements
are described in the next section.
A flat 30-way Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC) cable (approx 0.3 mm
thick with 0.5 mm centreline spacing) is used between the Boomer II
OEM Modem’s data interface port and the host device or terminal. The
connector specification is given below.
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The modem utilises connector part number 803-30-T-U from A-Point,
however, connector equivalents such as F006-52893 from Molex as
shown below, may also be used in the host device or terminal.
20.4mm
Molex FPC Connector F006-52893
Pin 1 of the connector is adjacent to the LED window and its location
is shown below.
Pin 1
Data Interface Connector and Pin Numbering
The pin assignment of the Data Interface Connectors is shown in the
following table.
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Data Interface Pin Descriptions
Pin Signal Description Signal Reset State
1 DCD Data Carrier Detect Output High Impedance
2 RXD Receive Data Output High Impedance
3 TXD Transmit Data Input 100k pull up to 3.3V
4 DTR Data transmit ready Input 100k pull up to 3.3V
5 GND Ground Ground
6 DSR Data Set Ready Output High Impedance
7 RTS Request to Send Input 100k pull up to 3.3V
8 CTS Clear to Send Output High Impedance
9 RI Ring Indicator Output High Impedance
10 HCRESET Modem Reset Input 40-80k pull up to 3.3V
11 TEST PIN Not connected
12 HOSTPWR_ON Modem Power on/off Input 100k pull up to 3.3V
13 LED0_MSGWTG Message Waiting Output High Impedance
14 LED1_INRANGE In Range Output High Impedance
15 LED2_LOWBAT Low Battery Output High Impedance
16 SS0/RXD2 Status Signal 0
17 SS1/TXD2 Status Signal 1
18 SS2 Status Signal 2
19 SS3 Status Signal 3
20 HOST 3.8V Supply Voltage Supply 3.4 – 4.2V
21 HOST3.8V Supply Voltage Supply 3.4 – 4.2V
22 HOST 3.8V Supply Voltage Supply 3.4 – 4.2V
23 HOST3.8V Supply Voltage Supply 3.4 – 4.2V
24 TEST-PIN Not connected
25 HOST GND Ground Ground
26 HOST GND Ground Ground
27 HOST GND Ground Ground
28 HOST GND Ground Ground
29 TEST-PIN Not connected
30 TEST-PIN Not connected
Bidirectional
Bidirectional
Bidirectional
Bidirectional
100k pull up to 3.3V
100k pull up to 3.3V
100k pull up to 3.3V
100k pull up to 3.3V
A description of the above pins follows.
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Modem On/Off Control
The modem on/off input line (HOSTPWR_ON) is an active high input
signal and is fitted with a 33Ω series resistor and clamp diode to the
internal supply line for input protection. Internally it is passively pulled
low (after the series resistor) via a 56kΩ pull-down resistor to ground
and is asserted with an actively driven high signal. To turn the modem
off it must be actively pulled low to ground. The electrical interface
specification and equivalent circuit is as follows:
Modem On/Off Control Equivalent Circuit
Modem On/Off Control Electrical Characteristics
Parameter Range Low High
Input Voltage 0-3.3 V
Input Current 400 µA (max) 100 µA (max)
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0-5V 0.4 V (max) 1.0 V (min)
OR
Boomer II User Manual & Integrator’s Guide _________________________________________________Installation
It is acceptable to drive this input with a NPN transistor or N-channel
MOSFET connected to ground with a 4k7Ω pull-up resistor to 3.3V
Warning: When the modem is turned off using the HOSTPWR_ON
signal, all other signals connected to the Data Interface Connector
should also be turned off or set to 0V otherwise the modem may remain
powered on via these signals.
Modem Reset Input
The reset input line (HCRESET) is an active low input signal (TTL
compatible) and is fitted with a 6.8kΩ series resistor and clamp diode
to the internal supply line for input protection. Internally it is passively
pulled high (after the series resistor) to the supply rail (3.3V) and is
asserted with an actively driven low signal to ground. The electrical
interface specification and equivalent circuit is as follows:
Reset Input Equivalent Circuit
Reset Electrical Characteristics
Parameter Range Low High
Input Voltage 0-3.3 V
Input Current 200 µA (max) 200 µA (max)
Pulse width 5mS (min)
0-5V 0.5 V (max) 2.0 V (min)
OR
Serial Communications Interface
The modem communicates with the controller using the Data Interface
Port connection interface. The asynchronous serial interface on the
Boomer II OEM Modem operates at 3.3V and can be controlled by a
wide variety of micro controllers and microprocessors. The modem can
be connected directly to a micro controller or through a universal
asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) to a microprocessor data
bus.
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If the modem is to be connected directly to a PC or other RS232
device, an interface must be provided to convert the signal voltage to
the higher values required by an RS232 device.
The protocol supported over this link is the Native Control Language
(NCL). The data format for NCL is: 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit.
The serial interface lines (RXD, TXD, DCD, DTR, DSR, RTS, CTS,
RI) are TTL compatible. They are fitted with a 33Ω series resistor and
clamp diode to the internal supply line for protection. The electrical
interface capability, equivalent circuit and operation of these lines is
summarized in the tables below:
Serial Communications Equivalent Circuit
Serial Communications Electrical Characteristics
Parameter Range Low High
Input Voltage 0-3.3 V
Output Voltage 0 – 3.3 V 0.5 V (max) 2.3 V (min)
Input Current 100 µA (max) 100 µA (max)
Output Current 3.2 mA (max) 1.6 mA (min)
0-5V 0.8 V (max) 2.5 V (min)
OR
Note: DCD and INRANGE outputs share the same output line from the
micro-processor , and therefore the combined current consumption of
that line must not exceed 2mA.
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Serial Communications Interface Definitions
J1
Pin #
Signal Description Signal Active State
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
Data Carrier Detect Output Low when modem in-range
DCD
Receive Data Output Low when active
RXD
Transmit Data Input Low when active
TXD
Data transmit ready Input Low when ready
DTR
Data set ready Output Low when ready
DSR
Request to send
RTS
Clear to send
CTS
Ring indicator
RI
Input High when host requires data
throttling
Output High when modem requires
data throttling
Output Pulses Low when messages
are waiting
Status Input / Output lines
Note: Not currently supported but may be added in future releases.
The status lines (SS0 to SS3) may be software configured for bidirectional operation. Each line has a 100kΩ pull-up resistor, 33Ω
series resistor and clamp diode to the internal supply line for
protection. The electrical interface capability, equivalent circuit and
operation of these lines is summarized in the tables below:
Status Input/Output Equivalent Circuit
Status Input/Output Electrical Characteristics
Parameter Range Low High
Input Voltage 0-3.3 V
Output Voltage 0 – 3.3 V 0.5 V (max) 2.3 V (min)
Input Current 100 µA (max) 100 µA (max)
Output Current 3.2 mA (max) 1.6 mA (min)
0-5V 0.8 V (max) 2.5 V (min)
OR
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Status Input/Output Interface Definitions
J1
Pin #
Signal Description Signal Active State
16 SS0 Status Signal 0 Input/ Output User configurable (future option)
17 SS1 Status Signal 1 Input/ Output User configurable (future option)
18 SS2 Status Signal 2 Input/ Output User configurable (future option)
19 SS3 Status Signal 3 Input/ Output User configurable (future option)
LED Indicators
The modem provides three on-board indicators (LEDs), for diagnostic
monitoring purposes as well as three modem controllable LED outputs
through the Data Interface Connector.
On-Board LED Indicators
The on-board LEDs are visible through a small window in the case of
the modem and are defined as below.
On-Board LED Indicator Definitions
LED Indicator Colour
P
Green Power off
OWER
T
RANSMIT DATA
R
ECEIVE DATA
Red No activity N/a Data Transmitted
Green No activity N/a Data Received
Off On Flashing
Operating Mode
Power normal and
locked on channel
Power normal and
scanning channels
Note: The LEDs may be disabled to minimise power consumption.
Refer to Appendix A – Wavenet Specific NCL Extensions. All LEDs will
flash on start-up and the Receive and Transmit LEDs will flash on
power down regardless of the state of the LED disable control.
Transmit
Power
Receive
Position of On-Board LED Indicators
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LED Output Lines
In addition to the on-board LEDs there are three signal lines (Low
Battery, Message Waiting, In-range), which are controllable by the
modem for connection to an external LED. Each line has a 33Ω series
resistor and clamp diode to the internal supply line for protection. It is
recommended a series resistor be used with the external LED to limit
current accordingly. The electrical interface capability, equivalent
circuit and operation of these lines is summarized in the tables below:
LED Output Lines Equivalent Circuit
LED Interface Electrical Characteristics
Parameter Range Low High
Output Voltage 0 – 3.3 V 0.5 V (max) 2.3 V (min)
Output Current 3.2 mA (max) 1.6 mA (min)
Note: DCD and INRANGE outputs share the same output line from the
microprocessor and therefore the combined current consumption of
that line must not exceed 2mA.
LED Interface Definitions
J1
Pin #
13
14
15
Signal Description Signal Active State
Message
LED0_MSGWTG
LED1_INRANGE
LED2_LOWBAT
waiting
In range Output Low when modem in-range
Low battery Output
Output Low when message waiting
Low when battery is less than
3.5V,
High when battery is greater
than 3.6V
Low Battery
The Low Battery signal is held active low whenever the supply voltage
drops below an acceptable level (less than 3.5V) and deactivated when
the voltage level becomes acceptable again (greater than 3.6V). The
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transitions will occur at the same time as the low battery event occurs
(or would occur if the event was activated). Note that in the case of a
very fast transition between voltages, it may take up to 20 seconds for
the modem to confirm a change in battery status.
Message Waiting
The Message waiting signal is held active low whenever there is at
least one complete message waiting in the outbound buffers (including
the reread buffer).
In-Range
The In Range signal is held active low whenever the modem is in
range. It tracks the function of the Data Carrier Detect (DCD) signal.
Selecting & Positioning the Antenna
Use this information to assist you in selecting the appropriate antenna
to incorporate into your product package. For specific detailed
information, Wavenet recommends that you use the expertise of an
antenna design engineer to solve individual application concerns.
Antenna Safety
The design of the integrated product must be such that the location
used and other particulars of the antenna comply with the appropriate
standards of the country in which the host device or terminal is to be
used.
The integrator should refer to the statement of Compliance on page 12
of this manual and Regulatory Requirements section on pages 23-27
for country requirements.
Mobile and Portable Devices
In the environment where portable devices are in use, many variables
exist that can affect the transmission path. In this case, it would be
preferable to use a vertically polarized, omni directional antenna.
Antennas for portable devices include the following designs:
Internal antenna (invisible or pull-up)
An internal antenna must provide a gain sufficient to meet network
specifications. Cable routing from the modem to the antenna needs to
avoid RF sensitive circuits and high level, high-speed clock circuits.
Consider:
The location of the antenna to avoid RFI to a computing device.
Good shielding to the display and other RF-sensitive
components
The most efficient method of cable routing
Otherwise, antenna gain can be offset by cable loss. A typical coaxial
cable is very thin, such as RG178B used in portable devices, and cable
loss can be 1dB or more per metre. Some coaxial cable manufacturers
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market relatively thin double braid coaxial cables. These cables show
much better isolation than single braid cables, typically by 30 to 40dB.
These double braid cables reduce radiation and RF pick-up when
routed inside a portable device.
External antenna, removable and directly connected to the device
You can design a portable device that can use an off-the-shelf, plug-in
antenna, such as a ¼ wave monopole or ½ wave dipole antenna.
Typical gain of these omni directional antennas is 0dBi and 2.14dBi,
respectively.
Cabling demands the same consideration as an internal antenna
application. In a typical laptop application, the antenna must be placed
as far as possible from a display to avoid deflection. This usually
causes a deep null in radiation patterns.
External, remote antenna
For remote antenna application use the same design approach as
internal designs, including the RF cable routing of the external
connector. You can choose an off-the-shelf mobile antenna of omni
directional ½ wave length.
A double braid coaxial cable such as RG223 from the device to the
antenna is recommended if the cable length is more than a metre. The
difference in cable loss between low cost RG58 and the more
expensive RG223 is approximately 4.5dB per 30 metres. If the cable
must be routed through noisy EMI/RFI environments, a double braid
cable such as RG223 can reduce radiation and pick-up by 30 to 40dB.
Fixed Devices
Fixed data device applications use the same design recommendations
as a portable device with a remote antenna.
As for the RF connector of an external antenna, whether it is a plug-in
type or a remote type, the most economical and practical choice is a
TNC threaded connector. TNC has a good frequency response to
7GHz, and leakage is low. A mini UHF threaded connector provides
adequate performance and is an economical choice. If the size of the
TNC and mini UHF connectors becomes critical, consider an SMA
threaded connector or an SMB snap fit connector. (The SMB connector
does not accept an RG58 or RG223 cable).
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Selecting an Antenna
The requirements for the antenna used with the Boomer II OEM
Modem are:
Antenna Gain: 1 dBi (isotropic) maximum average gain
if module FCC approvals are to be used
without separate equipment approval for
the host product.
Impedance: 50Ω
Centre Frequency: 833MHz ± 5MHz (for 800MHz modem)
921MHz ± 3MHz (for 900MHz modem)
Frequencies of operation: 806 to 825MHz (for 800MHz transmit)
851 to 870MHz (for 800MHz receive)
896 to 902MHz (for 900MHz transmit)
935 to 941MHz (for 900MHz receive)
Acceptable return loss: VSWR < 1.5 or RL < -14dB (recommended)
VSWR < 2.0 or RL < -10dB (minimum)
The power output of the Boomer II OEM Modem is nominally 1.8W at
the antenna port. The antenna gain or loss will affect this value.
Connecting the Antenna
The Boomer II OEM Modem Module provides an MMCX RF
connector located at the top of the unit, to attach to the antenna cable.
The antenna does not plug directly into the modem but uses an antenna
cable to interface between the device and the modem.
The antenna cable should be a low loss, 50Ω impedance and have a
MMCX plug that can mate with the modem’s MMCX socket
(82MMCX-S50-0-2). It is recommended that a Huber+Suhner
connector be used to connect to the modem as below:
11 MMCX Straight Connector
16 MMCX Right Angle Connector
If an extension cable is required to the antenna, it should be low loss, as
short as possible and an impedance of 50 ohms. Proper matching
connectors should be used, as each connector introduces a return loss
and reduces performance.
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Positioning the Antenna
Positioning the antenna will affect the gain provided by the antenna.
The antenna should be orientated so that it provides vertical
polarisation as the DataTAC network is based on vertically polarised
radio-frequency transmission.
The antenna should be located as far from the active electronics of the
computing device as possible. Typically, a metal case of a computing
device and its internal components may attenuate the signal in certain
directions. This is undesirable as the sensitivity and transmit
performance of the Boomer II would be reduced. However, careful use
of metal used for the ground plane for an antenna can improve the
antenna gain and the coverage area for the system.
If your device is designed to sit on a surface, the antenna should be
positioned as far from the bottom of the device as possible. This is to
reduce the radio frequency reflections if the device is placed on a metal
surface.
If your device is hand held or is worn next to the body, the antenna
should be positioned to radiate away from the body.
The integrator should refer to the statement of Compliance on page 12
of this manual and Regulatory Requirements section on pages 23-27
for country requirements.
Source Based Time Averaging Function
For portable or handheld applications the integrated terminal or host
must comply with OET Bulletin 65 and Supplement C (June 2002)
with respect to Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) requirements.
The Boomer-II modem module operates on a packet data network
which sets the timing of most aspects of the RF signalling protocol.
The shortest transmit event over which the Boomer-II modem has
control is a transmit transaction which is comprised of a series of
transmit pulses.
For portable or handheld applications a source based time averaging
function has been incorporated in the Boomer-II modem firmware.
This function limits the transmit duty cycle by controlling the timing of
when transmit transactions are initiated and the delay period between
them.
When a data transmission occurs, the actual transmit time is recorded.
Subsequent data transmissions are inhibited until a delay period (idle
time) has elapsed to ensure the average duty cycle of transmissions is
less than the preset “Duty Cycle” limit. Any delayed user data that is to
be transmitted will be buffered until it is permitted to be sent.
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The algorithm for the Source Based Time Averaging transmit control
and the relevant parameters are given below:
Idle_Time = Duty_Factor * Transmit_Duration
Duty Factor = (100 – Duty_Cycle%) / Duty_Cycle%
Duty_Cycle% = Preset limit for SAR compliance
Any data to
transmit?
No
Wait for data
Decrement
Idle_Time
No
Yes
Has the transmit
Idle_Time expired?
Yes
Transmit data
Determine actual
Transmit_Duration
Set Idle_Time =
Duty_Factor *
Transmit_Duration
Buffer data
Decrement
Idle_Time
Source Based Time Averaging Transmit Algorithm
The Boomer-II modem module has an overall transmit Duty Cycle
limitation of 30% (maximum) to physically protect the modem
hardware.
The default Duty Cycle preset in the factory at the time of manufacture
is 10%. Other duty factors and SAR evaluation must be addressed at
the time of OEM integration into any final host product and is the
responsibility of the OEM Integrator.
The algorithm and preset Duty Cycle is recorded in the module
firmware at the time of manufacture and cannot be altered by the end
user.
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Supplying Power
The Boomer II OEM Modem must be provided with a clean power
source capable of delivering bursts of high current.
The modem draws its power in bursts. The power required changes
rapidly depending on whether the modem is transmitting, receiving or
on standby.
Ratings
The power supply requirements are:
Voltage: 3.8V (3.4 to 4.2V range)
Transmit Current: 1.6A maximum
(2.2A maximum if antenna mismatched)
Transmit Duration: 32ms (minimum)
7s (maximum)
Duty Cycle 30% (maximum) data dependant
Receive Current 85 mA (maximum)
Standby Current 4.6 mA (maximum)
Add ~1.2mA if LED’s enabled
Off current consumption: 100 µA (nominal)
Power Supply Ripple: < 15mV peak to peak
Management
The power supply is one of the key issues of design of wireless
terminals.
Due to the burst nature of transmit periods the power supply must be
able to deliver high current peaks for short periods of 32ms to a
maximum of 7 seconds (RD-LAP 9600 bps) or for 20 seconds (MDC
4800 bps). During this time the drop in the supply at the module itself
must not exceed 200mV (total at the module), such that at no time
module shall module supply drop below 3.4V and ripple must not
exceed 15mVp-p during transmit.
The maximum transmit current into a matched antenna is 1.6A,
however, this can increase if antenna mismatch occurs.
Wavenet recommends designing a robust power supply that can
provide adequate power under non-ideal conditions such as an
improperly matched antenna, where current can be up to 2.2A.
It is recommended that for ensuring power supply margin the following
be done:
A short FPC cable (e.g < 100mm) is used to minimise power
supply voltage drop during transmission.
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The power supply should be set above nominal 3.8V to
accommodate worst case power supply drop. i.e. 4.0V.
The power supply should have good regulation with < 200mV
drop at 2.2A.
Adequate supply decoupling (10,000uF min.) is added at
terminal connector to reduce ripple and smooth supply voltage
steps.
The power supply be capable of supplying non-ideal current
consumption conditions of up to 2.2A for up to 20 seconds and
with a duty cycle (set by data usage) ~ 30% maximum.
Multiple pins are assigned to both power and ground
connections for the modem. Connection of all designated pins
to the appropriate supply or ground in the host is necessary to
accommodate modem current requirements.
The host device or terminal must provide a continuous supply.
The modem is fully compliant with the DataTAC Power Save
Management system. The modem exists in the lowest power state
possible while still providing uninterrupted service. By de-asserting
the HOSTPWR_ON signal, the modem disconnects from the
network then enters a near-zero power state. The modem resets if
the power source is cycled. This can cause network service issues,
since the modem might not have had a chance to de-register. The
modem spends the majority of time in sleep mode.
Conservation
In installations requiring power conservation (such as, when the
modem is powered from a battery or solar cell), you must monitor
modem power consumption in various operating states. Even though
the Boomer II OEM modems are designed for minimal power
consumption, by using the network Power Save protocol offered by
DataTAC networks you can further reduce power consumption.
Another power saving idea is to activate the modem only when it is
needed.
Note: The on-board LEDs may be disabled to minimise power
consumption. Refer to Appendix A – Wavenet Specific NCL
Extensions. All LEDs will flash on start-up and the Receive and
Transmit LEDs will flash on power down regardless of the state of the
LED disable control.
Power Save Protocol
The modem typically uses current provided by the host battery. For the
product to be usable for a reasonable period in portable applications,
the host battery power must be conserved. To meet this requirement,
the modem uses DataTAC Power Save protocol.
The Power Save Protocol defines the following four modem power
consumption states:
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Off The modem is turned off or the host (battery) has failed.
Sleep The processor is sleeping and wakes up to an interrupt,
but the RF section is off.
Receive The processor is actively processing information; the RF
sections are on and demodulating data.
Transmit The processor is actively processing information; the RF
sections are on and transmitting data.
Power Profile
The modem’s power consumption profile depends on the usage and the
network configuration of the Power Save protocol.
For example, the following numbers present a typical profile for the
Boomer II modem based on reasonably heavy usage and assuming a
3.8V supply current: (Power Save Mode = Maximum)
80 % Sleep @ 4.4 mA typical
19.9 % Receive @ 76 mA typical
0.1% Transmit @ 1.6A typical
The actual percentage of total time spent in each state (transmit,
receive, sleep) is a function of the following variables.
Network configuration
On networks supporting Power Save operation, the network
configuration impacts how long the modem must be in the sleep state.
Note: Neither Wavenet nor any developer has any direct
control over the network configuration. Networks supporting
Power Save are typically configured to preserve the battery life
of modems of their subscriber base.
Message traffic model
The message traffic model defines how many messages are transmitted
and received, and the average length of the messages sent and received
in a given working day. For instance, a dispatch application could have
a message traffic model as follows:
Messages transmitted in 8 hour day: 25
Average length of transmission: 120 bytes
Messages received in 8 hour day: 10
Average length of received message: 30 bytes
This analysis of message traffic allows the power consumption profile
to be assessed in terms of percentage of time spent transmitting,
receiving, and sleeping. (For more information, see Develop a Message
Model on page 16.)
Usage of group LLIs
Some applications require the use of group LLIs, such as a stock
quotation broadcast service. Each active group LLI (in addition to the
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modem's factory loaded individual LLI) increases the percentage of
time the modem stays in the receive state, thereby increasing its overall
current consumption.
Roaming Time
The amount of time the modem spends scanning a channel or roaming
to a new channel will affect the current consumption. The current
consumption is dependant on the Network type (Private or Public) and
the System type (MFR or SFR).
Power Control
The terminal host provides the supply rail (HOST 3.8V) to the modem
through the Data Interface Connector.
The terminal host turns the modem ON by asserting the
HOSTPWR_ON signal.
The terminal host may request the modem to turn OFF by de-asserting
the HOSTPWR _ON or by sending a specific NCL command across
the serial interface. For the modem to turn OFF after an NCL request
the HOSTPWR_ON signal must be de-asserted.
ESD protection is provided on all power supply lines and on each I/O
line.
Power-Up Sequence
Reference should be made to the Power-UP Timing Diagram below
when reading the following Power-UP Sequence description.
To turn the modem ON, power must be applied (HOST 3.8V) and the
terminal host asserts the HOSTPWR_ON signal.
The modem contains an internal voltage detector and reset delay circuit
to generate a reset signal for the CPU to ensure orderly and reliable
software initialisation.
An externally controllable reset signal (HCRESET) is optionally
available if the terminal host wants reset synchronisation or to force a
modem reset while power is still applied.
If the HCRESET signal is used, once it is de-asserted the modem CPU
will be able to initialise.
Once out of reset the first operation is the boot-up of the modem CPU.
At this time CTS is momentarily asserted, then de-asserted. After a
successful boot up, the CPU starts the modem initialisation sequence.
After the initialisation sequence, the Native Mode interface and the
serial interface are active.
Following successful initialisation, the modem asserts DSR and
performs the initialisation protocols for both the NCL DTE interface
and the RF network. After successfully initialising the NCL DTE
interface, the modem asserts CTS. After the network ACK of the
registration sequence, DCD is asserted.
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p
Power-Up Timing Diagram
HOST 3.8V
HOSTPWR_ON
1
Modem Internal Power
HCRESET (Optional)
Modem Internal Reset
CTS
Optional Delay
2
3
Optional
Delay
140 ~ 280 ms
Reset Delay
4
Boot Stage
~ 300 ms
Initialisation
5
Modem is now
software controlled
DSR
Modem is now
erational
O
DCD
Network Connect
LED’s
IN RANGE
Note: HCRESET, CTS, DSR, DCD, the LEDs and the internal modem reset are all
active low signals.
Power Up Diagram Callouts
1 Power is supplied to the modem
2 The HOSTPWR_ON signal is asserted to turn on the modem.
3 The HCRESET signal is de-asserted.
4 The internal modem reset is released to allow the modem boot up
sequence.
5 The modem exits the boot load state, is operational and is ready to
communicate with the DTE.
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2
3
4
Power Down Sequence
The terminal host may request the modem to turn OFF by de-asserting
the HOSTPWR _ON or by sending a specific NCL command across
the serial interface. For the modem to turn OFF after an NCL request
the HOSTPWR_ON signal must be de-asserted.
Warning: The power supply rail must be maintained during a power
down sequence or else memory may be corrupted.
The soft shutdown process starts when the HOSTPWR_ON control
line is de-asserted. The shutdown process consists of the modem first
de-registering from the network and de-asserting the DCD line. Next, it
saves the modem configuration and network channel information. The
modem then de-asserts the DSR line, signalling the modem is no longer
in a ready state. This process can take a few seconds to complete.
At this point, the host can remove the power from the modem and still
maintain most of the modem settings and last registered network
channel. The modem can be left with power applied and
HOSTPWR_ON de-asserted.
The reset line HCRESET can be asserted at this time in preparation for
the next power-up sequence. This is optional and is intended for
rebooting the modem only. Resetting the modem causes a cold start
and flushes the saved modem settings.
The following diagram shows the sequence for these actions.
Power-Down Timing Diagram
HOSTPWR_ON
1
DCD
Network Deregistration
DSR
Modem internal power control
Modem software is
Modem Internal Power
Note: DSR and DCD are active low signals.
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Power Down Diagram Callouts
1 HOSTPWR_ON is de-asserted from the host device to the modem.
Important: The power rail must be present for up to ten seconds
(typically two seconds) after HOSTPWR_ON is de-asserted for
the deregistration process to complete orderly.
2 The modem starts the soft shutdown process. The battery status
indicator pulses quickly until the shutdown steps are complete.
The modem initiates the deregistration process from the network
and upon completion de-asserts DSR and DCD. DCD signifies
network detachment, and DSR shows the modem’s readiness state.
3 After deregistration, the internal modem CPU power-on signal is de-
asserted. This deactivates the internal modem power rail to the
radio.
4 At this point you can optionally de-asset HOSTPWR_ON signal to
the modem and assert the HCRESET line to the modem.
Batteries
The Boomer II OEM Modem may be powered by batteries if used with
a handheld device.
For battery operated devices, battery selection is a critical decision,
requiring consideration of many factors. These include cell size,
internal impedance, charging requirements, and susceptibility to
common battery phenomena, such as memory effect or overcharging.
Each of these factors is discussed in detail in this section.
The selected battery must be able to meet the Boomer II power
requirements as mentioned previously.
Three prevailing battery technologies exist today:
Nickel cadmium (NiCad) batteries may be used for devices
requiring wide temperature ranges.
Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and
Lithium ion (Li+) batteries may also be used for devices utilised
above 0ºC. Specifications for these batteries should be obtained
from the manufacturer.
NiCad
Most mature technology
Lower energy density (energy/volume) than NiMH or Li-ion
Available in all cell sizes, including AA, 2/3A, 4/5A, A, 4/3A,
and so on. This represents the greatest number of packaging
options.
Exhibits a memory effect when not occasionally discharged
below the lower extent of its operating voltage. The memory
effect reduces the usable capacity of each battery cell.
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Internal impedance of 25-30µΩ per 1.2V cell
Typical cell voltages are 1.2V, with multiple cells used to
obtain higher operating voltages
Can withstand high current pulses, which are characteristic of
packet data applications
Typical charge method is −∆ V (known as negative delta
voltage), which involves charging the battery while looking for
the battery voltage to peak. Then enter a slight overcharge
condition, where the voltage actually begins to decrease prior to
terminating battery charging. NiCad is the most robust battery
technology available today for non vehicular applications.
NiCad can withstand over charging, over discharging, and harsh
environments with reasonable resilience.
Raw battery cells or battery packs can be purchased from
suppliers
NiMH
Mature technology with potential for improvements in battery
chemistry and energy density over the next five years
Higher energy density than NiCad, but lower than Li-ion
Available in standard sizes AA, 2/3A, 4/5A, A and 4/3A and
some prismatic (rectangular) configurations
Exhibits the memory effect in a manner similar to NiCad
technology, but at a less pronounced level
Internal impedance of 35-49µΩ per 1.2V cell
Typical cell voltages are 1.2V, with multiple cells used to
obtain higher operating voltages
Earlier NiMH battery chemistry could be damaged by high
current discharge pulses. Newer battery chemistry has
eliminated this problem. When purchasing batteries of this type,
determine if high current pulse discharging is an issue.
Typical charge method is dT/dt, where T is temperature. As the
battery reaches full charge, any further energy is dissipated as
heat. A temperature threshold is used to terminate the charge
cycle in conjunction with voltage monitoring. NiMH is more
sensitive to overcharging then NiCad and exhibits decreased
capacity if repetitively overcharged.
Raw battery cells or battery packs can be purchased from
suppliers.
Li-ion
Reasonably mature technology leaving lots of potential for
increased capacity
Higher energy density than either NiCad or NiMH
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Availability is an issue, as most suppliers do not sell cells, but
force customers into particular solutions through their battery
pack designs. Purchasing cells in an effort to design your own
battery pack may be problematic due to cell lead times.
Li-ion does not exhibit the memory effect and is unaffected by
partial discharging-charging cycles
Internal impedance of 100-150mµΩ per 3.6V cell. Li-ion
batteries are very susceptible to damage due to over discharge
and high current pulses. As a result, manufacturers recommend
that a protection circuit be added to battery pack designs. The
resultant internal impedance of a battery pack with protection
circuitry can reach the 500mΩ level.
Typical cell voltages are 3.6V with multiple cells used to obtain
higher operating voltages.
Li-ion batteries are very sensitive to over-discharge and
represent a hazard if not properly designed with protection
circuitry.
Typical charge method is constant-voltage, constant-current.
Applying Battery Technologies
When reviewing different battery technologies, consider the following
characteristics of OEM devices incorporating wireless data modems.
Current drain is not constant
Typically, battery manufacturers specify the battery discharge profiles
by assuming a constant-current drain model. In a wireless data system,
the constant current drain model no longer applies. There are three
levels of current drain contributions that can be expected: sleep,
receive, and transmit. The modem cycles through these different states
throughout the time it is powered on and in contact with the wireless
network. To determine the realistic battery life or capacity for your
product, you must contact the battery manufacturer or experiment by
transmitting for various durations.
Peak currents during transmissions
Since transmissions are typically short, the resultant current drain
during transmissions can be viewed as current pulses. These pulses
must be considered when selecting the proper battery technology, since
not all technologies are equally tolerant of current pulses.
Additionally, the internal impedance of the battery must be taken into
account at the peak currents during transmissions, since this is the time
when the largest voltage drop occurs across the battery terminals.
Adequate supply guard-band must be designed in to ensure that the
modem and any other circuitry in the final product are not reset during
transmissions.
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Messaging model
To determine the required battery capacity for your product, you need
to define the messaging model for your target market. In regard to
battery selection, the messaging model details the following
information:
Optimal number of hours per day of use prior to recharging the
battery
Number of messages transmitted per hour
Number of messages received per hour
Average length of transmitted messages
Using this information and the typical current drains of the modem and
other circuitry present in your product, you can define the requirements
for battery supply voltage and capacity.
Battery Recharging
Plug-in Supplies
A mains plug-in supply must be designed to ensure that voltage spikes,
lightening and other power fluctuations cannot damage the Boomer II.
Transient voltage protection zener diodes or other spike arrestor
circuits may be added to keep the inputs within the power requirements
mentioned previously. These should have a value of 20V and be placed
on the supply side of the regulator circuit.
Automotive Supplies
Extra protection is required from an automotive supply to protect the
Boomer II OEM Modem from power fluctuations when used in an
automobile.
The electrical transient conditions (e.g. battery jump start), may
damage the modem if not adequately clamped and filtered.
Environmental Considerations
The environmental requirements of the Boomer II OEM Modem are as
follows:
Operating Temperature: -30° to +60°C
Storage Temperature: -40° to +70°C
Relative Humidity 0 to
95% non-condensing
You should ensure these limits are not exceeded in the intended
application.
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Using the Modem Test Jig
The Boomer II Test Jig provides RS-232 serial interface ports between
a PC and the modem. It is designed to enable you to quickly interface
the Boomer II to a standard PC (through a COM port) or a terminal
device with an RS-232 serial port.
The test jig acts as a temporary host for the modem and provides access
points to the radio’s communication port, allowing you to monitor
activity with a logic probe, multimeter or oscilloscope.
Features
All Input/Output Lines configurable by jumpers and/or
accessible through parallel FPC connector.
On-board dual RS232 Serial Communication interface ports
with DB9 connectors
Through the SPY MODEM connector, you can monitor the data
transmitted from the modem (RX, DSR, and CTS).
Updates
From time to time updates may be provided for the Boomer-II test jig
and these should be implemented as per the Update Notice. If you are
unsure if your test jig does not incorporate all the latest updates please
contact Wavenet Technology.
Through the PORT 2/SPY PC connector, you can monitor the
data transmitted from the PC (TX, RTS and DTR), or talk to the
second serial port of the modem. You can make this choice by
putting all five jumper links on the right or left side of the RDW
header connector near the port.
Switches and LED indicators on SS0 - SS3 modem I/O lines.
On-board voltage regulator for Boomer II OEM supply rail.
On-board LEDs for three external signals:
Low battery
Message waiting
In range
On-board antenna matching network allowing conversion from
MMCX to SMA connectors.
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Exploring the Boomer II Test Jig
The test jig comprises the following components:
3.15A Fuse
5X20mm
Audio In
BNC Connector
Audio Out
BNC Connector
On-board
LED indicators
On/Off
Switch
DC Jack
Input Supply
ADJ VCC
8-way
DIP switch
VCC
test pin
52-pin header connector
Boomer II
3 RDW
Header
connector
Ground
test pin
Port 2 / SPY PC Interface
DB9 Connector
SPY Modem Interface
DB9 Connector
Host PC Interface
DB9 Connector
Parallel 30-pin FPC Connector
For signal access
Lower 30-pin FPC Connector
For connection to modem
SMA
Antenna
socket
SMA
Modem
socket
On / Off switch Switches the power to the test jig on or off.
DC Jack Provides power to the test jig. (3.8V)
DIP Switch 8-way DIP switch used to configure the test jig.
The following table shows the DIP switch configuration.
Dip
Switch #
1 PA7 Always leave this switch in the OFF position OFF
2 OSC OFF Always leave this switch in the ON position ON
3 SS3 3V 10k Pull down to GND OFF
4 SS2 3V 10k Pull down to GND OFF
5 SS1 3V 10k Pull down to GND OFF
6 SS0 3V 10k Pull down to GND OFF
7 H-P-ON Turn the modem off Turn the modem on OFF
8 RESET Keep modem reset Keep modem in working status OFF
Signal On Off Default
Position
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Port 2 / SPY PC
Connector
DB9 connector used for two purposes depending
upon the settings of the jumper switches located
just behind the connector on the PCB. If the
jumpers are used to connect the centre column to
the right hand outer column (TX, RTS etc), then
the port acts as a spy connection for the data
between the PC and the modem via the PC
connector.
An analyser program such as “spy.exe” can be
used to view the data.
SPY Modem
Connector
DB9 connector, used to spy on the RS-232 data
sent by the modem to the DTE (using DSR, RX,
CTS and GND signals).
An analyser program such as “spy.exe” can be
used to view the data. A communication program
such as “HyperTerminal” can be of limited use if
the data spied upon contains a lot of alphanumeric ASCII characters.
Host PC Connector DB9 connector, used to connect serial port 1
(of 2) of the modem to the DTE. The default
values for this RS-232 connection is 9600bps, 8
bits, no parity, 1 stop bit.
This port can also be used to download new
modem software to the Boomer II.
Parallel FPC
Connector
Lower FPC
Connector
30-way FPC (Flexible Printed Circuit) connector
used for signal access.
30-way FPC (Flexible Printed Circuit) connector
used to connect the Boomer II to the test jig.
Modem Connector Used to connect the Boomer II’s antenna socket
to the antenna connector.
Antenna Connector Used to connect the external antenna.
LEDs There are eight LEDs used to indicate the
following:
Power
Low Battery
In Range
Message Waiting
SS0
SS1
SS2
SS3
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Audio Out Connector for monitoring an audio output. Used
to monitor base band signal, BIT Error Rate
(requires a PER test jig), receiver and
demodulation.
Warning: Must use a high impedance monitor,
100kΩ.
Audio In Connector for monitoring an audio input. Used to
monitor modulation and transmission.
Warning: Must use a high impedance monitor,
100kΩ.
3 RDW Header
Connector
52-pin Header
Connector
Connectors used for jumpers (supplied).
For Port 2 use, all the jumpers are positioned
from the centre column to the left hand column.
3 RDW
Header
connector
For Spy PC use, all the jumpers are positioned
from the centre column to the right hand column.
3 RDW
Header
connector
Connector used for jumpers (supplied).
All the jumpers are connected as default.
1 DCD
2 RX
3 TX
4 DTR
5 GND
6 DSR
7 RTS
8 CTS
9 RI
10 RESET
11 H-P-ON
12 MSGWTG
13 INRANGE
14 LOWBAT
15 SSO/RX2
16 SS1/TX2
17 SS2/CTS2
18 SS3/RTS2
19 3.8V
20 3.8V
21 3.8V
22 3.8V
23 GND
24 GND
25 GND
26 GND
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Initial Calibration
Without connecting a Boomer II OEM Modem to the Test Jig, initially
check the calibration of the on-board voltage regulator. (This regulator
supplies the RS232 converter and other on-board circuitry only. It does
not supply power to the modem).
1. Connect the centre pin of the DC jack to the +3.8V power
supply with 2A capability and the external pin to the ground.
2. Adjust the trim pot marked ADJ VCC to make sure the voltage
on the test pin next to the ADJ VCC is 3.3V.
3. Keep all of the switches on the dipswitch in the off position
(except DIP switch 2) for normal modem operation.
Set Up
With the power off,
1. Connect the Boomer II OEM modem to the lower FPC
connector on the test jig using a 30-way FPC cable.
Use the following procedure to insert the cable into the FPC
connector.
a. Lift up the lock lever of the FPC connector by flipping it
up with the nail of your thumb or index finger.
Lock Lever
b. Ensure that the cable is inline with the connector and
insert the FPC cable into the connector with the
conducting surface of the cable facing downwards.
FPC conductor side
c. Press down the lock lever.
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Note: If the cable has been partially inserted, or out of
alignment, the lock lever will not engage. Should this
occur, remove the cable (see below) and repeat steps
a-c.
Use the following procedure to remove the cable from the FPC
connector.
a. Lift up the lock lever of the FPC connector by flipping it
up with the nail of your thumb or index finger.
Lock Lever
b. Remove the cable after the lock is released.
2. Install an antenna to the modem. Use either the on-board SMA
connection and an adapter cable between the modem MMCX
connector and the test jig, or directly to the modem itself.
3. Connect the PC to the DB9 connector marked “PC” using a
standard serial cable.
4. Switch the power supply on.
5. Select the DIP switch labelled H-P-ON to the ON position.
The Power LED on the modem should illuminate.
You are now ready to communicate with the modem using the
PC as a host.
The modem should be able to talk to the PC by using Wavenet
RSUSER software, or other NCL protocol software.
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RSUSER
The Radio Service Utility software (RSUSER ) enables a user to
exercise and configure Wavenet Modems. This software runs in a DOS
window under Windows 95, 98, NT, or 2000.
RSUSER interfaces with the Boomer II OEM Modem via a PC’s
communications port and the Test Jig’s PC port using an RS-232 cable
with DB9 connectors.
RSUSER is issued with the following files:
RSUSER.EXE The executable
RSTEST.DEF Definition file for scripts
RSUSER.INI Initialisation file. Created by RSUSER.EXE
RPM.LOG Log file. Created by RSUSER.EXE.
Refer to Appendix E for the NCL command list.
Operations
The following screen is displayed on start up or whenever the Help Hot
Key <?> is pressed.
*********RSUSER.M V2.xx HELP**********
NCL COMMANDS
( - enable receive _ - Get RPM status @ - disable receive
) - enable transmit & - Get Next Msg # - disable transmit
SEND MESSAGES (blocks composed of ...)
^ - Text ' '-'z'var length , for short text
/ - random bytes var length % for short random
. - Dotting ('U's) message > for canned message
< - sequential text var length
MISCELLANEOUS
F5 - Change COM regs [4,3F8] Alt'b' - Change baud rate [9600]
F11 -Toggle dumping of data bytes of incoming NCL
F9 - Activate packet loopbacks F10 - Configure loopback timing
CONFIG PROGRAMMING
Alt3 - Program home area Alt6 - Program Group LLIs
Alt5 - Program Channels Alt C -Read params from modem
Left/Right arrow - send XOFF/XON. Alt X/Z - rts off/on Alt S/A - dtr off/on
Alt w - Batt. status Alt d - Radio status
F1 - Source LLI [90100001] F2 - Destination LLI [90100001]
F3 - Sys Address[A1010A] F4 - Compile NCL Msg
ESC - QUIT program F6 - Auto sync LLIs and home area
Type '?' to get back to this help screen
RSUSER allows operators to exercise the modem via Native NCL
Commands (and Vendor Specific Commands), hot keys or an input
line. Common user commands such as enabling the modems receiver
and transmitter are included in the Hot Key list. Native NCL
commands can be issued from the F4 Hot key. A log file RPM.log is
automatically started for a new session of RSUSER. To save a session,
exit RSUSER and rename the RPM.log file.
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Using RSUSER
1. Supply power to the modem (e.g. via the test jig), switch it on
and plug the modem into the communications port of the
computer. (Refer to the modem’s user or test jig documentation
for cabling and connection instructions).
2. Execute RSUSER.EXE
3. Check that the communication port settings displayed are
correct under the Miscellaneous Heading.
4. If the communications port settings are incorrect, press <F5>,
enter new settings, and exit from RSUSER by pressing
<Escape> and return to step 2.
5. Press the <_> key (the underline) to see if you receive a
response from the modem. If not, there may be a problem with
the connection or communication settings. Reset the modem,
exit from RSUSER, check all connections and return to step 1.
6. Use RSUSER as required and when finished, press <Escape>
to exit.
When first run, RSUSER.EXE creates a file RSUSER.INI in the
current directory, which saves the last used options (communications
configuration) of RSUSER.EXE. These options will be used next time
RSUSER is executed.
Hot Key Descriptions
<Alt> +<3> Home Area Programming
Press <Alt> and <3> keys together to program the home area into the
modem's non-volatile memory. You will be asked to enter the home
area (e.g. C20101), and then press <Enter>. You will see three
“CMND…..ILLEGAL BYTE” lines, followed by three “SUCCESS”
lines. This is normal. You must reset the modem (<F4> 66 <Enter>)
before the changes will take effect. If you do not receive the
“SUCCESS” responses, then reset the modem, reset RSUSER, and try
again.
<Alt> + <5> Static Channel Programming
This allows you to change the static channel list in the modem's nonvolatile memory. You will be prompted to enter the channel list.
Type each channel individually, as per the example. You must type the
four hexadecimal digits of the channel (e.g. 25ED), followed by a
space, and then four hexadecimal digits for the channel attributes
(0401). (Refer to the DataTac RD-LAP manual for channel designators
and channel attribute descriptions.)
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You should see two “CMND…..ILLEGAL BYTE” lines, followed by
two “SUCCESS” lines. This is normal. You must reset the modem
(<F4> 66 <Enter>) before the changes will take effect. If you do not
receive the “SUCCESS” responses, reset the modem, reset RSUSER,
and try again.
<Alt> + <6> Group LLI Programming
This allows you to program up to 16 group LLIs into the non-volatile
memory of the modem. You will be prompted for each LLI
individually. When finished, press <Enter> when prompted for the
next LLI.
You should see two “CMND…..ILLEGAL BYTE” lines, followed by
two “SUCCESS” lines. This is normal. You must reset the modem
(<F4> 66 <Enter>) before the changes will take effect. If you do not
receive the “SUCCESS” responses, then reset the modem, reset
RSUSER, and try again.
<Alt> + <C> Read Config Parameters
This option reads the current configuration from the modem, and
reports on it. The configuration includes the LLI, Serial #, home area,
channels, group LLIs and some redundant data.
<Alt> + <D> Get Radio Status
This option sends a command to the modem requesting the current
radio status of the modem. The response contains information on the
current RSSI level, signal quality, current channel, base Id and several
other data.
<Alt> + <W> Get Battery Status
This option sends a command to the modem requesting the current
status of the battery power. The response contains the voltage level of
the battery as an absolute voltage and as an estimated percentage of
capacity.
<F1> Set Source LLI
This option tells RSUSER which LLI should be listed as the source
LLI on all packets which are sent by RSUSER using the "SEND
MESSAGES" options. This setting will be saved in the RSUSER.INI
initialisation file. There is no need to reset the modem or RSUSER
after this option.
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<F2> Set Destination LLI
Similar to the above option, but sets the destination LLI for messages
sent by the "SEND MESSAGES" options.
<F6> Automatically Set SRC/Dest LLIs And Home Area
Automatically queries the modem for its LLI and home area, and sets
the above two options with that LLI for loopback tests, and the next
option with that home area address. This is easier than typing the LLI
for both source and destination options, and the destination address.
<F3> SYS Address
This option sets the default destination area for messages sent with the
"Send Messages" option. This value is saved in the initialisation file.
<F4> Compile NCL Message, or Send NCL Script
This option allows you to send any NCL command to the modem. For
example, by pressing <F4>, typing "4z" and then pressing <Enter>
will cause a command SDU to be sent to the modem asking for the
static channel table. To enter a non-ASCII value, use the form \7C
where the backslash indicates that the next two characters are to be
treated as a hexadecimal byte value (in this case 7C). This option is
only useful if you have a copy of the NCL specification to translate
commands into byte values.
RSUSER is also able to send commands taken from the definition file
rstest.def. This file contains a list of “scripts”, which contain
predefined commands. The comments in the sample rstest.def file
describe how to format the scripts in the file.
To send a script, press <F4>, and then type the script name prefixed by
the "=" (equals) sign.
For example, to run the "enablerx" script, press <F4>, and type
"=enablerx", followed by <Enter>.
<F5> Change Com Port Parameters
This option allows you to change the communications port settings
which RSUSER uses to communicate with the modem. You will be
asked for the port address and port IRQ. You will be given examples
for the common four PC com ports.
Note: You must exit from and restart RSUSER before these settings will
take effect.
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<Alt> + <b> Change Baud Rate
This option changes the baud rate the RSUSER program uses. You will
be asked for the baud rate you wish to change to. Valid baud rates are
300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600 or 115200.
The change will take effect immediately. The baud rate is not preserved
on exit from RSUSER. It defaults back to 9600 on next invocation.
<F11> Toggle Dumping Of NCL Data Bytes
Incoming NCL responses/events from the modem are translated and
displayed on screen by default. The actual data bytes making up the
packet may be optionally displayed. Press <F11> to toggle this option.
< _ > Get Status Block
This option sends a status request command to the modem. It is a short
cut, rather than using the above F4 option and typing the ASCII
characters.
< ( > Receiver On / < @ > Receiver Off
This option sends a command to the modem to switch the receiver on
or off.
< ) > Transmitter On / < # > Transmitter Off
This option sends a command to the modem to switch the transmitter
on or off.
Send Messages Options
These varying options send messages to the modem to be sent to the
network. They each have a source and destination LLI and destination
area as set by F1, F2 and F3 respectively. The contents of the message
vary depending on the particular option. Some options are of fixed
length, and some ask you for the desired length. They are mainly selfexplanatory.
< > > Canned message.
You will be asked for a file name. The contents of this file will be used
as the contents of the data portion of the SDU.
< , >
A random sequence of binary numbers will form the data portion of the
message. Its length is approximately 20 characters.
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< < >
A sequential sequence of ASCII characters will form the data portion
of the message. You will be prompted for the length of the data portion
of the message. A number from 1 to 2010 is allowed.
Message Loopback Options
The F9 and F10 commands, together with the above “send message”
commands can be used to set up some automatic message sending and
loopback tests. When in loopback mode, RSUSER will cause a
message to be sent out for a definable amount of time (called “time
between”) after every time one is received from the network (or we
obtain a fail response to a send). The sent message will be the same
mode and length as the last message sent by a “send messages”
command above. We also send another packet if we don’t receive a
failure response, or a network packet within a definable time (called
“timeout”).
<F9>
Toggles automatic packet sending (loopback mode) on and off.
<F10>
Sets the timing parameters “time between” and “timeout”. These values
will be reset back to defaults (0 and 60 seconds respectively) whenever
RSUSER is executed.
For throughput tests where the network is bouncing back packets, the
values of 0 and 60 is recommended.
For throughput tests where the network doesn’t bounce back packets,
the values of 5 and 5 are recommended. This will send a packet every
five seconds (which allows time for retries etc.)
Reprogramming Modems
A self-extracting loader program is supplied for every software
upgrade. Refer to Appendix D - Wavenet Application Loader on page
171.
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Testing
This section contains a product development checklist of parameters to
check, requirements to meet, and standards of performance to evaluate.
You can use these process checks and functional test procedures to
fully qualify that the Boomer II OEM Modem is well integrated with
the host device or terminal.
Proper testing throughout the development and integration cycle
ensures that the final product works in both normal and exceptional
situations. These tests are provided in several stages as follows:
1. Hardware integration
2. Desense and EMI
3. Regulatory compliance
4. Application software
5. Final assembly
6. End user problem resolution
7. OEM service depot repair
Hardware Integration
To ensure that the integration effort is carried out properly, monitor all
relevant engineering standards, requirements, and specifications. In
addition, perform functional tests during product development to
validate that the integrated package performs as designed.
Enabler Functions
To test the interaction between the modem and host, your product must
be able to perform the following:
Turn the various hardware components on and off. This
capability helps to isolate possible desense and other emissions
problems. (See “Desense and EMI” on page 68.)
Pass data through the host between the modem and the test
platform. This allows external programming and configuration
software to communicate with the modem while it is integrated
within the host. For microprocessor-based products, passthrough mode uses software emulation involving the host
processor, which passes full-duplex serial port data to and from
the integrated modem. Otherwise, pass-through mode is
implemented in hardware by level shifting between the 3.3V
CMOS levels and the 12V RS-232 levels generally found on
PCs.
Specific Tests
In addition to the various tests that exercise your own circuitry, such as
power-on self-test, design tests that ensure proper interaction between
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the modem and host. Ensure that the following hardware integration
issues are evaluated:
RF Immunity
RF transmissions of the modem do not interfere with operation of the
host.
Electrical Signaling
Power sources and interface are functionally compatible between the
host and the modem.
Physical Parameters
Physical configuration of the modem inside the host provides adequate
ventilation, mounting, shielding, and grounding.
Antenna Performance
Integrated antenna system meets the required ERP specifications,
VSWR specifications, and antenna propagation patterns.
ESD Requirements
Host design protects the modem from ESD. (FCC Limit –47dBc)
RF Re-radiation
Host does not allow spurious emissions in excess of 60dBc, as caused
by carrier re-radiation (for 3V/m fields).
Desense and EMI
Any host in which the modem is integrated generates some EMI
(electromagnetic interference), which tends to desensitise the modem’s
ability to receive at certain frequencies.
Wavenet can provide a facility for testing the amount of desense that
your modem experiences while in a host platform. Specifically, modem
receiver sensitivity is recorded while operating with the host under test.
For this test, you provide an integrated product, including antenna,
power supply and any peripherals. Wavenet Technology then produces
a test graph that reports the amount of desense. All desense testing is
generally performed at Wavenet Technology’s facilities.
To prepare for the desense test, provide Wavenet with hardware to
generate EMI that is representative of the final product, including the
cables, power supplies, and other peripheral devices. The host must
supply the modem the appropriate power requirements. The host
hardware must be running its CPU, LEDs, and serial ports, etc (if so
configured).
You must supply either the pass-through mode functionality (“Enabler
Functions” on page 67) or provide physical access the serial port of the
modem . The ability to turn on and off the various circuits in the host
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allows for the identification and analysis of the host components that
are responsible for desense. This approach to desense troubleshooting
can greatly speed up the OEM integration effort.
For more detailed information about desense, refer to “Desense” on
page 73.
Regulatory Compliance
Most countries where the final product will be sold generally require
approval from the local government regulatory body. In the US, the
FCC requires that two individual requirements be met before the final
product can be certified. The first test, the FCC Part 15 qualification,
requires you to prove that the product electronics hardware does not
yield local radiation capable of affecting other equipment, such as TVs,
computer monitors, and so on.
The second test (FCC Part 90) requires you to prove when the modem
transmits, it remains properly in its allocated channel spacing, and does
not produce spikes or splatter in other frequencies. Wavenet undergoes
FCC testing with the modem stand-alone to ensure compatibility with
these requirements. But since the eventual transmit capability of the
modem is highly integrated with the power supply and antenna system
of the host device or terminal, the fully integrated product must be
submitted for final regulatory approval.
In addition, regulatory bodies can require the wireless modem to
transmit random data patterns on specific frequencies while
incorporated in the host platform. The Boomer-II OEM modem
incorporates special debug modes to allow this kind of testing,
provided the host application can issue the required commands to the
modem.
The entire regulatory process can take many months to complete and
should start early in the development cycle. The exact regulatory
requirements of each country change from time to time. For efficient
regulatory processing, it is recommend to use the services of
specialized regulatory consultants to determine the specific
requirements at the time of manufacture.
To prepare for regulatory testing, you need to integrate the passthrough mode into the product design (see “Enabler Functions” on page
67). Wavenet provides the ability to key and dekey the radio at the
required frequencies and modulation levels from an external PC via the
pass-through mode.
For further information about regulatory compliance, refer to
“Regulatory Requirements” on page 23.
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Application Software
Tests need to verify the communications links between the host and the
modem and between the modem and the network, as follows:
Software Driver Configuration
Ensure that the host product can enable the modem serial port to permit
the host and modem to communicate. This test verifies that the driver
software functions well and is configured properly.
Network Configuration
Determine if the host can use the modem to communicate with a
DataTAC® network. This test uses existing network software in an
attempt to communicate with a specific network.
The final application must be able to respond correctly under all
adverse network conditions, not just the ideal case. To achieve this, the
application software has to be systematically tested against all possible
failure and exception conditions. Situations such as low battery, out of
range, host down, unexpected data, maximum message size, maximum
peak/sustained throughput, and other conditions must not cause the
host application to fail. Each condition must have a specific remedial
action to alleviate it.
Final Assembly
A final assembly test should be performed before shipment to ensure
all components are working properly and issues such as crimped
antenna cables, lose connections, and improper software load are
resolved. During final assembly, the modem may send and receive a
loopback message of maximum size. The successful return of the sent
message proves the product can transmit and receive correctly.
Testing within areas lacking network coverage or for products shipped
to another country requires a different approach. Wavenet can help you
set up a closed loop final test system, using a base station and PC-based
software to emulate a network.
End User Problem Resolution
When the final product is in the hands of the end user, testing must
quickly isolate the cause of the problem in the field. For example, is the
problem caused by the host device, the modem, the network, the
configuration or a user error? Can the problem be fixed locally or does
the unit need to be returned for service?
It is very time consuming and expensive to send products to service,
especially if the problem is caused by a temporary network or host
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outage. For this reason, you should design the application to allow for
end-user problem determination.
Effective tests provide a systematic, positive acknowledgment from
each of the network components. For example:
Test 1 Is the OEM module able to pass its own self test?
Test 2 Is the OEM module able to communicate with peripherals?
Test 3 Is the OEM module able to communicate with the integrated
modem?
Test 4 Is the modem able to hear the network?
Test 5 Is the modem registered and allowed to operate on the
network?
Test 6 Is the gateway (if present) up and running?
Test 7 Is the host up and running?
OEM Service Depot Repair
When a unit is returned for service, the first requirement is to
determine whether the modem must be sent on to Wavenet for
inspection and/or repair. To set up for this test, you need to have an
evaluation board, a known-good Boomer II OEM modem (for
comparison), a power supply, Wavenet RSUSER software or Wavenet
Modem Test software and an end-to-end test setup. The end-to-end test
can employ either a live network or an over-the-air test involving a
communications monitor that can transmit and receive at the
appropriate frequencies. The objective is to test the suspect modem in a
known-good environment, in which all other components are known to
be operational.
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Desense
When you integrate wireless data radio technology into computing and
telemetry devices, you must consider hardware issues related to RF
emissions. For example, you must address the technical aspects of
enabling a wireless RF device as an integrated peripheral in a host
device, such as RF performance and inter-operability with the host.
Specifically, this appendix describes the following:
The term “desense”
Preferred test procedures
Acceptable levels of electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Approaches to solving desense problems
Pertinent radio and antenna issues
Note: This section considers, but does not attempt to resolve these
technical issues for a particular platform. That is beyond the scope of
this guide.
Amplitude
Receiver desensitisation occurs when an unwanted signal is present at
the radio receive frequency. The signal is usually the result of harmonic
energy emanating from a high frequency, non sinusoidal source. This
noise desensitises or lowers the sensitivity threshold of the receiver.
The radio cannot differentiate between wanted and unwanted signals.
In frequency modulated systems, the radio receiver can capture the
strongest signal present. If wanted and unwanted signals are present,
and there is not a significant difference in level, the unwanted signal
can overtake the receiver, effectively blocking the wanted signal see
the following diagram.
Wanted and Unwanted Signal Levels
Wanted Signal Level
Unwanted Signal Level
Fc = Radio Receiver Channel Frequency
Fc
Frequency
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Consistent and reliable reception occurs when a safety margin dictated
by co-channel rejection is maintained. For example, if the co-channel
rejection is 10dB, all unwanted signals must be 10dB below the
receiver’s sensitivity level. Some modems and networks have different
rejection levels. Use the rejection level appropriate for your modem
(typically –10dB). This means an interference signal that is more than
10dB below the wanted signal has little impact on the data receiver’s
data recovery. Any interfering source above this level creates desense,
reducing the radio’s sensitivity for data reception. For every one dB
above the threshold level, one dB of desense is created.
Noise Sources
CPU clocks, address and data buses, LCD refresh, switching power
supplies, and peripheral drivers are the primary contributors of EMI.
The frequency of these emissions are often unstable. One reason for
this instability is that high stability clock sources are not a requirement
in host computer designs.
The frequency of sources drift as a function of temperature, time, and
aging. Other sources by nature move within the frequency spectrum as
a function of time. The edges of clock signals create detectable
harmonics well into the 1GHz band. This presents a challenge in
measuring the effects of the emission, as one must first determine
where the emission exists in the frequency spectrum.
Noise from the host can conduct through the electrical/mechanical
interface or radiate electromagnetic fields that are received by the
modem antenna and impact the modem. The Boomer-II OEM modem
is specifically designed to minimize conducted noise.
Radiated electromagnetic fields emanating from the internal circuitry
are incident on the modem antenna. These fields then are converted to
noise power by the antenna and are incident on the receiver. The
physical interface signalling connection has less impact on the receiver
performance and can be electrically decoupled using passive
components.
Receiver Susceptibilities
The receiver is susceptible to being desensed within the channel
bandwidth and at intermediate frequencies used for down conversion.
Excessive noise on power supply pins can also create sensitivity
problems.
Measurement Techniques
Desense can be measured in one of the following ways:
Indirectly by recording the emission level from the host and
then calculating the effect on the modem.
Directly by using packet error rate testing off air.
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(
Testing directly is preferred method because it is more of a system test.
The test must be non-intrusive. Peripheral test cables or apparatus must
not be connected to the unit under test, as they can have a significant
effect on the receiver sensitivity results.
Indirect testing is essentially FCC Part 15 EMI testing that occurs
today. Bear in mind that some assumptions have to be made to
extrapolate the results and convert them to desense figures. Of course,
these assumptions can create some error in the prediction.
Alternate Measurement Method
Wavenet can performed desense testing on an integrated host device or
terminal using a special facility. The best alternate methods for
determining the desense is to measure the signal the receiver port sees
by using a spectrum analyser (see below).
Measurement Antenna
Unit under Test
LNA
Minicircuits ZFL-1000GH)
Coaxial connection to
measurement antenna
Spectrum Analyser Setup
Using a spectrum analyser with an input impedance of 50 W, connect
the antenna of the product under test to the analyser. If an antenna is
currently not developed, use a portable dipole antenna as a
measurement antenna.
The measurement apparatus is capable of measuring signals as low as 120dBm. A preamplifier is required to allow the spectrum analyser to
achieve these levels. Use the analyser’s smallest possible resolution
bandwidth, typically 1kHz, to improve the dynamic range of the
measurement.
Spectrum
Analyser
If the input impedance of the analyser is the same as that of the radio
receiver, and the antenna, you can measure the noise to which the
receiver will be subjected. The gain on the LNA will make low-level
noise more visible. Ensure that the spectrum analyser’s input is not
over driven by other RF signals, such as FM radio stations. Any spikes
that appear might cause desense problems.
The indirect method cannot account for characteristics of the data
protocol and is less effective. Also, the bandwidth of the noise source is
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important. If the source is narrow-band, it has less effect than one
occupying the entire channel bandwidth. The method is not effective in
determining desensitisation at IF frequencies or from less obvious
sources such as mixed products. The method provides information on
how much effort, if any, needs to occur to resolve desense problems.
This method is useful when connection of the wireless card is not yet
facilitated by the platform. This measurement could be performed
without the wireless card present. This method determines the
magnitude of the emissions, without extensive test facility
requirements.
Methods of Controlling Emissions
Preferred methods of controlling emissions observe that the emissions
must be contained to a level 40dB less than the FCC Part 15
requirements. For WAN (Wide Area Network) products, the accepted
method of achieving this is to shield.
Through past experience, it has become evident that standard
techniques used to achieve FCC certification are not enough to satisfy
wireless communications. Engineering teams logically attempt an array
of decoupling, partial shielding, and PCB layout methods, which
produce incremental improvements, but do not achieve the emission
control requirements. Hybrid methods of shielding and source
reduction are often a good approach.
Important: Unless the host platform is already close to the goals set
out in this document, source reduction efforts may only drive up the
direct materials cost of the product and not increase return on that
investment.
If a compromise is chosen where the target levels are not the goal,
standard EMI techniques can be of value. For narrowband emissions,
some form of clock frequency “pulling” or control can be
implemented.
Shielding Approach
The mechanical design of the host product must allow the EMC
engineers to create a Faraday Box shield design. This is an electrically
continuous shielded enclosure. If designed properly, such an enclosure
easily attenuates radiated signals from the host device.
The shield approach appears to be a big step at first. The advantage is
that the shield will minimise the possible redesign required of the host
PCB platform and circuitry.
For a thorough discussion of shielded enclosure design, an excellent
reference is Electromagnetic Compatibility: Principles and
Applications by David A Weston. The publisher is Marcel Dekker,
Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Any well written
text on EMI control should cover the design of shielded enclosures.
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Components of the Shield Design
To be effective, the shield design must incorporate:
A highly conductive shielded enclosure that encapsulates all of
the active circuitry. This can be constructed of sheet metal or
plated/sprayed plastic.
Decoupling on all signals exiting the enclosure
Control of aperture sizes in the shield to less than l/10 of the
frequency of interest. This would apply to keyboard and display
apertures in the enclosure. Testing of aperture radiation at the
frequencies of interest may prove larger apertures are
acceptable to the particular scenario.
Benefits of the Shielding Approach
Emissions reduction can be achieved using shielding source reduction
techniques, such as decoupling, or PCB layout and grounding, or a
combination of the two. Once a shield is in place, any revisions to
product circuitry have no effect on emissions levels. If a circuit level
approach is used to control the emissions, a change in circuitry can
bring a new unknown to the emissions performance.
Alternate EMI Reduction Methods
Although shielding is the brute-force method of reducing emission
levels, other methods are available, such as:
PCB layout modification using ground layers adjacent to high
speed layers
Capacitive or filter decoupling
Redistribution of module interconnects
Clock Pulling
Clock Pulling
Clock pulling is effective when the emission sources are narrowband.
To implement clock pulling, a method must be devised for the modem
to tell the host it is having difficulty receiving. Devising such a method
is admittedly very difficult. The host provides “pulling” of its internal
emission source, which is identified as a potential problem.
If this source is the cause of the interference, the pulling or slight shift
of the source frequency moves the harmonic energy out of the receive
channel. This is an inexpensive way of solving the problem, as no
special shielding or decoupling is required.
The limitations of the clock pulling method are:
Computing devices have many more than one source
Each source must be identified and controlled. This
identification is at times difficult.
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The host and modem must communicate the problem at hand to
attempt to correct it. This capability is not supported by the
Boomer II OEM modem.
Fs Interference source fundamental frequency
Fss Shifted source fundamental frequency
Fh Interference source harmonic
Fhs Interference source harmonic shifted
Fc Channel frequency
Amplitude
Fs
Fss
Pulling the Harmonic away from the Channel Frequency
RF Network Issues
Each RF network has its own requirements for the subscriber device.
Most networks implement a coverage equalization scheme. This
consists of configuring the infrastructure sites such that their RF power
output is equal to that of the subscriber device.
Since most portable devices are battery operated, the transmitter power
of the portable units is relatively low. To compensate for this, the base
site transmitter power is decreased to a level equal to that of the
portable. The base site has a much larger and reliable power source,
and is capable of putting out more power. This would help overcome
desense problems that the portable unit incurs. Most network managers
prefer not to increase their site power because of ERP licence
limitations and cell overlap issues.
~
Fh
Fc
Fhs
Freq.
Network operators must consider ambient noise levels when designing
their coverage plans. Once the wireless modem and host unit are
engineered not to “self-desense”, a host of other machines in the user’s
environment can still impact radio performance. These machines are
not usually within close proximity of the wireless modem antenna, and
have less effect. An FCC Class B radiator can impact the wireless
device if it is within 30 meters of the device, assuming that an emission
exists at the channel frequency of the radio.
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Networks can assist in the desense problem by offering more than one
channel frequency at which to operate. If the radio encounters
interference on a channel, it can then roam to another.
WAN protocols include retry mechanisms that resend messages not
acknowledged from the subscriber device. These protocols can correct
problems from intermittent noise sources by retrying during a time slot
that does not coincide with noise source interference.
At a certain point, desensitising a wireless modem receiver creates
unacceptable coverage in the network. This usually is in the 10dB
range, though it can vary with networks.
Antenna
The Boomer II OEM modem is not equipped with an on-board antenna
and one must be provided externally in the host device or terminal.
Field Strengths from the Antenna
Field strengths from the wireless modem transmitter can reach as high
as 100 V/M for WAN products. Harden the host device to withstand
these levels. LCD displays and switching power supplies are
particularly susceptible to RF. Capacitive decoupling of sensitive areas
is required. Decouple the reference voltage points on power supplies,
reset lines on processors, and keyboard scanning circuitry.
Antenna Interactions
There are two interactions that can impact the performance of the
antenna. The user, by placing a hand near the antenna can detune the
antenna and absorb energy. Accordingly, the antenna must be
positioned such that interaction between the user and the card is
minimized.
The host device might also interact with the antenna. This is
particularly true for WAN modems, which have higher output power.
An imaginary sphere of real estate should be provided for the antenna
to function. Cabling for other peripherals must not interfere with this
region.
Desense Summary
Desense considerations fall into two categories when using a wireless
device and computer as a system:
The impact of the host EMI on system performance
The impact of the RF fields from the wireless device transmitter
on host operation
The latter consideration is not a significant problem. If RFI is assessed
properly, it is usually corrected with little effort and cost.
Because of the need for system coverage, the host EMI interaction with
the radio receiver can be a significant and often elusive problem to
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characterize and correct. Most host computers are very fast and include
numerous high frequency radiators. These can interfere with the radio
reception of the wireless modem.
The theoretical levels at which the receiver might be impacted are
derived from system coverage requirements and the sensitivity of the
radio. These goals are not set arbitrarily to improve product
performance, but to maintain the RF performance the networks demand
and the radios are designed to deliver.
Since each product is unique. The level of noise is very difficult to
predict, as is the amount of effort needed to control it. Measuring the
product in an early engineering phase is key to managing the situation.
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Application Development
This section provides comments and advice that can help you develop
successful wireless enabled applications for DataTAC systems.
Application development for NCL-compliant wireless modem devices
is a two-part process.
The first step sets up the interface between the device host and
the wireless modem. In this step you must consider the
interactions with the wireless modem, as established by the
NCL 1.2 reference specification and the vendor specific
extensions.
The second step involves addressing message routing
information to identify the message destination within the
DataTAC network.
Use the following suggestions to help you develop wireless enabled
applications.
Use Power Save mode of operation to extend battery life and
operational time for the user. We recommend that the
application does not modify this mode dynamically.
Use the Confirmed mode of operation to perform the following
functions:
• Check the SDU checksum for validity.
• Re-read SDUs received in error.
• Read past the last message in Confirmed mode to make
sure the device buffer is fully flushed. If the buffer is not
flushed, the last message is held, consuming valuable
buffer space.
Anticipate new NCL command, event, and response codes:
• Perform exact matches on event and response codes.
• Discard any unknown event type.
• Map any unknown XFAIL code to be a NAK.
Use SDU tags to uniquely identify application-generated SDUs.
Anticipate the user will move between IN_RANGE and
OUT_OF_RANGE conditions. This means you need to
provide:
• A user indicator that identifies the current operating
status.
• Recovery mechanisms when application transactions
fail as a result of losing network contact.
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Roaming Issues
During development, consider how the coverage for your wireless
enabled application could be affected by a user moving in and out of
the network coverage area. Coverage can be temporarily impacted by
moving from one side of a building to another. Coverage can be lost for
a longer time by moving beyond the network coverage boundary.
In application development, addressing this temporary or longer term
gap in coverage, even in midst of an application transaction, is
essential.
You can address this consideration by providing a transport level
protocol that can account for the following roaming related situations
when used with a DataTAC wire-less modem:
Inbound SDU failure
Outbound SDU failure
Loss of network contact
These situations are discussed in detail from page 84.
In this case, the transport level protocol must have components both
within the server and client application environment. This transport
level protocol can be provided using existing third party software for
DataTAC systems. Alternatively, you can develop a transport level
protocol with your application in mind.
Roaming Requirements
The roaming algorithms for the wireless modem are described as
follows:
Note: In each case, re-establishing network contact requires the
wireless modem to scan all likely channels and to handshake with the
network.
Send a quick (bounded) response to SDU transmit requests
When the wireless modem loses network contact, SDUs are returned
with an out-of-range failure code. In this case, the wireless modem also
indicates that it is out-of-range via an NCL event. When network
contact is re-established, the wireless modem indicates an in-range
event. The client application then resubmits any SDU last rejected with
an out-of-range response.
Acquire the channel quickly
All channels are scanned quickly, starting with the dynamic channel
list that contains the last used channel and its neighbours. (This list is
broadcast periodically by the network.) If you cannot establish network
contact using the dynamic channel list, the wireless modem scans
quickly using the pre-programmed, network-specific static channel list.
If network contact is not established using either list, this sequence is
repeated after a delay interval. See “Conserve battery life when out of
range” below.
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Conserve battery life when out-of-range
When all channels (from both dynamic and static channel lists) are
scanned and network contact is not established, the wireless modem
enters a scan-delay state. The scan-delay starts at one second and
doubles on each scan cycle failure, to a maximum of 255 seconds
between scan cycles. This delay time is reset to one second by
establishing a network connection or by power-cycling the device.
Re-establish network contact following inbound SDU failure (no
response) and poor RF RSSI or signal quality
Any wireless modem experiencing a no-response inbound SDU failure
and either with RSSI or quality below the exit threshold level must reestablish network contact. If unable to re-establish network contact, the
modem indicates an out-of-range event. When network contact is reestablished, the wireless modem indicates an in-range event. The client
application then resubmits any queued inbound SDU last rejected with
an out-of-range response.
Re-establish network contact due to loss of outbound channel
The wireless modem attempts to re-establishes network contact
following loss of the outbound channel. If unable to re-establish
network contact, the modem indicates an out-of-range event, and
procedures to re-establish network contact are initiated. When network
contact is re-established, the wireless modem indicates an in-range
event. The client application then resubmits any queued inbound SDU
last rejected with an out-of-range response.
Seek and locate the preferred alternate channel when the existing
channel degrades to a marginal level
When the existing RF channel degrades to a marginal (but still usable)
level, the device periodically listens to neighbouring channels to
determine whether a preferred alternate channel exists. This action
occurs when the device would otherwise be sleeping, to prevent impact
to the device’s synchronized-receive capability with the network.
To be considered, a preferred alternate channel must meet the
minimum channel entry criteria and be 5 dBm better than the current
channel. If located, a full channel acquisition is performed to verify all
other aspects of the alternate channel before registering to the new
channel. This preferred-channel pre-roam algorithm is performed at
intervals that increase exponentially and with identical reset conditions.
See “Conserve battery life when out-of-range” above.
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Inbound SDU Failures
Potential SDU inbound failure codes are described below. The list
identifies all likely SDU failure responses. The remaining SDU
responses that appear in the NCL 1.2 reference manual are not
expected to occur within the DataTAC wireless modem.
Inbound SDU failure, no response from network
The SDU was transmitted, but not acknowledged by the network. The
SDU may have been delivered; the acknowledgment might have been
the element that could not be successfully returned to the originating
device.
Inbound SDU failure, host down
This failure indicates that the internal network connection to the
application host computer is currently unavailable. Because DataTAC
networks are designed with very high reliability, this failure is
extremely rare.
Inbound SDU failure, low battery
The SDU could not be delivered due to a low battery condition. When
a low battery condition is reached, the radio network connection is
dropped until the low battery condition is corrected. (This can be
addressed by replacing the battery or, if trickle charging is enabled,
waiting for a sufficient charge level to be reached.)
Inbound SDU failure, inbound queue full
This response indicates that the maximum number (2) of SDUs are
already queued within the wireless modem. Another SDU can be
submitted when the NCL response for one of the pending SDUs has
been returned.
Inbound SDU failure, out of range
The wireless modem has either lost network coverage or is in the
process of re-establishing network contact. See “Loss of Network
Contact” on the following page.
Inbound SDU failure, transmitter disabled
This SDU failure code indicates that the radio transmitter has been
disabled, under application control, within the wireless modem. The
transmitter must be enabled prior to submitting an SDU.
Note: This could be the result of transmitting a Receiver Disable
command to the wireless modem. This command requires both
Receiver Enable and Transmitter Enable commands to recover twoway communications.
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Outbound SDU Failure
Due to the unreliable delivery of RF data packets (and their responses),
a client application must consider the possibility of an outbound SDU
being delivered to the client, with the transport confirmation of that
data packet being lost (RF acknowledgment and/or transport level
acknowledgment).
Note: When developing a centralized server and distributed-mobile
client wireless enabled application, outbound SDU failure is primarily
a server application issue.
When this occurs, the client and server transport levels must
resynchronise to a common level before proceeding. Such an
understanding might require retransmission of the transaction or
retransmission of the transport confirmation.
Loss of Network Contact
When a wireless modem experiences a loss of network contact, queued
SDUs are returned with the out-of-range response code and with outof-range event indicated. A loss of contact can occur for the following
reasons:
Moving beyond network coverage
When the device moves beyond the network boundary, network contact
loss could occur for an extended period. Depending upon the user route
and network coverage area, this interval could extend from a few
minutes to several hours (or longer). Once network contact is reestablished, the client and server application must be resynchronised if
applications transactions have failed during the interval. After network
contact has been announced, further delays should be minimised, as the
user becomes acquainted with the coverage area.
Moving between areas of network coverage
Small movements within the area of network coverage can result in the
loss and reacquisition of network contact, as a result of RF penetration
difficulties with specific network topology and terrain. It might take
from a few tenths of a second to a few minutes to recognize the channel
has degraded to an unusable level, to qualify a new channel, and to reestablish network contact. Again, the client and server application must
be resynchronised if application transactions failed during this interval.
Acquiring improved network coverage
A channel might originally have been marginal, or might have
degraded from a good to a marginal level, or might be negatively
impacted by the presence of other objects that influence its capability
to send and receive data. Under such circumstances, the wireless
modem seeks a preferred alternate channel, as previously described.
Usually this situation does not produce notification of network contact
and reacquisition.
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Low battery
Network contact is dropped when a low battery condition is reached.
This occurs at the same time as a battery alert notification event, but
after the assertion of the LOWBAT LED that occurs while the battery
still has some remaining usable capacity. The time between these
events (the assertion of the LOWBAT LED and the loss of network
contact) is much influenced by the battery technology and the level of
transmit activity within the wireless modem. A relatively inactive
device provides more warning time than an active device. Also, an
alkaline battery provides more warning than a NiCad battery.
Low buffers
If outbound SDUs remain unread within the wireless modem, its
outbound buffers are eventually filled. When this occurs, network
contact is dropped. Network contact is re-established when the internal
buffer pool within the wireless modem reaches a usable level, as a
result of SDU reads by the application. This situation never occurs
when the client application reads continuously to clear the wireless
modem of received outbound SDUs.
Receiver disabled
The client application can disable the wireless modem transceiver by
using the Receiver Disable NCL command. When this occurs, network
contact is dropped and the radio is turned off. Network contact is reestablished when the application issues the Receiver Enable, then the
Transmitter Enable NCL commands.
Power Management
The following modem power management options can be included in
an application to maximize battery life:
Power Save Mode
The wireless modem defaults to Power Save mode when turned on if
the network supports the Power Save protocol. If you are concerned
about latency of unsolicited outbound messages, you can turn off the
Power Save mode, but at the expense of consuming more battery
power. For details, refer to the NCL 1.2 command
S_POWER_SAVE_MODE. See “Battery Life Considerations” and
“Power Save Protocol” on the following page.
Dynamically modifying the Power Save mode of the device is not
recommended.
On/Off upon User Demand
To extend battery life, design the application to switch the modem on
and off as the usage need arises. This method is especially effective for
session-based, user-initiated applications.
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Radio On/Off on Application Command
The radio is the primary power-consuming component in the wireless
modem card. Use S_RX_CONTROL for very effective control of
session-based, user-initiated applications.
Battery Life Considerations
In addition to specific power management options, some application
design decisions greatly affect battery life, as follows:
User traffic, amount and frequency
Commercially available compression techniques can significantly
reduce traffic volume, which improves device battery life and reduces
network usage costs. Power Save mode batches outbound traffic at a
periodicity equal to the network-defined Power Save protocol frame
size.
Data compression
Improve battery life by reducing and compressing the broad-cast
application data. Network usage costs can also be significantly reduced
as a result.
Power Save Protocol
The following points describe unique operational characteristics of
devices that are compliant with the Power Save protocol when
operating on a network, as compared to those that are not. Specific
Power Save timing parameters can vary by network, based on how the
network operator sets up Power Save protocol parameters.
Under Power Save protocol, unsolicited outbound traffic to a nonawake device is delayed. The worst case delay until the first transmit
opportunity is 128 seconds under DataTAC 4000 networks and 64
seconds under DataTAC 5000 networks. The average delay until the
next delivery opportunity is one half of the worst case time, given the
current network and device configuration.
In DataTAC 4000 systems, initial unsolicited outbound transmission
attempts are actually “ping” messages used to locate the device.
In DataTAC 5000 systems, unsolicited outbound messages (or
messages that have missed the previous transmit opportunity) are
delivered in the “root” (that is, home) window for the recipient device.
Once the device is thus awakened, it remains awake for about n
seconds after each message or ACK transmission from the device.
During the wake time the network delivers messages to the device as it
would to a device that is non-compliant with the Power Save protocol.
(Default n = 20 seconds for DataTAC 4000 networks and 8 seconds for
DataTAC 5000 networks.)
Roaming and location update reporting to the network happens more
slowly because the Power Save protocol device takes longer to respond
to changes in the RF environment. The infrequent worst case latency in
responding to external stimuli (resulting in either a location update or
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new channel scan) is about 9 minutes for DataTAC 4000 networks.
DataTAC 5000 networks respond typically in 1.5 Power-Save protocol
frame times, or about 96 seconds.
Wireless Data Systems Considerations
The wireless modems application developer must account for the
limitations of a wireless data system to minimize their impact on the
user.
Limited Data Capacity on Radio Frequency Channels
The channels available to wireless modems are narrow-band and have
limited information carrying capacity (bandwidth) when compared to
traditional wire line communications. Additional capacity can be
gained only by increasing the number of channels, improving the
hardware technology, or by developing more efficient applications. As
a result of all these limitations, it is not surprising that wireless
networks are often more expensive to operate on a per-packet basis
than wire line Wide Area Networks (WAN). To address this concern,
the NCL has been designed to provide the most efficient way of using
the limited channel bandwidth.
Message Delivery Cannot Be Guaranteed
Because a wireless device can roam without restriction, it can exit the
network RF coverage area, leaving it unable to receive or successfully
transmit messages. When a device is outside the coverage area, the
applications are informed of failed inbound delivery. The application is
required to take appropriate recovery action.
Variation in Message Transit Times Across the Network
The time interval messages transit the network is affected by the RF
protocol, the message load on the network, and the length of a
message. These variations might need to be taken into account by the
application.
The following sections address some of these shortcomings in more
detail.
Application Efficiency
One goal of application development is to provide the required
functionality with the least amount of messaging. The consideration
here is to minimize the number of interactions in an information
exchange. Doing so addresses the limited data capacity and increased
costs of wireless messaging. In addition, the pricing structure of
network operators encourages efficient application design. In fact,
applications can be designed to use data compression or to apply
techniques that send only data fields that change between transactions.
Large Message Transfer
Message size is a key factor affecting response times in wireless data
systems. To efficiently accommodate typical data applications, the
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DataTAC 5000 system is optimised for the transfer of short and
medium length messages. Typically, messages up to 512 bytes are
transferred across the network as a single data packet. Messages larger
than 512 bytes are segmented into 512-byte packets by the DataTAC
system before being transmitted over the air. The packets are
reassembled before they are delivered to the application. For MDC
4800 operation on DataTAC 4000 systems, the segmentation size is
256 bytes.
For example, a 600-byte user message or service data unit (SDU)
results in the delivery of two packets, or protocol data units (PDU), that
are reassembled in the wireless device. Each PDU requires a Radio
Data-Link Access Procedure (RD-LAP) acknowledgment from the
device, which takes a few seconds to complete. The fewer Plus in a
message, the shorter the delivery time. If messages larger than 2 kB are
to be sent across the system, the host and wireless device application
must provide the segmentation and reconstruction functions.
Message Transit Time
The time required for an inbound or outbound message to travel across
the network is primarily a function of the queuing delays associated
with each product in the network infrastructure and the message load
on the system. As system traffic builds, queuing delays increase for
outbound traffic, while the average time to access the inbound channel
increases, resulting in longer inbound message transit times.
Additional delays are encountered when the wireless terminal is in the
process of roaming from one cell on one radio channel to a cell on
another radio channel. If the cells are controlled by the same cell
controller, the delay time is quite short. The delay time can increase if
the cells are controlled by different cell controllers on different sub
networks.
For a DataTAC 5000 fixed-end system operating at full rated capacity,
the mean transit delay between a network host and a wireless device is
typically no more than four seconds.
The application developer must develop operational scenarios to
accommodate the variable transit time in the application design.
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Message Routing and Migration
This section offers developers advice on how to migrate their
applications. That is, how to create new versions of their wireless
applications for porting to other DataTAC® systems. You can also use
this information to plan ahead for portability as you begin your initial
application development effort.
As the developer and user communities become more international in
scope, successful applications will be distinguished by their portability
across existing DataTAC networks. This is true whether you are
designing a new application or migrating an existing application to
other networks.
Message Routing
Three versions of DataTAC systems are in operation worldwide, as
noted by where they are currently implemented:
DataTAC 4000 systems (North America)
DataTAC 5000 systems (Asia-Pacific and Middle East)
DataTAC 6000 systems (Europe)
The architectures of the three systems are basically alike. Although
they support different link layer protocols, the systems the systems
differ mainly in their message header syntax.
The distinction between host communications and peer-to-peer
messaging is also important. Separate DataTAC protocols support each
of these application models. The primary host communications mode is
Standard Context Routing (SCR), also known as fleet mode. Another
application mode is DataTAC Messaging (DM) , which handles
messaging among terminals (subscriber units).
SCR and DM are the common sets of rules that describe how to format
message headers on DataTAC systems. Although the header format
differs slightly among DataTAC 4000, 5000, and 6000 systems, the
functional concepts of operation are the same. The exact SCR and DM
syntax for each system is available in their separate Host Application
Programmer’s Manuals.
Other connection options are available for DataTAC 5000 and 6000
systems. Two of these are known as “personal shared” (Type I)
connections and “personal dedicated” (Type II) connections. These are
covered in the system host programming guides.
Note: In this section, “host” refers to the network fixed host.
“Terminal” refers to a subscriber device. In these guidelines a byte is
8 bits.
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Network Link Layers
Before a message can be routed, it must contain a header and be
wrapped in a link layer protocol supported by the DataTAC network.
Many link layer protocols are available, but not all are supported by
each DataTAC network.
The X.25 protocol is common to all three systems and supports both
PVC and SVC host connection line types. X.25 is a popular choice for
developers looking for a worldwide connectivity solution.
Other supported protocols include:
DataTAC 4000 system X.25, TCP/IP, LU6.2, leased line,
dial-up, RF-Loopback
DataTAC 5000 system X.25, TCP/IP, SLIP
DataTAC 6000 system X.25
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Standard Context Routing (SCR)
SCR allows the central host to communicate with hundreds, even
thousands of terminals across a single host connection. But the real
advantage of using SCR is economic: The host only pays for a single
connection to the network, significantly reducing communications cost.
When a terminal sends a message to the host, the message must contain
a header that includes the sending terminal ID. This enables the host to
identify which terminal sent the message and which terminal the host is
to poll.
DataTAC System Architectures
Other header fields provide the host with options for instructing the
network on handling undeliverable messages. For example, the host
can ask the network to:
Provide a delivery status of messages.
Hold messages on the network for a later delivery.
Discard messages.
This header and instruction information is the basis of the SCR
protocol.
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SCR Message Types
Fleet mode of communications uses three types of messages:
Commands / Host Requests (host-to-network)
EXAMPLE: Send Message #1 to LLI 87654321
Responses / Host Confirmations (network-to-host)
EXAMPLE: Message #1 to LLI 87654321 was ACKed
Events / Mobile Information (terminal-to-network-to-host)
EXAMPLE: Message received from LLI 12345678
A fourth type of message, the status message, is allowed on DataTAC
4000 and 5000 systems, but it is not supported on DataTAC 6000
systems.
Each message type must include a unique header; small differences
within each type of header exist among the systems. The charts
graphically compare the headers for each system.
Highlights of SCR Differences
Message Type
(direction)
Command
(host-to-network)
Response
(network-to-host)
Event
(terminal-to-host)
The following topics explain:
Which system or systems implement a particular function.
What this function does and how it varies by system.
How to migrate an application from one system to another.
Nomenclature
When migrating applications, use the correct message type codes.
Because DataTAC systems were originally designed for unique
markets during different development periods, each shows its separate
lineage and is described using inconsistent terminology. For example,
this occurs at the beginning of the SCR header, where the code
designating the message type varies by system, as shown in the
following table.
DataTAC 4000
System
IB
(inbound basic)
AB
(acknowledgment basic)
OB
(outbound basic)
DataTAC 5000
System
HR
(host request)
HC
(host confirmation)
MI
(mobile information)
DataTAC 6000
System
HR
(host request)
HC
(host confirmation)
MI
(mobile information)
Note: The DataTAC 4000 system designates the direction of the
command message as inbound from the host to the network and
outbound from the network to the host (opposite from current industry
terminology).
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ASCII versus Binary Encoding
DataTAC 4000 system SCR fields are all ASCII encoded fields of
numeric values or alphanumeric strings. DataTAC 5000 and 6000
systems use a mixture of ASCII and binary encoded fields. All three
systems allow the user to send binary data, regardless of header
encoding.
Support for TCP/IP
DataTAC 5000 systems provide support for TCP/IP hosts, allowing
interconnection across local Ethernet LANs or even the Internet. SCR
messages are carried within a single TCP/IP data stream, which allows
SCR communications with multiple terminals.
Although TCP/IP provides a reliable stream of contiguous data, the
application must be able to determine the beginning and end of each
SCR message. The SCR header on DataTAC 5000 systems must start
with a 16 bit (2 byte) length field (bytes L1 and L2), which specifies
the length of the frame.
Length Prefix Field
DataTAC 5000 systems require all SCR messages to be prefixed by a
two-byte binary encoded length field (L1 and L2). This field provides
TCP/IP based connections with data that determines the length of each
SCR message. The length count includes everything in the message
packet, except for the length prefix.
When converting an application to a DataTAC 5000 network, the
length field must be prefixed to all SCR messages.
Host Authentication
Before SCR transactions can be performed on DataTAC 5000 and
DataTAC 6000 systems using a host-initiated connection, the host first
sends a host authentication message to the radio network gateway
(RNG). The authentication message must be the first message sent to
the RNG after establishing link layer communications. The RNG drops
the connection when any of the following conditions occurs:
The host does not send the authentication message within one
minute
The host ID and password do not match those in the RNG
database
The host is not enabled in the RNG database
The host is already connected to the RNG
On DataTAC 5000 systems the authentication message consists of:
Host ID (up to 20 characters)
ASCII ‘;’ (semicolon) delimiter
Host password of 1 to 8 bytes
Carriage return
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On DataTAC 6000 systems the host ID field consists of:
1 to 4 bytes
ASCII ‘;’ (semicolon) delimiter
Host password of 1 to 8 bytes
Carriage return
On DataTAC 4000 systems the RNG (ARDIS switch) locates the
calling X.25 address to verify it is in the database. A valid calling
address is then associated with only those terminals allocated to a
particular host.
Extended SCR
DataTAC 4000 and 5000 systems support additional message types and
functions beyond the basic SCR functionality. Specifically, extended
SCR supports the following features:
On DataTAC 4000 systems:
Sends binary headers and data
Notifies the host of terminal network activity
On DataTAC 5000 systems:
Notifies the host of terminal network activity
Performs loopback diagnostics
Notifies the host of terminal-to-host connection (session)
activity
For a full description of these extensions, refer to the system host
application programmer’s manuals.
On DataTAC 4000 and 5000 systems the extended functions enable the
network to notify the host that a terminal has registered with or
deregistered from the network. This allows the host to avoid X.25
communications costs associated with attempting to reach a shut down
terminal.
This extension set also involves the no-acknowledgment (No-ACK)
option for host-to-terminal messages. When the No-ACK option is
used on DataTAC 5000 systems, the host instructs the RNG to deliver
the over-the-air message as “No-ACK-needed”, and none is returned.
On DataTAC 4000 and 6000 systems, which lack the No-ACK option,
the RNG sends all messages as “ACK-required,” regardless of a host
request for “No-ACK-needed.” When the RNG receives the ACK from
the terminal, it is discarded or used to provide input to other systemspecific features.
Avoid using additional message types if you want the application to be
widely compatible. These extended features are not always available on
all DataTAC 5000 systems. These features are enabled and controlled
by the network operator on a per-host basis. Check with your target
network operators before using SCR system extensions.
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Note: To run your application on DataTAC 4000 or 6000 systems, you
must isolate the use of extended SCR or avoid it entirely.
Service Data Unit (SDU) Size
An application SDU consists of the complete message; both user data
and data header. See “Data Header Routing” below. The maximum size
of an application SDU is 2048 bytes for DataTAC 5000 and 6000
systems, and 2550 bytes for DataTAC 4000 systems. For this reason,
the recommended maximum SDU size for tri-system applications is
2048 bytes.
For transport over the air, the SDU is broken up into smaller physical
data units (PDUs). Most network operators price their service at cost
per PDU or cost per SDU. Gather data from your various operators to
develop an application design that favourably considers these cost
factors.
Note: As a general rule, it is less expensive to send fewer large packets
than many small packets. Try to take full advantage of the space
available in each packet.
Data Header Routing
To use the data header to route messages properly, first consider the
data header as a pointer to a destination.
In early DataTAC systems, all mobile units sent their messages to a
single host. Because all traffic went to one destination, there was no
need for a destination header. Later, a data header field was added to
inform the network where (to which host or peer) to direct a particular
SDU or message.
Although the data header field can range in size from 0 to 64 bytes, by
convention most applications are written using a 3-byte data header.
The DataTAC systems each use a different portion of these three bytes
as a pointer to a destination. This pointer is called a session ID. Setting
these three bytes (the entire data header field) to a common value
guarantees compatibility across all three systems.
Here are the specific differences in how the systems implement the
session ID:
On DataTAC 5000 systems, the first two bytes of the data header point
to a destination. (These two bytes are referred to as the session ID.)
On DataTAC 4000 and 6000 systems, the third byte only of the data
header points to a destination. (The third byte is also known as a host
slot on these systems.)
An example of these system differences is illustrated below. Each row
in the table depicts the application-visible portion of the DataTAC
system header for the identified system. In the data header column the
session ID bytes appear in bold typeface. The data header offset field
identifies the length in bytes of the data header field.
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DataTAC
System Type
4000 . . . 03 TE1 Hello World
5000 . . . 03 TE1 Hello World
6000 . . . 03 TE1 Hello World
Header Fields
(Not Shown)
Data Header
Offset
Data Header Data
In this example the data header TE1 is a sample. The data header could
also have been RO3, TX4, SS2, or many others, depending on the
configuration of the network infrastructure.
The DataTAC 4000 and 6000 systems use 1 as a pointer to a
destination and TE to refer to an application ID. Conversely, the
DataTAC 5000 system uses TE as a pointer to a destination and 1 as an
extra byte, which only has meaning if active carrier management
(ACM) is used. Since SCR does not require ACM, this byte can be
ignored.
Note: Using this example, for cross compatible applications (to all
DataTAC systems), set a data header offset of 03 (ASCII) and set the
same data header for all three systems (in this example, TE1).
Consider another example. A DataTAC 4000 or 6000 system could use
a data header of XY3 for one message and a data header of AB3 for
another message. According to current system implementations of the
session ID feature, both SDUs would go to the same destination
because the third byte (the pointer to the destination) is the same.
SCR Header Charts
The charts in this section allow you to compare SCR syntax across all
three DataTAC systems. Each chart displays a different set of headers
based on message type. For example, the length prefix on the DataTAC
5000 system header and much of the DataTAC 4000 system header are
shaded in grey to highlight fields where differences exist. Two of the
data headers are shaded for the same reason, indicating that they differ
in unique ways from the DataTAC 5000 system data header.
Note: All header reserve fields must be set to ASCII 0 (0x30) or binary
NULL (0x00), depending on the format requirements of the field.
The following table shows the terminology of other communications
protocols (for example, Native Control Language), and the SCR header
types.
Other Protocol Terminology SCR Terminology
Command Message Host Request Message
Response Message Host Confirmation Message
Event Message Mobile Information Message.
The list preceding each chart describes the contents of the header
fields.
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Host Request Message Header Fields
Save Bytes Supplied by the host and used by the network to tie
the confirmation to the original host request. Save
bytes are ASCII for DataTAC 4000 systems. Save
bytes can be ASCII or binary for DataTAC 5000 and
6000 systems.
Length
Prefix
Type Code
LLI
Format
Indicator
Delivery
Option
DataTAC 5000 systems require all SCR messages to
designate the length of the message. The length count
does not include the length prefix itself, but does
include everything else in the message packet.
Identifies the type of the SCR message: Use ‘I’ ‘B’ for
DataTAC 4000 systems. Use ‘H’ ‘R’ for the other
systems.
Identifies the subscriber terminal to which the
message is being routed. On DataTAC 4000 systems
the field (also known as Terminal ID) is ASCIIencoded in 8 bytes. On the other systems it is binary
encoded in 4 bytes (the first four bytes of this 8-byte
field are reserved).
Used in DataTAC 4000 systems only, to specify the
format of the data in the user data section of the
message. This field is reserved on the other systems
and handled by their Format field, as noted in this list.
DataTAC 4000 systems allow four priorities for a
message in the Priority field. Other systems allow two
delivery options: Send once and quit; send and queue
until delivered or timed out.
Confirmation
Mode
On DataTAC 4000 systems this is also known as
Acknowledgment Indicator. On all systems this mode
allows the host to specify the conditions under which
a confirmation message is returned for the message
being submitted.
Format For DataTAC 5000 and 6000 systems only, a fixed
value set to $15 (hex). This field replaces the Format
Indicator field on DataTAC 4000 systems.
Format
Dependent
Data Header
Offset
For DataTAC 5000 and 6000 systems only, a fixed
value set to $C0 (hex).
On DataTAC 4000 systems this field is also called
Data Header Size. On all systems it specifies the
number bytes in the data header portion of the
message.
Information For all systems, these fields include the data header
and user data for the application.
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