IEC61000-3
H
ARMONICS & FLICKER
S
OFTWARE FOR THE
PM3000ACE
U
SER MANUAL
VPN: 98-025 Issue: 7
August 2006
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development. Hence product specification and the information given in this
manual are subject to change without notice.
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trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States
and/or other countries.
Thank you for purchasing this Voltech software. Should you experience
any difficulty during the installation or use of this software, please do not
hesitate to contact your supplier or one of the Voltech main offices listed
below and ask for assistance.
Voltech Instruments Inc.
Voltech Instruments Ltd.
11637 Kelly Road
148 Sixth Street
Suite 306
Harwell International Business Centre
Fort Myers, FL 33908
Harwell, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RA
USA
UK
Tel: +1 239 437 0494
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction.................................................................. 1
1.1. Standards Implemented By This Software ........................................ 1
1.2. How These Standards are Referenced ............................................... 4
1.3. General ............................................................................................... 5
2. What is IEC61000-3?................................................... 6
2.1. Background ........................................................................................ 6
2.2. Test Equipment Required................................................................... 9
2.3. Equipment Classification - 2001 Standard ...................................... 13
2.4. Limits ............................................................................................... 16
3. Installation.................................................................. 18
3.1. PC Requirements..............................................................................18
3.2. IEEE 488 Interface Cards supported................................................ 19
3.3. Power Analyzers Supported............................................................. 19
3.4. Installing the Software To Your PC................................................. 20
3.5. Registering the Software.................................................................. 21
3.6. Transferring the Software to a Different PC.................................... 22
3.7. Setting up your IEEE488 interface card ..........................................23
4. Getting Started........................................................... 26
4.1. Starting the Software........................................................................ 26
4.2. Setting Up the Test Equipment ........................................................ 26
4.3. Set-up Power Analyzer and AC Source Communications .............. 27
4.4. Setup AC Source.............................................................................. 30
4.5. Power Analyzer Shunt and Scaling..................................................33
4.6. Entering a New Product ................................................................... 34
4.7. Configuring a Fluctuating Harmonics Test......................................37
4.8. Performing a Harmonics Test .......................................................... 42
4.9. Changing Test Details...................................................................... 44
4.10. Viewing Results ............................................................................. 45
4.11. Viewing Fluctuating Harmonics Results ....................................... 46
4.12. Performing a Repeatability Test .................................................... 55
4.13. Performing a Flicker Test .............................................................. 57
4.14. Performing a Manual Switching Test ............................................ 64
4.15. Results Printing ..............................................................................66
4.16. Results Export ................................................................................68
4.17. Exiting from the IEC1000-3 Software ...........................................68
5. On-Line Help ............................................................. 69
6. Reference Information.............................................. 73
6.1. How the Analyser Performs a 2001 Edition Harmonics Test..........73
6.2. Glossary of Terms ............................................................................76
6.3. Equipment without limits .................................................................79
6.4. Control Methods Not Allowed.........................................................79
6.5. IEC61000-3-2 2001 harmonics test duration ...................................81
6.6. Harmonic Test Conditions IEC61000-3-2 2001 ..............................82
6.7. Flicker Test Conditions IEC61000-3-3 2001.................................. 88
EN61000-3 Software for Windows User Manual Introduction
NTRODUCTION
1. I
Welcome to the Voltech IEC61000-3 Harmonics and Flicker Software.
Voltech has been leading the field in providing IEC harmonics
measurement solutions for over 10 years now, and with this edition of the
software (details below) Voltech continues to provide a complete
measurement solution that is accurate, easy to use and in complete
accordance with the requirements of the relevant standards.
This manual is intended to accompany version 4 of the software, which was
released in May 2006. If you have an earlier version of the software, please
contact your Voltech supplier for an upgrade. The software version is
displayed in the software in the 'About' section of the 'Help' menu.
1.1.
STANDARDS IMPLEMENTED BY THIS SOFTWARE
Together with the Voltech PM3000ACE, this software tests to the
standards listed below. As these standards are under constant review, it is
the responsibility of the user to ensure that the correct version of a standard
is being used. This is usually the most recent version of the standard
available. For the most up-to-date guidance and upgrades, please see our
website at www.voltech.com.
At the time of the publication of this manual in September 2006, the IEC
Standard 61000-4-7 (Guide to Harmonics and Inter-harmonics
Measurements) is in a transitional state.
This software product (part number 250-024) is for the Voltech
PM3000ACE power analyzer only and will make harmonic measurements
in accordance to IEC61000-4-7:1993 and to the transitional clause of
IEC61000-4-7 edition 2.1 (2001). The transitional clause will be removed
at the end of 2007, making compulsory the requirement to measure in a
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Introduction IEC61000-3 Software for Windows User Manual
200ms window and with inter-harmonic grouping which is not possible
with the PM3000ACE. While measurements with this software and the
PM3000ACE are valid in 2006, it is recommended that all future testing be
carried out with the Voltech PM6000 and its associated PC software which
does comply to the full requirements of IEC61000-4-7 edition 2.1.
The standards implemented are:
Harmonics
IEC61000-3-2 2001
Latest date of publication: July 2001
Date of withdrawal of previous standards: January 2004
(This edition of the standard incorporates Amendment 4 [also referred
to as prA14], which radically alters the way in which the harmonic
limits are applied).
IEC61000-4-7 (2001) – Testing and measurement techniques
(The PM3000ACE and this software only comply with the transitional
allowances, which will be withdrawn at the end of 2007).
Flicker
IEC61000-3-3 1995 First Edition
Date of withdrawal of previous standards: January 2001.
(This date of withdrawal makes the previous standards IEC555-3 and
EN60555-3 obsolete).
IEC61000-3-3 1995 Incorporating Amendment No. 1
(This version includes manual switching requirements).
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EN61000-3 Software for Windows User Manual Introduction
IEC61000-4-15 2003 Flicker - Functional and Design Specifications
(This standard defines the flickermeter required for IEC61000-3-3 testing.)
IMPORTANT. 61000-4-15 replaced IEC60868 in 2003. PM3000ACE
Firmware v2.19 or greater is REQUIRED for compliance testing.
Standards
The standards discussed here are published by the IEC (www.iec.ch) and
implemented by national bodies such as BSI (www.bsi.org.uk). Copies may
be purchased from them and it is always the users responsibility to ensure
that they are making measurements in accordance with the regulations and
standards in force at the time of test.
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Introduction IEC61000-3 Software for Windows User Manual
1.2. HOW THESE STANDARDS ARE REFERENCED
IMPORTANT:
Because the limit checking methods of the two versions of the harmonic
part of the standard (IEC61000-3-2) are different, different results will be
obtained and different views of those results are possible.
Throughout the software and this user manual, the following conventions
are used:
IEC61000-3-2 1995 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 is referred to as:
'IEC61000-3-3 1995' or the '1995' version
IEC61000-3-2 Ed. 2:2001 is referred to as:
'IEC61000-3-2 2001'
or the '
2001
' version
(This edition incorporates the working document commonly known as
'prA14'.)
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EN61000-3 Software for Windows User Manual Introduction
1.3. GENERAL
The Software runs on a PC, and works with a Voltech PM3000A or
PM3300 Power Analyzer and the programmable ac source of your choice.
The test equipment may be connected to the PC using either an RS232 or
IEEE488 interface.
Not only does the software allow you to quickly set up the tests to be done,
but it then also goes on to control the ac source and Power Analyzer to
make the measurements. It then reads back the measurement data, and
presents the results in easy-to-read tables and graphs, including
comparisons with the specification limits and highlighting the Passes and
Fails.
When the test is finished, all results can be archived to disk, printed or
passed on to another application, for example to be included in a document
produced by a word processor.
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WHAT IS IEC61000-3? IEC61000-3 SOFTWARE FOR WINDOWS USER MANUAL
2. W
The specifications IEC61000-3-2/3 (equivalent to EN61000-3-2/3) and
their now obsolete predecessors IEC60555-2/3 are concerned with low
frequency emissions on the power supply connection of equipment rated at
less than 16 Amps per phase.
The standards specify limits for:
a) The distortion of the current waveform drawn by equipment.
b) The voltage changes that the equipment may impose on the supply line
when connected.
2.1.
HAT IS
IEC61000-3?
BACKGROUND
Historically, the need for IEC61000-3 has come about due to the increased
use of electronic circuits in controlling the power taken by products from
the ac supply.
Before the advent of power electronics, most loads connected to the ac
supply lines were resistive (e.g. filament lamps and heaters) or inductive
(e.g. fixed speed ac motors). The currents taken by such loads are
sinusoidal, and do not cause any special problems to the ac supply.
Today almost every product - computers, television and audio equipment,
lamp dimmers, variable speed motor control in portable tools and washing
machines, (the list is almost endless) - uses some form of electronic power
supply capable drawing a highly distorted (non-sinusoidal) current.
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As an example, the simple rectifying circuit seen at the input to many
switch-mode power supply designs presents a highly distorted load, which
draws current only at the peak of the voltage waveform.
Voltage
Current
L
AC
Supply
N
Distorted current waveforms are undesirable because they can lead to
several problems in the ac supply. Examples include: reduction of power
factor, causing excessive heat losses in the transmission cables, and
excessive neutral currents in balanced three phase systems; and distortion
of the supply voltage, which may interfere with other equipment using the
same supply.
In the particular case of the switch mode power supply example shown
above, IEC61000-3-2 would impose limits on the amplitude of each
harmonic of the current.
Another subject covered by the IEC61000-3 specifications is fluctuations in
load.
Nowadays, more and more products are incorporating controls such as
timers and thermostats, which can cause frequent changes to the load seen
by the supply. Examples are cooking appliances, heaters air conditioners
and photocopiers.
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WHAT IS IEC61000-3? IEC61000-3 SOFTWARE FOR WINDOWS USER MANUAL
The problem that this may cause can be seen in the situation where several
appliances are connected to the ‘same’ ac source (say within a building)
and one of the appliances is presenting a fluctuating load to the supply.
The ac supply must have a certain amount of source impedance between
the generator and distribution point (i.e. the building), and therefore the
fluctuating current taken by one appliance will produce a fluctuating
voltage drop across this source impedance, resulting in a fluctuating source
voltage being presented to the other appliances connected to the same
distribution point.
Of crucial importance is the effect caused by the changing supply voltage
in the light output of a filament lamp. This output is proportional to the
square of the source voltage, and therefore even small changes of voltage
can cause significant changes in light intensity. The effect on a human
observer of this variation of light output is known as flicker.
IEC61000-3-2 specifies separately the limits for the harmonic amplitudes
of the current taken by a fluctuating load. It also specifies two tests for the
voltage disturbance produced by load currents flowing in a given source
impedance: a maximum voltage deviation test and a flicker test; these
should be applied to all equipment.
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N
2.2. TEST EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
The following circuits show examples of how to connect the test equipment
when testing products to the IEC61000-3 specifications:
a) Full Compliance Testing
Full compliance testing is required by test laboratories offering
traceable certification to customers that their products meet the
required standard. In this case, all the test equipment used (ac source,
reference impedance and Power Analyzer) has to meet all the
requirements of the IEC61000-3 specification.
Harmonic Current Measurements
AC
Source
A
Product
Under
Test
Equipment Required
PC
IEEE488 or RS232
Interface
Flicker and Voltage Deviation
AC
Source
Power Analyser
VA
Measurements
Source
Impedance
V
Product
Under
Test
AC Source
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Impedance
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Under Test
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WHAT IS IEC61000-3? IEC61000-3 SOFTWARE FOR WINDOWS USER MANUAL
Power Analyzer
The Voltech ‘PM3000ACE-002’with
version 2.19 firmware or greater is
recommended for full compliance testing.
Impedance Network The Voltech ‘IEC Reference Impedance
Network’ should be used. It is equipped
with a shorting link to allow you to switch
out the impedance (when measuring the
current harmonics) without rewiring.
AC Source
You may use the programmable ac source
of your choice. Ensure that it is fully
compliant with the requirements of
IEC61000-3, and that it has a dynamic
output impedance of less than 20mΩ.
Wiring
The wiring must have the effect of adding
less than 10mΩ to the impedance network.
Suitable leads are supplied with the
Voltech Reference Impedance Network.
b) Pre-Compliance Testing
Pre-compliance testing requires a test environment that can give a
high degree of confidence that the product meets the required
specification, but without the traceability of full compliance. This
environment is less expensive to create on your own site, and could be
used for the initial testing of new products. As well as giving valuable
feedback to engineering departments during product development, it
will also give confidence that your product should meet the
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N
requirements of the standard when it is eventually submitted to a fully
compliant test house for certification.
Harmonic Current Measurements
AC
Source
A
Product
Under
Test
Equipment Required
PC
IEEE488 or RS232
Interface
Flicker and Voltage Deviation
AC
Source
Power Analyser
VA
Measurements
A
Product
Under
Test
computed
voltage
L
AC Source
Product
Under
Test
Power Analyzer Again, you may use the Voltech
‘PM3000ACE-002’ or ‘PM3300-002’
Analyser, though any version of the
PM3000A or PM3300 is suitable for pre-
compliance work.
Impedance Network Not needed, as the PM3000A Analyser
can compute the flicker and voltage
deviations from the measured current and
the theoretical value of the reference
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impedance.
WHAT IS IEC61000-3? IEC61000-3 SOFTWARE FOR WINDOWS USER MANUAL
AC Source
A low cost alternative to a programmable
ac source is to use the regular ac supply.
Choose an outlet where the voltage is as
clean and as stable as possible. As the
IEC61000-3 Software includes voltage
source qualification, the quality of your
source is known at all times.
In general, if your product meets the
standard with a good margin when testing
with your ac line voltage, there should be
no problems when you submit it for fully
compliant testing.
Wiring
Without the measurement of voltage drop
across the Impedance Network, the
requirement for very low impedance
wiring can be relaxed slightly. Less than
100mΩ of wiring impedance will be
adequate.
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2.3. EQUIPMENT CLASSIFICATION - 2001 STANDARD
Equipment classification details for the old '1995' version of the standard
may be found in the 'Help' system provided with the software.
Class A equipment is defined as:
• Balanced three-phase equipment
•
Household appliances excluding equipment defined to be Class D
•
Tools excluding portable tools
• Dimmers for incandescent lamps
• Audio equipment
• Equipment not specified in one of the three other classes
Class B
equipment is defined as:
• Portable tools
Class C equipment is defined as:
•
Lighting equipment
Class D
equipment is defined as:
Equipment having a specified power less than or equal to 600W, of the
following types:
•
Personal computers and personal computer monitors;
•
Television receivers
Class D limits are reserved for equipment that, by virtue of:
• Number in use;
• Duration of use;
•
Simultaneity of use;
•
Power consumption;
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WHAT IS IEC61000-3? IEC61000-3 SOFTWARE FOR WINDOWS USER MANUAL
•
Harmonic spectrum including phase.
Can be shown to have a pronounced effect on the public electricity supply
system.
Such equipment 'may be reclassified in a future edition of the standard.'
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The following 'flowchart for determining conformity' is defined by figure
Z1 of the standard:
1 Determine Class
2 Does the equipment
use techniques not
allowed by section 6.1.
? - 'Control Methods
Not Allowed'
Yes Professional
equipment?
Yes May require
permission to
connect.
See IEC610003-4
No No
Does not
conform
3 Do the exceptions of
Yes
Conforms
Clause 7 'Equipment
Without Limits', or
Annex C apply?
No
4 Are specific test
conditions defined in
Yes Use those
conditions
Annex C2?
No
Use the 'generic'
conditions of Clause
6.2.
5 Limits met? Yes
Conforms
No
Professional
equipment?
Yes May require permission to connect.
See IEC61000-3-4
No
Does not conform
Please refer to the latest available version of the standard before making
conformity decisions based on this flowchart.
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WHAT IS IEC61000-3? IEC61000-3 SOFTWARE FOR WINDOWS USER MANUAL
2.4.
L
IMITS
The IEC1000-3-2 standard gives tables for each of the four Classes for the
maximum permissible harmonic currents for harmonic tests. (These limits
are essentially the same for both the 1995 and 2001 versions of the
standard. See the help system for 2001 edition Class C differences. The
differences in the two versions of the standard are mainly in the way that
the harmonic results are manipulated and compared to these limits).
Maximum Permitted Harmonic Current
Harmonic
(n)
3
5
Class A
(Amps)
Class B
(Amps)
Class C
(% of Fund)
(mA/W)
Odd Harmonics
2.30 3.45
30 x λ
1.14 1.71 10 1.9
Class D
3.4
7
9
11
13
15 ≤ n ≤ 39
0.77 1.155 7 1.0
0.40 0.60 5 0.5
0.33 0.495 3 0.35
0.21 0.315 3 3.85/13
0.15 x 15/n 0.225 x 15/n 3 3.85/n
Even Harmonics
2
4
6
8 ≤ n ≤ 40
1.08 1.62 2 -
0.43 0.645 - -
0.30 0.45 - -
0.23 x 8/n 0.345 x 8/n - -
Notes: 1) For Class A and B, the limits are specified as a number of
Amps.
2) For Class C the limits refer to a percentage of the fundamental.
λ = the power factor.
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3) For Class D, the limits vary with the power consumed, and are
specified as either the mA/W limit, or the Class A limit, whichever is
the smaller.
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INSTALLATION IEC61000-3 SOFTWARE FOR WINDOWS USER MANUAL
NSTALLATION
3. I
3.1. PC REQUIREMENTS
Operating System:
Windows 95, 98, 2000 or XP. Windows 3.x is not supported.
PC:
200MHz Pentium II or higher
RAM: 32Mb min
Disk: 21b of hard disk space for program installation
Plus: i) at least 1Mb for recording test data
ii) PCI local bus 16550 based RS232 interface
The requirements for results storage for each type of test are as
follows:
Waveform capture: 1.5kb per waveform
Steady State Harmonics: 1kb per measurement
Fluctuating Harmonics: 7Mb per hour
Flicker: 5kb per 10 minutes)
IMPORTANT:
Your Voltech IEC61000-3 software operates in ‘Real Time’. This means
that during execution of a test, limits and results are being computed and
displayed simultaneously. The demands of this type of electrical test and
analysis mean that a large amount of data must be transferred quickly from
your Voltech Analyser to the host PC. Under certain unusual
circumstances, mostly dependant upon the performance of the host PC, the
flow of test data may be momentarily interrupted by other programs
making demands upon the system. This will lead to computational errors
and therefore a test failed error message will be displayed.
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To avoid any such possible problems, Voltech strongly recommends that
you take the following normal precautions:
1. All other applications should be closed or at least be inactive while a
test is running. If the programs are left running but not used, features
such as ‘Auto-save’ should be disabled.
2. System features that may interrupt normal operation such as screen
savers, battery management (laptops) and the Windows ’95 ‘system
agent’ should be disabled.
3. Networking ‘shares’ should be disabled or remain inactive. A network
user accessing the PCs’ local disk or printer may interrupt
communications.
4. Do not use the host PC for any type of shared printer.
5. Disable any internal modem that has auto-answer features.
IEEE 488 INTERFACE CARDS SUPPORTED
3.2.
•
IOtech Personal 488 (GP488B)
•
National Instruments GPIBII/IIA
•
CEC 488
• Most other standard types
POWER ANALYZERS SUPPORTED
3.3.
Voltech model numbers: PM3000A, PM3000A-001, PM3000A-002
PM3300, PM3300-002 with firmware Version 1.67 or above. The
Firmware version number is shown on the analyzers’ display during power
up. Please contact Voltech or your local agent should you require a
firmware upgrade.
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INSTALLATION IEC61000-3 SOFTWARE FOR WINDOWS USER MANUAL
3.4. INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE TO YOUR PC
Your software will have been supplied on a CD-ROM or electronically via
email or website download.
To install the software:
•
If the software was supplied on CD-ROM, run the “IEC61000
Software.exe” file in “<drive>\PM3000ACE Information\IEC
Harmonics & Flicker Software” to install the software. If the
software was provided electronically, the run “IEC61000 Software
for PM3000.exe”
•
Follow the on screen instructions.
The default directory for the IEC61000-3 for Windows software is
C:\Program Files\Voltech Instruments\Voltech IEC 61000 Software for
PM3000. You may choose an alternative drive / directory, when prompted
during the installation process.
A copy of this user manual can also be found in the “<drive>\PM3000ACE
Information\IEC Harmonics & Flicker Software” directory.
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3.5.
R
EGISTERING THE SOFTWARE
The software is supplied to you under the terms of our current license
agreement and is for use on a single PC only. As supplied, the software will
not communicate with a Power Analyzer until it has been registered. (You
may however browse and print the example results supplied before the
software is registered.
To register the software,
• Install the software on the PC where it is intended to be used (as
above).
• Look at the registration details found under 'Registration' from the
'Help' menu. This dialogue will display an 'ID Code’, which is
unique to that PC installation. (Select 'Register' if no ID code is
shown)
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INSTALLATION IEC61000-3 SOFTWARE FOR WINDOWS USER MANUAL
•
Contact your Voltech supplier with the exact 'ID Code' and you will
be issued with a 'Key Code' provided that the appropriate payment
has been received. (It is also possible to provide a 'Demo' key code at
no charge, which will fully enable the software for 30 days only).
• Open the 'Registration' dialogue as above and enter the 'Key Code'.
The software will now operate.
The 'Key Code' (demo or full version) is not time related and may be
entered at any time after you have sent the 'ID Code' to Voltech.
TRANSFERRING THE SOFTWARE TO A DIFFERENT PC
3.6.
The software is licensed for use on one PC only. At Voltech's discretion it
is possible to occasionally transfer the licence to a different PC.
To transfer the licence:
• Install a copy of the software on the new PC.
• Enter the ID code given on the new PC in to the Transfer ID box on
the old PC. This will disable the software on the old PC.
•
Take the Transfer Key Code from the old PC and enter it in to the
Key Code on the new PC.
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3.7.
S
ETTING UP YOUR
IEEE488
INTERFACE CARD
Refer to the user manual supplied with your IEEE488 interface card for the
recommended procedures for installation and set-up of the card in your PC.
If there is any difficulty, the following brief notes may be of help.
IOtech Personal 488
•
Make sure that the card has been supplied with a software disk
containing the following device driver:
Driver488/NI
• Before installing the Personal 488 card into your PC, make a note of the
following:
Type of card: GP488B
IRQ level: Set by jumpers on the card - factory default
setting = 7
DMA channel: Set by jumpers on the card - factory default
setting = 1
Memory address: Set by switches on the card - factory default
setting = 02E1
• Switch off the PC, and follow the instructions given in your IOtech user
manual to install the interface card.
•
Switch on the PC and start Windows.
•
Install the interface card driver software:
•
Insert the disk labelled ‘Driver488/NI’ into drive A
• From the Windows Program Manager, using the mouse
Pull down the File menu
Click on Run
•
In the Run dialogue box, on the Command Line type
A:\WINDOWS\SETUP
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and click on the OK button
Enter the configuration of the interface card:
• Use Windows File Manager to select the and run the file
C:\WINDOWS\IEEE488\CONFIG.EXE
(This assumes that you allowed the SETUP program above to use the
IOtech default directory - C:\WINDOWS\IEEE488.)
• On the CONFIG display screen, set up the interface card details noted
above.
• Use the Windows File Manager to copy the file GPIB.DLL from
C:\WINDOWS\IEEE488 to C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.
•
Again using Windows File Manager, select the and run the file
C:\WINDOWS\IEEE488\DRVR488W.EXE
• You can now run the IEC61000-3 for Windows Software.
Between runs of the IEC61000-3 for Windows Software, it is
recommended that you exit from and close down Windows, and then start
Windows again to reset the IOtech drivers, before re-starting the
IEC61000-3 Software.
Note:
If you find difficulty in getting the IOtech card to operate, it may be
necessary to install the virtual DMA driver supplied with the card:
• Using Windows Notepad, open the file
C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.INI
•
Find the line containing the string ‘vdmad’, and comment it out by
placing a semicolon at the beginning of the line.
• Immediately below this line, insert the new line
DEVICE=C:\WINDOWS\IEEE488\VDMAD.386
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•
Save the file and re-start Windows.
National Instruments GPIBII/IIA
• Switch off the PC, and follow the instructions given in your National
Instruments user manual to install the interface card.
•
Switch on the PC and start Windows.
• Install the interface card driver software:
• Insert the National Instruments Driver Disk (1 of 2) into drive A
• From the Windows Program Manager, using the mouse
Pull down the File menu
Click on Run
• In the Run dialogue box, on the Command Line type
A:\SETUP
and click on the OK button
•
After the ‘setup’ program has finished, you can run the IEC61000-3 for
Windows Software.
CEC 488
• Switch off the PC, and follow the instructions given in your CEC user
manual to install the interface card.
•
Switch on the PC and start Windows.
•
Use the Windows File Manager to copy the file GPIB.DLL from
A:\CECDRIVE to C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.
• After the copy has finished, you can run the IEC61000-3 for Windows
Software.
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4. G
ETTING STARTED
4.1. STARTING THE SOFTWARE
Installing software will create a program shortcut in the ‘Voltech Software’
program group. Click on IEC 61000 Software' to start the software.
SETTING UP THE TEST EQUIPMENT
4.2.
To test products to IEC61000-3, you will probably set up a test rig similar
to the one shown below.
RS232 or
IEEE 488
PC
PM3000
Equipment Under Test
RS232 or
IEEE 488
AC Source
In many cases, you will be able to use a single test rig for the evaluation of
a number of different products to the IEC61000-3 specification. Therefore,
the IEC61000-3 software has a ‘Setup’ menu, which allows you to
configure the test equipment and the type of test to perform first.
PC to PM3000 Connections
To communicate between the PC and the PM3000, either RS232 or IEEE
488 communications can be used. If you are using IEEE 488
communications, you will need an RS232 to GPIB converter.
If you are using RS232 as the communications method, then you will be a
9 way female to 25 way male Null Modem cable (see section 8.3.2 of the
PM3000A user manual for exact pin connections).
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For either method of communications the baud rate of the PM3000 need to
be set up. To set the baud rate, press “Interface” on the PM3000 and the
press “Select” until “>RS232<” is displayed. Press “Enter” until the baud
rate screen is showing and press “Select” until the desired baud rate is
selected. Press “Enter” twice to leave the RS232 se t up screen. When
selecting the baud rate, the minimum recommended for IEC61000
communications is 19200 baud.
PM3000 to Equipment Under Test Connections
The PM3000 needs to be connected to the equipment under test to measure
the voltage and the current. Even for fluctuating harmonics testing,
both
which is a current measurement, the voltage source is measured.
One easy way to connect break the conductor carrying the power to the
equipment under test is to use one of Voltech’s Break Out boxes. They
come with a variety of different outlet types and provide an easy way to
connect your equipment under test while making easy connections for
voltage and current.
SET-UP POWER ANALYZER AND AC SOURCE
4.3.
COMMUNICATIONS
From the Top Level menu select (using the mouse),
Setup
Communications
Power Analyzer
to bring up the following dialogue box:
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If you are using an IEEE488 interface,
then enter the address of the Power
Analyzer, and click on the OK button.
Alternatively, if you are using a serial
interface, click with the mouse on the
RS232 button, enter the appropriate
Comm Port and Baud Rate, and then
click the OK button.
Having set up the communications interface for the Power Analyzer,
clicking OK will return you to the Top Level menu, from where you
can select
Setup
Communications
AC Source
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to similarly set up the communications interface for the test source.
(This obviously would not be necessary if you were using the
available mains supply instead of a programmable ac source.)
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4.4.
S
ETUP
AC S
OURCE
Again from the Top Level menu, using the mouse, select
Setup
AC Source
At the next dialogue box,
you can choose to have the software automatically control an AC
Source or to use the normal line supply ('Mains') / manually controlled
source.
Using the normal mains (AC line) supply or manually controlling an
AC Source
Select 'Mains' (AC line) and click on 'OK'. The software will prompt
for AC Source ON and OFF during testing.
Automatic control of a programmable AC Source
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The software can also automatically control an AC Source that has a
suitable RS232 or IEEE interface (See above). Under automatic
control the software will set the AC source output ON and OFF to the
desired voltage and frequency during testing.
If the AC source model you are using is listed simply select it and
click on 'OK'.
To configure an AC Source that is not listed, select 'Add New AC
Source'.
To edit the details of an existing source, select the source and then
choose 'Edit AC Source'.
For both of the above, you will see the same Configure AC Source
dialogue.
To delete a source, first select it and then choose 'Delete AC Source'
Configuring an AC Source
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Name
Identifies your AC Source. Manufacturer and model number should be
entered.
Commands
Enter here the AC Source commands that should be issued by the software
to turn the source output on and off during testing and to set up the
frequency of the source (usually 50Hz).
Voltages
Enter here the voltages at which you wish to test and their respective AC
source commands. Normally only 230V is necessary.
Range and output impedance commands may be required to set some
sources up correctly.
Source command delay
Enter here a time in milliseconds if you are experiencing communications
problems. It is possible for the software to issue consecutive commands
before a source is ready for them. If in doubt, start with a long delay
(1000mS) and shorten the delay if required.
Source ON OFF prompt
By default this box is not checked and the software will automatically turn
the source off and on when required. If this box is checked, the software
will prompt for confirmation that you want the source turned off at the end
of the test. In this way the source can be left on permanently.
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4.5.
P
OWER ANALYZER SHUNT AND SCALING
Normally, you would make all the measurements using the current and
voltage ranges of the Power Analyzer directly. It is possible to use the
analyzer with external voltage or current transducers to extend the
measurement range.
From the Top Level menu, using the mouse, select
Setup
Shunt & Scaling
to bring up the following dialogue box:
If the transformer is not 1:1, you should enter the appropriate current (or
voltage) scaling factor before clicking on OK.
If you are using a current shunt external to the Power Analyzer, then select
the External button,
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and enter the value of the shunt in the Shunt Factor section at the bottom of
the dialogue box. Note that you may enter either an Ohmic value by
selecting the upper button as shown in the display above, or a Volts per
Amp ratio by clicking on the lower button.
When all the data is entered, click on the OK button to return to the Top
Level menu.
ENTERING A NEW PRODUCT
4.6.
The IEC61000-3 Standard is concerned with the testing and certification of
products. Therefore, to enable you to set up and run a program of tests for
each product, the IEC61000-3 software organises its results files identified
by the name of the product under test.
The first task for you to do when starting a series of tests on a new product
is to enter the data for that product. Let us assume that the particular new
product is a Power supply called PS123.
To enter the new product PS123:
From the Top Level menu select (using the mouse),
Product
New
to bring up the Product Description dialogue box.
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Using the mouse to move between the various fields, enter the data for
the following:
Product Title (in this case PS123) - using a maximum of 20
characters
The product Description - a maximum of 120 characters
The Serial Number - a maximum of 20 characters
The working Drive and Directory where the data is to be stored
(If required, use the Network button to access more drives
connected to your network.)
For the Description and the Serial Number, you can use any of the
keyboard characters in any order, including both upper and lower case
alpha-characters. Similarly, for the Title, you can again use any of the
keyboard characters in any order, but alpha-characters are restricted to
upper case only.
Having entered the required data, click on the OK button, to move to
the next dialogue box:
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Again using the mouse to move between the various fields, set up the
following:
•
The Operating Voltage (230V)
• The Current Range (1A)
• Which Standard is to be applied (IEC61000:2001)
(This version of the standard is recommended for all new
equipment. For features of IEC61000-3-2 1995 testing, see
the help system of the software.)
•
Which Channel of the PM3000A or PM3300 will be used
for measurement (Channel 1).
(The data in parenthesis are the values chosen in the case of
PS123
)
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4.7. CONFIGURING A FLUCTUATING HARMONICS TEST
From the product configuration dialogue (above), click on 'Harmonic
Setup…'
Select the Class (A, B, C or D) that the equipment belongs to. (See Chapter
2.) The correct limits will automatically be chosen. The other possible
entries into this dialogue are described below.
Once the dialogue entries are complete, click on 'O
k' and close the product
configuration dialogue. The 'product' is now ready to test.
Class C Limits
There are three possible types of limit that can be applied to Class C of
equipment.
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Class C >25W
Uses the limits described in Chapter 2.
Note that for this test, the fundamental input current and power factor must
be known and entered in to the test detail dialogue since these values are
used to calculate the limits. The analyzer automatically measures
fundamental input current and power factor in accordance with the required
measurement methods and displays the result. The measured fundamental
input current and power factor can then be entered retrospectively and the
limits re-computed.
Class C less or equal to 25 W
There are 2 possible limits that may be applied:
1. The Class D limits.
OR
2. The limits below as long as the current waveform meets certain criteria
for its shape. Note that these criteria are completely different to the
waveform shape checking used for Class D in a previous edition of the
standard.
'The waveform shall be such that it begins to flow before or at 60 degrees,
has its last peak (if there are several peaks per half period) before or at 65
degrees and does not stop flowing before 90 degrees, where the zero
crossing of the fundamental supply voltage is assumed to be at 0 degrees.'
The IEC software contains sophisticated proprietary algorithms to
automatically check the waveform accordingly.
See the 'Waveform check' operating instructions below.
Class C <25W 'Waveform' limits
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The maximum permissible harmonic currents expressed as a percentage of
the input current at the fundamental frequency are:
3rd 86 %
5th 61 %
Note that for this test, the fundamental input current must be known and
entered in to the test detail dialogue since this value is used to calculate the
limits. The analyzer automatically measures fundamental input current in
accordance with the required measurement methods and displays the result.
The measured fundamental input current can then be entered
retrospectively and the limits re-computed.
IEC61000-3-2 2001 Waveform Check
For a 'waveform check' the analyzer performs a waveform datalog and
displays one cycle of the voltage and current.
This waveform can then be used to check if Class C 'by waveform' limits
can be used by pressing the space bar. The markers show the angular
position of current 'flow start', 'last peak' and 'flow stop'.
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If all the markers are blue, then the waveform meets the specified
requirements. A red marker indicates that the waveform does not meet
those requirements.
The markers can be repositioned by dragging them with the mouse if
required.
Select 'Calculate' to recalculate the marker positions from the original data.
Select 'Reset' to reset the markers to their last saved position.
IEC61000-3-2 2001 Minimum Power
This is the power level specified by the standard, below which no limits
apply. (Except for lighting equipment. When Class C is selected this field
is inactive).
IEC61000-3-2 2001 Specified Power
The power of the equipment under test as specified by the 'manufacturer'.
The specified power is used to calculate limits for Class D and some Class
C tests. This field is inactive when Class A or Class B is selected.
The power must be determined using the methods detailed below. If the
power is unknown, it will be measured by the analyzer and this value can
be entered retrospectively at the end of the tests and the limits re-computed
accordingly.
(from 6.2.2 of the standard…..)
The value of input power to be used for calculation of limits shall be
determined as follows:
• measure the 1.5s smoothed active input power in each DFT time
window;
•
determine the maximum of the measured values of power from the
DFT time windows over the entire duration of the test.
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The value for power, measured as defined in this clause, shall be specified
by the manufacturer and documented in the test report. This value shall be
used for establishing limits during emissions tests when limits are specified
in terms of power. In order not to specify a power at which limits change
abruptly, thus giving rise to doubt as to which limits apply, the
manufacturer may specify any value which is within 10% of the actual
measured value.
The value for power found by measurement during emission tests other
than the original manufacturer's conformity test, measured according to the
terms of this clause, shall not be less than 90% nor greater than 110% of
the value for power specified by the manufacturer….. In the event that the
measured value is outside of this tolerance band about the specified value,
the measured power shall be used to establish limits.
IEC61000-3-2 2001 Fundamental Current
The fundamental current is used to calculate some Class C limits. This field
is inactive when Class A, B or D is selected.
The fundamental input current is defined to be the maximum of the
measured values of 1st harmonic current from the DFT time windows over
the entire duration of the test.
If the fundamental current is unknown, it will be measured by the analyzer
and this value can be entered retrospectively at the end of the tests and the
limits re-computed accordingly.
IEC61000-3-2 2001 Power Factor
The power factor is used to calculate some Class C limits. This field is
inactive when Class A, B or D is selected.
The power factor is defined to be the ratio of volt-amperes to watts
obtained from the same DFT measurement window as the value for the
fundamental component of current.
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If the power factor is unknown, it will be measured by the analyzer and this
value can be entered retrospectively at the end of the tests and the limits re-
computed accordingly.
PERFORMING A HARMONICS TEST
4.8.
Once the test has been configured, choose 'Fluctuating Harmonics' from the
'Run Test' menu:
and the software will automatically configure the analyzer and AC Source.
(For a manual source, you will be prompted to 'Switch the Mains on Now'.
Once the system is ready, you will see the following dialogue:
Click on 'S
tart' to begin the test.
In accordance with the standards, the first 10 seconds of the test will be
ignored. The equipment under test should be switched on or - depending on
the equipment behaviour- before the time that you click start.
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After this ten-second period, the PC will display the latest harmonics
reading in real time.
At the end of the test the software will automatically reset the analyzer and
AC Source. (If you are using a manual AC Source you will be prompted to
switch it off)
You must then save the results using the filename and directory of your
choice.
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You may also choose to enter an operator name at this point.
Notice also that you may 'Edit Product Details' which allows you to change
the:
•
Product Title
• Serial Number and
• Description
From those originally entered when the product was configured.
You will then be presented with a summary of the test results. See the next
section for a description of the possible result views for fluctuating
harmonics.
CHANGING TEST DETAILS
4.9.
When a fluctuating harmonics result is open (see below) the test details
(Class limit and user entered data) may be changed at any time by selecting
'R
esult', 'Change Test Details…' .
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This allows the measurements for any fluctuating harmonics test to be re-
classified and compared against revised limits and saves you from having
to make pre-tests to determine, for example, maximum watts.
4.10.
V
IEWING RESULTS
At the end of a test or by opening a result several different result and
diagnostic views are available.
To open a previously saved result, select 'R
esult', 'Open' to see this
dialogue:
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Select the 'Result Type' ('Fluctuating Harmonics' in this example), locate
the result you wish to open and double click on it.
4.11.
VIEWING FLUCTUATING HARMONICS RESULTS
The default view that is opened is the 'Summary Results' view. The views
available below the 'V
iew' menu are described below.
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Summary Results
This is a summary test report showing the overall test PASS / FAIL
together with all the product and test details.
The first 3 sections of this report will automatically appear at the top of the
printout of any of the other result views available.
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Table
The table results show the average harmonic readings and the maximum
individual smoothed harmonic readings compared to the limits.
In the example above, the results for harmonic 5 show that the average
result has exceeded limit 1 but not limit 2 and that the maximum reading
has not exceeded limit 2 resulting in a FAIL for harmonic 5. See the
reference information for more details.
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Bar Charts
Four types are available. Each displays 40 harmonics along the bottom with
a bar above representing the amplitude of the harmonic.
Linear Worst Case
Shows the maximum amplitude of each of the individual smoothed
harmonics.
Average Vs Limit 1
Shows the average value of each harmonic compared to Limit 1. A red bar
indicates a failure.
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Normalized Worst Case
The normalised worst-case bar chart shows the highest values for the
individual smoothed harmonics during the test compared to their limit. The
data is the same as that presented in the 'Linear Worst Case' view, but in
this 'Normalized' view, Limit 1 is scaled to equal 1 and the same scale
factor is used to display Limit 2 and the worst case harmonic. This view
shows how close a harmonic is to its limit, irrespective of the size of the
limit.
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Linear All
In this view the level of the individual harmonics are shown for each 16
cycle (320 ms @ 50Hz) are shown together with limits 1 and 2.
Use the play and pause keys to scan
through each reading automatically
or use the < (less than) and > (greater
than) keys of the keyboard to scan
through the readings one at a time.
Normalized All
This view shows each of the 16 cycle block readings (as above) with the
limits normalised. This view shows how close a harmonic is to its limit,
irrespective of the size of the limit.
Play /
Pause
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p
Single Harmonic Plot
In this view the time (in seconds) is shown on the bottom axis. The plot is
of the amplitude of the selected harmonic during the duration of the test.
Limit 1 and Limit 2 for that harmonic are also shown.
At the top of the main window, the reading number amplitude is shown that
correspond to the position of the red marker. Click anywhere on the trace to
re-position the marker.
Harmonic 7
Reading 19
0.103617 Am
Use the < (less than) and > (greater than) keyboard keys to view the
different harmonics.
s
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Other Data Plot
These views show data other than harmonics as they vary during the
duration of the test.
Watts and Amps
Shows the input watts and rms amps as measured by the analyzer. Input
Watts is used to calculate limits for Class D tests and the user specified
watts are also shown for comparison. The maximum measured watts should
be within 10% of the user specified watts.
Click anywhere on this window to move the red marker and view details
for the associated reading at the top of the main window.
Amps and Power Factor
This view shows the fundamental input current (amps) and power factor as
they varied during the test together with their user specified levels. See the
reference information for definitions of fundamental current and power
factor.
Fundamental current and power factor are used to calculate limits for some
Class C tests. The maximum measured fundamental current and power
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factor should be within 10% of the user specified fundamental current and
power factor.
Click anywhere on this window to move the red marker and view details
for the associated reading at the top of the main window.
POHC and THC
See the reference information for definitions of these terms.
POHC is used during limit checking (see the reference information) .
Measurement of THC is not a specific requirement of the standard other
than in the absence of specific guidelines, 'emission tests shall be
conducted with the user's operation controls or automatic programs set to
produce the maximum THC under normal operating conditions'.
Click anywhere on this window to move the red marker and view details
for the associated reading at the top of the main window.
Source Qualification
This is a table view of the source voltage, frequency and harmonic content.
Each parameter is allocated a PASS or FAIL according to the requirements
of the standard.
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4.12.
P
ERFORMING A REPEATABILITY TEST
It is a condition of IEC61000-3-2 2001 that 'the repeatability of the
measurements shall be better than 5%…..'.
When more than one 2001 edition fluctuating harmonics result is available,
they may be selected and a repeatability test performed. (This test is found
under the 'result' menu).
To select results to test for repeatability, click on your first choice using the
mouse and then hold the 'CTRL' key when mouse clicking on the others.
The list of results selected appear in the Results Description box. Click on
OK to run the repeatability test.
The repeatability test compares all the harmonic results for each harmonic
from one set of results to every other to see if they are within 5%.
Harmonics less than 0.6% of the input current or less than 5mA are
ignored.
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After saving the repeatability result, a summary table of the chosen results
is shown together with a PASS or FAIL for repeatability. If the test fails,
some of the maximum differences are shown.
Should the repeatability test fail, ensure that the results selected refer to the
same product tested under identical conditions.
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4.13.
P
ERFORMING A FLICKER TEST
To perform a Flicker Test for the power supply PS123, again connect it
into the test rig as shown below.
PC
AC Source
or Mains
Power Analyser
VA
Product Under
PS123
Again, it will be assumed that you are using the available Mains supply.
To set up the parameters for the flicker measurement:
From the Top Level menu, using the mouse, select
Product
Configure
At the next dialogue box:
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click on the Flicker Meter button to display:
Normally, for full compliance testing, you would set the Measurement
Method to Voltage, which would require you to insert a standard
impedance network in the power line to the product under test.
However, assuming that this time you want to use the measurement
rig shown above for pre-compliance testing, click on the Current
button in the Measurement Method box; the Resistance and Reactance
default to the normal values specified in the IEC61000-3-3 Standard.
For the 2001 edition of the standard,
The dc limit is 3.3%
The dt limit is 500mS (the time for which the voltage characteristic
exceeds a voltage change of 3.3%)
The dmax limit is:
a) 4% without additional conditions
b) 6% for equipment that is:
- Switched manually
OR
- Switched automatically > twice per day
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AND
- has EITHER a delayed restart (> 10's of seconds)
OR
- Manual restart after power supply interruption
(Choose 'Auto >2 / day or Manual Switching' to automatically set up
this limit.)
c) 7% for equipment that is:
- Attended whilst in use
OR
- Switched on automatically or manually no more than twice per day
AND
- has EITHER a delayed restart (> 10's of seconds)
OR
- Manual restart after power supply interruption
(Choose 'Attended or switching <= 2 /day' to automatically set up this
limit.)
The Pst limit is 1
The Plt limit is 0.65
The N value must be 12
The test duration must be 10 minutes for a Pst test, and should be 120
minutes (2 hours) for a Plt test.
(See the software help system for details of flicker test limits.)
When you have entered all the data, click on the OK button to return
to the Configure display shown above, and from that, click on the OK
button again to return to the Top Level display.
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To run the Flicker test:
From the Top Level menu, using the mouse, select
Run Test
Flicker Meter
to bring up a sequence of dialogue boxes including the following:
As for the Fluctuating Harmonics test, ensure that the Mains supply is
connected to the Product Under Test at the first display and click on
the OK button. At the second display, ensure that the Product Under
Test is switched on and has settled into steady state operation, and
then click on the Start button.
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The measurements will commence, and displays similar to the
following will be seen.
When the measurements are finished you will see:
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Switch off the mains and click on the OK button. As with other
measurements, you will again be prompted for a title for the saving of
the result.
The measurement is now finished, and the result is displayed as a table.
Again you can use the View menu to bring up an alternative graphical
presentation - the Pst curves:
There will be a series of Pst curves - one for each ten-minute period in the
measurement. You may view each curve in turn by using the < (less than)
and > (greater than) keys to scroll through the series.
If you wish to compare two or more results, from the Top Level menu,
click on 'R
esult' and then 'Open' to bring up the Open Result dialogue box:
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Initially change to the appropriate Drive and Directory. Then select the
Result Type from the list revealed by clicking on the d button; this will
bring up a list of available results in the Result Description box. Finally,
select the required result from the list by double-clicking with the mouse.
This will close the dialogue box, and add the selected result to those
already on view.
To remove a result from the display, simply select that result window by
clicking on it with the mouse, and then from the Top Level menu, select
Result Close.
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4.14.
P
ERFORMING A MANUAL SWITCHING TEST
The 2001 Edition of IEC61000-3-3 includes an Annex B that describes the
procedure for measuring dmax caused by manual switching. This is a new
procedure introduced to apply a statistical method to the voltage changes
caused by manual switching which are subject to wide variations because
of the behaviour of mechanical switches and the random point on the
voltage cycle when the switch may operate.
To perform this measurement, 24 measurements of dmax are made each of
one-minute duration.
For each one minute period:
• The measurement is started
• The equipment under test is switched on soon after the measurement
is started
•
The equipment under test is switched off before the end of the 1
minute period after operating for as long as possible, but in sufficient
time for all moving parts inside the EUT to come to a standstill and
that 'any dmax mitigation devices have had time to cool to the
ambient temperature before the next measurement interval is started'.
At the end of the 24 tests, the highest and lowest values are discarded and
the arithmetical average of the remaining 22 values is compared against the
value used in the flicker meter setup.
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To perform the test, select 'Manual Switching Test' from the 'Run Test'
menu.
During the test the software automatically displays an ON prompt soon
after the beginning of a one-minute test period and an OFF prompt before
the end of a one-minute period.
These are for guidance only - you may switch the equipment under test On
and then Off once at any time during the test as long as you adhere to the
guidelines above.
The values of dc and dt are shown for information only. At the end of the
24 1 minute tests, you are prompted to save the results and then the overall
test result is shown. A cross indicates which two of the 24 results have
been discarded.
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4.15.
R
ESULTS PRINTING
If you wish to print results, first open the result you wish to print and then
click on 'R
esult', 'Print Preview' to check that all is satisfactory.
Then click on the Print button to start printing.
Standard windows printing commands are available in the print options. All
printers supported by windows drivers can be used.
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Print Header Option
This option can be found under the Result menu. The print header will
appear at the top of the page on all printouts.
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4.16. RESULTS EXPORT
This option is available from the 'results'
menu for IEC61000-3-2 2001 harmonics
tests only when a test of that type is open.
You will be prompted for a file name and
directory where the exported results will
be stored.
You may export all of the available data
in a form (comma separated variable) that
is suitable for import into common
spreadsheet applications. Since a large
number of results are produced every second of a fluctuating harmonics
test, the exported file may be very large for tests of a long duration.
4.17.
EXITING FROM THE IEC1000-3 SOFTWARE
When you have finished using the IEC1000-3 Software, select
Result
Exit
to quit the program.
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5. ON-LINE HELP
Clearly, there is more functionality in the IEC61000-3 Software than has
been covered in the Getting Started examples of the previous section. To
assist you to make full use of its capabilities while you are actually running
tests, the IEC61000-3 Software is equipped with extensive on-line help.
To access the on-line help, from the Top Level menu select
Help
Contents
The Contents display is the starting point for many pages of on-line help,
which function in the same way as any software package running under
Windows.
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For example, click on the words Step by Step User Guide, to lead on to:
At the above display, click on the words of the topic of interest, to bring up
the help dialogue.
Alternatively, click on the Search button to move to:
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Using the mouse, scroll to the select a word from the central list and click
on the Show Topics button.
Select a topic from the lower list, and click on the Go To button to bring up
the required help text.
When you have finished with the on-line help,
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select File ->Exit to return to the IEC61000-3 Software Top Level menu
bar.
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6. REFERENCE INFORMATION
Some of the information contained in this section is extracted from the
versions of the standards available at the time of publication. Please refer
to the relevant standards in force at the time of test for up to date
information.
HOW THE ANALYSER PERFORMS A 2001 EDITION
6.1.
H
ARMONICS TEST
2001 measurement methods
The 2001 edition of IEC61000-3-2 defines exactly how the harmonic data
from a Power Analyzer must be used when comparing them to the
applicable limits.
(from section 6.2.2)
The measurement of harmonic currents shall be performed as follows:
• For each harmonic order, measure the 1.5 s smoothed rms harmonic
current in each DFT time window….
(This is the same method used in previous versions. The analyzer
calculates all 40 harmonic amplitudes every 16 cycles of the supply
waveform without gaps or overlap. Each of the 40 harmonic
amplitudes is smoothed by a filter with a 1.5 second time constant)
• Calculate the arithmetic average of the measured values from the
DFT time windows over the entire observation…..
Also the input power, fundamental current and power factor are required to
be measured in a very specific way. (These values are used to compute the
limits for certain classes). Measurements of POHC and THC are also
required for comparison with the limits and to determine test conditions.
These measurements are then compared to the limits in very specific ways.
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Applying the 2001 limits.
The various class limits are compared to the measurements obtained in the
following way:
(from 6.2.3.3)
1. The average value for the individual harmonic currents, taken over the
entire test observation period shall be less than or equal to the applicable
limits.
2. For each harmonic order, all 1.5s smoothed rms harmonic current values,
shall be less than or equal to 150% of the applicable limits.
3. Harmonic currents less than 0.6% of the input current measured under
the test conditions, or less than 5mA, whichever is greater, are disregarded.
4. For the 21st and higher odd order harmonics, the average values
obtained for each individual odd harmonic over the full observation period,
calculated from the 1.5s smoothed rms values may exceed the applicable
limits by 50% provided that:
• the measured POHC does not exceed the POHC which can be
calculated from the applicable limits;
•
all 1.5 s smoothed rms individual harmonic current values shall be
less than or equal to 150% of the applicable limits.
In other words the equipment under test meets the limits if you:
1. Measure the harmonics 2 to 40 of the input current for each and every
consecutive 16-cycle (320mS @50Hz) block of the measurement and
smooth them with a 1.5 s time constant filter. For all these individual
values of data, disregard small values and compare to 150% of the relevant
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class limit. ( Note that for a 10 second test that's 39 x 500 readings =
19500 measurements to compare to the limits)
AND
2. Take the average value of the readings over the measurement period for
each harmonic order, disregard small values and compare to the limits.
(That's 39 averages compared to the limits).
ALSO
3. If the any of the odd average harmonics from 21 to 39 measured in (2)
exceed the limit that's OK as long as:
•
The measured POHC (for each 16 cycle block) does not exceed the
POHC calculated from the limits.
AND
• Condition (1) is still met.
The combination of Voltech PM analyzer and associated software perform
all the necessary measurements in strict accordance with the standards and
present the results in an easy to understand graphical form.
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6.2.
G
LOSSARY OF TERMS
IEC61000-3-2 2001 Minimum Power
This is the power level specified by the standard, below which no limits
apply. (Except for lighting equipment. When Class C is selected this field
is inactive).
At the time of publication (March 2001) this value is 75 Watts.
IEC61000-3-2 2001 Specified Power
The power of the equipment under test as specified by the 'manufacturer'.
The specified power is used to calculate limits for Class D and some Class
C tests. This field is inactive when Class A or Class B is selected.
The power must be determined using the methods detailed below. If the
power is unknown, it will be measured by the analyzer and this value can
be entered retrospectively at the end of the tests and the limits re-computed
accordingly.
(from 6.2.2 of the standard…..)
The value of input power to be used for calculation of limits shall be
determined as follows:
• measure the 1.5s smoothed active input power in each DFT time
window;
•
determine the maximum of the measured values of power from the
DFT time windows over the entire duration of the test.
The value for power, measured as defined in this clause, shall be specified
by the manufacturer and documented in the test report. This value shall be
used for establishing limits during emissions tests when limits are specified
in terms of power. In order not to specify a power at which limits change
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abruptly, thus giving rise to doubt as to which limits apply, the
manufacturer may specify any value which is within 10% of the actual
measured value.
The value for power found by measurement during emission tests other
than the original manufacturer's conformity test, measured according to the
terms of this clause, shall not be less than 90% nor greater than 110% of
the value for power specified by the manufacturer….. In the event that the
measured value is outside of this tolerance band about the specified value,
the measured power shall be used to establish limits.
If the 'specified' power is unknown, it will be measured by the analyzer and
this value can be entered retrospectively at the end of the tests and the
limits re-computed accordingly.
IEC61000-3-2 2001 Fundamental Current
The fundamental current is used to calculate some Class C limits. This field
is inactive when Class A, B or D is selected.
The fundamental input current is defined to be the maximum of the
measured values of 1st harmonic current from the DFT time windows over
the entire duration of the test.
If the fundamental current is unknown, it will be measured by the analyzer
and this value can be entered retrospectively at the end of the tests and the
limits re-computed accordingly.
IEC61000-3-2 2001 Power Factor
The power factor is used to calculate some Class C limits. This field is
inactive when Class A, B or D is selected.
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The power factor is defined to be the ratio of volt-amperes to watts
obtained from the same DFT measurement window as the value for the
fundamental component of current.
If the power factor is unknown, it will be measured by the analyzer and this
value can be entered retrospectively at the end of the tests and the limits re-
computed accordingly.
POHC
Partial odd harmonic current is the total rms value of the odd harmonic
components of orders 21 to 39. POHC is used during the application of
limits.
THC
Total harmonic current is the total rms value of the harmonic components
of orders 2 to 40.
Although the measurement of THC is not specifically required by the
standard, the standard requires that 'emission tests shall be conducted with
the user's operation controls or automatic programs set to the mode
expected to produce the maximum THC.' Maximum THC may also be used
to determine the observation period for 'Long Cyclic' equipment.
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6.3. EQUIPMENT WITHOUT LIMITS
(from section 7 of the IEC61000-3-2 2001 standard)
For the following categories of equipment, limits are not specified in this
edition of the standard.
• Equipment with a rated power of 75W or less, other than lighting
equipment.
•
Professional equipment with a total rated power greater than 1kW.
•
Symmetrically controlled heating elements with a rated power less
than or equal to 200W.
• Independent dimmers for incandescent lamps with a rated power less
than or equal to 1kW.
CONTROL METHODS NOT ALLOWED
6.4.
(From section 6.1 of the standard)
The following restrictions apply even to equipment to which no harmonic
current limits apply as defined in clause 7.
a) asymmetrical controls according to IEV 161-07-11, except where they
are the only practical solution to detect unsafe conditions;
b) half-wave rectification directly on the mains supply, except where it is
the only practical solution to detect unsafe conditions, or, where the
controlled active input power is less than or equal to 100W, or, where the
controlled appliance is portable equipment and is fitted with a two-core
flexible cord and is used for a short time, a few minutes only, for example
hair dryers
Symmetrical control methods which are prone to produce harmonics of low
order (n<40) in the input current may be used for the control of the power
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supplied to heating elements provided that the full sine-wave input power is
less than or equal to 200W, or that the limits of table 3 are not exceeded.
Domestic equipment with symmetrical control used for a short time (for
example hair dryers) shall be tested under Class A.
Even though asymmetrical controls and half-wave rectification are
permitted under the conditions given above, the equipment shall still
comply with the harmonic requirements of this standard.
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IEC61000-3-2 2001
6.5.
HARMONICS TEST DURATION
The 'test observation period', Tobs is defined by section 6.2.4. of the
standard.
The key criterion used to determine the observation period being that Tobs
(is) 'of sufficient duration to meet the requirements for repeatability'.
Type of equipment
behaviour
Quasi-stationary Sufficient duration to
Observation Period Voltech
recommendation
10 secs.
meet the requirements
for repeatability
Short cyclic
(Tcycle < 2.5 min)
> 10 cycles (reference
method) or sufficient
duration to meet the
requirements for
The cycle of operation
of the equipment plus a
few seconds.10 secs.
minimum
repeatability
Random Sufficient duration to
meet the requirements
2.5 minutes and check
repeatability
for repeatability
Long cyclic
(Tcycle > 2.5 min)
Full equipment
program cycle
(reference method) or a
Full equipment
program cycle. 2.5
minutes minimum.
2.5 minute period
considered…..the
operating period with
the highest THC
If in doubt, run at least two tests and check the repeatability.
For 'Long cyclic' equipment a full equipment cycle test can be run and
period containing the highest THC determined (see 'Other data plot').
Repeat testing of equipment could than be tested using a 2.5 minute
duration centred on the point when the equipment produces the highest
THC.
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6.6. HARMONIC TEST CONDITIONS IEC61000-3-2 2001
(from Annex C of the standard)
Generic test conditions for IEC61000-3-2 2001
(from section 6.2.1 of the standard)
For equipment not mentioned in Annex C, emission tests shall be
conducted with the user's operation controls or automatic programs set to
the mode expected to produce the maximum total harmonic current (THC)
under normal operating conditions.
This defines the equipment set-up during emission tests and not a
requirement to measure THC or to conduct searches for worst-case
emissions.
The harmonic current limits specified in clause 7 apply to line currents and
not to currents in the neutral conductor.
The equipment is tested as presented by, and in accordance with
information provided by, the manufacturer. Preliminary operation of motor
drives by the manufacturer may be needed before the tests are undertaken
to ensure that results correspond with normal use.
Test conditions for television receivers
General conditions
Measurements shall include the loading of any auxiliary circuits included
in the receiver, but exclude the loading of any peripheral equipment
powered from the receiver.
Conditions for measurement
A radio frequency signal modulated in accordance with C 2.2.1 shall be
supplied by a test generator and the receiver shall be adjusted to display a
picture with appropriate settings for brightness, contrast and sound level in
accordance with C 2.2.2.
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C.2.2.1The TV receiver is fed by an r.f. TV signal with a level of 65 dB/µV
on 75W and with the following test modulations:
a) Colour Television
Radio frequency signal: a full TV signal with modulated picture
chrominance and sound carrier.
• The sound modulation factor is 100% at 1000Hz.
• The picture modulation content is a colour bar test pattern with:
100% reference white level bar;
0% reference black level bar; and
75% Amplitude (reference made to the white level) and;
100% saturation.
b) Monochrome television
Radio frequency signal: a full TV signal with modulated picture and sound
carrier.
• Sound modulation: see Item a) above.
• The picture modulation is a monochrome test pattern with a black
and white level according to Item a) and an average overall picture
content of 50% of the reference white level.
C.2.2.2 The receiver shall be tuned and adjusted according to Clause 37 of
IEC publication 107-1
The white reference level corresponds to 80 cd/m² and the black level to
less than 2 cd/m². The magenta bar corresponds to 30 cd/m².
The volume control is set in such a manner that one-eighth of rated output
power is obtained, measured at the loudspeaker terminals, at a frequency of
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1000Hz. In the case of stereophonic equipment, this output shall be present
at both outputs.
Note -For devices that operate on base-band signals, a suitable video input
signal should be used, and the same settings made for brightness, contrast
and volume controls.
Test Conditions for audio amplifiers
Audio amplifiers which draw a supply current which varies by less than
15% of the maximum current with input signals between no signal and
rated source e.m.f (as defined in IEC 268-3) shall be tested with no input
signal.
•
Other audio amplifiers shall be tested under the following conditions:
• rated supply voltage;
• normal position of user controls. In particular, any controls affecting
the frequency response shall be set to give the widest flat response
achievable;
•
input signals and load conditions as given in clause 4.2.6b)of IEC 65.
Test conditions for videocassette recorders
Measurement shall be made on the playback mode with the standard tape
speed.
Test conditions for lighting equipment
General Conditions
Measurements shall be made in a draught-free atmosphere and at an
ambient temperature within the range from 20 to 27 deg C. During
measurement the temperature shall not vary by more than 1K.
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Lamps
Lamps shall be aged for at least 100h at rated voltage. They shall be
operated for at least 15 minutes before a series of measurements is made.
During ageing and measurement lamps shall be installed as in normal use.
Note - Some lamp types may require a stabilising period exceeding 15
minutes. Corresponding information given in the relevant lamp
specification must be observed.
Luminaires
The luminaire is measured as manufactured. It shall be tested with
reference lamps, or with lamps having electrical characteristics close to
their nominal values. In case of doubt measurements are made with
reference lamps. When the luminaire incorporates more than one lamp, all
lamps are connected and operated during the test. When the luminaire is
assigned for use with more than one type of lamp, measurements shall be
made with all the types and the luminaire shall comply each time. In each
case where the luminaire is equipped with a glow starter, a starter in
accordance with IEC Publication 155 shall be used.
Incandescent lamp luminaires that do not incorporate an electronic
transformer or a dimming device are deemed to fulfil the harmonic current
requirements and need not be tested.
If separate tests with reference lamps have proved that ballasts for
fluorescent or other discharge lamps or step-down converters for tungsten
halogen or other filament lamps comply with the requirements the
luminaire is deemed to comply with these requirements and need not be
checked. Where these components have not been approved separately or do
not comply, the luminaire shall be tested and shall comply.
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If a luminaire has a built-in dimming device, the harmonic currents shall be
measured with the maximum load of the lamps as specified by the
manufacturer. The setting of the dimming device is varied in 5 equidistant
steps between the minimum and the maximum power in order to obtain
comprehensive results.
Ballasts and step-down converters
Ballast for fluorescent or other discharge lamps or step-down converters for
tungsten halogen or other filament lamps shall be tested with reference
lamps or with lamps having electrical characteristics close to their nominal
values. In case of doubt, measurements are made with reference lamps.
In the case where a ballast can be used with or without a series capacitor or
where a ballast or step-down converter is designed for several types of
lamps, the manufacturer shall indicate in his catalogue for which type of
circuit and lamps the ballast fulfils the harmonic requirements and the
ballast shall be tested accordingly.
Test conditions for independent and built-in incandescent lamp
dimmers
The independent dimmer is tested with incandescent lamps having the
maximum power allowed for the dimmer. The control is set to a firing
angle of 90° ± 5°, or if controlled by steps, to that step closest to 90°.
Test conditions for vacuum cleaners
The vacuum cleaner is tested with the air inlet adjusted according to the
normal operation as defined in 2.2.9 of IEC 60335-2-2. The control is set to
a firing angle of 90° ± 5°, or if controlled by steps, to that step closest to
90°.
Test conditions for washing machines
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The washing machine is tested in the normal 60°C laundry program. It is
filled with normal load of cotton cloths, size 70cm × 70cm, dry weight
from 140 to 175 g/m², as specified in IEC 335-2-7.
Normally it is sufficient to measure the harmonics during the rinsing; in
case of doubt a full programme is tested. Transitory harmonics are
measured during a few reversing speed-up operations during the spinning
speed-up operation.
Test conditions for microwave ovens
The microwave oven is tested with 100% nominal power. It is operated
with a potable water load of initially 1000 ± 50 g in a cylindrical
borosilicate glass vessel having a maximum material thickness of 3mm and
an outside diameter of approximately 190mm. The load is placed at the
centre of the shelf.
Test conditions for Information Technology Equipment (ITE)
ITE is tested with the equipment configured to its rated current. In this
case the equipment, if necessary, may be configured with its power
supplies loaded with additional load (resistive) boards to simulate rated
current conditions.
For ITE systems designed for use with a manufacturer-supplied power
distribution system, i.e. transformers, UPS, power conditioner etc.,
compliance with the limits of this Standard shall be met at the input to the
power distribution system.
Test conditions for induction hobs
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Induction hobs are operated with an enamelled steel pan, which contains
approximately half its capacity of water at room temperature, and
positioned at the centre of each cooking zone, in turn. Thermal controls are
adjusted to their highest setting.
The diameter of the base of the pan is to be at least the diameter of the
cooking zone. The smallest pan complying with this requirement is used.
The maximum concavity of the bas of the pan is 3D/1000 where D is the
diameter of the flat area of the base of the pan. The base of the pan is not to
be convex.
The concavity is checked at room temperature using an empty pan.
FLICKER TEST CONDITIONS IEC61000-3-3 2001
6.7.
General test conditions
The test conditions for the measurement of flicker are given in the
following clauses. For equipment not mentioned in Specific test conditions
list, controls or automatic programmes shall be set to produce the most
unfavourable sequence of voltage changes using only those combinations
of controls and programmes that are mentioned by the manufacturer in the
instruction manual, or are otherwise likely to be used. Particular test
conditions for equipment not included in the Specific conditions list are
under consideration.
The equipment shall be tested in the condition in which it is supplied by the
manufacturer. Preliminary operation of motor drives may be needed before
the tests to ensure that results corresponding to those of the normal use are
obtained.
• For motors, locked-rotor measurements may be used to determine
the largest rms voltage change, dmax, occurring during motor
starting.
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•
For equipment having several separately controlled circuits, the
following conditions apply:
• Each circuit shall be considered as a single item of equipment if it is
intended to be used independently, provided that the controls are not
designed to switch at the same instant.
If the controls of separate circuits shall be designed to switch
simultaneously, the group of circuits so controlled are considered as a
single item of equipment.
For control systems regulating part of a total load only the voltage
fluctuations produced by each variable part of the load alone shall be
considered.
Test conditions for cookers
For cookers designed for use in domestic premises the evaluation of Plt
shall not be required.
The tests of Pst shall be performed at steady state temperature conditions
unless otherwise stated.
Each heater shall be tested separately as follows:
Hot plates
Hot plates shall be tested using standard saucepans with diameter, height
and water quantity as follows:
Diameter of the
Height of the pot(mm) Quantity of water(g)
hotplate(mm)
145 about 140 1000+/-50
180 about 140 1500+/-50
220 about 120 2000+/-50
Possible losses by evaporation have to be compensated for during the time
of measurement.
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In all the following tests the hot plate shall comply with the specified
limits.
a) Boiling temperature range: Set the control to the position where the
water just boils. The test is made 5 times and the mean value of the test
results calculated.
b) Frying temperature range: Fill the pot, without a lid, with silicone oil to
1.5 times the quantity of water shown in the table. Set the control to a
temperature of 180°C measured by a thermocouple in the geometric centre
of the oil.
c) Total range of power settings: The total power range shall be checked
continuously during a ten-minute observation period. If control switches
have discrete stages, test all stages up to a maximum of 20 stages. If there
are no discrete stages divide the total range into 10 equally spaced steps.
The measurements shall then be made starting at the highest power stage.
Baking ovens
The oven shall be tested empty with the door closed. Adjust the control so
that a thermocouple fixed in the geometric centre measures a mean
temperature of 220°C for conventional ovens and 200°C for hot air ovens.
Grills
The grill shall be tested empty with the door closed if not otherwise stated
by the manufacturer. If a control is available it shall be set to the lowest,
medium and highest setting for grilling operation and the worst result
recorded.
Baking oven/grill combinations
The oven/grill combination shall be tested empty with the door closed.
Adjust the control so that a thermocouple fixed in the geometric centre
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measures a mean temperature of 250°C or that available temperature
closest to this value.
Microwave ovens
The microwave oven or the microwave function of a combination oven
shall be tested at the lowest, medium and a third stage that is the highest
adjustable power less than or equal to 90% of the maximum power. Load
the oven with a glass bowl containing 1000 ± 50g of water.
Test conditions for lighting equipment
The following test conditions shall apply to equipment with a primary
function of generating and/or regulating and/or distributing optical
radiation by means of incandescent or discharge lamps or LEDs.
Such equipment shall be tested with a lamp of that power for which the
equipment is rated. If lighting equipment includes more than one lamp, all
lamps shall be in use.
Pst and Plt evaluations are required only for lighting equipment that is
likely to produce flicker; for example: disco lighting and automatically
regulated equipment.
No limits shall apply to lamps.
Incandescent lamp luminaires with ratings less than or equal to 1000W and
discharge lamp luminaires with ratings less than or equal to 600W, are
deemed to comply with the dmax limits in this standard and are not
required to be tested. Luminaires with higher ratings, which cannot comply
with this part of IEC61000, shall be subject to conditional connection in
accordance with IEC61000-3-11.
Ballasts are deemed to be part of luminaires and are not required to be
tested.
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Test conditions for washing machines
The washing machine shall be tested in a complete laundry programme
incorporating the normal wash-cycle filled with the rated load of double
hemmed, pre-washed cotton cloths' size approximately
70cm x 70cm, dry weight from 140 g/m2 to 174 g/m2.
The temperature of the fill water shall be
• 65°C ±5°C for washing machines without heater elements;
• 15°C ±5°C for other washing machines
For washing machines with a programmer, the 60°C cotton programme
without pre-wash shall be used.
If the washing machine does not incorporate a programmer, the water is
heated to 90°C ±5°C or lower if steady conditions are established, before
starting the first wash period.
Neglect simultaneous switching of heater and motor in the evaluation of dc,
dmax and d(t).
Pst and Plt shall be evaluated.
Test conditions for tumbler dryers
The dryer shall be tested with 50% of the load as specified for normal
operation in IEC 335-2-11
If a control of the drying degree is available the test shall be performed at
the maximum and minimum settings.
Pst and Plt shall be evaluated.
Test conditions for refrigerators
Refrigerators shall be operated continuously with the door closed. Adjust
the thermostat to the mid-value of the adjusting range. The cabinet shall be
empty and not heated. The measurement shall be made after a steady state
has been reached.
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Pst and Plt shall not be evaluated.
Test conditions for copying machines, laser printers and similar
appliances
The appliance is tested for Pst at the maximum rate of copying. The
original to be copied/printed is white blank paper and the copy paper
should have a weight of 80g/m² if not otherwise stated by the manufacturer.
Obtain the Plt value in the stand-by mode.
Test conditions for vacuum cleaners
For vacuum cleaners, Pst and Plt shall not be evaluated.
Test conditions for food mixers
For food mixers, Pst and Plt shall not be evaluated.
Test conditions for portable tools
For portable tools, Plt shall not be evaluated. For portable tools without
heating elements, Pst shall not be evaluated. For portable tools with heating
elements, Pst shall be evaluated as follows:
Switch on the tool and allow to operate continuously for 10 minutes, or
until it switches off automatically, in which case the general observation
period applies.
Test conditions for hairdryers
For hand held hairdryers Plt shall not be evaluated. To evaluate Pst, switch
on the hairdryer and allow to operate continuously for 10 minutes or until it
switches off automatically, in which case the general observation period
applies.
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For hairdryers incorporating a power range, check the total power range
continuously during a ten-minute observation period. If control switches
have discrete stages all stages shall be tested up to a maximum of 20 stages.
If there are no discrete stages divide the total range into 10 equally spaced
steps. The measurements shall then be made starting with the highest
power stage.
Test conditions for consumer electronics products
For consumer electronic products, only the measurement of dmax is made.
Test conditions for direct water heaters
For direct water heaters without electronic controls evaluate dc only by
switching the heater on and off (sequence 0 - Pmax - 0).
For direct water heaters with electronic controls the output temperature of
the water has to be chosen so that by means of the variation of water flow-
rate all electric power consumption rates between Pmin and Pmax may be
produced. Pmax is defined as the minimum power that can be chosen, and
Pmin > 0 is defined as the minimum power that can be chosen.
NOTE - For some appliances the maximum power Pmax that can be
chosen may be less than the rated power.
The set temperature value shall be kept unchanged during the total test.
Starting from the water-flow rate demand for maximum power
consumption, Pmax, reduce the rate of flow in 20 approximately equal
steps to minimum power consumption, Pmin.
Then, in another 20 approximately equal steps, increase the water flow-rate
to power consumption Pmax. For each of these 40 stages the Pst. i value
shall be evaluated; the measurements start when the steady state is reached,
i.e. about 30 seconds after changing the water flow-rate.
NOTE - It may be sufficient to calculate Pst. i value on the base of a
measurement period of only 1 min.
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