Vivax Metrotech VM-480B User Handbook Manual

VM-480B

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User Handbook

(English Edition)

Version 1.3
P/N:4.04.000029

[e-mail] | 13309 Beach Ave. Marina del Rey, CA 90292
wctproducts.com | Phone: 800-WCT-PROD (928-7763) | Fax: [phone]

Table of Content

General Safety & Care Information·············································································································1

1.1 Who Can Use This Equipment·····································································································1

1.2 Work-site Safety···························································································································1

1.3 Equipment Safety························································································································1

1.4 Batteries and Environmental Safety·····························································································1

1.4.1 Alkaline Batteries (Non Rechargeable)··················································································1

1.4.2 General Rules Regarding Disposal of Batteries·····································································1

1.5 Care of Equipment·······················································································································2

1.6 Care When Interpreting the Information Provided by the Locator·················································2

1.7 American & Canadian Safety Notices··························································································2

Service & Support·······································································································································4

2.1 Serial Number and Software Revision Number············································································4

2.2 Distributors and Service Centers Closest to You··········································································5

Introduction················································································································································6

3.1 VM-480B······································································································································6

3.2 Controls and Indicators of the Model VM-480B T ransmitter·························································7

3.3 Controls and Indicators of the VM-480B Receiver········································································8

Checkout Procedure···································································································································9

4.1 To Check the 50/60Hz Power Mode···························································································· ·9

Operation·················································································································································10

5.1 T o Start Locating························································································································10

5.2 Direct (Conductive) Connection··································································································1 1

5.2.1 Transmitter···························································································································11

5.2.2 Peak Method·······················································································································12

5.2.3 Null Method·························································································································12

5.3 Inductive Coupling with the 4820 Metroclamp ···········································································13

5.4 Inductive (Indirect Method)·········································································································13

5.5 VM-480B 50/60Hz Power Line Locating·····················································································14

5.6 Estimating the Depth of a Conductor··························································································15

5.7 Using the Carrying Handle for Blind Searching, Ground Surveys, and Metal Mass Location ···16

5.7.1 Mounting the VM-480B Transmitter and Receiver to t he Carrying Handle···························16

5.7.2 Locating with the Handle-Mounted VM-480B·······································································17

5.7.3 Blind Search, Metal Mass Location, Ground Survey with the Carrying Handle····················18

5.8 Conductor Identification Using a Second 4820 Metroclamp·······················································18

5.9 Marking the Conductor···············································································································19

Tracing Factors and Helpful Information·················································· ·················································20

6.1 Soil Conditions···························································································································20

6.2 Field Strength of the Signal········································································································20

6.3 Verifying Versus T racing·············································································································20

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90292

6.4 Adjacent Conductors··················································································································20

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6.5 Deep Conductor·························································································································21

6.6 Tracing Long Runs·····················································································································21

6.7 Locating a Service Lateral - Active Range/Inductive Mode························································21

6.8 Locating a Bend or Dead End·····································································································22

6.9 Valves, Manhole Covers, Tees and Risers·················································································22

6.10 Common Bonded Conductors····································································································22

6.11 Congested Areas·····················································································································22

6.12 Pipes with Insulated Junctions···································································································22

6.13 Metroclamp Ground Requirements··············································· ············································ ·23

6.14 Grounding Safety·····················································································································23

6.15 Distribution Systems·················································································································23

Maintenance·············································································································································24

7.1 Checking and Replacing the VM-480B Transmitter and Receiver Batteries·······························24

7.2 Basic Preventive Maintenance···································································································24

Glossary ···················································································································································25

1 General Safety & Care Information

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General Safety & Care Information

1.1 Who Can Use This Equipment

• This equipment must only be used by people suitably trained in the use of pipe and cable

locators.

1.2 Work-site Safety

• Use your companies, or other applicable safety code and rules when using this equipment.

• Unless having the required authorization, license and appropriate training – do NOT make

connections to any pipe, cable or conductor.

• The equipment should not come in contact with corrosive or hazardous chemicals, or gases,

dust.

• Do NOT directly connect this equipment to cables or pipes that have a potential difference to

ground of greater than 25V AC.

1.3 Equipment Safety

• Do NOT open the enclosures (housings) of either the transmitter or receiver.

• Place the ground stake rmly in the ground before connecting the cable from the transmitter.

• Do NOT hold any uninsulated portion of the connection leads & clips when the transmitter is

switched on.

1.4 Batteries and Environmental Safety

Vivax-Metrotech products use four types of batteries:

• Alkaline batteries

1.4.1 Alkaline Batteries (Non Rechargeable)

• When replacing the alkaline batteries – use only the size and type specied – do NOT mix

battery types (rechargeable and alkaline).

• Do NOT mix partially discharged and fully charged cells in the same battery pack – do NOT

mix old with new.

• Never attempt to charge alkaline batteries.

1.4.2 General Rules Regarding Disposal of Batteries

• NEVER disassemble a battery, or battery pack.

• Never dispose of in a re or water.

• Dispose of batteries in accordance with your Company’s work practice/environmental

standards, the prevailing laws, or recognized best practice. Always dispose of batteries
responsibly.

Page 1 of 26

1 General Safety & Care Information

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IMPORTANT
Remember – Batteries contain dangerous chemicals – They can be affected
by many things such as water ingress or heat – In some circumstances
they can explode. They also can cause electric shocks!

1.5 Care of Equipment

• Use equipment only as directed in this User Handbook.

• Do NOT immerse any part of this equipment in water.

• Store in a dry place.

• Keep equipment in the case provided when not in use.

• If left for prolonged period of time – remove alkaline batteries.

• Keep unit clean and free of dust and dirt.

• Protect against excessive heat.

1.6 Care When Interpreting the Information Provided by the
Locator

• Like all locators – this instrument is locating, and providing depth and current readings

ba sed o n electromagnetic signals that radiate from the buried cable or pipe. In most cases
these signals will enable the locator to pinpoint both position depth and current correctly.

• BEWARE – in some cases other factors will distort electromagnetic elds radiating from cable

or pipe being located, resulting in incorrect information.

• Always locate responsibly, and use information learned during your training to interpret

the information provided by the locator.

• Do NOT provide information regarding depth of cable or pipe to anyone unless authorized to

do so by your company.

• REMEMBER that depth measurements are to the center of the electromagnetic eld or pipe –

In the case of pipes this may be signicantly deeper than the top of the pipe.

1.7 American & Canadian Safety Notices

USA

• This transmitter and receiver comply with the general conditions of operation, pursuant to part

15 of the FCC Rules.

• CFR 47 Part 15

• Changes or modications not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the user’s

authority to operate the products.

CANADA

• Equipment is for use by trained operators only, and not for general household or consumer

use.

• Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause interference,

and (2) this device must accept any interference that may cause undesired operation of the
device.

Page 2 of 26

1 General Safety & Care Information

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EUROPE

• Vivax-Metrotech confirms that the location system is compliant with relevant provision of

European directive 1999/5/EC.

• EN 55011

• EN 61000-4-2: A1 & A2

• EN 61000-4-3

• EN 61000-4-8: A1

Page 3 of 26

2 Service & Support

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Service & Support

2.1 Serial Number and Software Revision Number

Always quote your receiver and transmitter model number, serial number and software revision
number when requesting product support. They can be found as follows: (for reference only)

NOTE
The transmitter Model & Serial Number can be found on the receiver.

Page 4 of 26

2 Service & Support

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2.2 Distributors and Service Centers Closest to You:

World Headquaters, United State of America
Vivax-Metrotech Corporation

3251 Olcott Street,
Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA

Website : www.vivax-metrotech.com

Sales & Sales Support:
T/Free : 800-446-3392
Tel : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Email : [e-mail]

Service & Repairs:
T/Free : 800-638-7682
Tel : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Email : [e-mail]

Australasia
Vivax-Metrotech AUS

Unit 1, 176 South Creek Road,
Cromer NSW 2099, Australia

Tel : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Website : www.vivax-metrotechaus.com
Email : [e-mail]
[e-mail]

Canada
Vivax Canada Inc.

41 Courtland Ave Unit 6,
Vaughan, ON L4K 3T3, Canada

Tel : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Website : www.vivax-metrotech.com
Email : [e-mail]

China
ALLFIND Ltd.

No. 780, Tianshan Rd,
Shanghai, China 200051

T/Free : 4006-288-062
Tel : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Website : www.allfind.com.cn
Email : [e-mail]

Europe
SebaKMT

Seba Dynatronic
Mess-und Ortungstechnik GmbH
Dr.-Herbert-Iann-Str. 6,
96148 Baunach, Germany

Tel : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Website : www.sebakmt.com
Email : [e-mail]

France
Vivax-Metrotech SAS

Technoparc - 1 allée du Moulin Berger,
69130 Ecully, France

Tel : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Website : www.vivax-metrotech.com
Email : [e-mail]

United Kingdom
Vivax-Metrotech Ltd.

Unit 18-19, Woodside Road,
South Marston Industrial Estate,
Swindon, SN3 4WA, UK

Central/South America and the Caribbean
Ventas para América Latina

3251 Olcott Street,
Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
Website : www.vivax-metrotech.com

T/Free : 800-624-6210
Tel : [phone]
Fax : [phone]
Email : VentasparaAmé[e-mail]

Free Phone: [phone]
Website : www.vivax-metrotech.com
Email : [e-mail]

Page 5 of 26

3 Introduction

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Introduction

3.1 VM-480B

The Vivax-Metrotech Model VM-480B Pipe and Cable Locator is a versatile locating instrument
designed for locating and tracing the path of pipes and cables; detecting energizing 60Hz power
lines; and when mounted on an optional carrying handle, conducting blind searches, ground
surveys, and locating underground metal masses. Depth measurement is accomplished using the
triangulation method.

The VM-480B is of split-box design, half being the transmitter and half being the receiver.

The transmitter generates a signal which is applied onto the pipe or cable to be traced - referred
to from now on as the "conductor". The signal travels along the conductor, becoming weaker as it
gets farther away from the transmitter. The distance that the signal travels before it becomes too
weak to be detected depends on the method of connection, the type of conductor, the surrounding
soil, and the depth of the conductor.

When you position the receiver over the targeted conductor, it will detect the signal from the
conductor, enabling the operator to trace the path of t he pipe or cable. The signal strength reading
on the meter and the audio tone directs the operator to the path of the conductor.

As with all electromagnetic locating systems, this unit is designed to locate metallic conductors
only. The word "conductor, pipe, or cable" refers to a metallic conductor throughout this manual.

VM-480B

Page 6 of 26

3 Introduction

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3.2 Controls and Indicators of the Model VM-480B Transmitter

1

4

3

2

VM-480B Transmitter: Controls and Indicators

1

POWER INDICATOR LAMP
Indicates power is on. Blinks steadily if battery power is good, will slow down according
to power left in batteries. When it stops blinking, replace the batteries.

2

COND/AUX OUTPUT JACK

Insert either the direct connect cable or the 4820 Metroclamp cable into this jack. The
transmitter’s internal antenna is automatically disconnected when a plug is inserted into
this jack.

3

BATTER Y ACCESS

4

PUSH/PULL POWER SWITCH
Pull this switch to turn the transmitter on. Power Indicator lamp will blink.

Page 7 of 26

1 2

6

10

3 Introduction

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3.3 Controls and Indicators of the VM-480B Receiver

3

9
8

7

4

5

VM-480B Receiver: Controls and Indicators

1

FIELD STRENGTH METER
The meter indicates the strength of the signal being received by the receiver. The
reading will vary according to how close the receiver is to the conductor. The receiver
displays the highest reading when it is directly over the target conductor.
BATTER Y TEST INDICATOR
When the receiver is turned ON, the needle should move into the BATT test area of the
meter. If it does not, the batteries need to be replaced.

2

CARRYING HANDLE THREADED BUSHINGS
Connection point for Carrying Handle screws.

3

SPEAKER

Emits audio tone which guides operator toward the targeted conductor.

4

MODE SWITCH
Two operating positions:

Active – Direct Connect, Inductive coupling and inductive

Passive – For tracing energizing 50/60Hz power lines

5

AUX INPUT Jack
Plug in second 4820 Metroclamp (when using two clamps) into this jack.

6

BATTER Y ACCESS

7

HEADPHONE JACK

Plug in point for headphones.

8

DEPTH ANGLE BUBBLE
Position the bubble in the indicated area to estimate the depth.

9

RANGE KNOB

Changes the ratio of the signal amplication.

10

SENSITIVITY KNOB

Controls the signal gain. Set as low as possible to avoid receiving signal from conductors
other than your target conductor.

Page 8 of 26

4 Checkout Procedure

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Checkout Procedure

To insure proper operation of the VM-480B Pipe and Cable Locator, use the checkout procedure
at the following times:

• Upon receiving the equipment

• Before each job, preferably before you leave for the site

• If problems arise during a locate

1. Turn the transmitter on by pulling the PUSH/PULL POWER SWITCH and place the transmitter

on the ground. If the batteries are working, the battery lamp will blink.

2. Turn the receiver ON (if the batteries are working, the meter will move to the BATT section of

the meter) and set to the Active/Norm Mode.

3. Set the SENSITIVITY knob to the “SET” line.

4. Hold the receiver in a position parallel to the transmitter. The meter needle should move all the

way to the right side of the meter, and the audio tone should be loud.

5. Move away from the transmitter, holding the receiver in the same parallel position. At 10-20ft

the signal level should start to drop - the meter needle will move to the left and the audio tone
will begin to fade.

6. Turn the receiver perpendicular to the transmitter - both the meter reading and the audio tone

should suddenly drop.

If either the receiver or the transmitter does not respond to the above tests, check the batteries.
Refer to Section 7, Maintenance for instructions.

4.1 To Check the 50/60Hz Power Mode

1. Test the receiver only (the transmitter is not required for passive locating). Stand under an

indoor AC powered light future.

2. Set the range to “HIGH” and the sensitivity to the 12 o’clock position.

3. Hold the receiver in a vertical position and raise the receiver upward toward the light xture. The

meter reading and audio tone should increase as the receiver gets closer to the light xture.

If either the receiver or the transmitter does not respond to the above tests, check the batteries.
Refer to Section 7, Maintenance for instructions.

NOTE
The VM-480B receiver features a 30-minute automatic shut-off to prevent
the receiver from being accidentally left on. A beep will sound to alert the
operator that the receiver is about to shut off. Reactivate the receiver by
turning the RANGE KNOB back to “OFF” and then to “NORM” or “HIGH”.

Page 9 of 26

5 Operation

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Operation

Follow the checkout procedure described in Section 4 before operating the equipment.

To operate the VM-480B pipe and cable locator, use the transmitter to apply the signal to the
conductor, and use the VM-480B receiver to trace the signal coming off the conductor.

For a successful locate you must be sure that you have the best possible connection to the target
conductor and that the conductor is well grounded. If there is a break in the circuit path, very
little transmitter signal will reach the receiver. Look for disconnected leads, circuit breakers, open
switches, insulators, etc.

Power lines and telephone sheaths are assumed to be grounded. If you are tracing a conductor
with an exposed insulated joint, such as a gas pipe with a gas meter, use the jumper cable
to bypass the meter (insulator). Attach each end of the jumper cable to opposite sides of the
insulator.

To trace non-metallic pipe (sewer line) or duct send the signal through the conductor by inserting

a snake or sh tape into the pipe and connecting the Direct Connect Cable from the transmitter to

one end of it.

WARNING
Never make a direct connection to a live power cable. Use a voltmeter to
check for active electrical power. Always make sure the power to a cable is
turned off before you make a direct connection to it. (Live secondary power
can be located safely using an Inductive clamp.)

5.1 To Start Locating

There are three different methods of applying the signal to the conductor with the transmitter

- Direct Connection, Inductive Coupling and Inductive. A description of each method and use

instructions follow below.

In addition to three different methods of inducing the signal onto the conductor, there are two

methods - PEAK and NULL by which to locate your conductor.

The PEAK method is generally used to follow the path or direction of a line. It is the preferred

method for general locating because the sensitivity or gain can be kept to a minimum which
prevents bleed-off onto nearby lines.

Page 10 of 26

5 Operation

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The NULL method is used for more accurate locating of the centerline of a conductor. You
would want to get an accurate locate of a conductor centerline before determining the depth of a
conductor.

PEAK and NULL procedures are described below.

5.2 Direct (Conductive) Connection

This is the preferred mode of operation because the transmitter is connected directly to a
metallic part of the conductor (hydrant, meter, riser, valves, sheath, tracer wire) allowing a strong
maximum signal to reach the conductor. In this operating mode the receiver can be closer to the
transmitter, and adjacent buried conductor interference is reduced.

5.2.1 Transmitter

1. With the transmitter OFF, plug the Direct Connect Cable into the jack labeled COND/AUX

OUTPUT on the VM-480B transmitter.

2. Attach the RED lead of the Direct Connect Cable to an electrically clean metallic part of the

targeted conductor.

3. Extend the BLACK lead of the Direct Connect Cable as far as possible from the conductor, at

a right angle. Look for a convenient existing ground, such as a metal street sign. Be careful
not to get close to or cross any adjacent buried conductors. If no existing ground is available,

use the ground spike as far into the Ground as possible, and attach the BLACK lead. If the

ground surface is too hard, place the ground plate on the ground and attach the BLACK lead.

To improve conductivity, put water and /or a weight on it.

Tx

1 Target Conductor

Direct (Conductive) Connection

4. Pull the transmitter POWER Switch ON. Set the MODE switch to POWER TEST. The POWER

TEST LAMP should blink steadily, indicating a charged battery.

5. Set the receiver MODE switch to “Active”.

6. Set the receiver SENSITIVITY KNOB to a low setting on the left of the dial, adjusting as

needed for good signal reception. As you move farther away from the transmitter, you will
need to increase the sensitivity. It is important to tune the sensitivity as low as possible in
order to sharpen the reception and reduce signal bleed-off onto adjacent conductors.

7. Set the receiver RANGE knob to “NORM”, adjusting to “HIGH” when necessary.

Page 11 of 26

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8. When starting a locate, you need to “prelocate” the targeted conductor by using the broad

range PEAK method rst to nd the general location of the line. Then hone in on the exact

location of the conductor with the precision NULL method.

5.2.2 Peak Method

The PEAK method gives a maximum (loud tone) signal. Hold the receiver by the handle in a

vertical position and move it from side to side. The audio tone and eld strength will increase as

you approach the location of the conductor.

Locating Pipe

Tx

Rx

MAX

MIN

volume of receiver
tone as pipe is
crossed.

Peak VM-480B Receiver Response

MAX

MIN

5.2.3 Null Method

To pinpoint the location of the conductor use the NULL method by holding the VM-480B receiver

in a at, horizontal position. The audio tone will increase and then go silent at the exact location

of the conductor.

Pinpointing Pipe

Tx

Rx

MAX

MAX

MIN

volume of receiver
tone as pipe is
crossed.

Null VM-480B Receiver Response

Page 12 of 26

MIN

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WARNING
Do not hold the receiver at an angle – Incorrect information will result!

1. To determine the direction of the conductor, stop and vertically rotate the receiver to the left

and right. The highest signal strength reading indicates the direction of the conductor.
Continue to trace the conductor in the direction indicated by the indicators on the receiver. If
the signal strength drops abruptly, the conductor may have changed direction or stopped.

2. When you have pinpointed the conductor's location, mark it as required. See Section 5.6 for

APWA color markings.

3. When you have nished the locating, turn the transmitter and receiver off and disconnect the

accessories.

5.3 Inductive Coupling with the 4820 Metroclamp

Use this method if Direct Connection is not possible, but you can position a Metroclamp around
the conductor you want to trace. The Inductive Coupling method uses the 4820 Metroclamp to
induce a signal onto the conductor when direct metallic contact is not possible. The clamp is
placed around the target conductor. The transmitter then induces a signal through the clamp.

When using the Metroclamp the conductor must be well grounded, i.e. with sheaths and neutrals.
When tracing lines that have insulators, the insulators should be bypassed, using the supplied
jumper cable.

1. With the transmitter OFF, plug the 4820 Metroclamp cable into the COND/AUX jack on the

VM-480B transmitter.

2. Place the Metroclamp around the conductor, below the electrical ground. Make sure that the

clamp jaws are completely closed.

Couplers must be placed below
the electrical ground.

Inductive Coupling with the Metroclamp

3. Continue your locating by following steps 4 through 11, Section 5.2 Direct Connection.

1 Insulator
2 Pipe

5.4 Inductive (Indirect Method)

If you cannot make a direct connection onto the conductor, or use the Metroclamp, use the
antenna that is mounted on the transmitter case to induce signal onto the conductor.

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This is the least preferred method of inducing signal onto a conductor because the signal is
broadcast through the soil and air and can be picked up by other conductors in the area. In this
mode the signal radiates from the antenna mounted on the transmitter case and couples to the
conductor by electromagnetic induction.

If no direct connect cable or Metroclamp is attached to the DIRECT/4820 CLAMP jack, the
transmitter automatically broadcasts the signal through the antenna mounted on the transmitter
case.

No ground connection is needed when a signal is induced onto the target conductor.

WARNING
Do not operate the transmitter in the Inductive Mode while it is resting on
or near a metal surface or large metal object. Incorrect test readings and
damage to the transmitter may result.

1. Position the transmitter over the buried conductor making sure that the transmitter is parallel

or in line directly over the targeted conductor.

2. When using the Inductive method, the receiver must be 35-50 ft. away from the transmitter

depending on how high the sensitivity is set. The higher the sensitivity, the farther from the
transmitter the receiver must be to avoid picking up the transmitter signal traveling through the air.

3. Continue your locate by following steps 4 through 11, Section 5.2 Direct Connection.

5.5 VM-480B 50/60Hz Power Line Locating

When locating a power line the VM-480B transmitter is not required as you are locating the power
line by tracking the path of the 50/60 current coming off the line (the line must be loaded).

This method gives a maximum (loud tone) signal. The VM-480B receiver is held in a vertical
position at right angles to the line for maximum signal. (Note the logical path of the line from the
source).

You will notice a different audio tone when using the 50/60Hz mode, this is normal.

50/60 Power Line Locating Operation:

1. Move the VM-480B receiver a few feet away from where you want to start searching.

2. Turn the receiver MODE Switch to “Passive 50/60Hz”.

3. Hold the receiver in a vertical position. Then adjust the SENSITIVITY knob to bring the needle

within the “SET” zone. If the meter does not adjust to “SET”, turn the SENSITIVITY knob
all the way to the right (clockwise) and/or move closer to the conductor. If you still cannot
adjust to the “SET” position, switch the RANGE knob to “HIGH”:, and then attempt to adjust
the SENSITIVITY to “SET”. (If no current is present you will be unable to adjust to “SET”).

4. Hold the receiver in an upright, vertical position with the face of the receiver facing you, and at

right angles to the targeted conductor.

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5. Move the receiver from side to side over the targeted conductor location until you obtain the

maximum PEAK response. For better signal reception, hold the receiver close to the ground.

As you move closer to the targeted conductor, the speaker tone will gradually get louder. The

loudest tone will indicate you are over the conductor in the PEAK mode.

6. If the needle is at or close to the end of the meter scale, adjust the SENSITIVITY knob to bring

the needle back to the middle of the meter. (Decreasing the SENSITIVITY will give a sharper
receiver response as you move closer to the target conductor.) Then move to a new position
and note the meter response. The meter reading will increase if the signal gets stronger (closer
to the conductor), or decrease if the signal gets weaker (further from the conductor).

7. Keep adjusting the SENSITIVITY knob and the position of the receiver until you nd a place

that gives a maximum reading. (This will occur when the receiver forms an angle of 90
degrees with the target conductor.)

5.6 Estimating the Depth of a Conductor

Follow this procedure to estimate the depth of a buried conductor:

1. Using the NULL method, nd the exact location of the conductor. At a minimum distance of 35

feet from the transmitter (to prevent air coupling between the transmitter and receiver), locate
and mark the conductor.

2. Then, still in the same mode of operation (NULL), tilt the receiver to 45 degrees (aligning the

bubble), and move off to the side of the conductor. See below graphic.

45°

Second “Location”

Rx

Pipe Location

B

A

C

PIPE

C (Depth of Conductor) = A-B

Estimating the Depth of a Conductor

3. When you "locate" the conductor a second time, with the receiver at a 45 degree angle, mark

the spot on the ground. The distance between this second spot and the true location of the
conductor (A), less the distance between the center of the receiver and the ground (B), is
equal to the depth of the conductor (C). See graphic above.

4. Measurement accuracy is affected by the ratio of the conductor diameter compared to how

deep the conductor is buried. (The larger the pipe the less accurate the depth measurement.)
Depth measurements are also affected by soil conditions, overhead lines, and adjacent
conductors.

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5.7 Using the Carrying Handle for Blind Searching, Ground
Surveys, and Metal Mass Location

To conduct a blind search, a ground survey, or to locate an underground metal mass, the VM­480B transmitter and receiver must be mounted on a carrying handle (Part# 200766). The handle
positions the receiver and the transmitter in correct relation to each other.

5.7.1 Mounting the VM-480B Transmitter and Receiver to the Carrying Handle

1. Assemble the Carrying Handle as shown below. Do not insert the end pieces beyond the stop

pins. Secure the screws on the center section.

1 Stop Pin

Carrying Handle Assembly

2. Mount the VM-480B transmitter onto the Carrying Handle by placing the single screw-end of

the handle into the transmitter and securing it to the transmitter with the handle screw. See
below graphic, Step 1.

3. Place the mounted transmitter on the ground as shown and attach the VM-480B receiver to

the handle, screwing the two handle screws into the two threaded bushings on the receiver.
The receiver should be perpendicular to the transmitter as shown below, Step 2.

1 Receiver
2 Transmitter

Step 1

Mounting the Transmitter and Receiver onto the Carrying Handle

4. Pull the transmitter POWER switch on.

5. Set the receiver RANGE switch to "Norm" (the Receiver will turn on).

6. Set the receiver SENSITIVITY Switch to "11 o'clock position."

Page 16 of 26

Step 2

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7. Set the receiver MODE Switch to "Active".

8. Because the receiver is operating close to the transmitter, the receiver will detect the

transmitter output by air coupling and emit a tone. In order to cancel the air coupling the
receiver must be positioned exactly perpendicular to the transmitter: The operator must be a
least 15 feet from all metal objects, pipes, fences, cars, etc.

Hold the instrument at arms length, parallel to the ground with the receiver facing up as shown
in below graphic. First turn the topmost knob clockwise until full tone is indicated and the spring
is compressed. Then turn this same knob in a counterclockwise direction until you have a zero
audible and visual signal. Continue to turn through this “no signal” area until a slight signal is
heard and the visual indicator reads within the “SET” area. Leave the topmost knob at that

position. If you are unable to nd a “no signal” area, lower the sensitivity.

T

Tx

Rx

Adjusting for Audio Balance

5.7.2 Locating with the Handle-Mounted VM-480B

1. Holding the handle-mounted VM-480B with the receiver face up and the transmitter on the

back end, start traversing the area you need to blind search.

2. As you cross a conductor at right angles - the point of maximum audio and visual signal, make

a mark on the ground.

3. Continue to walk in the same direction until "no signal" is registered. At this point make a

180 degree turn and walk back over the same path until the maximum signal registers on
the meter and audio tone again. Make a second mark on the ground at this point. The true
location of the conductor is midway between the two marks.

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5.7.3 Blind Search, Metal Mass Location, Ground Survey with the Carrying

Handle

A "blind search" is a search for the location of a conductor with an unknown source or ending.
The VM-480B must be operated in the Inductive Mode using a systematic grid approach. Looking
for a "metal mass", such as a manhole cover or steel drum is the same as a "blind search" with
the exception that the search paths need to be closer together so as not to miss the metal object.
A "ground survey" is a process by which an operator can locate all the underground conductors
within a particular area.

5.8 ConductorIdenticationUsingaSecond4820Metroclamp

When exposed multiple conductors are present, for example in conduits, ducts, or pedestals, use

the method described below to identify a specic conductor.

1. Apply transmitter signal to the target conductor using a 4820 Metroclamp, as described in

Section 4.2.

2. Plug a second Metroclamp cable into the jack marked AUX INPUT on the receiver.

3. Set the RANGE switch on the receiver to "Norm". Set the MODE switch to "Active".

4. Place the Metroclamp around each conductor in succession, making sure that the jaws are

fully closed. The conductor with the highest eld strength indication is the target conductor.

See below graphic.

NOTE
This method will work only if there is no cross bonding on the length of the
conductor between the conductor and the receiver.

1 Receiver

Position of Metroclamps When Using Two

2 Transmitter

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5.9 Marking the Conductor

The following color markings have been established by the American Public Works Association
(APWA):

Conductor

Electric power lines, cables, or conduits
Communication lines, cables, conduits, CATV
Gas, oil, petroleum, or other gaseous materials
Storm and sanitary sewers, drain lines
Water, irrigation, or slurry lines

NOTE
If you have any questions regarding marking requirements or procedures,
please call your local One Call Center

Color

Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue

Page 19 of 26

6 Tracing Factors and Helpful Information

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Tracing Factors and Helpful Information

Many variables affect the process of locating a pipe or cable. The following information gives
guidelines for various problem situations.

6.1 Soil Conditions

Generally, the effect of soil types on line tracing is as follows:

Soil Type Effect on Line Tracing

Moist, compact Ideal
Dry, sandy, or rocky Little or no moisture content creates a poor tracing environment
Alkaline, high iron content Poor tracing environment

6.2 Field Strength of the Signal

When the signal is applied to the conductor using any of the three "Active" methods covered

in Section 5.2 – 5.5, an electromagnetic field is created around the conductor. The receiver

measures the strength of this eld, displaying it on the eld strength meter.

The field strength decreases as you move away from the target conductor and as you move

farther away from the transmitter (in the "Active" mode). For optimum tracing accuracy, the eld

strength should read at least 5 on the meter at maximum gain.

6.3 Verifying Versus Tracing

Verifying means to conrm that a conductor if present, and tracing means to map out its route

along the ground. Besides its use for locating a cable, the VM-480B’s 50/60Hz power line locating
mode is also helpful for determining the presence of energizing power lines and other conductors.
The active range using the transmitter generally produces the best accuracy when tracing.

6.4 Adjacent Conductors

When the meter reading drops off more on one side of the conductor than it does on the other,
the receiver may be picking up interference from an adjacent or parallel conductor. Adjust the
sensitivity to compare the signal strength of the conductors. In most cases, the conductor with

the stronger signal is the target conductor. If you are using the Active Mode, conrm the exact

location of the adjacent conductors. Place your ground lead so that it does not cross over any
adjacent conductors, is perpendicular to, but as far away from your target conductor as possible.

Note evidence of other underground utilities in the area, such as transformers, pedestals,
hydrants, meters, etc. which indicate the presence of other underground conductors.

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6.5 Deep Conductor

Signals picked up by the receiver from deep buried pipes are weaker and not as directionally
distinct as those from pipes closer to the surface. In addition, the meter reading will only change
by small increments in relation to moving the receiver antenna.

Using the Inductive (Indirect) Method of coupling signal to the conductor may be difficult if
the target conductor is buried four feet or more. For best results, use the Direct (Conductive)
Connection method of coupling signal to the targeted conductor.

6.6 Tracing Long Runs

Signals picked up by the receiver get weaker as you move further and further away from the
transmitter coupling point, especially on long pipe runs. To get a stronger signal, move the
transmitter coupling point closer to the receiver. If forced to use the Inductive Indirect mode, your
tracing job will be easier if an assistant follows behind with the transmitter as you trace with the
receiver.

6.7 Locating a Service Lateral - Active Range/Inductive Mode

After you have traced the main, you may want to go back and locate the service laterals off the
main. Service lateral traces are easiest to conduct in the Inductive Mode. Two operators are
required for this procedure - Operator 1 remains stationary holding the receiver as if to trace
over and parallel to the main. Operator 2, carrying the transmitter, holding it perpendicular to the
main line, and maintaining a minimum of 100 ft. between himself and the receiver, walks parallel

but 5 feet from the main on the side he expects to nd the service laterals as shown below. The

meter reading on the receiver will increase as Operator 2 crosses over the service lateral with
the transmitter. Each time the meter reading increases Operator 1 signals Operator 2 and he/she
marks the lateral locations on the ground.

Trace Path

100ft

5ft

Locating Service Laterals

WATER MAIN

Page 21 of 26

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6.8 Locating a Bend or Dead End

While tracing a line, you may nd that the meter reading drops off suddenly, and that there is no

distinct reading when the receiver antenna is moved left or right. Stand in place and continue
sweeping the antenna from side to side but at the same time slowly pivot your body.

If you nd a pivot angle at which the meter reading picks up again, it means you've located a

bend and can resume tracing in the new direction.

If you pivot all the way around (360 degrees), without getting any noticeable meter reading, it
means you've reached a dead end.

6.9 Valves, Manhole Covers, Tees and Risers

If the meter reading suddenly increases and then falls back while tracing a pipe you have
probably passed over a buried valve, manhole cover, tee, or riser.

6.10 Common Bonded Conductors

Telephone, power, and CATV sometimes use a common ground bond. If other conductors are
connected to your target conductor, putting a signal on the target can cause all the conductors to

carry the same signal, making it difcult to identify the target conductor.

To verify that you are tracing the targeted conductor, note the eld strength at a known location

of the conductor. As you trace, any change in eld strength should be gradual. If either reading

changes abruptly you are probably no longer over your targeted conductor.

6.1 1 Congested Areas

If you suspect that coupling from adjacent conductors is causing interference in the signal picked
up by the receiver try increasing the strength of the signal received from the transmitter and
decreasing the strength of signal from the interfering conductors by:

1. Changing to a different transmitter coupling point or coupling mode.

2. Improving the grounding connection or moving the grounding point.

3. Determine the location of the adjacent conductors. Then check to be sure that neither the

direct connect cable or the ground cable cross over any of the adjacent conductors. Re­position them if necessary.

4. If you are using the Inductive (Indirect) mode, you may be able to decrease the amount of

interfering signal by changing the orientation of the transmitter to the targeted conductor.
Determine the location of the interfering conductor.

6.12 Pipes with Insulated Junctions

The high radio frequency signal of the VM-480B Pipe and Cable Locator will jump pipe insulators,
however, the signal will proportionately decrease each time it crosses an insulator. When
possible, such as when tracing a pipe with a meter, bypass the meter (insulator) by using a
jumper cable. Attach each end of the jumper cable on opposite sides of the insulator.

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6.13 Metroclamp Ground Requirements

If you are using the Metroclamp around a cable, both ends of the target conductor must be

grounded to insure sufcient eld strength. Power lines and telephone sheaths are assumed to

be grounded.

6.14 Grounding Safety

If you use the direct connect method, be sure that there is no power owing through the target

conductor. If you use the Metroclamp on energized lines, follow established safety procedures.

6.15 Distribution Systems

To locate short gas services on a gas distribution system, you should temporarily ground the end
of the service. This can be accomplished by temporarily connecting a jumper cable to a ground
spike at the end of a service, where the pipe or tracer wire comes out of the earth. Be sure to
remove the ground connection after completing the locating so as not to defeat the cathodic
protection system.

Page 23 of 26

7 Maintenance

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Maintenance

The only routine maintenance required for the Model VM-480B equipment and accessories is
to test and replace, if necessary, the batteries in the transmitter and the receiver. Both possess
battery test features, making it easy to check the condition of the batteries at any time.

We recommend checking the transmitter and receiver batteries before each use, preferably
before leaving for the job site.

7.1 Checking and Replacing the VM-480B Transmitter and
Receiver Batteries

Check and replace the transmitter and receiver batteries as follows:

1. Have ready 6 C Cell batteries.

2. To test the transmitter batteries, pull the power switch on. The LED will blink steadily if the

batteries are in good condition. It will begin to slow down as the batteries lose power. If it does
not blink at all, the batteries need to be replaced.

3. To test the receiver batteries, turn the Range Knob to "NORM". The needle on the field

strength indicator should move into the BATT test area. If it does not, the batteries need to be
replaced.

4. To replace batteries in either the transmitter or the receiver, open the BATTERY ACCESS door

on the front of the unit. Extract the battery holder and replace batteries, positioning according
to the indications shown inside the battery holder.

5. Close the battery access panel, ensuring that there are no wires caught between the receiver

body and the access panel. Make sure the latch is securely fastened.

7.2 Basic Preventive Maintenance

The Model VM-480B is designed for rugged outdoor use, but rough handling should be avoided.

Keep the equipment dry, clean, and free of grit.

Page 24 of 26

8 Glossary

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Glossary

Active Locate

Active Signal

Attenuation

Clamp (or Coupler)

Coupling

Display

A locate where a transmitter is used to apply a signal to a buried pipe
or cable, the position of which is then located by a receiver tuned to
the same frequency.

A signal applied by the locator transmitter to a buried line. Typical this
is a very precise frequency.

The reduction of an electromagnetic signal from a pipe or cable.

An accessory used to apply the transmitter signal to an insulated
line, removing the need to connect the transmitter signal directly to a
conductor or cable sheath.

The act of signals transferring to lines to which they were not originally
applied. Coupling can be “direct” where the target line has an electrical
connection to another line, or “induced” where the signal radiates from
the target line to another line or lines.

The information visually available on the dot matrix display.

Line

Null

Passive Locate

Passive signals

Peak

Pinpoint

A generic term for any buried pipe or cable.

A minimum response to a buried line

A locate where the receiver searches for a wide range of signals that
radiate from buried pipes or cables. These signals come from a variety
of sources in the environment and couple to the buried (& overhead)
lines. Typical examples 50/60Hz and LF/VLF radio.

A wide range of signals that radiate from buried pipes or cables. These
signals come from a variety of sources in the environment and couple
to the buried (& overhead) lines. Typical examples 50/60Hz and LF/
VLF radio.

A maximum response to a buried line

Using a receiver to identify the exact position of a buried line.

Page 25 of 26

8 Glossary

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Response

Search (sweep)

Sonde

Target Line

Trace

The indication that the receiver gives which is caused by the signals it
is receiving. This can be visual, audio or both. Typically it is displayed
on the locators dot matrix display and audibly from a loudspeaker in
the receiver housing.

This describes the act of looking for a buried line within a given area.

A small transmitting coil which may be built into a product such as a
sewer camera or packaged as a small self contained battery powered
transmitter. A receiver tuned to the same frequency can locate the
position of the Sonde and hence whatever it is attached to or in.
Frequently used for locating sewer cameras, and the non metallic
pipes.

The buried pipe or cable to be located.

Using a locator to following the path of a buried line.

Illustrations used in the preparation of this manual will inevitably show some resemblance to
similar illustrations from other Manufacturers-some manufacturers have given permission for the
use of their graphics (Vivax-Metrotech & Seba) is given credit for these uses. This statement is
intended to attribute such credit.

Disclaimer: Product and accessory specication and availability information is subject to change

without prior notice.

Page 26 of 26

Notes:

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