Versitron SG71660M User Manual

SG71660M

Web Smart 10/100/1000

16-Port Ethernet Switch

with SFP support

User’s Manual

VERSITRON, Inc.

83 Albe Drive / Suite C

Newark, DE 19702

www.versitron.com

PROPRIETARY DATA

All data in this manual is proprietary and may not be disclosed,

used or duplicated, for procurement or manufacturing purposes,

without prior written permission by VERSITRON.

WARRANTY

All VERSITRON products are covered by a Lifetime Warranty against defects in materials and workmanship. This coverage is applicable to the original purchaser and is not transferable.

We repair, or at our option, replace parts/products that, during normal usage and operation, are proven to be defective during the time you own the products, provided that said products and parts are still manufactured and/or available.

This warranty does not cover damage to products caused by misuse, mishandling, power surges, accident, improper installation, neglect, alteration, improper maintenance, or other causes which are not normal and customary application of the products and for which they were not intended. No other warranty is expressed or implied, and VERSITRON is not liable for direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages or losses.

In the unlikely event a warranty issue should arise, simply contact us at 302-894-0699 or 1-800-5372296 or via email to fiberlink@versitron.com and obtain a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number. Reference this number on the outside of the shipping container and return the unit (shipping charges prepaid) to us for diagnostic review and repair/replacement as determined solely by VERSITRON. We pay the shipping charges to return the repaired unit or a replacement unit to you.

Note: This warranty is effective for commercial products as of January 1, 2001.

TRADEMARKS Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox Corp.

WARNING: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his/her own expense.

NOTICE: (1) The changes or modifications not expressively approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. (2) Shielded interface cables and AC power cord, if any, must be used in order to comply with the emission limits.

CISPR A COMPLIANCE: This device complies with EMC directive of the European Community and meets or exceeds the following technical standard. EN 55022 - Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interference Characteristics of Information Technology Equipment. This device complies with CISPR Class A.

WARNING: This is a Class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio interference in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.

CE NOTICE

Marking by the symbol

indicates compliance of this equipment to the EMC directive of the European

Community. Such marking is indicative that this equipment meets or exceeds the following technical standards:

EN 55022: Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interference characteristics of Information Technology Equipment.

EN 50082/1:Generic Immunity Standard -Part 1: Domestic Commercial and Light Industry.

EN 60555-2: Disturbances in supply systems caused by household appliances and similar electrical equipment Part 2: Harmonics.

Table of Contents

Caution ................................................................................................................................. iv

Electronic Emission Notices ................................................................................................. iv

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................2

1-1. Overview of 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch ................................................................2

1-2. Checklist.........................................................................................................................3

1-3. Features .........................................................................................................................3

1-4. View of 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch........................................................................5

1-4-1. User Interfaces on the Front Panel (Button, LEDs and Plugs)...............................5

1-4-2. User Interfaces on the Rear Panel .........................................................................6

1-5. View of the Optional Modules ........................................................................................7

2. Installation .........................................................................................................................8

2-1. Starting 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch Up..................................................................8

2-1-1. Hardware and Cable Installation ............................................................................8

2-1-2. Cabling Requirements ............................................................................................9

2-1-2-1. Cabling Requirements for TP Ports ..............................................................10

2-1-2-2. Cabling Requirements for 1000SX/LX SFP Module.....................................10

2-1-2-3. Switch Cascading in Topology ......................................................................11

2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch.............14

2-1-4. IP Address Assignment.........................................................................................16

2-2. Typical Applications ......................................................................................................21

3. Basic Concept and Management....................................................................................23

3-1. What’s the Ethernet......................................................................................................23

3-2. Media Access Control (MAC).......................................................................................26

3-3. Flow Control .................................................................................................................32

3-4. How does a switch work?.............................................................................................35

3-5. Virtual LAN ...................................................................................................................39

3-6. Link Aggregation ..........................................................................................................45

4. Operation of Web-based Management .............................................................................47

4-1. Web Management Home Overview .............................................................................48

4-2. Configuration................................................................................................................50

4-2-1. System Configuration ...........................................................................................51

4-2-2. Ports Configuration...............................................................................................54

4-2-3. VLAN Mode Configuration....................................................................................55

4-2-4. VLAN Group Configuration...................................................................................56

4-2-5. Aggregation...........................................................................................................59

4-2-6. LACP ....................................................................................................................59

4-2-7. RSTP ....................................................................................................................61

4-2-8. 802.1X ..................................................................................................................

4-2-9 IGMP Snooping .....................................................................................................69

4-2-10. Mirror Configuration............................................................................................70

4-2-11. QoS(Quality of Service) Configuration ...............................................................71

4-2-12 Filter.....................................................................................................................73

4-2-13 Rate Limit.............................................................................................................74

4-2-14 Storm Control.......................................................................................................75

4-2-15 SNMP ..................................................................................................................76

4-3. Monitoring ....................................................................................................................78

4-3-1. Statistics Overview ...............................................................................................78

4-3-2. Detailed Statistics .................................................................................................79

4-3-3. LACP Status .........................................................................................................82

4-3-4. RSTP Status .........................................................................................................83

4-3-5. IGMP Status..........................................................................................................83

4-3-6. Ping Status............................................................................................................84

4-4. Maintenance.................................................................................................................86

4-4-1. Warm Restart........................................................................................................87

4-4-2. Factory Default .....................................................................................................88

4-4-3. Software Upgrade.................................................................................................89

4-4-4. Configuration File Transfer ...................................................................................90

4-4-5. Logout...................................................................................................................91

5. Maintenance .......................................................................................................................92

5-1. Resolving No Link Condition ........................................................................................92

5-2. Q&A..............................................................................................................................92

Appendix A Technical Specifications.......................................................................................93

iii

Caution

Circuit devices are sensitive to static electricity, which can damage their delicate electronics. Dry weather

conditions or walking across a carpeted floor may cause you to acquire a static electrical charge.

To protect your device, always:

• Touch the metal chassis of your computer to ground the static electrical charge before you pick up the circuit device.

• Pick up the device by holding it on the left and right edges only.

Electronic Emission Notices

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment.

European Community (CE) Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the protection requirements of European Emission Standard EN55022/EN60555-2 and the Generic European Immunity Standard EN50082-1.

EMC:

EN55022(1988)/CISPR-22(1985) class A EN60555-2(1995) class A EN60555-3 IEC1000-4-2(1995) 4K V CD, 8KV, AD IEC1000-4-3(1995) 3V/m IEC1000-4-4(1995) 1KV – (power line), 0.5KV – (signal line)

About this user’s manual

This user’s manual provides instructions on how to install your Web Smart Switch.

This guide also covers management options and detailed explanation about hardware and software functions.

Overview of this user’s manual

 Chapter 1 “Introduction” describes the features of 16-Port Gigabit Web Smart Switch  Chapter 2 “Installation”  Chapter 3 “Operating Concept and Management”  Chapter 4 “Operation of Web-based Management”  Chapter 5 “Maintenance”

1. Introduction

1-1. Overview of 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

The 16-port Gigabit Web Smart Switch is a standard switch that meets all IEEE 802.3/u/x/z Gigabit, Fast Ethernet specifications. The switch has 16 10/100/1000Mbps TP ports and 4 Gigabit TP/SFP transceiver slots. It supports console, telnet, http and SNMP interfaces for switch management. The network administrator can log on to the switch to monitor, configure and control each port’s activity. In addition, the switch implements the QoS (Quality of Service), VLAN, and Trunking. It is suitable for office applications.

In this switch, Port 13, 14, 15, 16 includes two types of media --- TP and SFP Fiber (LC, BiDi…); this port supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber with auto-detected function. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is used for high-speed connection expansion.

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, Multi-Mode, SFP Fiber transceiver ⎯ 1000Mbps LC, 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver ⎯ 1000Mbps LC, 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver ⎯ 1000Mbps LC, 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver ⎯ 1000Mbps BiDi, 20km, 1550nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver

1000Mbps BiDi, 20km, 1310nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver

10/100/1000Mbps TP is a standard Ethernet port that meets all IEEE 802.3/u/x/z Gigabit, Fast Ethernet specifications. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is a Gigabit Ethernet port that fully complies with all IEEE 802.3z and 1000Base-SX/LX standards.

1000Mbps Single Fiber WDM (BiDi) transceiver is designed with an optic Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology that transports bi-directional full duplex signals over a single fiber simultaneously.

•

Key Features in the Device

QoS:

The

switch offers a powerful QoS function. This function supports 802.1p VLAN tag priority and

DSCP on Layer 3 of network framework.

VLAN:

Supports Port-based VLAN, IEEE802.1Q Tag VLAN, 24 active VLANs, and VLAN ID 1~4094.

Port Trunking:

Allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a Link Aggregation Group by the static setting.

1-2. Checklist

Before you start installing the switch, verify that the package contains the following:

⎯ A 12-Port GbE Web Smart Switch ⎯ Modules (optional) ⎯ Mounting Accessory (for 19” Rack Shelf) ⎯ This User's Manual in CD-ROM ⎯ AC Power Cord

Please notify your sales representative immediately if any of the aforementioned items is missing or damaged.

1-3. Features

The 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch, a standalone off-the-shelf switch, provides the comprehensive features listed below for users to perform system network administration and efficiently and securely serve your network.

•

Hardware

• 12 10/100/1000Mbps Auto-negotiation Gigabit Ethernet TP ports

• 4 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber dual media auto sense

• 400KB on-chip frame buffer

• Jumbo frame support

• Programmable classifier for QoS (Layer 2/Layer 3)

• 8K MAC address and support VLAN ID (1~4094)

• Per-port shaping, policing, and Broadcast Storm Control

• IEEE802.1Q-in-Q nested VLAN support

• Full-duplex flow control (IEEE802.3x) and half-duplex backpressure

• Extensive front-panel diagnostic LEDs; System: Power, TP Port1-12: LINK/ACT, 10/100/1000Mbps, SFP Port 13, 14, 15, 16: SFP(LINK/ACT)

• Management

• Supports concisely the status of port and easily port configuration

• Supports per port traffic monitoring counters

• Supports a snapshot of the system Information when you login

• Supports port mirror function

• Supports the static trunk function

• Supports 802.1Q VLAN

• Supports user management and limits one user to login

• Maximal packet length can be up to 9600 bytes for jumbo frame application

• Supports Broadcasting Suppression to avoid network suspended or crashed

• Supports to send the trap event while monitored events happened

• Supports default configuration which can be restored to overwrite the current

configuration which is working on via Web UI and Reset button of the switch

• Supports on-line plug/unplug SFP modules

• Supports Quality of Service (QoS) for real time applications based on the information taken from Layer 2 to Layer 3.

• Built-in web-based management instead of using CLI interface, providing a more convenient GUI for the user

1-4. View of 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

Fig. 1-1 Full View of 16-PORT GbE Web Smart Switch

1-4-1. User Interfaces on the Front Panel (Button, LEDs and Plugs)

There are 12 TP Gigabit Ethernet ports and 4 SFP fiber ports for optional removable modules on the front panel of the switch. LED display area, located on the left side of the panel, contains a Power LED, which indicates the power status and 16 ports working status of the switch.

TP Port Status Indication LEDs

Power Indication LED

Fiber Port Status Indication LEDs

Fig. 1-2 Front View of 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

Gigabit Ethernet Port

RESET Button:

RESET button is used to restore the system default setting.

SFP Fiber Port

• LED Indicators

LED Color Function

System LED

POWER Green

10/100/1000Ethernet TP Port 1 to 12 LED

LINK/ACT Green

10/100/1000Mbps

1000SX/LX Gigabit Fiber Port 13, 14, 15, 16 LED

SFP(LINK/ACT) Green

Green/ Amber

Lit when +3.3V power is coming up

Lit when connection with remote device is good Blinks when any traffic is present

Lit Green when TP link on 1000Mbps speed Lit Amber when TP link on 100Mbps speed Off when 10Mbps or no link occur Blinks when any traffic is present

Lit when SFP connection with remote device is good Blinks when any traffic is present

1-4-2. User Interfaces on the Rear Panel

Table1-1

AC Line 100-240V 50/60 Hz

Fig. 1-3 Rear View of 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

1-5. View of the Optional Modules

In the switch, Ports 13~16 include two types of media --- TP and SFP Fiber (LC, BiDi…); this port supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber with auto-detected function. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceivers are used for high-speed connection expansion; nine optional SFP types provided for the switch are listed below:

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, MM, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 70km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 110km, SFP Fiber transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps BiDi, TX=1310nm, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps BiDi, TX=1550nm, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver

⎯ 1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver with DDM

Fig. 1-4 Front View of 1000Base-SX/LX LC, SFP Fiber Transceiver

Fig. 1-5 Front View of 1000Base-LX BiDi SFP Fiber Transceiver

2. Installation

2-1. Starting the 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch Up

This section describes how to install the Web Smart Switch and its components, and also includes the following information:

- Hardware and Cable Installation

- Management Station Installation

- Software booting and configuration

2-1-1. Hardware and Cable Installation

At the beginning, please do this first:

⇒ Wear a grounding device to avoid the damage from electrostatic discharge

⇒ Be sure that power switch is OFF before you insert the power cord to power source

•Installing Optional SFP Fiber Transceivers to the 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

Note: If you have no modules, please skip this section.

• Connecting the SFP Module to the Chassis:

The optional SFP modules are hot swappable, so you can plug or unplug it before or after powering on.

1. Verify that the SFP module is the right model and conforms to the chassis

2. Slide the module along the slot. Also be sure that the module is properly seated against the slot

socket/connector

Fig. 2-1 Installation of Optional SFP Fiber Transceive

3. Install the media cable for network connection

4. Repeat the above steps, as needed, for each module to be installed into

slot(s)

5. Have the power ON after the above procedures are done

• TP Port and Cable Installation

⇒ In the switch, TP ports support MDI/MDI-X auto-crossover, so both types of cable, straight-through

(Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 1, 2, 3, 6 in 10/100M TP; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 in Gigabit TP) and crossed-over (Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 3, 6, 1, 2) can be used.

⇒ Use Cat. 5 grade RJ-45 TP cable to connect to a TP port of the switch and the other end is connected

to a network-aware device such as a workstation or a server.

⇒ Repeat the above steps, as needed, for each RJ-45 port to be connected to a Gigabit 10/100/1000 TP

device.

Now, you can start to operate the switch.

• Power On

The switch supports 100-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz power supply. The power supply will automatically convert the local AC power source to DC power. It does not matter whether there is any connection plugged into the switch or not when power on, even modules as well. After the power is on, all LED indicators will light up and then all off except the power LED remains on. This represents a reset of the system.

• Firmware Loading

After resetting, the bootloader will load the firmware into the memory. It will take about 30 seconds, after that, the switch will flash all the LEDs once and automatically performs self-test and is in ready state.

2-1-2. Cabling Requirements

To help ensure a successful installation and keep the network performance good, please take a care of the cabling requirement. Cables used with incorrect specifications will render the LAN to work poorly.

2-1-2-1. Cabling Requirements for TP Ports

⇒ For Fast Ethernet TP network connection

⎯ The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of 100 meters.

⇒ Gigabit Ethernet TP network connection

⎯ The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of 100 meters. Cat. 5e is

recommended.

2-1-2-2. Cabling Requirements for 1000SX/LX SFP Module

Basically, there are two categories of fiber, multi mode (MM) and single mode (SM). The later is categorized into several classes by the distance it supports. They are SX, LX, LHX, XD, and ZX. From the viewpoint of connector type, there mainly are LC and BIDI.

⎯ Gigabit Fiber with multi-mode LC SFP module

⎯ Gigabit Fiber with single-mode LC SFP module

⎯ Gigabit Fiber with BiDi 1310nm SFP module

⎯ Gigabit Fiber with BiDi 1550nm SFP module

The following table lists the types of fiber that we support and those else not listed here are available upon request.

Multi-mode Fiber Cable and Modal Bandwidth

IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet 1000SX 850nm

1000BaseLX/LHX/XD/ZX

1000Base-LX Single Fiber (BIDI)

Table2-1

Multi-mode 62.5/125μm Multi-mode 50/125μm

Modal

Bandwidth

160MHz-Km 220m 400MHz-Km 500m

200MHz-Km 275m 500MHz-Km 550m

Single-mode Fiber 9/125μm

Single-mode transceiver 1310nm 10Km

Single-mode transceiver 1550nm 30, 50Km

Single-Mode

*20Km

Distance

Modal Bandwidth

TX(Transmit) 1310nm

RX(Receive) 1550nm

TX(Transmit) 1550nm

RX(Receive) 1310nm

Distance

2-1-2-3. Switch Cascading in Topology

• Takes the Delay Time into Account

Theoretically, the switch partitions the collision domain for each port in the switch so that you may up-link the switches unlimitedly. In practice, the network extension (cascading levels & overall diameter) must follow the constraint of the IEEE 802.3/802.3u/802.3z and other 802.1 series protocol specifications, in which the limitations are the timing requirement from physical signals defined by 802.3 series specification of Media Access Control (MAC) and PHY, and timer from some OSI layer 2 protocols such as 802.1d, 802.1q, LACP and so on.

The fiber, TP cables and devices’ bit-time delay (round trip) are as follows:

1000Base-X TP, Fiber 100Base-TX TP 100Base-FX Fiber

Round trip Delay: 4096 Round trip Delay: 512

Cat. 5 TP Wire: 11.12/m Cat. 5 TP Wire: 1.12/m Fiber Cable: 1.0/m

Fiber Cable : 10.10/m TP to fiber Converter: 56

Bit Time unit : 1ns (1sec./1000 Mega bit)

Sum up all elements’ bit-time delay and the overall bit-time delay of wires/devices must be within Round Trip Delay (bit times) in a half-duplex network segment (collision domain). For full-duplex operation, this will not be applied. You may use the TP-Fiber module to extend the TP node distance over fiber optic and provide the long haul connection.

• Typical Network Topology in Deployment

Bit Time unit: 0.01μs (1sec./100 Mega bit)

Table 2-2

A hierarchical network with minimum levels of switch may reduce the timing delay between server and client station. Basically, with this approach, it will minimize the number of switches in any one path; will lower the possibility of network loop and will improve network efficiency. If more than two switches are connected in the same network, select one switch as Level 1 switch and connect all other switches to it at Level 2. Server/Host is recommended to connect to the Level 1 switch. This is general if no VLAN or other special requirements are applied.

Case1: All switch ports are in the same local area network. Every port can access each other

(See Fig. 2-2).

Fig. 2-2 No VLAN Configuration Diagram

If VLAN is enabled and configured, each node in the network that can communicate each other directly is bounded in the same VLAN area.

Here VLAN area is defined by what VLAN you are using. The switch supports both port-based VLAN and tag-based VLAN. They are different in practical deployment, especially in physical location. The following diagram shows how it works and what the differences are.

Case2a: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-3).

Fig. 2-3 Port-based VLAN Diagram

1. The same VLAN members cannot be in different switches.

2. Every VLAN member cannot access other VLAN members.

3. The switch manager has to assign different names for each VLAN group at one switch.

Case 2b: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-4).

Fig. 2-4 Port-based VLAN Diagram

1. VLAN1 members cannot access VLAN2, VLAN3 and VLAN4 members.

2. VLAN2 members cannot access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they can access VLAN4 members.

3. VLAN3 members cannot access VLAN1, VLAN2 and VLAN4.

4. VLAN4 members cannot access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they can access VLAN2 members.

Case3a: The same VLAN members can be at different switches with the same VID (See Fig. 2-

5).

Fig. 2-5 Attribute-based VLAN Diagram

2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch

In the way of web, the user is allowed to start up the switch management function. Users can use any one of them to monitor and configure the switch. You can touch them through the following procedures.

Section 2-1-3-1: Configuring Management Agent of 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch through Ethernet Port

2-1-3-1. Management through Ethernet Port

There are two ways to configure and monitor the switch through the switch’s Ethernet port. They are Web browser and SNMP manager. We just introduced the first type of management interface. Webbased UI for the switch is an interface in a highly friendly way.

16-PORT GBE WEB SMART SWITCH Default IP Setting: IP = 192.168.1.1 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway = 192.168.1.254

Ethernet LAN

Assign a reasonable IP address, For example: IP = 192.168.1.100 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway = 192.168.1.254

Fig. 2-6

• Managing 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch through Ethernet Port

Before starting to use the switch, the IP address setting of the switch should be done, then perform the following steps:

1. Set up a physical path between the configured switch and a PC by a qualified UTP Cat. 5 cable with RJ-45 connector.

Note: If the PC directly connects to the switch, you have to setup the same subnet mask

between them. However, subnet mask may be different for the PC in the remote site. Please refer to Fig. 2-6 about the 16-Port GbE Web Smart Switch default IP address information.

2. Run web browser and follow the menu. Please refer to Chapter 4.

Fig. 2-7 the Login Screen for Web

2-1-4. IP Address Assignment

For IP address configuration, there are three parameters needed to be filled in. They are IP

address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS.

IP address:

The address of the network device in the network is used for internet communication. Its address

structure looks as shown in the Fig. 2-8. It is split into predefined address classes or categories.

Each class has its own network range between the network identifier and host identifier in the 32 bits address. Each IP address comprises two parts: network identifier (address) and host identifier (address). The former indicates the network where the addressed host resides, and the latter indicates the individual host in the network which the address of the host refers to. And the host identifier must be unique in the same LAN. Here are the terms of IP addresses we used in version 4, known as IPv4.

32 bits

Network identifier Host identifier

Fig. 2-8 IP address structure

IP addresses are divided into three classes, class A, class B and class C. The rest of the IP addresses are for multicast and broadcast. The bit length of the network prefix is the same as that of the subnet mask and is denoted as IP address/X, for example, 192.168.1.0/24. Each class has its address range described below.

Class A:

Address is less than 126.255.255.255. There are a total of 126 networks can be defined because the address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for default route and 127.0.0.0/8 is reserved for loopback function.

Bit # 0 1 7 8 31

Network address Host address

Class B:

IP address range between 128.0.0.0 and 191.255.255.255. Each class B network has a 16-bit network prefix followed 16-bit host address. There are 16,384 (2^14)/16 networks able to be defined with a maximum of 65534 (2^16 –2) hosts per network.

Bit # 01 2 15 16 31

Network address Host address

Class C:

IP address range between 192.0.0.0 and 223.255.255.255. Each class C network has a 24-bit network prefix followed 8-bit host address. There are 2,097,152 (2^21)/24 networks able to be defined with a maximum of 254 (2^8 –2) hosts per network.

Bit # 0 1 2 3 23 24 31

110

Network address Host address

Class D and E:

Class D is a class with first 4 MSB (Most significance bit) set to 1-1-1-0 and is used for IP Multicast. See also RFC 1112. Class E is a class with first 4 MSB set to 1-1-1-1 and is used for IP broadcast.

According to IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), there are three specific IP address blocks reserved and able to be used for extending internal network. We call it Private IP address and is listed below:

Class A 10.0.0.0 --- 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 --- 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 --- 192.168.255.255

Please refer to RFC 1597 and RFC 1466 for more information.

Subnet mask:

It means the sub-division of a class-based network or a CIDR block. The subnet is used to determine how to split an IP address to the network prefix and the host address in bitwise basis. It is designed to utilize IP address more efficiently and easily manage IP network.

For a class B network, 128.1.2.3, it may have a subnet mask 255.255.0.0 in default, in which the first two bytes is with all 1s. This means more than 60 thousand nodes in flat IP addresses will be at the same network. It’s too large to manage practically. Now if we divide it into smaller network by extending the network prefix from 16 bits to, say 24 bits, that’s using its third byte to subnet this class B network. Now it has a subnet mask 255.255.255.0, in which each bit of the first three bytes is 1. It’s now clear that the first two bytes are used to identify the class B network, the third byte is used to identify the subnet within this class B network and, of course, the last byte is the host number.

Not all IP addresses are available in the sub-netted network. Two special addresses are reserved. They are the addresses with all zero’s and all one’s host number. For example, an IP address

128.1.2.128. All 0s mean the network itself, and all 1s mean IP broadcast.

10000000.00000001.00000010.1 0000000

etwork

25 bits

All 0s = 128.1.2.128

All 1s= 128.1.2.255

Subne

1 0000000 1 1111111

In this diagram, you can see the subnet mask with 25-bit long, 255.255.255.128, contains 126 members in the sub-netted network. Another is that the length of network prefix equals the number of the bit with 1s in that subnet mask. With this, you can easily count the number of IP addresses matched. The following table shows the results.

Prefix Length No. of IP matched No. of Addressable IP

/32

1 -

/31

/30

/29

/28

/27

/26

/25

/24

/23

/22

/21

/20

/19

/18

/17

2 -

4 2

8 6

16 14

32 30

64 62

128 126

256 254

512 510

1024 1022

2048 2046

4096 4094

8192 8190

16384 16382

32768 32766

/16

65536 65534

Table 2-3

According to the scheme above, a subnet mask 255.255.255.0 will partition a network with the class C. It means there will have a maximum of 254 effective nodes existing in this sub-netted network and is considered a physical network in an autonomous network. So it owns an IP address which may look like 168.1.2.0.

With the subnet mask, a bigger network can be cut into smaller pieces. If we want to have more than two independent networks, a partition to the network must be performed. In this case, subnet mask must be applied.

For different network applications, the subnet mask may look like 255.255.255.240. This means it is a small network accommodating a maximum of 15 nodes.

Default gateway:

For the routed packet, if the destination is not in the routing table, all the traffic is put into the device with the designated IP address, known as default router. Basically, it is a routing policy.

For assigning an IP address to the switch, you just have to check what the IP address of the network will be connected with the switch. Use the same network address and append your host address to it.

First, IP Address: as shown in the Fig. 2-9, enter “192.168.1.1”, for instance. For sure, an IP address such as 192.168.1.x must be set on your PC.

Second, Subnet Mask: as shown in the Fig. 2-9, enter “255.255.255.0”. Any subnet mask such as

255.255.255.x is allowable in this case.

Fig. 2-9

2-2. Typical Applications

The 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch provides auto MDIX on its TP ports and supports fiber types like: LC and BiDi SFP for removable modules on its four slots. For more details on the specification of the switch, please refer to Appendix A.

The switch is suitable for the following applications.

⎯ Central Site/Remote site application is used in carrier or ISP (See Fig. 2-10) ⎯ Peer-to-peer application is used in two remote offices (See Fig. 2-11) ⎯ Office network(See Fig. 2-12)

Central Site

Fig. 2-10 Network Connection between Remote Site and Central Site

Fig. 2-10 illustrates how the switches and the various devices form the network infrastructure in a large-scale network.

Fig. 2-11 Peer-to-peer Network Connection

Fig. 2-12 Office Network Connection

3. Basic Concept and Management

This chapter will explain the basic features and how they work.

3-1. What is Ethernet?

Ethernet was originated and implemented at Xerox in Palo Alto, CA in 1973 and was successfully commercialized by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel and Xerox (DIX) in 1980. In 1992, Grand Junction Networks unveiled a new high speed Ethernet with the same characteristic of the original Ethernet but operated at 100Mbps, now called Fast Ethernet. This means Fast Ethernet inherits the same frame format, CSMA/CD, software interface. In 1998, Gigabit Ethernet was rolled out and provided 1000Mbps. Now 10G/s Ethernet is being developed. Although these Ethernet have different speeds, they still use the same basic functions. So they are compatible in software and can connect to each other almost without limitation. The transmission media may be the only problem.

Fig. 3-1 IEEE 802.3 reference model vs. OSI reference mode

In Fig. 3-1, we can see that Ethernet is made up of three portions, including logical link control (LLC), media access control (MAC), and physical layer. The Data link layer performs splitting data into frame for transmitting, receiving acknowledge frame, error checking and re-transmitting when not received correctly as well as provides an error-free channel upward to the network layer.

Data

Link

Layer

IEEE802.3 CSMA/CD MAC

IEEE 802.3 PLS

Physical

Layer

IEEE 802.3

MAU

IEEE 802.2 LLC

MII

ANSI X3T9.5 PMD

Coaxial/STP/UTP

Fiber

This above diagram shows the Ethernet architecture, LLC sub-layer and MAC sub-layer, which respond to the Data Link layer, and transceivers, which respond to the Physical layer in OSI model. In this section, we are mainly describing the MAC sub-layer.

Logical Link Control (LLC)

Data link layer is composed of both the sub-layers of MAC and MAC-client. Here, the MAC client may be logical link control or bridge relay entity.

Logical link control supports the interface between the Ethernet MAC and upper layers in the protocol stack, usually the Network layer, which is nothing to do with the nature of the LAN. So it can operate over other different LAN technology such as Token Ring, FDDI and so on. Likewise, for the interface to the MAC layer, LLC defines the services with the interface independent of the medium access technology and with some of the nature of the medium itself.

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