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Keysight Technologies E4416A/4417A Power Meters

Service Guide

Notices

CAUTION

WARNING

reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Keysight Technologies as governed by United States and international copyright laws.

Manual Part Number

E4416-90014

Edition

Edition 14, January 8, 2016

Printed in:

Printed in Malaysia

Published by:

Keysight Technologies Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone, 11900 Penang, Malaysia

Technology Licenses

The hardware and/or software described in this document are furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.

U.S. Government Rights

The Software is “commercial computer software,” as defined by Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) 2.101. Pursuant to FAR 12.212 and 27.405-3 and Department of Defense FAR Supplement (“DFARS”) 227.7202, the U.S. government acquires commercial computer software under the same terms by which the software is customarily provided to the public. Accordingly, Keysight provides Software to U.S. government customers under its standard commercial license, which is embodied

its End User License Agreement

in (EULA). The license set forth in the EULA represents the exclusive authority by which the U.S. government may use, modify, distribute, or disclose the Software. The EULA and the license set forth therein, does not require or permit, among other things, that Keysight: (1) Furnish technical

information related to commercial computer software or commercial computer software documentation that is not customarily provided to the public; or (2) Relinquish to, or otherwise provide, the government rights in excess of these rights customarily provided to the public to use, modify, reproduce, release, perform, display, or disclose commercial computer software or commercial computer software documentation. No additional government requirements beyond those set forth in the EULA shall apply, except to the extent that those terms, rights, or licenses are explicitly required from all providers of commercial computer software pursuant to the FAR and the DFARS and are set forth specifically in writing elsewhere in the EULA. Keysight shall be under no obligation to update, revise or otherwise modify the Software. With respect to any technical data as defined by FAR 2.101, pursuant to FAR

12.211 and 27.404.2 and DFARS

227.7102, the U.S. government acquires no greater than Limited Rights as defined in FAR 27.401 or DFAR

227.7103-5 (c), as applicable in any technical data.

the

Warranty

THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED “AS IS,” AND IS SUBJECT TO BEING CHANGED, WITHOUT NOTICE, IN FUTURE EDITIONS. FURTHER, TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, KEYSIGHT DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARD TO THIS MANUAL AND ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. KEYSIGHT SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ERRORS OR FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE FURNISHING, USE, OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR OF ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN. SHOULD KEYSIGHT AND THE USER HAVE A SEPARATE WRITTEN AGREEMENT WITH WARRANTY TERMS COVERING THE MATERIAL IN THIS DOCUMENT THAT CONFLICT WITH THESE TERMS, THE WARRANTY TERMS IN THE SEPARATE AGREEMENT SHALL CONTROL.

Safety Information

A CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to the product or loss of important data. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

A WARNING notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in personal injury or death. Do not proceed beyond a WARNING notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

2 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Certification

Warranty

Keysight Technologies certifies that this product met its published specifications at the time of shipment from the factory. Keysight Technologies further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute’s calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.

This Keysight Technologies instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Keysight Technologies will at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective. For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by Keysight Technologies. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Keysight Technologies and Keysight Technologies shall pay shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to Keysight Technologies from another country. Keysight Technologies warrants that its software and firmware designated by Keysight Technologies for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. Keysight Technologies does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or firmware will be uninterrupted or error free.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 3

Limitation of Warranty

WARNING

CAUTION

The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance. NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Exclusive Remedies

THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. KEYSIGHT TECHNOLOGIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.

Warnings and Cautions

This guide uses warnings and cautions to denote hazards.

A warning calls attention to a procedure, practice or the like, which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could resul t in injury or the loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

A caution calls attention to a procedure, practice or the like which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or the destruction of part or all of the equipment. Do not proceed beyond a caution until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

4 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Safety Symbols

The following symbol on the instrument and in the documentation indicates precautions that must be taken to maintain safe operation of the instrument.

Caution, risk of danger. The Instruction Documentation Symbol. The product is marked with this symbol

when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the supplied documentation.

Alternating current (AC).

This symbol indicates the operating switch for ‘Stand-by’ mode. Note, the instrument is NOT isolated from the mains when the switch is pressed.

To isolate the instrument, the mains coupler (mains input cord) should be removed from the power supply.

This symbol indicates the operating switch for ‘On’ mode).

External Protective Earth Terminal. While this is a Class I product, provided with a protective earthing conductor in a power cord, an external protective earthing terminal has also been provided. This terminal is for use where the earthing cannot be assured. At least an 18AWG earthing conductor should be used in such an instance, to ground the instrument to an assured earth terminal.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 5

Personal Safety Considerations

WARNING

CAUTION

This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a protective earthing ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor, inside or outside the instrument, is likely to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited

If this instrument is not used as specified, the protection provided by the equipment could be impaired. This instrument must be used in a normal condition (in which all means of protection are intact) only. No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualified personnel. To prevent electrical shock, do not remove covers. For continued protection against fire hazard, replace the line fuse(s) only with fuses of the same type and rating (for example, normal blow, time delay, etc.). The use of other fuses or material is prohibited.

General Safety Considerations

Before this instrument is switched on, make sure it has been properly grounded through the protective conductor of the ac power cable to a socket outlet provided with protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective (grounding) conductor, inside or outside the instrument, or disconnection of the protective earth terminal can result in personal injury.

Any adjustments or service procedures that require operation of the instrument with protective covers removed should be performed only by trained service personnel.

6 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Regulatory Markings

The CE mark shows that the product complies with all the relevant European legal Directives (if accompanied by a year, it signifies when the design was proven.

This ISM device complies with Canadian ICES-001. Cet appareil ISM est conforme à la norme NMB-001 du Canada.

This is the symbol of an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class A product.

The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 7

IEC 1010-1 Compliance

This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC Publication 1010-1 +A1:1992 Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use and has been supplied in a safe condition. The instruction documentation contains information and warnings which must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the instrument in a safe condition.

Recommended Calibration Interval

Keysight Technologies recommends a two-year calibration cycle for the E4416A and E4417A power meter.

8 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Sales and Service Offices

NOTE

By Internet, phone, or fax, get assistance with all your test and measurement needs.

In any correspondence or telephone conversations, refer to the power sensor by its model number and full serial number. With this information, the Keysight Technologies representative can quickly determine whether your unit is still within its warranty period.

Country Phone Number Fax Number

United States 800 829 4444 800 829 4433

Canada 877 894 4414 800 746 4866

China 800 810 0189 800 820 2816

Europe 31 20 547 2111 -

Japan (81) 426 56 7832 (81) 426 56 7840

Korea (080) 769 0800 (080) 769 0900

Latin America (305) 269 7500 -

Taiwan 0800 047 866 0800 286 331

Other Asia Pacific Countries: (65) 6375 8100 (65) 6755 0042

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 9

Returning Your Power Meter for Service

CAUTION

Use the information in this section if you need to return your power meter to Keysight Technologies.

Package the Power Meter for Shipment

Use the following steps to package the power meter for shipment to Keysight Technologies for service:

1. Fill in a blue service tag (available at the end of this guide) and attach it to the power meter. Please be as specific as possible about the nature of the problem. Send a copy of any or all of the following information:

– Any error messages that appeared on the power meter display.

– Any information on the performance of the power meter.

Power meter damage can result from using packaging materials other than those specified. Never use styrene pellets in any shape as packaging materials. They do not adequately cushion the power meter or prevent it from shifting in the carton. Styrene pellets cause power meter damage by generating static electricity and by lodging in the rear panel.

2. Use the original packaging materials or a strong shipping container that is made of double-walled, corrugated cardboard with 159 kg (350 lb) bursting strength. The carton must be both large enough and strong enough to accommodate the power meter and allow at least 3 to 4 inches on all sides of the power meter for packing material.

10 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

3. Surround the power meter with at least 3 to 4 inches of packing material, or enough to prevent the power meter from moving in the carton. If packing foam

is not available, the best alternative is SD-240 Air Cap

from Sealed Air Corporation (Commerce, CA 90001). Air Cap looks like a plastic sheet covered with 1-1/4 inch air filled bubbles. Use the pink Air Cap to reduce static electricity. Wrap the power meter several times in the material to both protect the power meter and prevent it from moving in the carton.

4. Seal the shipping container securely with strong nylon adhesive tape.

5. Mark the shipping container "FRAGILE, HANDLE WITH CARE" to ensure careful handling.

6. Retain copies of all shipping papers.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 11

About this Guide

Characteristics and Specifications This chapter lists the power meter's

specifications and describes how to interpret these specifications.

Performance Tests This chapter contains procedures which allow you to test the

power meter's electrical performance to it's specifications.

Adjustments This chapter contains checks and adjustments that ensure proper

performance of the power meter.

Theory of Operation This chapter describes how each of the power meter's

individual assemblies operate.

Replaceable Parts This chapter details the power meter's replaceable parts. It also

explains how to assemble and disassemble the power meter.

Troubleshooting This chapter contains troubleshooting flow charts designed to

isolate faults in the Rmt I/O, GPIB and RS232/422 interface ports.

Keysight 432A Power Meters & 478A Sensors: Additional Information This

appendix contains additional information for Keysight 432A power meters and 478A sensors.

Equipment Required For Performance Tests And Adjustments This appendix lists

equipment required for performance tests and adjustments.

Measurement Uncertainty Analysis - Power Reference Level Test This appendix

contains information on the Measurement Uncertainty Analysis in Power Reference Level Test

Measuremet Uncertainty Analysis - Instrument Accuracy Test This appendix

contains information on the Measurement Uncertainty Analysis in Instrument Accuracy Test

12 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Limitation of Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Exclusive Remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Warnings and Cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Personal Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

General Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Regulatory Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

IEC 1010-1 Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Recommended Calibration Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Sales and Service Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Returning Your Power Meter for Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Package the Power Meter for Shipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

About this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

1 Characteristics and Specifications

2Performance Tests

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Equipment Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Performance Test Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Calibration Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Thermistor Mount Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Zero Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 13

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Instrument Accuracy (Normal Path) Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Instrument Accuracy (Average Path) Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Test Procedure 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Test Procedure 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Power Reference Level Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Keysight E-Series Power Sensor Interface Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Keysight E932x Power Sensor (Average Path) Functional Test . . . . . . 53

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Time Base Accuracy Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

14 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Output Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Performance Test Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

3Adjustments

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Equipment Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Post-Repair Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Power Reference Oscillator Frequency Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Power Reference Oscillator Level Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Measurement Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Display Brightness and Contrast Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

4 Theory of Operation

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

A1 Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

A2 Processor Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 15

A3 Front Panel Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

A4 Comms Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

A5 Daughter Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

A6 Measurement Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Average Path Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Normal Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Ancillary Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Functional Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

5Replaceable Parts

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Assembly Part Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Front Panel Connector Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Firmware Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Assembly and Disassembly Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Removing the Power Meter Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Removing the A1 Power Supply Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Removing the A2 Processor Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Removing the A4 Comms Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Removing the A5 Daughter or A6 Measurement Assemblies . . . . 113

Removing the A7 Fan Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Removing the Power Meter RAM Battery (BT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Removing the A3 Front Panel Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Replacing the Front Panel Power Reference Cable Assembly . . . . 120

Replacing the Rear Panel Power Sensor Cable Assemblies

(Options 002 and 003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Replacing the Rear Panel Power Reference Cable Assembly

(Option 003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Replacing the Rear Panel Recorder Output(s) Cable Assembly . . 125

Replacing The Chassis Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

6 Troubleshooting

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Suggested Diagnostic Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

16 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

A Keysight 432A Power Meters & 478A Sensors: Additional Information

Keysight 432A Power Meters: Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Keysight 478A Sensors: Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

B Equipment Required For Performance Tests And Adjustments

Summary Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

C Measurement Uncertainty Analysis - Power Reference Level Test

Measurement Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Define the Measurand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Define the Measurement Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Uncertainty Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Voltage Measurements Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

Calibration factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

Sensor Calibration Factor Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Repeatability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Sensitivity Coefficients (Ci) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

Combined Standard Uncertainty (uc(y)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

Expanded Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

D Measuremet Uncertainty Analysis - Instrument Accuracy Test

Measurement Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Define the Measurand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Define the Measurement Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Sensitivity Coefficients Ci: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Combined Standard Uncertainty uc(y): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Expanded Uncertainty kuc(y): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 17

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18 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

List of Figures

Figure 2-1 Zero Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Figure 2-2 Instrument Accuracy (Normal Path) Test Setup . . . . .32

Figure 2-3 Test Setup With Attenuator Connected . . . . . . . . . . .35

Figure 2-4 Instrument Accuracy (Average Path) Test Setup . . . .39

Figure 2-5 Instrument Accuracy (Average Path) Test Setup . . . .43

Figure 2-6 Power Reference Level Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Figure 2-7 Sensor (Average Path) Functional Test Setup . . . . . . .54

Figure 2-8 Sensor (Average Path) Functional Test Setup With

Figure 2-9 Time Base Accuracy Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Figure 2-10 Output Standing Wave Ratio Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . .62

Figure 3-1 Adjustment Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Figure 3-2 A2L9 Adjustment Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Figure 3-3 Adjustment Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Figure 3-4 A2R90 Adjustment Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Figure 6-1 Troubleshooting Guide - TTL Output 1 . . . . . . . . . . .130

Figure 6-2 Troubleshooting Guide - TTL Output 1 (continued) .131

Figure 6-3 Troubleshooting Guide - TTL Output 2 . . . . . . . . . . .132

Figure 6-4 Troubleshooting Guide - TTL Output 2 (continued) .133

Figure 6-5 Troubleshooting Guide - TTL Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

Figure 6-6 Troubleshooting Guide - TTL Inputs (continued) . . .135 Figure 6-7 Troubleshooting Guide - TTL Inputs (continued) . . .136

Figure 6-8 Troubleshooting Guide - RS232/422 Interface . . . . .137

Figure C-1 Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Figure D-1 Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

Attenuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 19

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20 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

List of Tables

Table 2-1 Zero Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Table 2-2 Instrument Accuracy (Normal Path) Test:

Results Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Table 2-3 Instrument Accuracy Results (For Indication Only) . . .41

Table 2-4 Instrument Accuracy Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Table 2-5 Power Reference Level Test Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Table 2-6 Functional Test (Average Path) Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Table 2-7 Power Reference Level Test Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Table 2-8 Output SWR Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Table 2-9 Performance Test Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Table 3-1 Post Repair Adjustments, Tests, and Checks . . . . . . .73

Table B-1 Equipment Required For Performance Tests And

Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Table C-1 Measurement Repeatability Results . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Table C-2 Combined Standard Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

Table D-1 Standard Uncertainty Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

Table D-2 Voltage Correction Multiplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Table D-3 Combined Standard Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 21

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22 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

1 Characteristics and

Specifications

For the characteristics and specifications of the E4416A/E4417A Power Meters, refer to the datasheet at

http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5980-1469E.pdf.

1 Characteristics and Specifications

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24 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

2 Performance Tests

Introduction 26 Zero Test 28 Instrument Accuracy (Normal Path) Test 31 Instrument Accuracy (Average Path) Test 38 Power Reference Level Test 47 Keysight E-Series Power Sensor Interface Test 52 Keysight E932x Power Sensor (Average Path) Functional Test 53 Time Base Accuracy Test 58 Output Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Test 60 Performance Test Record 68

2 Performance Tests

NOTE

Introduction

The performance tests described in this chapter test the power meter's electrical performance against the specifications detailed in chapter 1. They are used for incoming inspection, the calibration cycle (also called periodic maintenance), or after repairs have been made.

The following conditions must be met for valid performance tests:

– The power meter and test equipment must have a 30 minute warm-up for all

specifications.

– The line voltage for the power meter must be 85 to 264 Vac and the line

frequency must be 50 to 440 Hz.

– The ambient temperature must be 0

The following performance tests are described in this chapter:

– Instrument accuracy (normal path) test.

– Instrument accuracy (average path) test.

– Power reference level test.

– Keysight E-Series power sensor interface test.

ºC to 55 ºC.

– Keysight E932x power sensor (average path) functional test.

– Time base accuracy test.

– Output standing wave ratio (SWR) test.

Equipment Required

Each performance test description details the equipment required by the test. In addition, Appendix B summarizes the equipment required for all performance tests and adjustments.

26 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Performance Test Record

Performance test results can be recorded in Table 2-9, “Performance Test Record” on page 68. The Performance Test Record table lists the performance test specifications and the acceptable limits for each specification.

Calibration Cycle

Keysight E4416A and E4417A power meters require performance tests to be run every two years to verify that they are operating within specified tolerances. Under conditions of heavy usage or severe operating environments, this calibration cycle should be performed more frequently.

Test Procedures

It is assumed that the person performing the tests understands how to operate the specified test equipment. Equipment settings, other than those for the power meter, are stated in general terms. It is assumed that the person will select the proper cables, adapters, and probes required for test setups illustrated in this chapter.

Performance Tests 2

Thermistor Mount Option

The following thermistor mount options are offered:

– 478A Option H75 with VRC at 200 Ω only (reflection and correction data

provided.

– 478A Option H76 with VRC at 200 Ω only (reflection and correction data

provided.

– 478A Option H77 with VRC at 100 and 200 Ω (reflection and correction data at

50 MHz only).

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 27

2 Performance Tests

Zero Test

Specification

Electrical Characteristics Performance Limits

Accuracy: Zero set (Digital settability of zero)

[a] This performance limit is determined by the zero set specification of the power sensor used in the measurement plus the measurement noise.

The range calibrator has a zero set specification of ±0.05 mW. The calibrator measurement noise specification is 110 nW at 16 averages. At 512 averages a noise multiplier of 0.24 is required, giving a measurement noise specification of 0.0264 mW (0.24x512).

±0.0764 mW

Description

After the power meter is initially calibrated and zeroed, the change in the digital readout is monitored. This test also takes drift and noise into account, since drift, noise and zero readings cannot be separated.

Equipment

[a]

– Range Calibrator: Keysight 11683A

– Power Sensor Cable: Keysight 11730A

28 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Test Setup

Keysight 11730A

Power Meter

CHANNEL A

Power Meter

Range Calibrator

NOTE

Preset

Local

Confirm

Meas

Display

Units

Figure 2-1 Zero Test Setup

Procedure

The following procedure should be performed for the Zero Test.

The procedure details the key presses required on the Keysight Technologies E4418B. For the Keysight Technologies E4419B, the equivalent key presses should be performed on both channels.

Performance Tests 2

1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-1.

2 Switch the power meter on.

3 Press then .

4 Press , , for a reading in watts.

5 Set the range calibrator as follows:

–RANGE: 3μW

– POLARITY: NORMAL

–FUNCTION: STANDBY

–LINE: ON

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 29

2 Performance Tests

NOTE

Channel

Change

Enter

Zero

Cal

Zero

When switching the range calibrator to STANDBY, allow enough time for the range calibrator to settle to its zero value before attempting to zero the power meter. This settling would appear on the power meter display as downward drift. When the drift has reached minimum, (typically less than 60 seconds), the range calibrator is settled.

6 Set the filter length:

– Press .

– Highlight the Filter parameter using the up/down arrow keys.

– Scroll through the Filter values by pressing . Select a value of

– Highlight the filter length using the forward arrow key. Press . The

– Press .

7 Zero the power meter:

MAN.

Filter Length pop-up window is displayed. Set the filter length to 512.

Press

, . Wait approximately 10 seconds for the wait symbol to

disappear.

8 Wait 30 seconds then verify that the power meter’s reading is within ±0.05 μW.

Record the reading.

Tab le 2-1 Zero Test Results

Min Channel A Actual Results Channel B Actual Results

(E4417A Only)

–76.40 nW _________________ _________________ +76.40 nW

Max

30 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Instrument Accuracy (Normal Path) Test

nΣ x

Σx()

–

nn 1–()

--------------------------

Accuracy 2.58

Specification

Electrical Characteristics Performance Limits (maximum)

Accuracy 0.8% or 0.04 dB

Description

This test verifies the accuracy of the normal path in the power meter by calculating linear error over 50 samples. The standard deviation is then calculated using the non-biased or n-1 method:

Equation 2-1: Standard Deviation

Performance Tests 2

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 31

The test result is obtained by applying a factor of K = 2.58:

Equation 2-2: Accuracy

This accuracy figure represents electrical performance of the normal path with confidence limits of 99%.

2 Performance Tests

Breakout box

Digital Voltmeter

+ input

black

red

Power sensor cable

CHANNEL A

Power meter

Power sensor

Power ref

Power sensor cable

− input

Equipment

– Power sensor: Keysight E9321A.

–2 × Power sensor cable: Keysight E9288A.

– 30 dB reference attenuator: Keysight 11708A.

– Digital voltmeter (DVM): Keysight 3458A.

– Breakout box kit: Keysight E9288AZ-K01 (comprises a breakout box (coupler)

and a pair of interconnecting red/black leads).

Test Setup

Figure 2-2 Instrument Accuracy (Normal Path) Test Setup

32 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Procedure

NOTE

Preset

Local

Confirm

Zero

Cal

Zero

Use the following procedure to perform the instrument accuracy (normal path) test:

The procedure details the key presses required on the Keysight E4416A. For the Keysight E4417A the equivalent key presses should be performed on both channels.

Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-2.

1 Switch the power meter on.

2 Preset the instrument:

3 Press then .

4 Zero the power meter:

Performance Tests 2

Press

disappear.

5 Reset the digital voltmeter:

On the DVM press Shift (the blue key below the DVM display window), to reset the instrument.

6 Remove any offset errors introduced by the DVM and the breakout box kit with

no power applied:

– On the DVM press Shift, Auto Zero.

– Press

window.

– Press once.

– Press eight times. The words "math null" are shown on the DVM

display window.

– Press Enter to complete the key sequence.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 33

, . Wait approximately 25 seconds for the wait symbol to

five times. The word "math" is shown on the DVM display

2 Performance Tests

Zero

Cal

Power Ref On

Zero

Cal

Zero

Cal

Cal A

System

Service

Self Test

Fast Path Accuracy

Ref Volts at 0.0 dBm

Enter

NOTE

7 Turn on the power reference:

– Press

8 Connect the E9321A sensor to the power reference.

9 Calibrate the system:

– For the E4416A press

– For the E4417A press ,

10 Provide a point of reference against which the power meter can base its

measurements:

– Setup: press

– Entry: read the value shown on the DVM display. Set the reference voltage

on the pop-up window on the power meter to this value and press . This value provides a point of reference that allows the power meter and DVM measurements to be compared at varying power levels.

When operating the power meter in this test mode, the range of power levels that can be applied is +3 dBm to −30 dBm. Power levels outside this range may cause inaccurate results to be obtained and in some cases may cause damage to the E9321A sensor.

, , , ,

34 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

11 Connect the 30 dB reference attenuator as shown in Figure 2-3:

Digital Voltmeter

+ input

black

red

Breakout box

Power Sensor

Power Meter

CHANNEL A

Power ref

Power sensor cable

Attenuator

− input

Measure

NOTE

DVMValue PowerMeterValue–()

DVMValue

----------------------------------------------------------- ----------

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

100×=

Figure 2-3 Test Setup With Attenuator Connected

12 Take a measurement:

Wait 30 seconds to allow the power level to settle, then press on the power meter.

Performance Tests 2

13 Record the values displayed on both the power meter and DVM displays. Note

down the values in Table 2-2.

These values tend to drift. They must therefore be recorded simultaneously or with as small a delay as possible between them.

14 Repeat step 13 a further 49 times to obtain a set of 50 pairs of measured

values.

15 Calculate the measurement error for each pair of measured values using the

following equation:

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 35

2 Performance Tests

Note down each x value in the Error Value (x) column of Table 2-2 .

16 Calculate the linear standard deviation of the data using Equation 2-1:

Standard Deviation, where n = number of samples (50) and x = calculated error

values (listed in the Error Value (x) column of Tab le 2-2)

17 Calculate the result of the linear accuracy test using Equation 2-2: Accuracy.

Enter the result into Ta ble 2- 9, “Performance Test Record” on page 27, ensuring that the value is within its published specification.

Tab le 2-2 Instrument Accuracy (Normal Path) Test: Results Table

Sample

Number

1 _________ _________ _________ 26 _________ _________ _________

2 _________ _________ _________ 27 _________ _________ _________

3 _________ _________ _________ 28 _________ _________ _________

4 _________ _________ _________ 29 _________ _________ _________

5 _________ _________ _________ 30 _________ _________ _________

6 _________ _________ _________ 31 _________ _________ _________

7 _________ _________ _________ 32 _________ _________ _________

8 _________ _________ _________ 33 _________ _________ _________

9 _________ _________ _________ 34 _________ _________ _________

10 _________ _________ _________ 35 _________ _________ _________

11 _________ _________ _________ 36 _________ _________ _________

12 _________ _________ _________ 37 _________ _________ _________

13 _________ _________ _________ 38 _________ _________ _________

14 _________ _________ _________ 39 _________ _________ _________

15 _________ _________ _________ 40 _________ _________ _________

16 _________ _________ _________ 41 _________ _________ _________

17 _________ _________ _________ 42 _________ _________ _________

18 _________ _________ _________ 43 _________ _________ _________

Power Meter

Value

DVM Value

Error Value

(x)

Sample

Number

Power Meter

Value

DVM Value

Error Value

(x)

36 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Performance Tests 2

Table 2-2 Instrument Accuracy (Normal Path) Test: Results Table (continued)

Sample

Number

19 _________ _________ _________ 44 _________ _________ _________

20 _________ _________ _________ 45 _________ _________ _________

21 _________ _________ _________ 46 _________ _________ _________

22 _________ _________ _________ 47 _________ _________ _________

23 _________ _________ _________ 48 _________ _________ _________

24 _________ _________ _________ 49 _________ _________ _________

25 _________ _________ _________ 50 _________ _________ _________

Power Meter

Value

DVM Value

Error Value

(x)

Sample

Number

Power Meter

Value

DVM Value

Error Value

(x)

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 37

2 Performance Tests

NOTE

Instrument Accuracy (Average Path) Test

Specification

Electrical Characteristics Performance Limits (maximum)

Accuracy

[a] This performance limit does not include the corresponding sensor power linearity specification.

±0.5% or 0.02 dB

Description

The power meter accuracy is verified for various power inputs. There are two different methods described in this section that can be used to perform this test. One of these methods has a higher measurement uncertainty value associated with it.

Test Procedure 1

[a]

The measurement uncertainty of this test procedure is relatively high at power levels of 30 μW and below, as it uses a standard 11683A Range Calibrator. As such, this test procedure should be used for indication only.

Equipment

– Range calibrator: Keysight 11683A.

– Power sensor cable: Keysight E9288A.

38 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Test Setup

Power Meter

CHANNEL A

Range Calibrator

Power sensor cable

NOTE

Preset

Local

Confirm

Meas

Display

Units

Figure 2-4 Instrument Accuracy (Average Path) Test Setup

Procedure

Use the following procedure to perform the instrument accuracy (average path) test:

Performance Tests 2

The procedure details the key presses required on the Keysight E4416A. For the Keysight E4417A the equivalent key presses should be performed on both channels.

1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-4.

2 Switch the power meter on.

3 Preset the instrument:

Press

4 Set the display units to watts:

Press

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 39

then .

, , .

2 Performance Tests

Meas

Display

Resolution

NOTE

Channel

Change

Enter

Zero

Cal

Zero

5 Set the display resolution:

Press

6 Set the range calibrator as follows:

–RANGE: 3 μW

– POLARITY: NORMAL

–FUNCTION: STANDBY

–LINE: ON

7 Set the filter length:

– Press .

– Highlight the Filter parameter using the up/down arrow keys.

– Scroll through the Filter values by pressing . Select a value of

MAN.

,then press until is selected.

– Highlight the filter length using the forward arrow key. Press . The

Filter Length pop-up window is displayed. Set the filter length to 512.

– Press .

8 Zero the power meter:

Press

disappear.

9 Set the range calibrator's FUNCTION switch to CALIBRATE.

10 Set the range calibrator's RANGE switch to 1 mW.

40 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

, . Wait approximately 10 seconds for the wait symbol to

11 Calibrate the power meter:

Zero

Cal

NOTE

Performance Tests 2

Press

12 Set the range calibrator's RANGE switch to the positions shown in Ta ble 2- 3.

For each setting, verify that the power meter's reading is within the limits shown.

Table 2-3 Instrument Accuracy Results (For Indication Only)

Range Calibrator

Setting

3 μW3.100 μW 3.230 μW _________________ _________________

10 μW9.900 μW 10.10 μW _________________ _________________

30 μW 31.40 μW 31.80 μW _________________ _________________

100 μW 99.50 μW 100.5 μW _________________ _________________

300 μW314.40 μW 317.60 μW _________________ _________________

1 mW 0.995 mW 1.005 mW _________________ _________________

3 mW 3.141 mW 3.171 mW _________________ _________________

10 mW 9.984 mW 10.08 mW _________________ _________________

30 mW 31.63 mW 31.94 mW _________________ _________________

100 mW 100.9 mW 101.8 mW _________________ _________________

Min

[a]

Max

[a]

Channel A Actual

Results

Results (E4417A Only)

Channel B Actual

[a] These performance limits are determined by the zero set specification of the power sensor used in the measurement plus the measurement

noise.

The nominal outputs for the 3 μW, 30 μW, 300 μW, 3 mW, 10 mW, 30 mW and 100 mW settings are 3.16 μW, 31.6 μW, 100 μW, 316 μW, 3.156 mW, 10.034 mW, 31.785 mW, and 101.35 mW respectively.

It is not necessary to check instrument accuracy in dBm. The power meter uses the same internal circuitry to measure power and mathematically converts watts to dBm.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 41

2 Performance Tests

NOTE

Test Procedure 2

This test procedure makes use of a 11683A Range Calibrator fitted with Option H01. The measurement uncertainty of this test procedure is significantly lower than the previously described method (refer to Appendix D, Measuremet

Uncertainty Analysis - Instrument Accuracy Test for a description of the

measurement uncertainty analysis). As such, this test procedure should be used to ensure the power meter meets its published specification.

Equipment

– Range Calibrator: Keysight 11683A Option H01

– Power Sensor Cable: Keysight E9288A

– DC Calibrator: Datron 4000A

42 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Test Setup

Power Meter

Power sensor

Range Calibrator

DC Calibrator

CHANNEL A

cable

NOTE

Figure 2-5 Instrument Accuracy (Average Path) Test Setup

Procedure

Performance Tests 2

The following procedure should be performed for the Instrument Accuracy Test.The procedure details the key presses required on the Keysight E4416A. For the Keysight E4417A the equivalent key presses should be performed on both channels.

1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-5.

2 Unplug the range calibrator's power cord. Due to a ground loop design

problem with the 11683A Option H01 range calibrator, it does not operate properly unless ground loops are eliminated. The range calibrator continues to operate with no power applied, and disconnecting the power cord eliminates the problem.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 43

2 Performance Tests

WARNING

Preset

Local

Confirm

Meas

Display

Units

Meas

Display

Resolution

NOTE

There is a small risk of mild electrical shock from the chassis of the 11683A Option H01 range calibrator unless the power meter is connected.

3 Figure 2-5 shows the HI/LO outputs of the DC calibrator connected to the DC

reference input of the range calibrator. Ensure that the Guard and LO output of the DC calibrator are floating, and are not connected to the earth ground.

4 Switch the power meter on.

5 Preset the instrument:

Press

6 Set the display units to watts:

Press

7 Set the display resolution:

Press

8 Set the range calibrator as follows:

– RANGE: 100 mW

– POLARITY: NORMAL

–FUNCTION: STANDBY

– REF SWITCH: EXT

–LINE: OFF

then .

, , .

,then press until is selected.

44 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Performance Tests 2

Channel

Change

Enter

Zero

Cal

Zero

Cal

9 Set the DC calibrator as follows:

– SET VALUE: 0 (ZERO)

–FUNCTION: DC

–OUTPUT: OFF

10 Set the filter length:

– Press .

– Highlight the Filter parameter using the up/down arrow keys.

– Scroll through the Filter values by pressing . Select a value of

MAN.

– Highlight the filter length using the forward arrow key. Press . The

Filter Length pop-up window is displayed. Set the filter length to 512.

– Press .

11 Zero the power meter:

Press

, . Wait approximately 10 seconds for the wait symbol to

disappear.

12 Set the DC calibrator output to 144.93 mV, and set the output switch to '+'.

13 Calibrate the power meter:

Press

, .

14 Set the DC calibrator output to the values shown in Ta ble 2-4. For each

setting, set the filter length of the power meter to the carbon-dating value, and verify that the power meter reading is within the limits shown. Refer to step 10 for details on how to setup the filter length.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 45

2 Performance Tests

Tab le 2-4 Instrument Accuracy Results

DC Calibrator Setting

458.31 μV 3.1623 μW 256 0.028 μW 3.0977 μW _____ _____ 3.2269 μW 3.1257 3.1989

1.4493 mV 10 μW 256 0.027 μW 9.904 μW _____ _____ 10.096 μW 9.931 10.069

4.5831 mV 31.6228 μW 256 0.027 μW 31.428 μW _____ _____ 31.819 μW 31.455 31.792

14.493 mV 100μW 64 0.073 μW99.49 μW _____ _____ 100.51 μW 99.563 100.437

45.831 mV 316.2278 μW 64 0.104 μW314.72 μW _____ _____ 317.74 μW 314.824 317.636

144.93 mV 1 mW 16 0.2 μW 0.9954 mW _____ _____ 1.0047 mW 995.6 1004.5

459.12 mV 3.1623 mW 16 0.9 μW 3.1477 mW _____ _____ 3.1769 mW 3148.6 3176

1.4588 V 10 mW 16 1.6 μW 9.954 mW _____ _____ 10.046 mW 995.6 10044.4

4.6872 V 31.6228 mW 16 4.8 μW 31.477 mW _____ _____ 31.769 mW 31481.8 31764.2

15.588 V 100 mW 16 18.5 μW 99.54 mW _____ _____ 100.46 mW 99558.5 100441.5

Effective Power Applied

Power Meter Filter Setting

Meas Unc Lower Limit Ch A

Result

Ch B Result

Upper Limit GuardBan

d Lower Limit (in μW)

GuardBan d Upper Limit (in μW)

46 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Performance Tests 2

NOTE

Power Reference Level Test

Electrical Characteristics Performance Limits (maximum) Cond itions

Power reference 1 mW Internal 50 MHz oscillator factory set to

±0.4% traceable to National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK.

Power reference accuracy setting ±0.1% Guardbanded Test Line Limits.

Power reference accuracy after 2 years

Description

This test verifies the power level accuracy of the internal 50 MHz oscillator-also called the power reference oscillator. The power reference oscillator output is factory adjusted to 1 mW ±0.4%. This accuracy includes a performance limit of

0.1% and a system measurement uncertainty figure of 0.3% (traceable to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK). Refer to Appendix C for the measurement uncertainty of the system.

The setting of the oscillator output accuracy is determined from the system measurement uncertainty plus any chosen test line limit.

For example, if a test line limit of 1 mW ±0.2% was chosen while maintaining a system measurement uncertainty of ±0.3%, the overall accuracy of the test setup for the 1 mW power output becomes 0.3% + 0.2%, giving a setting accuracy of 0.5%.

If an equivalent measurement system is employed for post-factory test (with ambient temperature of 23 ±3 °C), the power reference oscillator output can again be set to 1 mW ±0.4%. This setting is sufficient to ensure that the power reference oscillator meets the accuracy specification of ±0.5% after 2 years. This specification includes the ±0.4% setting and also takes into account other factors that will contribute to determining the accuracy after 2 years. The complete breakdown of the ±0.5% specification is as follows:

±0.9% (0 to 55 ºC) Worst case power meter accuracy, taking

into account the possibility of oscillator drift and operation at 55 º.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 47

2 Performance Tests

meas

compV1V0

–()V

–+

4R CalibrationFactor()

--------------------------------------------------------=

– Test line limit: 0.1%.

– System uncertainty: 0.3%.

– 2 year oscillator drift: 0.04%.

– Delta environment: <0.06%.

The same equipment used to measure the accuracy of the power reference oscillator can also be used to set it to the post-factory accuracy of ±0.4% (for further information refer to Chapter 3, "Adjustments").

The following procedure ensures maximum accuracy in measuring power reference oscillator output using Keysight test instruments of known capability. Signal acquisition criteria may vary if alternative test instruments are used. In such cases refer to the manufacturer's guidelines for further information.

The test is performed using Equation 2-4:

Equation 2-4: Power Level Provided By The Reference Oscillator

The components of this equation are defined as follows:

is the voltage measured between V

–V

after the Keysight 432A has been zeroed.

is the voltage measured between V

–V

power is approximately 1 mW.

–V

– R is the resistance of the mount resistor in the Keysight 432A power meter. For

– Calibration Factor is the value of the thermistor mount at 50 MHz.

48 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

is the voltage between the Keysight 432A V

comp

ground with power applied.

further information refer to Appendix A.

and VRF with no power applied and

comp

and VRF with power applied. This

comp

connector and chassis

comp

Equipment

mount

Power Meter

Test Power Meter

comp

Thermistor

Power ref

Digital Voltmeter

+ input

− input

NOTE

– Test power meter: Keysight 432A.

– Thermistor mount: Keysight 478A Option H75 or H76.

– Digital voltmeter (DVM): Keysight 3458A.

Test Setup

Performance Tests 2

Figure 2-6 Power Reference Level Test Setup

Procedure

Use the following procedure to perform the power reference level test:

The procedure details the key presses required on the Keysight E4416A. For the Keysight E4417A the equivalent key presses should be performed on both channels.

1 Set the DVM to measure resistance:

Connect the DVM between the V 432A and pin 1 on the thermistor mount end of the sensor cable. Verify that no

power is applied to the Keysight 432A.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 49

connector on the rear panel of the Keysight

2 Performance Tests

NOTE

Preset

Local

Confirm

Zero

Cal

Power Ref On

2 Round off the DVM reading to two decimal places and note this value as the

internal bridge resistance (R) of the Keysight 432A (approximately 200 Ω).

– R ____________ Ω

3 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-6, ensuring that the DVM input

leads are isolated from chassis ground.

Ensure that the Keysight 432A and the power meter under test have been powered on for at least 30 minutes before moving to step 4.

4 Preset the power meter:

Press , then on the power meter.

Set the Keysight 432A RANGE switch to Coarse Zero. Adjust the front panel Coarse Zero control to obtain a zero meter indication.

5 Zero the Keysight 432A test power meter:

– Fine zero the Keysight 432A on the most sensitive range.

– Set the RANGE switch to 1 mW.

6 Set the DVM to measure microvolts.

7 Connect the positive and negative input leads to the V

and VRF connectors

comp

respectively, on the rear panel of the test power meter.

8 Observe the reading on the DVM. If less than 400 µV, proceed to the next step.

If 400 µV or greater, press and hold the test power meter Fine Zero switch and adjust the Coarse Zero control so that the DVM indicates 200 µV or less. Release the Fine Zero switch and proceed to the next step.

9 Round the DVM reading to two decimal places.

Record this reading as V

–V

___________

10 Turn the power reference on:

Press

, .

50 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

11 Round the DVM reading to two decimal places.

Performance Tests 2

Record this reading as V

___________

–V

12 Disconnect the DVM negative input lead from the VRF connector on the

Keysight 432A. Reconnect it to the Keysight 432A chassis ground.

13 Observe the DVM reading. Record the reading as V

–V

___________

comp

14 Calculate the Power Reference Oscillator power using equation 2-4.

15 Verify that P

is within the limits shown in Table 2-5 and record the reading

meas

in the table.

Table 2-5 Power Reference Level Test Result

Min Max Actual Result

0.991 mW 1.009 mW __________________

comp

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 51

2 Performance Tests

NOTE

Keysight E-Series Power Sensor Interface Test

Description

Keysight E-Series power sensors have sensor calibration tables stored in EEPROM. This enables the power meter to download frequency and calibration factor data automatically. The frequency and calibration factor data have checksums which are compared to the data downloaded by the power meter. For the Keysight E4417A dual channel power meter, this test must be performed on both channels.

This test verifies that the power meter can successfully download this data from the sensor.

Equipment

– Power sensor cable: Keysight E9288A.

– Power sensor: Keysight E9321A.

Procedure

1 Connect the E9321A power sensor to the power meter's Channel A input. The

following message appears:

– For the Keysight E4416A: Reading Sensor.

– For the Keysight E4417A: Reading Sensor ChA.

When all data has been downloaded this message disappears and a reading is displayed on the measurement window. If the download fails, a warning message and error flag are displayed on the front panel. The SCPI error message -310, System Error is also displayed.

When no power sensor is connected to the Channel A input, the following message is displayed on the measurement window:

– For the Keysight E4416A: No Sensor.

– For the Keysight E4417A: No Sensor ChA.

2 For the Keysight E4417A repeat step 1 for Channel B.

52 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Performance Tests 2

NOTE

Keysight E932x Power Sensor (Average Path) Functional Test

Description

This test verifies that the meter/sensor combination can make average path RF measurements in both upper and lower power ranges.

Keysight E-Series power sensors operate over a wide dynamic range: the value is sensor dependent and ranges from −70 dBm to +44 dBm. However as there is an amplifier in these power sensors, the voltages presented to the power sensor connector are always within the range of voltages available from the Keysight 11683A range calibrator.

Equipment

– Power sensor cable: Keysight E9288A.

– Reference attenuator: Keysight 11708A.

– Power sensor: Keysight E9321A.

Test Setup

Refer to Figure 2-7 and Figure 2-8 below.

Procedure

Use the following procedure to perform the test:

The procedure details the key presses required on the Keysight E4416A. For the Keysight E4417A the equivalent key presses must be performed on both channels.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 53

2 Performance Tests

Power Meter

CHANNEL A

Power Sensor

Power sensor cable

Power ref

Preset

Local

Confirm

Channel

Change

Enter

Done

1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-7.

Figure 2-7 Sensor (Average Path) Functional Test Setup

2 Preset the instrument:

Press

then .

3 Set the sensor mode to AVG only:

Press .

– Highlight the Sensor Mode parameter using the up/down arrow keys.

– Press .

– A pop-up window is displayed.

– Scroll through the Sensor Mode values using the up/down arrow keys.

Select a value of AVG only.

– Press .

54 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

4 Zero the instrument:

Zero

Cal

Zero

Cal

Power Meter

CHANNEL A

Power Sensor

Power sensor cable

30 dB attenuator

Zero

Cal

Power Ref On

Channel

Change

Done

Performance Tests 2

Press

, . Wait approximately 25 seconds for the

wait symbol to disappear.

5 Press to calibrate the power meter.

6 Connect the 30 dB attenuator as shown in Figure 2-8.

Figure 2-8 Sensor (Average Path) Functional Test Setup With Attenuator

7 Turn on the power reference:

Press

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 55

8 Switch to the power sensor's lower range:

– Press .

– Scroll through the Range values by pressing . Select a value of

LOWER.

– A pop-up window is displayed.

– Press .

9 Verify that the display reads −30 dBm ±1 dB. Record the reading in Table 2-6.

2 Performance Tests

Channel

Change

Done

Zero

Cal

Power Ref Off

Channel

Change

Done

Zero

Cal

Power Ref On

10 Switch to the power sensor's upper range:

– Press .

– Move to the Range parameter using the up/down arrow keys.

– Scroll through the Range values by pressing . Select a value of

– Press .

11 Verify that the display reads −30 dBm ± 1 dB. Record the reading in Table 2-6 .

12 Turn on the power reference:

UPPER.

Press

13 Switch to the power sensor's lower range:

– Press .

– Move to the Range parameter using the up/down arrow keys.

– Scroll through the Range values by pressing . Select a value of

LOWER.

– Press .

14 Disconnect the 30 dB attenuator and reconnect the test setup as shown in

Figure 2-7.

15 Turn on the power reference:

Press

16 Verify that an overload error is displayed on the status line at the top of the

power meter's display and that the display reads 999.99 dBm.

56 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

17 Switch to the power sensor's upper range:

Channel

Change

Done

– Press .

– Move to the Range parameter using the up/down arrow keys.

– Scroll through the Range values by pressing . Select a value of

UPPER.

– Press .

18 Verify that the display reads 0 dBm ±1 dB. Record the reading.

Table 2-6 Functional Test (Average Path) Results

Test Channel A Resul ts Channel B Results

Low Range, 30 dB pad _________________ _________________

Upper Range, 30 dB pad _________________ _________________

Low Range, no pad _________________ _________________

High Range, no pad _________________ _________________

Performance Tests 2

(Keysight E4417A Only)

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 57

2 Performance Tests

Power Meter (rear)

Trig out

Frequency Counter

Time Base Accuracy Test

Specification

Electrical Characteristics Performance Limits

Frequency accuracy 10 MHz ±0.01%

Description

This test measures the accuracy of the power meter's time base frequency. Time base frequency determines the accuracy of the sampling rate when making measurements. Time base frequency is measured by attaching a frequency counter to the Trig Out socket on the rear of the power meter then enabling test mode from the service menu.

Equipment

– Frequency counter: Keysight 53132A.

Test Setup

58 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Figure 2-9 Time Base Accuracy Test Setup

Procedure

Preset

Local

Confirm

System

Service

Self Test

Time Base

Enable 10 MHz TB

Use the following procedure to perform the test:

1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-9.

2 Switch on the power meter.

3 Preset the instrument:

Performance Tests 2

Press

4 Enable time base test mode:

Press

then .

, , , , ,

5 Note the reading on the frequency counter and verify that it is within the limits

shown in Table 2-7:

Table 2-7 Power Reference Level Test Result

Min Max Actual Result

9.9990 MHz 10.0010 MHz ________________

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 59

2 Performance Tests

1 Γ

–

1 ΓSΓ

–

-----------------------

×=

ΓSΓ

Output Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Test

Specification

Electrical Characteristics Performance Limits (maximum)

Output SWR

[a] For instruments with the 50 MHz 1mW output (power ref ) connector mounted on the front panel.

[b] For instruments with the 50 MHz 1mW output (power ref ) connector mounted on the rear panel. This applies to models E4416A and E4417A

with Option 003 fitted.

Description

This test measures the standing wave ratio (SWR) of the 50 MHz 1 mW output (power ref) connector on the power meter to verify that it is within its published specification.

When RF power is transferred from a source to a load, the level of power absorbed by the load, PA, is dependent on the respective impedance of the load and the effective output impedance of the source. This can be expressed in terms of the voltage reflection coefficients (VRC) as follows:

1.06

1.08

[a]

[b]

Equation 2-5: Power Absorbed By The Load

Where:

is the power that the source will deliver to a matched load.

–P

– and are the VRCs of the source and load respectively.

60 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Performance Tests 2

ΓLΓ1Γ

1 ΓsΓ

–

1 Γ

–

---------------------- P 2

1 ΓsΓ

–

1 Γ

–

----------------------=

-----

1 Γ

–

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

1 Γ

–

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

---------------------

1 ΓsΓ

–

1 ΓsΓ

–

----------------------=

1 ΓsΓ

–

1 ΓsΓ

–

----------------------=

This method for measuring the source match exploits this relationship by presenting the source with two different values of and measuring the power

delivered to the load under the two conditions. The load used is a thermistor mount that can be operated at two different resistances and can accurately measure the power absorbed. The thermistor mount type Keysight 478A with Option H75 or Option H76 normally operates at a DC resistance of 200 Ω giving

an impedance at RF of 50 Ω and close to zero. When the thermistor bridge is

set to 100 Ω the RF impedance is 25 Ω giving a nominal of 0.33. The effective

efficiency of the thermistor mount remains constant under these two conditions so that the power ratio between operation at 200 Ω and 100 Ω can be accurately measured.

If the two reflection coefficients are and and these give the power

measurements of P same) then the two relationships can be equated as follows:

and P2 respectively (but the available power remains the

Equation 2-6:

Therefore:

Equation 2-7:

The left side of the equation can be replaced by the factor M as follows:

Equation 2-8:

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 61

2 Performance Tests

ΓSΓSΓ

Power Meter

Test Power Meter

comp

Thermistor mount

Power ref

Digital Voltmeter

+ input

− input

This cannot be directly solved for because it is a complex quantity. In order to

solve for additional values of load reflection coefficient are required with a

phase difference of approximately 120 two values of can give adequately accurate results provided the phase angle

of the source is within ±40

Equipment

– Test power meter: Keysight 432A.

– Thermistor mount: Keysight 478A Option H75 or H76.

– Digital voltmeter (DVM): Keysight 3458A.

Test Setup

of 0o or ±180o.

. However an approximate solution using

Figure 2-10 Output Standing Wave Ratio Test Setup

Procedure

Use the following procedure to perform the test:

62 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Performance Tests 2

NOTE

Steps 1 to 7 of this procedure require pre-requisite knowledge of some Keysight 432A and 478A parameters. Refer to Appendix A for further information.

1 Record the input VRC magnitude of the thermistor mount at 50 MHz with the

Keysight 432A power meter set to 200 Ω:

– |R1| ___________

2 Record the input VRC magnitude of the thermistor mount at 50 MHz with the

Keysight 432A power meter set to 100 Ω:

– |R2| ___________

3 Set the Keysight 432A mount resistance switch to 200 Ω.

4 Set the DVM to measure resistance:

Connect the DVM between the VRF connector on the rear panel of theKeysight 432A and pin 1 on the thermistor mount end of the sensor cable. Verify that no power is applied to the Keysight 432A.

5 Round off the DVM reading to two decimal places. Record this value as the

first internal bridge resistance (R

___________ Ω

–R

) of the Keysight 432A:

6 Set the Keysight 432A mount resistance switch to 100 Ω.

7 Round off the DVM reading to two decimal places. Record this value as the

second internal bridge resistance (R

___________ Ω

–R

) of the Keysight 432A:

8 Set the Keysight 432A mount resistance switch to 200 Ω.

9 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-10 ensuring that the DVM input

leads are isolated from chassis ground.

Ensure that the Keysight 432A and the power meter under test have been switched on for at least 30 minutes before performing the following steps.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 63

2 Performance Tests

Preset

Local

Confirm

Zero

Cal

Power Ref On

Zero

Cal

Power Ref Off

10 Preset the instrument:

– Press

then on the power meter.

– Set the Keysight 432A RANGE switch to Coarse Zero.

– Adjust the front panel Coarse Zero control to obtain a zero meter indication.

11 Zero the Keysight 432A test power meter:

– Fine zero the Keysight 432A on the most sensitive range.

– Set the RANGE switch to 1 mW.

12 Set the DVM to measure microvolts.

13 Connect the positive and negative input leads to the Vcomp and VRF

connectors respectively, on the rear panel of the Keysight 432A.

14 Observe the reading on the DVM:

If less than 400 μV, go to step 15. If 400 μV or more, press and hold the Keysight 432A Fine Zero switch and adjust the Coarse Zero control so that the DVM indicates 200 μV or less. Release the Fine Zero switch and go to step 15.

15 Round off the DVM value to two decimal places. Record this value as V

___________

–V

16 Turn the power reference on:

Press

17 Round off the DVM reading to two decimal places. Record this value as V1:

___________

–V

18 Turn the power reference off:

Press

19 Disconnect the DVM negative input lead from the VRF connector on the

Keysight 432A. Reconnect it to the Keysight 432A chassis ground.

20 Observe the reading on the DVM. Record this value as Vcomp

–V

___________

comp

64 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Performance Tests 2

2 V

compV1V0

–()V

–+

⋅

4 R

⋅

------------------------------------------ -----------------=

2 V

compV1V0

–()V

–+⋅

4 R

⋅

------------------------------------------ -----------------=

21 Calculate the power measured from the power reference oscillator using

equation 2-9:

Equation 2-9:

22 Record the value P1:

___________

–P

23 Calculate the power measured with mount resistance set to 100 Ω:

– Set the Keysight 432A mount resistance switch to 100 Ω.

– Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-10 ensuring that the DVM

input leads are isolated from chassis ground.

– Repeat steps 15 to 20. Record the new values of V

___________

–V

___________

–V

24 Calculate the power measured from the power reference oscillator using

Equation 2-10 and record the value:

___________

comp

, V1 and V

comp

Equation 2-10:

–P2 ___________

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 65

2 Performance Tests

-----

1 Γ

–

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

1 Γ

–

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

---------------------=

2 Γ1M 2 Γ

–()2 Γ

2 Γ1M–()

4 Γ

M Γ

–

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

M 1–()–±

2 Γ

M Γ

–

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------=

SWR

1 Γs+()

1 Γs–()

------------------=

25 Calculate factor M using equation 2-11 and record the value:

Equation 2-11:

–P2 ___________

26 Calculate the value of the output voltage reflection coefficient ( ) using

equation 2-12 and record the value:

Equation 2-12:

One of the roots of this equation will be non-physical while the other gives a value for .

– ___________

27 Calculate the value of the output SWR using Equation 2-13 and record the

value:

Equation 2-13:

– Output SWR ___________

66 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Performance Tests 2

NOTE

Γ1Γ

28 Verify that the output SWR is not greater than the maximum value shown in

the following table:

The and values are measuredfor the thermistor mount (478A) using the

network analyzer. For clarification, above is measured at 200 ohm while

is measured at 100 Ω.

Table 2-8 Output SWR Result

Max Actual Result

[a]

1.06

[b]

1.08

[a] For instruments with the 50 MHz 1 mW output (power ref) connector mounted on the front panel.

[b] For instruments with the 50 MHz 1 mW output (power ref) connector mounted on the rear panel. This applies to models E4416A and E4417A

with Option 003.

__________________

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 67

2 Performance Tests

Performance Test Record

Model Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meter

Tested by _____________________________

Serial Number _________________________

Date ________________

Tab le 2-9 Performance Test Record

Test Min Result Channel A Actual

Result

Zero Test

Instrument Accuracy

3.1623 μW 3.0977 μW ______________ ______________ 3.2269 μW

10 μW9.904 μW ______________ ______________ 10.096 μW

31.6228 μW 31.428 μW ______________ ______________ 31.819 μW

100 μW 99.49 μW ______________ ______________ 100.51 μW

316.227 μW 314.72 μW ______________ ______________ 317.74 μW

1 mW 0.9954 mW ______________ ______________ 1.0047 mW

3.1623 mW 3.1477 mW ______________ ______________ 3.1769 mW

10 mW 9.954 mW ______________ ______________ 10.046 mW

31.6228 mW 31.477 mW ______________ ______________ 31.769 mW

100 mW 99.54 mW ______________ ______________ 100.46 mW

Power Reference

meas

Interface Test Pass/Fail ______________ ______________ Pass/Fail

Functional Test

Low Range, 30 dBm pad Pass/Fail ______________ ______________ Pass/Fail

Upper Range, 30 dBm pad Pass/Fail ______________ ______________ Pass/Fail

−76.40 nW

0.991 mW ______________ ______________ 1.009 mW

______________ ______________ +76.40 nW

Channel B Actual Result

Max Result

Low Range, no pad Pass/Fail ______________ ______________ Pass/Fail

68 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Table 2-9 Performance Test Record (continued)

Performance Tests 2

Test Min Result Channel A Actual

Result

Channel B Actual Result

Max Result

Upper Range, no pad Pass/Fail ______________ ______________ Pass/Fail

Time Base Accuracy Test

[a]

Output Standing Wave Ratio Test

[a] This test is not channel related.

[b] For instruments with the 50 MHz 1 mW output (power ref) connector mounted on the front panel.

[c] For instruments with the 50 MHz 1 mW output (power ref) connector mounted on the rear panel. This applies to models E4416A and

E4417A with Option 003 fitted.

9.999 MHz 10.001 MHz ______________ N/A

[a]

N/A

1.06

1.08

[a],[b]

[a],[c]

______________

N/A

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 69

2 Performance Tests

THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.

70 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

3 Adjustments

Introduction 72 Power Reference Oscillator Frequency Adjustment 74 Power Reference Oscillator Level Adjustment 77 Display Brightness and Contrast Adjustment 83

3Adjustments

WARNING

Introduction

This chapter describes adjustments and checks which ensure proper performance of the power meter.

Adjustments are not usually required on any regular basis. They are normally performed only after a performance test has indicated that some parameters are out of specification. Performance tests must be completed after any repairs that may have altered the characteristics of the power meter. Performance tests are detailed in Chapter 2. To determine which performance tests and adjustments to perform after a repair, see “Post-Repair Adjustments” on page 73.

Safety Considerations

This warning must be followed for your protection and to avoid damage to the equipment being used.

Adjustments described in this chapter are performed with power applied to the instrument and with protective covers removed. Maintenance should be performed only by trained personnel who are aware of the hazards involved. When the maintenance procedure can be performed without power, the power should be removed.

Equipment Required

The adjustment procedures include a list of recommended test equipment. The test equipment is also identified on the test setup diagrams.

72 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Adjustments 3

Post-Repair Adjustments

Table 3- 1 lists the adjustments related to repairs or replacement of any of the

assemblies.

Table 3-1 Post Repair Adjustments, Tests, and Checks

Assembly Replaced Related Ad justments, Performance

Tests or Self Tests

A1 Power Supply Self Test

A2 Processor Assembly Power Reference Frequency and Level Test/Adjustment.

Display Brightness and Contrast Adjustment.

A3 Front Panel Assembly Instrument Accuracy Test, Display

Brightness and Contrast Adjustment.

A4 Comms Assembly All automated Tests and Serial Interface

Self Test.

A5 Daughter Assembly Instrument Accuracy Test.

A6 Measurement Assembly Instrument Accuracy Test.

W1 or W2 Power Sensor Cable Instrument Accuracy Test.

BT1 Lithium Battery Battery Self Test.

Power Reference Cable Kits Power Reference Level Test.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 73

3Adjustments

NOTE

Power Meter

Frequency Counter

POWER

REF

Power Reference Oscillator Frequency Adjustment

Adjustment of the power reference oscillator frequency may also affect the output level of the oscillator. Therefore, after the frequency is adjusted to 50.0 ±0.5 MHz, check the output level should be checked as described in “Power

Reference Oscillator Level Adjustment” on page 77. The power reference

oscillator frequency is a nominal specification.

Description

Variable inductor A2L9 is adjusted to set the power reference oscillator output frequency to 50.0 ±0.5 MHz. This frequency is a supplemental characteristic.

Figure 3-1 Adjustment Setup

Equipment

– Frequency Counter: Keysight 53132A.

74 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Procedure

Zero

Cal

Power Ref On

Zero

Cal

Power Ref On

1 Ensure that the power meter has been powered on for at least 30 minutes

2 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3-1. Set up the counter to measure

3 Turn the power reference on by pressing:

Adjustments 3

before making any measurements.

frequency.

–

, on the Keysight E4416A.

, , , on the Keysight E4417A.

4 Observe the reading on the frequency counter.

If it is 50.0 ±0.5 MHz, no adjustment of the power reference oscillator frequency is necessary. If it is not within these limits, adjust the power reference oscillator frequency as described in step 5 and step 6.

5 Remove the power meter cover.

6 Adjust A2L9 to obtain a 50.0 ±0.5 MHz indication on the frequency counter.

Refer to Figure 3-2 for the position of A2L9.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 75

3Adjustments

A2 Assembly

A2J13

J12

A2R90

A2L9

Front Panel

Figure 3-2 A2L9 Adjustment Location

76 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Power Reference Oscillator Level Adjustment

NOTE

Description

This test adjusts the power level accuracy of the internal 50 MHz oscillator-also called the power reference oscillator.

The power reference oscillator output is factory adjusted to 1 mW ±0.4%. This accuracy includes a performance limit of 0.1% and a system measurement uncertainty figure of 0.3% (traceable to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK).

The setting of the oscillator output accuracy is determined from the system measurement uncertainty plus any chosen test line limit. For example, if a test line limit of 1 mW ±0.2% was chosen while maintaining a system measurement uncertainty of ±0.3%, the overall accuracy of the test setup for the 1 mW power output becomes 0.3% + 0.2%, giving a setting accuracy of 0.5%.

If an equivalent measurement system is employed for post-factory test, the power reference oscillator output can again be set to 1 mW ±0.4%. This setting is sufficient to ensure that the power reference oscillator meets the accuracy specification of ±0.5% after 2 years. This specification includes the ±0.4% setting and also takes into account other factors that will contribute to determining the accuracy after 2 years. The complete breakdown of the ±0.5% specification is as follows:

Adjustments 3

– Test line limit: 0.1%.

– System uncertainty: 0.3%.

– 2 year oscillator drift: 0.04%.

– Delta environment: <0.06%.

The following adjustment procedure ensure the power reference oscillator meets the post-factory accuracy setting of ±0.4%.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 77

3Adjustments

NOTE

Power Meter

comp

Thermistor mount

Power ref

Digital Voltmeter

+ input

Keysight 432A

Power Meter

- input

meas

compV1V0

–()V

–+

4R CalibrationFactor()

--------------------------------------------------------=

compV0

comp

10()3–4R()CalibrationFactor()––+=

To ensure maximum accuracy in re-adjusting the power reference oscillator output, this procedure provides step-by-step instructions for using Keysight test instruments of known capability. Signal acquisition criteria may vary if alternative test instruments are used. In such cases refer to the manufacturer's guidelines for further information.

The power meter may be returned to the nearest Keysight Technologies office to have the power reference oscillator checked and/or adjusted.

Figure 3-3 Adjustment Setup

For this adjustment the following mathematical assumptions are made:

Equation 1:

can be manipulated to give the following:

Equation 2:

78 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Adjustments 3

– V1V0–()

–=

2V1V

–+

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

– V

–

⎝⎠

⎛⎞

– 2V

– 2V1V

+2V0V1V0–()==

2V0V1V0–()2V

compV1V0

–()«

V0V

comp

4Volts~

V0400μV<

0 V1V0–()

compV1V0

–()– 410

3–

()RCalibrationFactor()+=

by using the following assumptions:

The error in doing this is:

So if , that is, then the error can be

ignored. In practice and . The eror is less than 0.01%.

By substituting equation 3 into equation 1 and manipulating the result you get:

This quadratic can be solved to give equation 2.

The definitions of the terms in equation 2 are:

is the voltage measured between V

–V

after the Keysight 432A has been zeroed.

is the voltage measured between V

–V

power is approximately 1 mW.

–V

is the voltage between the Keysight 432A V

comp

ground with power applied.

and VRF with no power applied and

comp

and VRF with power applied. This

comp

connector and chassis

comp

– R is the resistance of the mount resistor in the Keysight 432A power meter

– Calibration Factor is the value of the thermistor mount at 50 MHz.

Equipment

– Test power meter: Keysight 432A.

– Thermistor Mount: Keysight 478A Option H75 or H76.

– Digital Voltmeter (DVM): Keysight 3458A.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 79

3Adjustments

NOTE

Procedure

The procedure details the key presses required on the Keysight E4416A. For the Keysight E4417A the equivalent key presses should be performed on both channels.

1 Set up the DVM to measure resistance. Connect the DVM between the VRF

connector on the rear panel of the Keysight 432A and pin 1 on the thermistor mount end of the sensor cable. Verify that no power is applied to the Keysight 478A.

2 Round off the DVM reading to two decimal places and record this value as the

internal bridge resistance (R) of the test power meter (approximately 200 Ω).

– R (Internal Bridge Resistance)_______________ Ω

3 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3-3. The leads should be isolated

from ground. Ensure that the power reference oscillator is off. Ensure that both the power meter under test and the Keysight 432A have been powered on for at least 30 minutes before proceeding to the next step.

4 Set the Keysight 432A range switch to coarse zero and adjust the front panel

coarse zero control to obtain a zero meter indication.

5 Fine zero the Keysight 432A on the most sensitive range, then set the range

switch to 1 mW.

Ensure that the DVM input leads are isolated from chassis ground when performing the next step.

6 Set up the DVM to measure microvolts.

7 Connect the positive and negative input leads, respectively, to the V

connectors on the rear panel of the Keysight 432A.

8 Observe the reading on the DVM. If less than 400 μV, proceed with the next

step. If 400 μV or greater, press and hold the Keysight 432A fine zero switch and adjust the coarse zero control so that the DVM indicates 200 μV or less. Then release the fine zero switch and proceed to the next step.

80 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

comp

and

Adjustments 3

Zero

Cal

Power Ref On

compV0

comp

10()3–4R()CalibrationFactor()––+=

9 Round off the DVM reading to the nearest microvolt and record this value as V

________________ V

–V

– Disconnect the DVM negative input lead from the V

connector on the test

power meter and reconnect it to chassis ground.

10 Turn the power reference on:

– Press

11 Record the reading on the DVM to two decimal places. This is V

–V

comp

_____________V

comp

12 Reconnect the negative lead to the VRF connector on the rear panel of the

Keysight 432A. The DVM is now set up to measure V

which represents the

power reference oscillator output level.

13 Calculate the required value of V

using equation 2.

14 Remove the power meter's cover and adjust A2R90 until the DVM indicates

the calculated value of V

. Refer to Figure 3-4 for the position of A2R90:

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 81

3Adjustments

A2 Assembly

A2J13

J12

A2R90

A2L9

BT1

Front Panel

Figure 3-4 A2R90 Adjustment Location

Measurement Uncertainty

Refer to Appendix C, Measurement Uncertainty Analysis - Power Reference Level

Test.

82 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Display Brightness and Contrast Adjustment

Set Brightness

System

Service

Display

NOTE

Display

Set Contrast

Service

Introduction

The following procedure should be performed whenever a front panel assembly or processor assembly is replaced.

Adjustments 3

The brightness is controlled automatically after executing the softkey. Press , , and to locate this softkey menu.

The contrast adjustment is subjective and varies according to individual user requirements.

Procedure

1 Access the softkey menu and use the

2 When the desired display contrast level is obtained, press the

softkey to increase the contrast, or the softkey to decrease the contrast of the display.

softkey, located under the softkey menu.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 83

3Adjustments

THIS PAGE HAS BEEN INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.

84 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

4 Theory of Operation

Introduction 86 A1 Power Supply 87 A2 Processor Assembly 88 A3 Front Panel Assembly 91 A4 Comms Assembly 92 A5 Daughter Assembly 93 A6 Measurement Assembly 94 Functional Block Diagram 98

4 Theory of Operation

Introduction

This chapter describes how each of the power meter's assemblies operate.

A functional block diagram is included at the end of the chapter giving an overall view of the power meter's operation.

86 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

A1 Power Supply

The A1 power supply/battery charger is a 20 W, 47 to 440 Hz switching power supply producing three DC voltages, (+5 V, +12 V, −12 V). It is used to power the subassemblies when operating from an ac power source. The power supply can be driven by AC power voltages in the range 85 to 264 V.

Power is distributed to the meter subassemblies via the processor assembly (For further information refer to “A2 Processor Assembly” on page 88).

The ac line fuse is located in the line input module on the power meter's rear panel (Keysight Part Number 2110-0957). The fuse holder contains a spare fuse as standard on shipment.

Theory of Operation 4

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 87

4 Theory of Operation

A2 Processor Assembly

The processor assembly contains the following:

– Microcontroller and associated circuits.

– Power-on/ standby control and switching.

– 1 mW reference calibrator.

– Recorder outputs TTL input/output.

– Front panel drivers.

It provides that platform on which the power meter can run, facilitating the system inputs and outputs.

Regulated DC voltages at +12 V, −12 V and +5 V are converted by the A1 power supply assembly when AC power is connected to the rear panel or the optional rechargeable battery is fitted. The DC voltages are connected and distributed to the rest of the system by circuits on the processor assembly. When the key on the front panel is pressed a bistable latch changes state. This in turn applies the correct gate voltages to turn on three MOSFET switches, which connects the power supply unit voltages to the distributed power buses. The bistable latch is connected to a permanent power-supply which has the backup of battery power when AC mains is removed from the power meter. The +12 V supply is used to power the fan. This is filtered to decouple it from the rest of the system. When the optional rechargeable battery is fitted and the meter is in standby and connected to the AC power supply, the rechargeable battery recharges and the fan is powered on.

The reference oscillator has a 50 MHz oscillator circuit with automatic level control (ALC). The oscillator output is level detected and that level is compared to a temperature stable precision reference voltage. This comparison produces an error signal that gives negative feedback control of the oscillator output power. The frequency and power level of the calibrator are factory set to provide a 50 MHz 1 mW transfer standard. The precision reference voltage and the ALC control signal are both measured in the calibrator self test. The calibrator is switched on or off using a signal from the microcontroller. The front panel LED indicator is switched with a separate microcontroller signal. The recorder outputs are driven from a dual 12 bit DAC which is driven by the microcontroller. The dual DAC outputs are buffered, filtered and scaled to give a 1 V full scale output nominal.

88 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Theory of Operation 4

The recorder is a 12 bit DAC driven by the microcontroller. The DAC output is buffered, filtered and scaled to give a 1 V full scale output with a nominal 1 kΩ output impedance.

Circuitry for the keyboard driver includes some damage protection, but it is basically a direct connection from the keypad row and column matrix to the microcontroller's control lines.

The LCD controller on the A3 front panel assembly is configured as a memory mapped peripheral, and as such requires only to be fed with the appropriate address, data and control lines from the microcontroller circuits. The bias voltage for the LCD is produced by a DC to DC converter that takes the +5 V (DIST) voltage and converts that to a nominal +21 V. The DC to DC converter is adjusted by a combination of the contrast

control signal from the microcontroller and the temperature sense voltage that is generated on the A3 front panel assembly. The temperature sense voltage helps to compensate for the normal variation of LCD contrast with temperature. Current to the LCD's LED backlight array is sourced from a constant current circuit that compensates for variation in LED knee voltage. A control input to this circuit from the front panel temperature sense voltage allows for de-rating of the maximum LED current at high operating temperatures. A control input from the microcontroller allows the optimum backlight brightness to be factory set. The temperature sense voltage, LED current and LCD bias voltage are all measured at self test.

An analog multiplexer provides means by which several diagnostic points can be switched to the A6 measurement assembly for analogue to digital conversion. The microcontroller uses this function to perform a self test.

A6 measurement assembly to microcontroller communication is conducted on a parallel expansion bus. This bus is connected to the bi-directional serial port on the microcontroller via buffers. The 20 MHz system clock

and some control signals are connected to the measurement modules. The measurement module interface is completed with the distribution of switched and direct power (+12 V, −12 V and +5 V).

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 89

4 Theory of Operation

NOTE

The TTL outputs are connected to the A6 processor assembly via in line resistors located on the A4 interface assembly. A TTL logic level is output from the processor assembly when the user defined windows based limits are exceeded.

The TTL inputs are connected to the processor card via in line resistors located on the interface card and can be used to initiate zero and calibration cycles on the power meter.

The microcontroller circuits that control all the above functions, and provide platform for the system software to run on, comprise the microcontroller itself, memory, and clock and logic circuits. The logic circuits have the function of ensuring the correct sequencing and decoding of the control signals for the various peripherals. The crystal oscillator clock circuit is buffered and distributed to the A4 interface assembly and the A5 daughter assembly. The program memory for the microcontroller is FLASH EEPROM to allow for in-circuit programming. The static RAM is split into volatile and non-volatile blocks, with the power for the non-volatile RAM being connected to the permanent (battery backed) power supply.

It is advisable to replace the RAM battery A2BT1 every three years. If the battery fails or drops below 3 V the RAM will lose the following information when power is disconnected from the meter:

– Unit Serial Number.

– Revision letter of Processor Card.

– Unit Option.

– User defined setups.

– User defined sensor calibration tables.

90 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

A3 Front Panel Assembly

System

Service

Self Test

Bitmap Displays

The front panel assembly is made up of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a keypad and, depending on the power meter option, a power reference cable assembly and a sensor cable assembly.

There are two inputs to the front panel assembly:

– The flex circuit from connector A2J4 of the processor assembly which controls

the keypad.

– The ribbon cable from A2J3 of the processor assembly which controls the LCD

display.

The power meter self tests contain display tests. These are

Theory of Operation 4

accessed by pressing , ,

, ,

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 91

4 Theory of Operation

A4 Comms Assembly

The comms assembly contains the circuitry required for remote control of the power meter. This assembly supports parallel and serial interfaces.

The GPIB interface is supported by a protocol controller integrated circuit and two physical interface buffers. The system clock is divided by four to provide the GPIB controller integrated circuit clock signal.

The RS232 and RS422 interface is supported by a single Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transceiver (UART) integrated circuit and a programmable transceiver. The programmable transceiver can be configured for either RS232 or RS422. The remote interface is designated a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment).

The programmable baud rate generator in the UART is driven from the system clock (20 MHz) which allows baud rates in the range 50 to 20 MHz.

The whole assembly is connected to data, address, and control signals from the A2 processor assembly.

The comms assembly also provides a filtered path for the single/dual recorder output signal and the TTL input and output signals. It also provides ESD protection for the RS232.422, TTL I/O, and recorder outputs.

92 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

A5 Daughter Assembly

The A5 daughter assembly is loaded vertically into the A2 processor assembly.

There are 3 main connectors on the daughter card which provide the interconnect between the A2 processor assembly and the A6 measurement assembly. Additionally there are two SMB connectors for the external trigger signals that are routed using cable assemblies to the rear panel.

In addition the A5 daughter card provides support functions for the measurement assemblies. These functions take power and signals from the A2 processor assembly and generate the power and signals required by the A6 measurement assembly. The A5 daughter assembly also provides common trigger functions that are routed to both the A6 measurement assemblies.

The functions provided are:

– Clock buffering and distribution.

– External trigger output buffer.

– External trigger input comparator and buffer.

– +2.5 V precision reference.

Theory of Operation 4

– +11 V regulator.

– +3.3 V regulator.

– +2.5 V regulator.

– ±5 V regulators.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 93

4 Theory of Operation

A6 Measurement Assembly

There is one measurement assembly in the E4416A and two in the E4417A. As the E4416 and E4417 are peak and average power meters that are compatible with all Keysight power sensors in the 848x Series, N8480 Series and E Series, the measurement assembly has two measurement paths. One path deals with average only measurements and this is the path that is compatible with the 848x Series, N8480 Series and E-Series sensors. The other path provides the peak measurements. In addition to these two measurement paths there is a DSP subsystem which provides the signal processing of the digitized analogue signals together with various ancillary support functions.

Average Path Operation

The measurement assembly amplifies and converts the chopped AC signal produced by the power sensor (either 848x Series power sensors, N8480 Series power sensors or E-Series power sensors) into a 32 bit digital word. This digital word is proportional to the input RF power level applied to the power sensor.

With reference to the block diagram at the end of this chapter, the input amplifier amplifies the chopped AC input signal. This operational amplifier in combination with a single bipolar transistor in the power sensor, produce a feedback amplifier which has a gain of approximately 500. The feedback line shown sets the gain and also biases the transistor. The differential amplifier removes any common mode noise or interference. It uses a special ground wire ("sensor ground")-connected close to the RF bulkhead in the power sensor-as its second input.

The band pass filter represents the filtering action of the input amplifier. When the power meter is working with an E-Series power sensor the equalizer is switched on to reduce the high pass cut off frequency of the input amplifier. This improves the settling time in fast mode operation.

94 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

The output of the equalizer is split into two paths. One path is amplified by a gain of 100. Both signals are each converted to digital words by a dual analog to digital converter (ADC). The ADC's sampling rate has an integer relationship with the chop frequency, thus giving a fixed number of samples per chop cycle.

In the event of a power overload-which could cause the input amplifier to saturate-a window comparator function trips which generates an interrupt to the processor assembly through the FPGA. The FPGA also forces the sensor into upper range using the I2C_NEN line.

The ADC uses an I2S interface into the DSP where the samples are de-chopped and converted into digital words proportional to input level. The chosen channel is then filtered and stored in a buffer ready for reading by the host processor.

An analogue switch is used to inject a calibration into this path to allow calibration of the gain ratio between the two ranges.

Normal Path

The second path, or normal path, deals with peak mode measurements. Here the input signal is the detected power envelope of the RF input to the sensor. The E9320-Series sensor detects this and, for peak mode measurements, amplifies it as a fully differential voltage signal with a bandwidth from DC to 5 MHz. The normal path processes the output of an E9320-Series sensor and converts it to a form suitable for digitizing in a 12 bit ADC), at a rate of 20 M samples/sec. The sensor has a 50 Ω source impedance for each of the differential lines, the sensor cable has a differential impedance of 100 Ω and the measurement card has a 100 Ω load impedance at the input to the first amplifier. The purposes of the first amplifier are to buffer the input signal, to allow offset control and to drive the anti-alias filter. Offset control comes from the main processor via a DAC into the first amplifier and a feedback control algorithm carried out during zeroing ensures that gross voltage offsets are nulled out before reaching the ADC.

The offset-corrected amplifier output is then filtered. The filter is a differential implementation of a 9th order Bessel low-pass filter, designed for a flat delay of approximately 100ns, a 3 dB bandwidth of approximately 5 MHz and 22 dB attenuation at 15 MHz.

Theory of Operation 4

The filter output is fed to a buffer amplifier which has a gain of 1.1. This ensures that switching transients are not passed backwards into the filter and provides a

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 95

4 Theory of Operation

low impedance output for the HI_GAIN switch. The combined gain of the buffer amplifier and filter is approximately unity. An attenuator and switch circuit follows this. The attenuation can be set to 1 or 16. The attenuation is controlled by the level of the signal prior to the filter, which is sensed with a comparator and fed into a latch and the FPGA. Logic within the FPGA controls the switches that select the applied attenuation and hence the gain of the normal path. As the level sense occurs before the 100 ns delay of the filter, the FPGA and attenuators have 100 ns to select the right gain for presentation to the ADC. A differential amplifier with a gain of 3 follows the attenuator.

The ADC has a bipolar range but the power signal is essentially unipolar.

To utilize the full ADC range an offset is summed in to the signal just prior to the ADC in an offset summer circuit. The outputs of the summer are arranged to give a full-scale negative input to the ADC, so it reads circa (but greater than) -2048 when zero volts is applied to the normal path input. (The ADC range is -2048 to

2047.) There is a further filter that removes high frequency noise, originating in the amplifier chain, from the ADC input. It has a 20 MHz theoretical cut-off (−3 dB) frequency.

The ADC is a 12-bit converter running at 20 MHz. Samples from the ADC are combined with the normal path gain setting and the sensor range to derive the power measurement. The ADC output and the range control bits are fed to the FPGA. The FPGA controls a triggered acquisition into SDRAM. The acquisition parameters (such as pre-trigger, post trigger and trigger level) are controlled by the main processor.

The DSP transfers the acquired samples into its local memory where it then performs the required processing to enable the demanded measurements. This includes range correction, digital filters, linearity correction, averaging together with display trace processing. The DSP generates an interrupt to the processor when results are ready.

The processor assembly communicates with the DSP through the FPGA. The DSP is loaded with the appropriate program by the processor assembly depending on sensor type and required measurement mode. The processor assembly loads the FPGA using a serial configuration bus.

96 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Ancillary Functions

The measurement assembly also measures the sensor resistor voltage to detect whether a power sensor is present. If a power sensor is connected (or disconnected) an interrupt to the A2 processor assembly is generated.

Circuitry on the board is then used by the processor to determine the sensor model, and whether it's connected to the front or rear panel. The processor then configures the board's ancillary functions, such as chop frequency, chop voltage levels and also programmes the DSP with the appropriate code for that sensor type. If the sensor was one of the E-Series then the processor reads calibration data from the sensor's E2PROM using the I2C bus. The processor then uses the board's auxiliary ADC (XADC) to measure the sensor temperature which is used in conjunction with the calibration data to provide temperature corrected power measurements.

This assembly produces the differential drive signal for the power sensor's chopper. The processor assembly programs the level and frequency of these signals:

– For 848x Series power sensors, this signal is 0 V and −10 V at 217 Hz.

– For E-Series power sensors, this signal is +7 V and −3 V at 434 Hz.

Theory of Operation 4

The XADC is also used to support system built in test by being capable of digitizing a signal routed to it from the processor assembly.

As described earlier the E-Series power sensors have built in serial EEPROM and range switching which is controlled or accessed via the measurement assembly. The N-chop sensor wire used by the 848x Series power sensors doubles as a serial clock and the sensor resistor line doubles as a bi-directional serial data line. The wire labelled "Auto Zero" is also used as a serial bus enable control.

The auto zero line is grounded to the sensor ground line when an 848x Series power sensor is used. Autozeroing is accomplished without the need for this signal in the power meter.

All clocks are derived from the 20 MHz system clock that is generated on the A2 processor assembly and distributed on the A5 daughter assembly.

The E9320 sensors are provided with switchable power supplies.

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 97

4 Theory of Operation

Functional Block Diagram

The following two pages contain a functional block diagram for the instrument giving an overall view of the power meter's operation.

98 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Theory of Operation 4

Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide 99

4 Theory of Operation

100 Keysight E4416A/E4417A Power Meters Service Guide

Used Agilent Agilent Used E4416A Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Table of Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

2 Performance Tests

Introduction

Equipment Required

Performance Test Record

Calibration Cycle

Test Procedures

Thermistor Mount Option

Zero Test

Specification

Description

Equipment

Test Setup

Procedure

Instrument Accuracy (Normal Path) Test

Specification

Description

Equipment

Test Setup

Procedure

Instrument Accuracy (Average Path) Test

Specification

Description

Test Procedure 1

Equipment

Test Setup

Procedure

Test Procedure 2

Equipment

Test Setup

Procedure

Power Reference Level Test

Description

Equipment

Test Setup

Procedure

Keysight E-Series Power Sensor Interface Test

Description

Equipment

Procedure

Keysight E932x Power Sensor (Average Path) Functional Test

Description

Equipment

Test Setup

Procedure

Time Base Accuracy Test

Specification

Description

Equipment

Test Setup

Procedure

Output Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) Test

Specification

Description

Equipment

Test Setup

Procedure

Performance Test Record

3 Adjustments

Introduction

Safety Considerations

Equipment Required

Post-Repair Adjustments

Power Reference Oscillator Frequency Adjustment

Description

Equipment

Procedure

Power Reference Oscillator Level Adjustment

Description

Equipment

Procedure

Measurement Uncertainty

Display Brightness and Contrast Adjustment

Introduction