UNIVAC 490 General Description Manual
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION.
.
f:he
UNIVAC
Real-Time
®
490
Sysf:em
o
•
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
UNIVAC
Real-Time
490
Sys-tem
©
1961 • SPERRY
RAND
CORPORATION
1.
UNIVAC
The Real-Time
General Characteristics of
High-Speed Communications
Data Storage
Features
Special Programming
490
REAL-TIME
Concept.
Facilities.
and
Applications
Processing
Solid-State Design
Computer-to-Computer
High-Speed Random Access
"Time Conscious" System
A
Incremental
Incremental Interrupt
Day
High
Equipment
Flexible Input-Output
Automatic Programming
Floating-Point Arithmetic
Programming
Powerful Instruction
Absolute Efficiency
Library of Programmed
Core Storage Search
Wired
Application Versatility
Interrupt.....
Clock......................................................
Clock...................................................................
Internal Computing
Enclosure.....................................................
Checks.........................
Memory.
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Contents
SYSTEM
............
the
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Configurations.......................................
Clock...........................
Speeds...........................................
Facilities..........................................
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Features..............................................
Repertoire..............................................
..........................................................
Routines.............................................
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...........................................
Real-Time
Linkage...........................................
Storage....................
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System....................
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2.
REAL-TIME
Storage Section
Octal
Notation.
Control Section
Arithmetic
Arithmetic Registers (Operational Registers)
Transient Registers
Operator Console
Computer Control Panel
Console Keyboard and Printer
Wired
Section.....
Memory.
COMPUTER
.................................................................
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7
8
8
9
10
11
11
11
..
11
3.
SYSTEM
Central Site
Peripheral
Peripheral Systems
Magnetic
Magnetic
High-Speed Card
Punch-Verifier
High-Speed
Transmission
Input-Output
Data Transfers
Buffer
I
nput-Output
External
Remote
Communications
Communications
Party Line Network
Party Line
Line Switching
Communications
Communications
Input-Output
Keyboard
Uniset
The
Uniset
Format
Scanner -
Transfer
COMPONENTS
Equipment
Units.............................................................
Drum
Storage
Tape Storage
Reader...
Unit
Printer
and
Communications
Channels
............................•...................•.............
Mode.
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Control
Equipment
Printer
Console
Control Panel
Selector
Communications
Function
..........•...............•.................................
......•...........••.................•........................
.................................................................•
Equipment
Systems
.............................................................
Network
Control
Equipment
AND
CONFiGURATiONS
...................................................•.....
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...•..............••..................................
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......•.........•..........................•..............
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Requirements
Devices
..................•...............•.........•..............
...............................................•...•.......
..........................................•........
..........•...
......................•.............................
......................................................
System
(Direct
Unit
(Telegraphic Half-Duplex)
for
...........................................
'. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............................................
Distance Dialing)
Special Devices
•.
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26
4.
INSTRUCTIONS
Instruction
Instruction
Instruction
Shift
Simple
Store
Arithmetic
Comparison
Selective
Replace
Jump
Special Program -
Word
Cycle
Repertoire..........................................................
Instructions
Read
Instructions
Instructions
Read
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
...............................................................
...................................................•...........
............ , ............
.......................................................
..............................................................
Instructions
............................................................
..............................................................
Modifying
....................................................
........................................................
...................................•.......................
Instructions
"
....................
..•.............•.......................
'"
.............
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
33
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Real-Time
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Real-Time
the
it
black-and-white
indications
real-time
downturn
much
the
course is
If,
for
example, sales
the
Real-Time
agement
instead
of
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are
effectively timed.
decision
in
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locations
to
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System
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activities,
real-time
to
communicate
reflect sales, profits, costs,
other
of a business
momentum
finality.
Up-to-the-minute
activity
detect
the
it
way
as
a guided missile's
as
it
hurtles
have
this
fact
for
quarterly
remedial
And
the
greatest
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data.
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its
target.
man-
actions
the
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business
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with
fa-
pro-
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the
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commercial
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can
become
business,
control only
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fact,
just
puter
to
control
teract
data
disrupting
from a real-time
organization
number
of
Real-Time System,
potential
an
integral
bringing
with
approximated
as
feedback
a missile's
forces, up-to-the-minute
influence
its
business
of
formed.
THE
REAL-TIME
The
real-time
management's
CONCEPT
concept is
desire
for a method
real-time
it
an
efficiency
by
other
is
used
path
system
the
curves
the
fulfillment
part
by
and
can
course
as
they
the
full
process-
of
your
and
devices.
a com-
coun-
help
an
of
are
of
of
re-
Thus,
the
real-time
advance
heretofore
That
is
altered
ner,
cumulation
information
random
a
time
lag
and
dating
receipt
source,
a
truly
in
data-processing,
employed
is,
master
infrequently
was
updated
of
characterized
and
unpredictable
processing, however,
between
their
the
postings
the
master
of a new
the
Real-Time
current
concept is a
batch
data,
or
at
intervals,
enough
transaction
occurrence
to a master
file
transaction
report
significant
a field
processing
information
or
in a known
upon
by
essentially
incidence. Real-
eliminates
of
transactions
file.
immediately
from a remote
System
of
the
can
status
which
only.
which
man-
the
ac-
data,
or
the
By
up-
upon
present
of
any
1
application-a
processing computer
stored
GENERAL
REAL-TIME
The
mote
490
master
specific design
input-output
Real-Time System
nature
general, however,
accept
transaction
reliability while
results
puting
pose,
with
unit
and
feat
impossible
with
data.
CHARACTERISTICS
SYSTEM
and
units
of
the
individual application.
input
data
the
output
accuracy
of
the
system is
and
therefore, ideal
its
function
of
the
are
dictated
units
with
clarity.
for
applications.
High-Speed
Common
phone
American Cable
Communications
carriers,
and
Telegraph,
Linkage
such
as
American
Western
and
Radio, afford highspeed communication facilities
transmission
site
Computer
units.
points
Transactions
are
rectly to
mediately evaluated
the
result
other
appropriate
transaction
Data
Storage
Since
the
applies
information
the
system employs extensive
facilities which
tire
master
these facilities
type
allowing immediate access
file
information.
FEATURES
In
addition to existing applications
performed
ing
number
that
lems
-the
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time
their
effective solution.
of
data
between
and
the
remote
originating
conveyed along these
the
Computer
is
returned
where
and
to
distant
processed.
the
originator
points,
being accomplished
Facilities
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System
transaction
as
files
AND
by
of
depend on
data
to
the
the
transaction
are
capable
of
information.
are
of
APPLICATIONS
this
system,
the
of
random
there
vital data-processing prob-
this
type
of
for
the
batch-
externally
OF
THE
of
the
re-
UNIVAC
by
the
are
able
speed
units
general
all
display
The
types
and
com-
pur-
Tele-
Union,
for
two-way
the
central
input-output
at
remote
wires
di-
they
are
im-
Then
and
the
whole
in
seconds.
master
data
file
occurs,
data-storage
storing
In
en-
addition,
access
to
master
best
is a grow-
automation
System-for
In
to
of
The
many
UNIV
ticularly suited to applications
processing timeliness is vitally
perishability is a factor,
is based on
at
separate, remote points. Some
features, such
and
microsecond
speeds~
in
the
tures
communicate
perform
ing
applications,
outstanding
AC
490 Real-Time System
data
originating
as
solid-state components
internal
represent
electronic
of
the
the
latest
computer
system, such as
with
remote locations
both real-time
are
entirely new develop-
features
of
are
in
important,
or
decision-making
simultaneously
of
computing
design advances
field.
Other
the
ability
and
and
batch-process-
the
par-
which
these
fea-
to
to
ments.
of
the
Some
Real-Time System
490
in
the
Processing
An
outstanding
Real-Time
490
process
major
following
Interrupt
real-time
applications concurrently.
features
are
described briefly
paragraphs.
feature
System
of
is
and
batch-processing
of
the
the
its
capacity to
This
impressive
UNIVAC
UNIVAC
data-processing innovation is made possi-
through
ble
remote
puter
a unique
external
processing
feature
units
with
information
to
interrupt
that
permits
Com-
of
high
precedence.
With
this
feature
ing
potential
example, when once
particular
in
storage,
process a
ever
problem is
unit,
interrupted
priority
the
processed
real-time application is recorded
the
"batch"
transaction
entered
the
Computer's batch-processing is
to
real-time
Upon completion
the
ing,
the
time
rupt
the
data,
Computer
batch
application.
information
bears
on
latter
can
thereby
processing is up
the
maximum
of
the
system is realized.
the
master
Computer
can be used to
application. Then, when-
data
for
the
into
a remote
permit
results
handling
transaction
to
the
of
the
real-time process-
and
external
automatically
Further,
handled
the
interrupted
be updated by
assuring
to
date.
during
application,
the
that
all subsequent
process-
For
data
for
real-time
external
the
high
sending
unit.
returns
if
the
real-
the
inter-
real-time
to
a
2
Sol
id-State
The
solid-state components
the
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System offer
numerous
ized production
duction
relatively simple operations.
of
ease
state
operating
reducing
quirements
Computer-to-Computer
The
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System's abil-
ity
to coordinate,
networks,
puters
user
to increase his data-processing system
to meet
High-Speed
To meet
ments
Design
advantages
of
of
maintenance
production
circuits also
reliability to
the
power, cooling,
of
the
the
activities
located
any
at
sudden business expansion.
Random
the
extremely
of
real-time
and
including
components
procedures to a few
In
and
maintenance, solid-
impart a high
the
Computer
system.
Configurations
through
various
Access
communication
of
several Com-
points, allows
Storage
demanding
processing,
circuitry
standard-
and
the
addition to
degree
and
space re-
require-
of
re-
of
while
the
the
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System is equipped
with
data-storage
that
are
more expansive
those
of
most
tems. The
memory
with
Computer
facilities
present-day
has
a capacity
(drums,
and
versatile
computing sys-
an
internal
of
32,768
or
tapes)
than
co:re
16,384
30-bit words.
A
"Time
Processing timeliness,
teristic
the
scious."
nometers provide
sensitivity unmatched by
Conscious"
System
an
inherent
of real-time processing, requires
system
to
Three
be
extremely
"time
precision electronic chro-
the
system
with a timing
other
computing
charac-
con-
systems.
Incremental
This built-in clock is used
of
program-timing
to log
input
time
its
receipt
This clock is also used
the
preparation
ical
reports
certain
Clock
the
receipt times
data.
Each
time
may
of
dealing
transactions.
for
purposes.
of
input
a wide
aperiodic real-
variety
It
can be used
message
be recorded together.
in
connection
statistical
with
the
frequency
and
analyt-
and
with
of
Incremental-Interrupt
This
"program-set"
Clock
clock
32,768 milliseconds. Upon
per
limit,
the
Incremental-Interrupt
unconditionally
the
end
of
regardless
clock count is
The
Incremental-Interrupt
the
functioning
cause one
timing
is
mentary
fault
gramming
closed loop,
the
execution
Computer,
restarts
terrupt,
the
thus
recovery.
tify
maintenance personnel
has
loop
tion
occurred.
takes
also used to
thereby
rected
allow
to
interrupts
the
instruction
of
the
type
of
maintained
of
a real-time system be-
of
the
primary
subroutine
arising
throws
or
if a fault
of
the
Incremental-Interrupt
Computer
operations.
from
the
an
instruction
by
providing
The
interrupt
longer
interrupt
items
than
program
of
can
If
completing
desired,
the
attention
more
tance.
Day
Clock
A
feature
problems is
auxiliary
an
external
ing
once
time"
grammer's
Since
minute
the
Day
riety
a compare
for
timing
ated
month. These
the-minute
company
trace
ment
tines,
many
the
Day Clock.
particularly
the
24-hour
device,
every
this
interrupt
minute.
electronic clock causes
of
is placed completely
direction.
program
to a
Clock
of
subroutines.
at
any
control is
set
address
can
be used
For
routine
on
purposes,
desired time
the
reports
reports
information
status.
routines,
report
and
memory dumps
Error-checking
output
conversions, manage-
programs,
routines which can
suited
Computer process-
of
could provide up-to-
counts
reaching
up
its
to
up-
Clock
the
Computer
being
instruction.
in
core storage.
Clock is
uses
of
this
improper
Computer
occurring
halts
If
at
handled,
The
vital
to
clock
a mo-
pro-
into
during
the
Clock
means
automatic
of
an
fault
in-
be used to no-
that
a closed
an
opera-
this
clock is
Computer
and
to be di-
immediate impor-
to real-time
Day
Clock. As
Thus,
under
shifted
in
the
to
initiate
once every
Computer,
example,
address
can
the
day, week
and
analyses
"keeping
be gener-
an
the
pro
a va-
by
using
reserved
or
of
routines,
maintenance
are
some
be
initiated
of
rou-
the
by
a
..
3
High-Internal
Along
with
storage
transmission
and
peripheral
Real-
Time
execution times
Instruction
12 microseconds
Equipment
The
physical
its
peripheral
trol
panel
Real-Time System's
ment
enclosure concept.
ment
installation
operator
cant
indicators
the
tions
to allow
when
necessary.
Computing
its
high-speed
Speeds
random
facilities, which allow a
rate
between
units,
System
also
measured
access
Enclosure
and
for
most
arrangement
units,
and
demonstrate
the
the
UNIVAC
features
in
microseconds.
execution
instructions.
of
the
the
operator's
the
UNIVAC
revolutionary
This
modern
technique
an
unrestricted
and
peripheral
the
operator
view
displays.
units
within
to
of
attend
access
high
Computer
instruction
time
totals
Computer,
equipequip-
affords
all signifi-
It
also posi-
easy
reach
to
Maintenance personnel, located outside
operator's
cess to all equipment even
operation.
be monitored
terfering
In
terms
equipment
sents
reducing
eliminating
enclosure, have
Any
with
of
economy
element
for
maintenance
operating
of
of
enclosure design concept
the
additional
floor-space
the
advantages
requirements
need
for
unrestricted
though
the
it
system
without
personnel.
installation,
of
greatly
expensive false
floors.
Flexible
The
communicate directly
of
units
devices.
capable
other
of
ables
puter
output
Input-Output
Facilities
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time
with
commercially
and
custom-designed
The
of
computers. The
the
system's
the
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time Com-
to
perform
data
available
system's
Computer
communicating directly
inherent
input-output
this
diversity
communicating functions.
System
a wide
variety
input-output
data-originating
is
flexibility
channels en-
of
input-
data-
490
con-
490
the
them
the
ac-
is
in
may
in-
the
pre-
and
can
also
with
A
large
channels
between
units
storage
number
are
the
such
units,
of
employed
Computer
as
high-speed
card
system
for
communications
and
readers,
input-output
peripheral
printers,
and
tape-han-
dling units. These same channels
an
used to accommodate
number
by
Two
of
remote
using
a special
input-output
data-originating
input-output
channels
communications between
Real-Time Computer
Automatic
The
system
ing
system which allows mnemonic expression
structions
refer
Program
with
tem
and
routine
of
subroutines
compiling
Programming
features a very
of
computer-oriented instructions. In-
and
addresses
can
be given alpha-numeric names.
check-out
special aids which include
register
dumping
mechanism facilities compilation
into a final
system
almost
the
and
other
can
be accomplished
routines. A sub-
also
has a high-level,
problem-oriented language
puter
programs
interprets
matically
instructions
are
general
generates
which
written.
statements
the
necessary machine
perform
unlimited
buffer mode.
are
utilized
UNIVAC 490
computers.
flexible compil-
to
which
post
program.
in
which com-
This
and
the
function.
Floating-Point
The UNIVAC 490 Real-Time
floating-point
program-word
tissa
and
length
length
of
of
cluding a sign.
in
which
designate
codes. As a complete
includes
Arithmetic
format
information
one
characteristic
the
mantissa
the
characteristic
It
is a
four
index-registers
the
operand
input-output
Computer
is based on a two-
unit, one
word.
is' 28 bits,
is 15 bits, in-
three-address
are
and
the
software
conversion
system,
and
tion evaluation.
Programming
An
important
Checks
characteristic
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System is
site
mass-
can
be
devices
for
they
mor-
The
compiler
auto-
stated
man-
The
and
the
system
used
to
function
it
func-
of
the
operat-
4
ing
reliability, a
a
system
Although
achieved
number
tection
system's
system
restarting
designed
the
through
of
progran1 checks
procedures
highly
features a routine
after
corrected. Because
time
applications
and
unrelated
mation,
the
preserves
essed should
SPECIAL
Special
programming
UNIVAC
virtually
tific
data-processing
tion
to
latest
porated
of
into
special
associated
to
cut
programming
Powerful
The
sixty-two
instruction
the
system
ming
versatility.
ming
power
unique
the
word,
nators.
format
thirty
nine
When
combination
computer
basic
programming
Absolute
Execution
tions
on
the
in a series
the
unique
lems
necessitate
ber
of
jump
alence
the
of
processing
to
system
the
transaction
an
PROGRAMMING
490
Real-Time
any
type
engineering
the
software
with
the
Instruction
function
repertoire
to
provide
of
of
bit
positions
serve
these
with
can
perform
Efficiency
of a stored
Real-Time
of
steps.
requirements
programming a large
and
skip
these
operations
activities
mandatory
for
system's
solid-state
requirement
real-time
reliability
components, a
and
also
contribute
reliable
performance.
for
an
error
is
detected
transaction
is usually
previously
entered
provides a routine
data
error
occur.
FEATURES
features
System
of
commercial
application.
advances
logic
of
the
system, a
programming
system
allows
costs to a
Repertoire
code values
can
be modified
unlimited
Much
of
the
real
the
computer
the
instruction
in
the
as
special
purpose
designators
the
function
more
than
operations.
program
Computer
Very
often, however,
of
real-time
operations.
arises
of a real-time
of
processing.
is
error-de-
to
the
The
automatic
and
data
in
real-
independent
infor-
that
being
proc-
enable
the
to process
or
scien-
In
addi-
incor-
host
features
the
user
minimum.
in
the
by
programprogram-
lies
in
the
word.
Of
instruction
desig-
are
used
in
codes,
the
25,000
of
instruc-
proceeds
prob-
num-
The
prev-
because
com-
puter
remote
demanding
mediate
Since
tions
the
Time
be
lute
next
current
instruction
of
without
structions.
by
Library
A
installation
tem
required
Because
tem
are
mercial,
tions,
gramming
involve
peripheral
computer
or
near-immediate
skip
and
are
inherent
internal
logic
Computer
handled
in a manner
efficiency.
instruction
instruction
brings
time-directly
leafing
Jump
the
computer
of
Programmed
maj
or
problem
of a new
is
the
large
to
put
the
UNIVAC
evolved
now
from
performing
government,
an
extensive
routines,
serving a large
units
jump
in
of
causes
For
is
is
the
to
through
instructions
with
often
amount
the
prototype
assembly systems, is
immediately.
Core
Storage
Search
From a programming
desirable
UNIVAC
ture
selected
matically
search
two
Wired
A
permanent
puter
error
words
specialized needs
This
but
can
and
practical
490
Real-Time
which
allows
portions
and
rapidly.
operation
instructions.
Memory
memory
for
program
recovery.
of
storage
only be
It
storage,
may
changed
the
of
requires
consists
and
of
be accessed
number
that
are
constantly
attention
on
basis.
programming
real-time
the
UNIVAC
these
processing,
490 Real-
operations
approaching
example, because
in
"review"
being
while
executed, a
computer-at
the
resumption
intervening
are
processed
similar
efficiency.
Routines
encountered
type
of
computing
of
programming
system
in
operation.
490 Real-Time Sys-
systems
successfully
and
military
library
of
including
available
at
installa-
proven
compiler
to
the
standpoint, a very
provision
System
entire
it, to be
is
core
storage,
searched
the
Programming
the
use
of
is
built
into
the
input
is
the
and
automatic
of
sixteen
wired
to fit
Computer
by a program,
manually.
of
an
im-
opera-
to
abso-
the
the
skip
no loss
point
in-
in
the
sys-
which
com-
pro-
and
user
of
the
fea-
or
auto-
the
only
Com-
30-bit
the
user.
5
Application
Versatility
Designed primarily for real-time applications, this system can effectively handle
numerous commercial and scientific batchprocessing applications. Yet
time function
of
the system that brings a
it
is the real-
significant new dimension to electronic
data-processing-fingertip access to a pow-
erful computer from
man.y
remote points.
The ability to consult vast quantities
updated files in a random manner with im-
mediate program response makes this sys-
tem ideal whenever an application hinges
on
exacting
whenever time is
time
requirements.
of
great importance
is where perishability is involved or where
customer service must
ACCOU~TS
RECEIVABLE
CHARGE
I~TERLINE
ACCOU~TS
RECEIVABLE I
PAYABLES
SAVINGS
ACCOUNTS
,--+-+-+--+-+-+--+-+-+--+-+-I--+--1HJ"'~-I---I--.J--I---'--.J--I-..,
CHECKI~G
ACCOUNTS
t---t--+--+---t--+--+---t--+--+---t--f--+-.-.!~-I--4--If--I--+--If--I--+--II-"""
STOCK
TRANSFER
+----It--+-+--1I--+-+--1I--+-+-I--+--1RJ~
-tttJt-+-ti.-+--+---t--+--+---t--I--+---1--I--4---1--I--4---1f--I--+--If---I--
be
rapid or where
of
Thus,
as
it
information from several sources must be
interrelated for subsequent operations, the
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System can handle
the application more effectively than any
other system. For example,
if
a warehouse
can make known the availability and quantity
of
its perishable goods, the points
of
sale can order their full requirements. In
the area
of
production, to cite another
example, work-in-process control can be
carefully followed and interim cost figures
developed to determine the desirability
alternate methods
of
production, as well as
of
optimum manufacturing quantities. The
UNIVAC 490 Real-Time System, then, has
been conceived for use on an unlimited variety
of
applications. Figure
1-1
shows
some real-time data-processing areas listed
by industry and application.
.. H __
+-J_-I---I--J_-+--I--.J__I_
COST
ACCUMULATION
SPACE
RESERVATIONS
RAW
SEMI-FINISHEO
FINISHED
STOR
SCHEDULING
SCHEDULING
MORTGAGE
+-+--+-+-+--;-+-+--;-+-+--;I-+-IA~~IHI-4---I-4--4-~I-4--+---1f-
--i~-f--+-4ir.-f--+--IHI+lHt+IIHI--f--IFRI~~-+--I--II--+-IQ:lhl--+--I--I--+--I-
CONTROL
-+-ti~EB
--I--II+IIHI
MATERIAL
-+-+-+--+-+-+-ti"'EBt-+---+-+-I:B--J-+--I--I---+
GOODS
-t--+---1--t--+---IH~
GOODS
.....
-01-4--1--01-.-+
E S
SU
PPL
IE
S
+-.&IIao4~t4I~
MACHINES
'-~
MANPOWER
-4m.cIlG~m~~"l4m"'D-I-+-4D-I-+--I----1--l-"'~41~m~-l-.II~Ift!~
AIRLINE
...
ye.+-+---+-+-+---+-+--I---1--+--I---I--+-I=a:a4l:a..-I--tg--lI--I--
~-.tH)"~-t-+-I--t-+-I---J--I--.J---J--I---I-...4--I---I---1--I--~--1-
__
m-l--+-+---1--I--",-
104-.+l..-+-
__
+"'''4--I-''''''''
SHIP
RAIL
HOTEL-CHAIN
DISTRIBUTION
.....
MANUFACTURE
DEPARTMENT
~~I---+--I-~""-+--I-~I---+-II~
PROCESS
STORE
CHAIN
STORE
MAIL
ORDER
UTILITY
COMMERCIAL
BROKERAGE
SAVINGS
BANK
LOAN
BANK
CREDIT
ASSOCIATION
FAA
PETROLEUM
CARD
GOVERMENT
GOVERMENT
MILITARY
FEDERAL
COMMUNICA T IONS
NO~-FEDERAL
6
Figure
1-1.
Real-Time
Data-Processing-
Applications
2.
Real-Time
Computer
The
Computer
Time
System
designed
data
on a
real-time
large
internal
programming
input-output
The
Computer
UNIVAC
state
arithmetic
form
tens
operations
processing
c~~~
IJVIUC:
Time
•
• 30-bit
• Repertoire of
• Single address instructions with provision for
• Multiple program capabilities
• Ability to perform rapid data exchanges with
• Real-time clock for automatically initiating various
• Parallel one's complement binary notation
~,,+,.,+~~;]~
VU.t,,,t,a,llUJ.J.l
Computer
Access
time to all core storage locations of 1.9
microseconds; ability to store and to select
formation randomly
word
modified to produce over
tions
address modification
ternal equipment without main program attention
Computer operations at predetermined times
in
the
UNIVAC
is a stored
for
processing
magnetic
flexibility,
basis.
program
large
quantities
The
Computer
core
storage,
and a versatile
section.
forms
the
heart
490 Real-Time System.
and
of
thousands
every
and
second,
real-time
.........
~,..~+"
.1.c:a,t,U.l
O
are
length with a
62
basic instructions
logical
listed below:
in
modes.
...
,..,.,
c;"
I5-bit
25,000
of
circuitry
both
~~
V.1.
half-word option
different instruc-
490 Real-
computer
has
great
of
any
Its
solid-
per-
processing
batch-
+l-.~
D,..~l
t,UC:
~"C;a,l-
which
can
ex-
of
in-
be
STORAGE
Internal
of
banks
these
storage
cores
SECTION
of
can
printed-circuit
of
assuming
states:
other,
At
storage
32,768
tion
independent
can
address
one
binary
the
option
is available
computer
in
core
be
inserted
in
of
core
microseconds
the
basic
internal
Octal
Notation
Although
Computer
lem
of
into
the
is a
converting
binary
cumbersome.
tion
is expressed
The
form.
notation
nary
from
sets
storage
storage
upper
conversion
simply involves
digits
right
in
into
to left,
decimal.
system
addresses.
limit
storage
of
the
ferrite
be
cores.
mounted
frame.
either
of
represents
one.
of
the
in
words.
storage
the
into
is
address
or
storage
per
word.
data
UNIVAC
binary
large
notation
For
this
in
what
consecutive
and
For
example, a full core
requires
Representation
address
Computer
consists
Thousands
within a square
Each
core
is
capable
two
stable
binary
user,
banks
Access
random
selected.
removed
at a rate
Figure
magnetic
zero;
magnetic
of
16,384
to
informa-
since
Words
from
2-1
the
core
it
any
of
six
shows
word.
490
Real-Time
computer,
decimal
the
prob-
numbers
sometimes becomes
reason,
from
then
binary
is
known
binary
dividing
sets
reading
the
use
in
binary
nota-
as
to octal
the
of
three
these
of
32,768
of
nota-
octal
bi-
the
of
or
is
iiiiiilllllllllllill
Figure
2-1.
Basic
Internal
Data
Word
7
tion
requires
decimal
sented
Decimal
Binary
Octal
It
should
in
the
octal
word
octal
counting
seven
the
dress,
bit
is
function
and
option
notation.
number,
by
five
be
means
in
octal
ten.
the
is
MAIN
the
use
of
15
bits.
however,
octal
digits.
111 111 111 111 111
77777
noted
that
system
are 0 through
eight;
notation,
In
the
Real-Time
code
values,
operand
used)
are
MEMORY
can
32,767
the
working
therefore,
the
number
the
itself
(when
expressed
operand
This
same
be
repre-
digits
7.
The
when
after
Computer,
ad-
the
15-
in
octal
CONTROL
In
addition
section,
tions,
The
the
arithmetic
control
operations
quential
execution
coordinates
arithmetic
ARITHMETIC
The
arithmetic
circuits
and
arithmetic
operations
SECTION
to
the
Computer
and
section
that
take
the
flow
and
storage
SECTION
section
registers
and
logical
are
performed
magnetic
has
control
is
responsible
place
of
instructions.
of
data
sections.
is
composed
used
operations.
in a parallel
core
two
other
(Figure
during
between
to
storage
sec-
2-2).
for
the
the
se-
It
also
the
of
the
perform
These
bi-
16K.
CO
REGISTER
INPUT
GATES
Cl
REGISTER
A·REGISTER
Q-REGISTER
32K
MAGNETIC CORE
i!·REGISTER
ARITHMETIC
X·REGISTER
D·REGISTER
ADDER
CONTROL
PROGRAM CONTROL
U·REGISTER
P·REGISTER
S-REGISTER
I~-------t-----------
......
Fig'ure
2-2.
Simplified
8
Logical
Diagram
of
the
UNIVAC
Real-Time
Computer
nary
mode.
complement
The
high
Computer
be
carried
example,
performed
onds.
The
form
arithmetic
with
input-output
ideally
The
subtractive.
internal
allow
out
at
additions
in a maximum
ability
suited
to
the
operations
problems.
The
UNIVAC
490 Real-Time
contains a number
data
during
are
designated
meral
nected
through
combination,
computation.
by
parallel
which
by a letter
information
processing.
They
fall
into
two
and
transient.
tain
information
another
tional
description
sient
registers,
porary
cleared
Arithmetic
and
storage
at
Operational
are
on
locations
the
end
Registers
A-Register
The
A-Register
cipal
30-bit
adding
and
arithmetic
in
register A for
For
example,
the
sum
or
mulator;
nificant
the
half
accumulator;
mainder
The
contents
right
or
left,
repertoire.
and
in a right
by
the
number
the
lower
or
arithmetic
shifting
operations,
use
after
difference
after
multiplication
of
the
is
left
there.
of
register A may
as
described
Left
shifts
shift
of
order
digits
arithmetic
computing
arithmetic
mode is one's
speeds
operations
microsecond speeds.
and
subtractions
of
12 microsec-
of
the
computer
simultaneously
data
transfers
processing
makes
of
real-time
Computer
of
registers
and
they
which
These
or
are
registers
letter-nu-
intercon-
transmission
flows
categories:
operational
registers
from
one
instruction
referred
of
each
the
of
Accumulator
to
in
instruction.
other
hand,
that
an
instruction.
(Operational
the
are
are
Registers)
is
the
register.
properties.
the
result
in
later
addition
remains
product
after
division,
program
In
is
retained
or
subtraction,
in
the
the
most
is
gathered
the
be
in
the
instruction
are
the
bit
positions
circular
sign
are
discarded.
bit
or
is
extended
shifted
of
the
to
For
are
to
per-
it
holds
paths
during
con-
to
opera-
Tran-
tem-
always
prin-
It
has
most
steps.
accu-
sig-
in
re-
shifted
cyclic,
and
Q-Register
The
Q-Register is a
metic
register.
assist
and
ing
adding
The
shifted
the
Figure
the
logical
and
operations.
logical
or
counting
contents
right
contents
2-2
A-Register
Q-Register
Logical
multiplication
transmission
X-Registers.
A-
and Q-Registers
Certain
instructions
the A-and
register,
the
length
ter
a
multiply
formed,
the
and
order
are
with
most
significant
quantity.
holds
the
by
multiplier
diseardedo
digits
shifted
accumulator.
During
tially
place.
to
in
At
tient
remainder
a divide
the
reverse
The
double-length dividend is
the
left,
and
the
rightmost
the
end
is assembled
of
is
P-Register
The
P-Register
Address
address
throughout
address
to
of
is
the
S-Register,
Counter.
the
the
transferred
P-Register
Jump
instructions
ister
is
cleared
is
entered.
30-bit
Its
principal
Register Q has
properties,
functions
of
the
or
left,
in
of
the
A-Register.As
all
communication
is
through
path
between
In
shift
Q-Registers
the
A-Register
half
To
illustrate,
multiplier
operation.
repeated
digits
of
into
additions
are
In
their
the
double-length
the
Q-Register
operation,
of
multiplication
the
quotient
position
the
divide sequence,
in
the
left
in
the
(15-bits)
This
next
sequential
program.
the
are
increased
are
executed,
and a new
auxiliary
function
in
multiply, divide,
and
performs
as
well.
Q-Register
the
same
may
manner
shown
with
the
X-Register.
is
performed
the Q-and
Combination
the
contents
as a single
representing
of
the
the
Q-Regis-
at
the
beginning
As
the
product
and
shifted
plaee,
to
the
the
product
from
a process essen-
bits
are
inserted
of
the
Q-Register.
the
Q-Register,and
accumulator.
is
the
Program
register
holds
instruction
As
each
program
from
the
P-Register
contents
by
one.
the
program
address
arith-
is
to
shift-
be
as
in
the
on
of
60-bit
double-
of
is
shifts,
right
lower
the
takes
shifted
quo-
the
the
of
the
When
P-Reg-
a
9
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