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THEATRICAL SMOKE, FOG, AND HAZE TESTING
CALIBRATION FACTORS
ENVIRON has developed a protocol for using a MIE PDR-1000AN aerosol monitor to measure
concentrations of theatrical smoke, fog, and haze. The monitor measures the light scattering
produced by particles in the air, and reports the results in terms of mass concentration
(milligrams per cubic meter, or mg/m3) with the assumption that the particles in the air are a
fine dust. Because different types of particles have different light scattering properties, the
readings from the monitor need to be adjusted (or calibrated) when measuring something other
than dust (such as fog droplets). The user converts the dust readings to the correct mg/m
readings for the fog droplets by multiplying the dust readings by a calibration factor for the
particular fog fluid/fog machine combination being used for the fog, smoke, or haze effect.
The following calibration factors have been developed and approved by Equity and the League
for use in measuring theatrical smoke, fog, and haze:
Approved Calibration Factors for Monitoring Theatrical Smoke, Fog, and Haze
(updated September 2009)
Manufacturer Machine Fluid
CITC Fantasy FX spray can Fantasy FX Professional
Haze
Fog Max Natural Fogging Fluid glycol 0.66 (4)
Haze Max Water Vapor Haze Fluid glycerol 0.11 (4)
Starhazer High Performance Fluid mineral
F-100
Systems
Look Solutions / Cryo-Fog Cryo-Fog Fluid glycol 0.91 (16,21)
Theatre Effects Orka Regular-Fog Fluid glycol 0.23 (8)
Power Tiny Power Tiny Fluid glycol 0.49 (15)
Tiny Compact/Tiny C07 Tiny Fogger Fluid glycol 0.76 (4,21)
Tiny Fogger/Tiny F07 Tiny Fogger Fluid glycol 0.76 (4,21)
Unique/Unique2 Hazer Unique Fluid glycol 0.30 (4,12)
Martin
Professional
Jem Glaciator Jem B2 Heavy Fog Fluid glycol 3.41 (4)
Jem Glaciator X-Stream Jem C3 Heavy Fog Fluid glycol 3.23 (23)
Jem ZR12-DMX Jem Pro-Smoke Super
Jem ZR24/7 Hazer Jem Pro-Haze Fluid glycol 0.76 (5)
Jem ZR33 Hi-Mass
Magnum 2500Hz Jem Pro-Haze Fluid glycol 0.28 (23)
Atmosphere HQ Fluid glycol 1.21 (10) High End
Atmosphere Stage Formula glycol 0.25 (1)
Atmosphere Cold Flow
Formula
Regular-Fog Fluid glycol 1.46 (4,12) Viper II (NT)
Quick-Fog Fluid glycol 2.02 (17)
Fluid
Jem Pro-Smoke Super
Fluid
Jem ProSteam Simulation
Fluid
Fluid
Type
mineral
oil
oil
glycol 2.41 (1)
glycol 1.12 (4)
glycol 0.79 (23)
glycol 2.31 (23)
Calibration
Factor
0.87 (20)
0.87 (4)
3
Ref
9/1/2008
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THEATRICAL SMOKE, FOG, AND HAZE TESTING Page 2 of 5
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CALIBRATION FACTORS
Approved Calibration Factors for Monitoring Theatrical Smoke, Fog, and Haze
(updated September 2009)
Manufacturer Machine Fluid
MDG Fog
Generators
Reel EFX, Inc. DF-50 Diffusion Fluid mineral
Laboratories
Rosco Alpha 900 (cont.) Rosco Light Fog Fluid glycol 1.38 (1)
Laboratories Rosco Stage & Studio Fluid glycol 1.56 (1)
(cont.) Rosco Clear Fog Fluid glycol 1.43 (4)
SFX Fog Master FM-1 Aquafog Fluid glycol 0.19 (3)
Smoke Factory Tour Hazer Tour Hazer Fog Fluid glycol 0.30 (4)
Ultratec Directors Choice glycol 4.17 (1,9,25)
Special Extra Quick Dissipating glycol 3.17 (1,25)
Effects Quick Dissipating glycol 3.45 (1,25)
(formerly Le
Maitre Special Directors Choice glycol 4.17 (1,9,25)
Effects) Extra Quick Dissipating glycol 3.17 (1,25)
Mini-Max MDG Dense Fluid glycol 3.21 (1)
Atmosphere APS MDG Neutral Fluid mineral
MAX 3000 APS MDG Neutral Fluid mineral
MDG MAX 3000 APS
through accumulator box
1500 / 1600
Alpha 900 Rosco Clear Fog Fluid glycol 1.82 (1)
Delta 3000
Delta Hazer Rosco Delta Hazer Fluid glycol 0.71 (18)
PF-1000
G100
G150
G300/G3000
G300/LSG or equivalent
chiller
Mini Mist Regular Fog Fluid glycol 2.24 (10,25)
MDG Neutral Fluid mineral
Rosco Clear Fog Fluid glycol 1.82 (1)Rosco
Rosco Fog Fluid glycol 1.27 (1)
Rosco Light Fog Fluid glycol 1.38 (1)
Rosco Stage & Studio Fluid glycol 1.56 (1)
Rosco Fog Fluid glycol 0.58 (19) 1750
Rosco Stage & Studio Fluid glycol 0.67 (19)
Rosco Fog Fluid glycol 1.27 (1)
Rosco Fog Fluid glycol 1.00 (4)
Rosco Light Fog Fluid glycol 1.35 (4)
Rosco Stage & Studio Fluid glycol 1.97 (4)
Rosco Clear Fog Fluid glycol 1.82 (1)
Rosco Fog Fluid glycol 1.27 (1)
Rosco Light Fog Fluid glycol 1.38 (1)
Rosco Stage & Studio Fluid glycol 1.56 (1)
Regular Fog Fluid glycol 4.17 (1,25)
Molecular Fog Fluid glycol 2.58 (1,25)
Pro Beam (Long Lasting) glycol 1.42 (4,25)
Quick Dissipating glycol 3.45 (1,25)
Regular Fog Fluid glycol 4.17 (1,25)
Directors Choice glycol 0.30 (4,9,24,25)
Molecular Fog Fluid glycol 0.53 (4,24,25)
Pro Beam (Long Lasting) glycol 0.67 (4,24,25)
Quick Dissipating glycol 2.65 (4,24,25)
Regular Fog Fluid glycol 0.30 (4,24,25)
Regular Haze Fluid glycerol 0.09 (10,24,25)
Molecular Fog Fluid glycol 4.95* (7,25)
Fluid
Type
oil
oil
oil
oil
Calibration
Factor
0.78 (1)
0.78 (1)
0.27 (6)
0.78 (1)
Ref
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THEATRICAL SMOKE, FOG, AND HAZE TESTING Page 3 of 5
9/1/2008
CALIBRATION FACTORS
Approved Calibration Factors for Monitoring Theatrical Smoke, Fog, and Haze
(updated September 2009)
Manufacturer Machine Fluid
Ultratec Neutron XS Neutron Haze Fluid glycerol 0.12 (2,25)
Special Opti Mist Ranger Mini Mist Canister glycol 3.01 (1,25)
Effects (cont.) Directors Choice glycol 0.99 (4,9,11,25)
Power Fog Industrial
(PFI) or PFI 9D
Power Fog Industrial 9D
(PFI 9D) with LSG-MKII
or equivalent chiller
Radiance Hazer Neutron Haze Fluid glycerol 0.26 (14,25)
Show Fogger Pro
Stage Fogger DMX
Luminous 7 Haze Fluid
Molecular Fog Fluid glycol 2.77 (4,11,25)
Pro Beam (Long Lasting) glycol 1.36 (4,11,25)
Quick Dissipating glycol 1.37 (4,11,25)
Regular Fog Fluid glycol 0.99 (4,11,25)
Extra Quick Dissipating glycol 1.23 (22,25)
Molecular Fog Fluid glycol 0.75 (13,25)
Quick Dissipating glycol 0.21 (22,25)
Luminous 7 Haze Fluid
Directors Choice glycol 0.44 (4,9,25)
Pro Beam (Long Lasting) glycol 0.44 (4,25)
Quick Dissipating glycol 2.56 (4,25)
Regular Fog Fluid glycol 0.44 (4,25)
Directors Choice glycol 0.99 (4,9,25)
Molecular Fog Fluid glycol 2.77 (4,25)
Pro Beam (Long Lasting) glycol 1.36 (4,25)
Quick Dissipating glycol 1.37 (4,25)
Regular Fog Fluid glycol 0.99 (4,25)
Fluid
Type
Calibration
Factor
Ref
Notes:
* Due to monitor overloading during the calibration testing for the Ultratec (Le Maitre) G300/LSG-Molecular Fog
Fluid combination, the resulting calibration factor of 4.95 is known to be overestimated. This value can be used
as a conservative (i.e., health protective) screening value. If monitoring results using this calibration factor result
in exposures exceeding the guidance levels, it is recommended that additional testing to refine this calibration
factor be conducted.
References:
(1)
Equipment-Based Guidelines for the Use of Theatrical Smoke and Haze
Corporation for the Equity-League Pension and Health Trust Funds, June 8, 2001.
(2) Theatrical Haze and Fog Testing for Mamma Mia! Winter Garden Theatre, prepared by ENVIRON International
Corporation for Mamma Mia! Broadway and Nina Lannan Associates, November 12, 2001.
(3) Theatrical Smoke and Haze Testing for The Phantom of the Opera, Majestic Theatre, prepared by ENVIRON
International Corporation for Alan Wasser Associates, July 2002.
(4) Calibration Factors for Monitoring Theatrical Smoke and Haze, prepared by ENVIRON International
Corporation for Entertainment Services and Technology Association, November 11, 2002.
(5) Development of Calibration Factors for Monitoring Theatrical Smoke and Haze: Jem 24/7 Hazer with Pro-Haze
Fluid, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Martin Professional, August 2003.
(6) Theatrical Smoke and Haze Testing, Wicked the Musical, Gershwin Theatre, prepared by ENVIRON
International Corporation for Stone Productions, July 2004.
, prepared by ENVIRON International
(7) Theatrical Smoke Testing at Bombay Dreams, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Bombay
Dreams NY L.L.C., July 30, 2004.
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THEATRICAL SMOKE, FOG, AND HAZE TESTING Page 4 of 5
9/1/2008
CALIBRATION FACTORS
Approved Calibration Factors for Monitoring Theatrical Smoke, Fog, and Haze
(updated September 2009)
Manufacturer Machine Fluid
(8) Development of Calibration Factors for Monitoring Theatrical Smoke and Haze: Look Solutions Orka with
Regular-Fog Fluid, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Look Solutions, April1, 2005.
(9) Letter from Le Maitre Special Effects to ENVIRON International Corporation regarding name change of
Regular Fog Fluid to Directors Choice, December 5, 2005.
(10) Theatrical Smoke and Haze Testing for The Phantom of the Opera, Forrest Theatre, prepared by ENVIRON
International Corporation for Alan Wasser Associates, January 2003.
(11) Letter from Le Maitre Special Effects to ENVIRON International Corporation regarding Stage Fogger DMX,
Power Fog Industrial, and Power Fog Industrial 9D, April 12, 2006.
(12) Letter from Look Solutions to ENVIRON International Corporation regarding Viper Fluid, Unique2 Hazer, and
Viper II/NT, May 5, 2006.
(13) Development of Time-And-Distance Guidelines for Use of Theatrical Smoke Equipment: Le Maitre LSG-MKII
with Power Fog Industrial 9D (PFi9D) Low Smoke Generator, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation
for Le Maitre Special Effects, August 2006.
Fluid
Type
Calibration
Factor
Ref
(14) Development of Time-And-Distance Guidelines for Use of Theatrical Smoke Equipment: Le Maitre Radiance
Hazer, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Le Maitre Special Effects, August 2006.
(15) Development of Time-And-Distance Guidelines for Use of Theatrical Smoke Equipment: Look Solutions Power
Tiny, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Look Solutions, August 2006.
(16) Development of Time-And-Distance Guidelines for Use of Theatrical Smoke Equipment: Look Solutions Low-
Fogger, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Look Solutions, August 2006.
(17) Development of Time-And-Distance Guidelines for Use of Theatrical Smoke Equipment: Look Solutions Viper
NT, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Look Solutions, August 2006.
(18) Development of Time-And-Distance Guidelines for Use of Theatrical Smoke Equipment: Rosco Delta Hazer,
prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Rosco Laboratories, August 2006.
(19) Development of Time-And-Distance Guidelines for Use of Theatrical Smoke Equipment: Rosco Model 1750,
prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Rosco Laboratories, August 2006.
(20) Development of Time-And-Distance Guidelines for Use of Theatrical Smoke Equipment: Fantasy FX
Professional Haze, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Richard Frankel Productions Inc.,
December 14, 2006.
(21) Letter from Look Solutions to ENVIRON International Corporation regarding Tiny-Compact, Tiny F07, Tiny
C07, and Cryo-Fog, January 24, 2007.
(22) Development of Calibration Factors and Time-And-Distance Guidelines for Use of Theatrical Smoke
Equipment: Le Maitre LSG-MKII with Power Fog Industrial 9D (PFi9D) Low Smoke Generator with Extra Quick
Dissipating and Quick Dissipating Fluid, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for 321
Management, February 2007.
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THEATRICAL SMOKE, FOG, AND HAZE TESTING Page 5 of 5
9/1/2008
CALIBRATION FACTORS
Approved Calibration Factors for Monitoring Theatrical Smoke, Fog, and Haze
(updated September 2009)
Manufacturer Machine Fluid
(23) Development of Calibration Factors for Monitoring Theatrical Fog: Jem ZR33 Hi-Mass with ProSmoke Super
(ZR-mix) Fluid, Jem ZR33 Hi-Mass with ProSteam Simulation Fluid, Magnum 2500Hz with Pro Haze Fluid,
Jem Glaciator X-Stream with C3 Fluid, prepared by ENVIRON International Corporation for Martin Professional
A./S, August 2008.
(24) Letter from Le Maitre Special Effects to ENVIRON International Corporation regarding renaming of G300 to
G3000, June 2, 2008.
(25) Letter from Ultratec Special Effects Inc. to ENVIRON International Corporation regarding renaming of Le
Maitre Special Effects Inc., to Ultratec Special Effects Inc, June 10, 2009.
Fluid
Type
Calibration
Factor
Ref
For more information, please contact:
Alan Kao
Principal
ENVIRON International Corporation
8 Hollis Street
Groton, MA 01450
(978) 449-0324
akao@environcorp.com
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