Tyco EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY General Description Manual

Page 1
Worldwide
Contacts
Type EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY Directional Spray Nozzles, Automatic, Medium Velocity
www.tyco-fire.com
General Description
The TYCO Type EA-1 PROTECTO­SPRAY Directional Spray Nozzles are automatic (frangible bulb) directional spray nozzles designed for use in water spray fixed systems for fire protection applications. They are external deflec­tor-type nozzles that discharge a uni­formly filled cone of medium velocity water droplets.
The Type EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY Directional Spray Nozzles are effective in covering exposed vertical, horizontal, curved, and irregular shaped surfaces in a cooling spray to prevent excessive absorption of heat from an external fire and possible structural damage or spread of fire to the protected equip­ment. However, use of an automatic nozzle requires consideration of the response time of the thermal element.
The Type EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY Directional Spray Nozzles are also especially effective for area cover­age and are sometimes used in lieu of standard sprinklers where directional spray is considered more appropri­ate. In some applications, depending on water design density requirements, the Type EA-1 Nozzles are also used for fire control or extinguishment.
The Type EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY Directional Spray Nozzles are available in three orifice sizes and a wide variety of spray angles (included angle of dis­charge), as well as temperature ratings
IMPORTANT
Refer to Technical Data Sheet TFP2300 for warnings pertaining to regulatory and health information.
to provide versatility in system design.
It is recommended that the end user be consulted with respect to the suitabil­ity of the materials of construction and finish for any given corrosive environ­ment. The effects of ambient tempera­ture, concentration of chemicals, and gas/chemical velocity should be con­sidered, at a minimum, along with the corrosive nature to which the sprinklers may be exposed.
The Type EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY Directional Spray Nozzle is a re-desig­nation for the Gem Type EA-1.
NOTICE
The Type EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY Directional Spray Nozzles described herein must be installed and maintained in compliance with this document, as well as with the applicable standards of the National Fire Protection Associa­tion, in addition to the standards of any authorities having jurisdiction. Failure to do so may impair the performance of these devices.
The design of individual water spray fixed systems can vary considerably, depending on the characteristics and nature of the hazard, the basic purpose of the spraying system, the configura­tion of the hazard, and wind/draft con­ditions. Because of these variations, as well as the wide range of available nozzle spray characteristics, the design of water spray fixed systems for fire protection must only be performed by experienced designers who thoroughly understand the limitations as well as capabilities of such systems.
The owner is responsible for main­taining their fire protection system and devices in proper operating con­dition. Contact the installing contrac­tor or product manufacturer with any questions.
Technical Data
Approvals
UL and C-UL Listed FM Approved
Maximum Working Pressure
175 psi (12,1 bar) (Also refer to Figure 2, Note 2)
Discharge Coefficient
Refer to Table A
Spray Angles
Refer to Table B
Temperature Rating
Refer to Table C
Finish and Material
Refer to Table D
Thread Connection
1/2 in. NPT
Physical Characteristics
Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bronze
Bushing (K=1.4 & K= 2.8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brass
Deflector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bronze
Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Brass
Bulb (11 mm dia.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Glass
Bulb Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bronze
Spacer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bronze
Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bronze
Spring Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inconel
Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copper
Operation
The glass bulb contains a fluid that expands when exposed to heat. When the rated temperature is reached, the fluid expands sufficiently to shatter the glass bulb, allowing the nozzle to acti­vate and water to flow.
Page 1 of 6 AUGUST 2018 TFP800
Page 2
TFP800
Components:
NOMINAL MAKE-IN
(1/4" & 3/8"
NPT
Page 2 of 6
-
Frame1
-
2 Deector
-
Upper Bulb Seat
3
-
4
Lower Bulb Seat
SIZE
STAMPED ON
WRENCHING
AREA FOR
1/4" & 3/8"
ORIFICE
1/2"
-
5
Pin
-
6 Button
-
7 Spacer
-
8 Spring Plates
1-3/4"
(44,5 mm)
7/16" (11,1 mm)
FIGURE 1
TYPE EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY NOZZLE
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS
ORIFICE
SIZE
Inches
1/4 0.220 (5,59) 1.4 20,2
3/8 0.312 (7,92) 2.8 40,3
1/2 0.435 (11,05) 5.6 80,6
MINIMUM
DIAMETER
Inches (mm)
TABL E A
SELECTION OF ORIFICE SIZES
65° 95° 80° 110 ° 125° 140 ° 160° 180°
TABL E B
SELECTION OF SPR AY ANGLES
Design Criteria
Nozzle Placement
Where direct impingement of water spray onto all of the protected surface is required by the authority having juris­diction, the nozzles are to be spaced and directed so that their spray pat­terns will completely cover the plane­of-protection with the minimum required average density. However, it is recommended that indoor nozzle spacing be 12 ft (3,7 m) or less and that outdoor nozzle spacing be 10 ft (3,0 m) or less. Where rundown or slippage is planned, for example, exposure protec-
-
9
Lower Bulb Gasket
-
Gasket10
-
11 Bulb
3"
(76,2 mm)
3-7/16"
(87,3 mm)
K-FACTO R
GPM/psi
tion of vessels per NFPA 15, the above
½
-
12 Bushing
orice only)
SPRAY ANGLE
MARKING
11
10
12
LPM/bar
½
2
5
3
9
4
7
8
6
1
recommended indoor and outdoor spacings also apply.
When used for protecting the surfaces of a vessel, for example, the nozzles are positioned normal to and approx­imately 2 ft (0,6 m) from the surface. This approach, in conjunction with a properly selected spray angle, will tend to make more effective use of the spray as well as help minimize the dis­turbance effects of wind/draft condi­tions on the water spray patterns.
Spray Patterns
The Design Spray Profiles for the nozzle spray angles of 65 to 180 degrees are shown in Figure 2 and apply to dis­charge pressures of 20 to 60 psi (1,4
TEMPERATURE
RATI NG
135° F (57 °C) Unpainted Orange
175°F ( 7 9 °C) White Yell o w
250°F (121°C) Blue Blue
325°F (163°C ) Red Mauve
400°F (204°C) Green Black
500°F (260°C) Orange Black
FRAME COLOR
CODE
BULB
CODE COLOR LIQUID
TABL E C
SELECTION OF
TE M P E R AT U R E RATING S
FINISH &
MAT E RIAL
Natural Finish
Bronze
Chrome Plated
Bronze
Lead Coated
Bronze
Corrosion-Resistant Wax-Coated Bronze
TEMPERATURE
RATI NGS
All Ratings
135° F (57 °C)
175°F ( 7 9 °C) 250°F (121°C) 325°F (163°C )
135° F (57 °C)
175°F ( 7 9 °C)
TABL E D
SELECTION OF
FINISH AND MATERIALS
to 4,1 bar). Discharge pressures in excess of 60 psi (4,1 bar) will result in a decrease in coverage area because the spray patterns tend to draw inwards at higher pressures. Refer inquiries on higher discharge pressures to the Technical Services Department.
The maximum axial distances between the nozzle tip and plane-of-protection, for exposure protection, are given in Table E and F. When the axial distance from the nozzle tip to the plane-of­protection is 2 ft (0,6 m) or less, the Design Spray Profile is the same as the nominal spray angles of 65 to 140 degrees.
Heat Sensitivity
Because the Type EA-1 PROTEC­TOSPRAY Directional Spray Nozzles are automatic nozzles, they must be located with consideration of their ability to detect abnormal tempera­ture increases due to fire. Therefore, it is recommended that NFPA 13 be reviewed with respect to the rules that define the permitted distance below ceilings and the spacing limita­tions for standard coverage automatic sprinklers as a function of occupancy hazard.
Page 3
TFP800
65°
110°
125°
140°
160°
180°
16
RADIAL DISTANCE FROM
AXIAL DISTANCE FROM NOZZLE, FEET
125°
140°
160°
110°
65°
180°
AXIAL DISTANCE FROM NOZZLE, METRES
RADIAL DISTANCE FROM
GRAVITY
(ORIENTATION)
PROTECTION
Page 3 of 6
NOZZLE CENTERLINE, FEET
0
2 4 6 8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
NOZZLE
SPRAY
PROFILE
FIXED ANGLE
NOTES:
1. Desig n data obtaine d from tes ts in still air.
2. Design dat a applies to a resi dual (owing) pr essur e range a t the noz zle inle t of 20 to 60 ps i (1,4 to 4,1 bar). For press ures up to 175 psi (12,1 bar) con sult Johnson C ontrol s Technica l Ser vices . Refer to th e autho rity having jurisdic tion fo r their minimum required resi dual pr essur es.
3. T he shapes of the D esign Spray Pr oles remain e ssent ially unchanged over the maximum A xial Di stanc es show n in Tables E and F.
4. F or axi al dist ances o f 2 feet (0,6 meters) and les s and for n ozzle s pray angles of 65° to 140°, the D esign Spray Prole is t he same a s the nom inal sp ray angle.
5. T he maximum A xial D istan ces sh own in Tables E a nd F are ba sed on ex posur e protec tion.
WATER DISTRIBUTION DESIGN DATA
Main Pipeline Strainers
Main pipeline strainers per NFPA 15 are required for systems utilizing nozzles with a flow path less than 3/8 in. (9,5 mm) diameter, that is, K=1.4 (Table A), and for any system where the water is likely to contain obstructive material.
Installation
The TYCO Type EA-1 PROTECTO­SPRAY Directional Spray Nozzles must be installed in accordance with this section.
95°
80°
FIGURE 2
NOZZLE CENTERLINE, METERS
2,52,01,51,00,50
0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
AXIAL DISTANCE
PLANE OF
RADIAL
DISTANCE
95°
80°
NOTICE
Do not install an Type EA-1 Nozzle if the bulb is cracked or there is a loss of liquid from the bulb. With the sprin­kler held horizontally, a small air bubble should be present. The diameter of the air bubble is approximately 3/32 in. (2,4 mm) for the 135°F (57°C) to 1/4 in. (6,4 mm) for the 500°F (260°C) temper­ature ratings.
Obtain a leak-tight 1/2 in. NPT nozzle joint by applying a minimum-to-maxi­mum torque of 7 to 14 ft-lb (9,5 to 19,0 Nm). Higher levels of torque can distort the nozzle inlet and cause leakage or impairment of the nozzle.
FIGURE 3
W-T YPE 11
SPRINKLER WRENCH
Step 1. With pipe-thread sealant applied to the pipe threads, hand­tighten the nozzle into the nozzle fitting.
Step 2. Tighten the nozzle into the nozzle fitting using only the W-Type 11 Sprinkler Wrench (Figure 3), except that an 8 in. or 10 in. adjustable crescent wrench is to be used for wax-coated nozzles. With reference to Figure 1, the W-Type 11 Sprinkler Wrench or the adjustable crescent wrench, as appli­cable, is to be applied to the wrench­ing area.
When installing wax-coated nozzles with the adjustable crescent wrench, exercise additional care to prevent damage to the wax coating on the nozzle wrenching area or frame arms and, consequently, exposure of bare metal to the corrosive environ­ment. Sufficiently widen the jaws of the wrench enough to pass over the wrenching area without damaging the wax coating. Before wrench-tighten­ing the nozzle, adjust the jaws of the wrench to contact the nozzle wrench­ing area. After wrench-tightening the nozzle, loosen the wrench jaws before removing the wrench.
After installation, inspect the nozzle wrenching area and frame arms and retouch (repair) the wax coating wher­ever the coating has been damaged and bare metal is exposed. Retouch the wax coating on the wrenching area by gently applying a heated 1/8 in. diameter steel rod to the areas of wax that have been damaged, smoothing it back over areas where bare metal is exposed.
NOTICE
Only retouching of the wax coating applied to the wrenching area and frame arms is permitted, and the retouching is to be performed only at the time of the initial nozzle installation.
The steel rod should be heated only to the point at which it can begin to melt the wax, and appropriate precau­tions need to be taken when handling the heated rod in order to prevent the installer from being burned.
Page 4
TFP800
Page 4 of 6
Maximum Axial Distance
For 65° Spray Angle
In Feet and inches
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Maximum Axial Distance
For 125° Spray Angle
In Feet and inches
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
11- 9 14- 0 15 - 0
10- 0 12- 3 13-0
9-0 11- 3 12-3
8-6 10- 6 11- 9
7-6 10- 0 10- 9
6-3 7- 6 8-9
5-9 6-3 7- 9
5-3 5-6 7- 0
4-9 5-0 6-3
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
4-6 7- 3 10 -0
4-3 6-9 8-3
3-9 6-3 7- 3
3-3 5-6 6-6
2-6 5-0 5-9
2-3 3-3 4-0
2-0 2-6 3-6
1-9 2-0 3-0
1-9 1-9 2-6
NOZZLE TIP AND PLANE-OF-PROTECTION FOR EXPOSURE PROTECTION
1/2
in.
1/2
in.
Maximum Axial Distance
For 80° Spray Angle
In Feet and inches
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Maximum Axial Distance
For 140° Spray Angle
In Feet and inches
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
10- 0 13- 0 14-0
8-3 11-3 11- 6
7-3 10 - 6 10-9
6-9 9-9 10 -3
6-0 8-9 9-6
5-3 6-3 7- 6
4-9 5-3 6-6
4-3 4-6 5-6
3-9 4-3 5-0
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
4-0 6-0 9-3
3-6 5-9 7- 0
3-3 5-3 6-3
2-9 4-9 5-6
2-0 4-0 4-9
1-9 2-3 3-3
1-6 1-6 2-6
1-6 1-3 2-3
1-3 1-3 1-9
1/2
in.
1/2
in.
Maximum Axial Distance
For 95° Spray Angle
In Feet and inches
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Maximum Axial Distance
For 160° Spray Angle
In Feet and inches
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
7-0 10- 9 12-3
6-3 10-0 10 -6
6-0 9-6 9-6
5-9 9-0 9-0
5-0 7- 9 8-6
4-0 5-3 6-3
3-6 4-3 5-3
3-3 3-9 4-6
3-0 3-3 4-0
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
3-6 5-0 7- 0
3-3 4-9 5-6
2-9 4-3 4-9
1-9 3-9 4-6
1-6 3-3 3-6
1-3 1-9 3-0
1-0 1-3 2-6
1-0 1-0 1-6
1-0 0-9 1-3
1/2
in.
1/2
in.
TABL E E
TYPE EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY DIRECTIONAL SPRAY NOZZLES
MAXIMUM A XIAL DISTANCE IN FEET AND INCHES BETWEEN
Maximum Axial Distance
For 110° Spray Angle
In Feet and inches
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Maximum Axial Distance
For 180° Spray Angle
In Feet and inches
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
6-0 10- 0 11- 0
5-6 8-9 9-9
5-3 8-3 8-9
5-0 7- 6 8-3
4-6 6-6 7- 9
3-6 4-3 5-6
3-0 3-6 4-6
2-9 3-0 3-9
2-6 2-9 3-6
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
3-0 3-9 6-0
2-9 3-6 5-0
2-6 3-0 4-3
2-3 2-9 3-9
1-3 1-9 3-0
0-9 1- 0 2-6
0-6 0-9 2-3
0-6 0-6 1-0
0-6 0-6 0-9
1/2
in.
1/2
in.
Care and Maintenance
The TYCO Type EA-1 PROTECTO­SPRAY Directional Spray Nozzles must be maintained and serviced in accor­dance with this section.
Before closing a fire protection system main control valve for maintenance work on the fire protection system that it controls, obtain permission to shut down the affected fire protection system from the proper authorities and notify all personnel who may be affected by this action.
Type EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY Direc­tional Spray Nozzles must never be painted, plated, coated or altered in any way after leaving the factory; other­wise, the spray performance and heat sensitivity may be impaired.
Exercise care to avoid damage to the nozzles before, during, and after instal­lation. Replace nozzles damaged by dropping, striking, wrench twist/slip­page, or the like.
Frequent visual inspections are rec­ommended to be initially performed for nozzles installed in potentially cor­rosive atmospheres to verify the integ­rity of the materials of construction and finish as they may be affected by the corrosive conditions present for a given installation. Thereafter, annual inspec­tions per NFPA 25 are required.
The owner is responsible for the inspection, testing, and maintenance of their fire protection system and devices in compliance with this document, as well as with the applicable standards of the National Fire Protection Asso­ciation (e.g., NFPA 25), in addition to the standards of any other authorities
having jurisdiction. Contact the install­ing contractor or product manufacturer with any questions.
Water spray fixed systems are rec­ommended to be inspected, tested, and maintained by a qualified Inspec­tion Service in accordance with local requirements and/or national codes.
Page 5
TFP800
Page 5 of 6
Maximum Axial Distance
For 65° Spray Angle
In Meters
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Maximum Axial Distance
For 125° Spray Angle
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
3,6 4,3 4,6
3,0 3,7 4,0
2,7 3,4 3,7
2,6 3,2 3,6
2,3 3,0 3,3
1,9 2,3 2,7
1,8 1, 9 2,4
1,6 1,7 2 ,1
1,4 1, 5 1, 9
In Meters
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
1,4 2,2 3,0
1,3 2,1 2,5
1,1 1,9 2,2
1,0 1,7 2,0
0,8 1,5 1,8
0,7 1,0 1,2
0,6 0,8 1,1
0,5 0,6 0,9
0,5 0,5 0,8
NOZZLE TIP AND PLANE-OF-PROTECTION FOR EXPOSURE PROTECTION
1/2
in.
1/2
in.
Maximum Axial Distance
For 80° Spray Angle
In Meters
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Maximum Axial Distance
For 140° Spray Angle
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
3,0 4,0 4,3
2,5 3,4 3,5
2,2 3,2 3,3
2,1 3,0 3,1
1,8 2,7 2,9
1,6 1, 9 2,3
1,4 1, 6 2,0
1,3 1, 4 1,7
1,1 1,3 1,5
In Meters
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
1,2 1,8 2,8
1,1 1,8 2 ,1
1,0 1, 6 1, 9
0,8 1,4 1,7
0,6 1,2 1,4
0,5 0,7 1,0
0,5 0,5 0,8
0,5 0,4 0,7
0,4 0,4 0,5
1/2
in.
1/2
in.
Maximum Axial Distance
For 95° Spray Angle
In Meters
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Maximum Axial Distance
For 160° Spray Angle
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
2,7 3,3 3,7
1,9 3,0 3,2
1,8 2,9 2,9
1,8 2,7 2,7
1,5 2,4 2,6
1,2 1,6 1, 9
1,1 1,3 1,6
1,0 1,1 1,4
0,9 1,0 1,2
In Meters
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
1,1 1,5 2 ,1
1,0 1, 4 1,7
0,8 1,3 1,4
0,5 1,1 1,4
0,5 1,0 1,1
0,4 0,5 0,9
0,3 0,4 0,8
0,3 0,3 0,5
0,2 0,3 0,4
1/2
in.
1/2
in.
TABL E F
TYPE EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY DIRECTIONAL SPRAY NOZZLES
MAXIMUM AXIAL DISTANCE IN METERS BETWEEN
Maximum Axial Distance
For 110° Spray Angle
In Meters
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Maximum Axial Distance
For 180° Spray Angle
Fixed
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
120°
135°
150°
180°
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
1,8 3,0 3,4
1,7 2,7 3,0
1,6 2,5 2,7
1,5 2,3 2,5
1,4 2,0 2,4
1,1 1,3 1,7
0,9 1,1 1,4
0,8 0,9 1,1
0,8 0,8 1,1
In Meters
Orifice Size
1/4
3/8
in.
in.
0,9 1,1 1,8
0,8 1,1 1,5
0,8 0,9 1,3
0,7 0,8 1,1
0,4 0,5 0,9
0,2 0,3 0,8
0,2 0,2 0,7
0,2 0,2 0,3
0,2 0,2 0,2
1/2
in.
1/2
in.
Page 6
TFP800
Page 6 of 6
P/N 49 – XX X – X – XX X
K-FACTO R
7 K = 1.4
8 K = 2.8
9 K = 5.6
65 65°
80 80°
95 95°
10 110 °
25 125°
40 140 °
60 160°
81 180°
TYPE EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY DIRECTIONAL SPRAY NOZZLES
Limited Warranty
For warranty terms and conditions, visit www.tyco-fire.com.
SPRAY ANGLE
FINISH and MATERIAL
1 NATURAL FINISH BRONZE
WAX COATED BRONZE
6
7
9 CHROME PLATED BRONZE
135°F to 175°F ONLY
LEAD COATED BRONZE
135°F to 325°F ONLY
TABL E G
PART NUMBER SELECTION
Ordering Procedure
When placing an order, indicate the full product name and part number (P/N). Contact your local distributor for availability.
Type EA-1 PROTECTOSPRAY Directional Spray Nozzle
Specify:
• (1.4, 2.8, or 5.6) K-factor orice
• temperature rating
• nish/coating and material
• (degree) spray angle
• P/N (from Table G)
Sprinkler Wrench
Specify: W-Type 11 Sprinkler Wrench, P/ N 5 6 -452-1-0 01
TEMPERATURE
RATI NG
(ALL FINISHES)
135 135°F (57° C)
175 175°F ( 7 9 °C)
250 25 0°F (121° C)
325 325°F (163°C)
TEMPERATURE
RATI NG
(NATURAL
FINISH BRONZE
ONLY )
400 400°F (204°C)
500 500°F (260°C)
1400 Pennbr ook Parkwa y, Lans dale, PA 1944 6 | Teleph one +1-215-362- 070 0
© 2018 John son Control s. All right s reserved. A ll specifica tions and ot her informa tion shown wer e current as o f document rev ision date an d are subject t o change wit hout notice.
NATIONAL FIRE P ROTECTION ASSOCIATIO N and NFPA are register ed trademarks of N ational Fire Protec tion Associati on; INCONEL is a re gistered trade mark of Special Me tals Corporat ion
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