Misuse of this equipment can result in property damage or human injury.
Because controlled system applications vary widely, you should satisfy yourself
as to the acceptability of this equipment for your intended purpose.
In no event will Toshiba Corporation be responsible or liable for either indirect
or consequential damage or injury that may result from the use of this equipment.
No patent liability is assumed by Toshiba Corporation with respect to use of
information, illustrations, circuits, equipment or examples of application in this
publication.
Toshiba Corporation reserves the right to make changes and improvements to this
publication and/or related products at any time without notice. No obligation shall be
incurred other than as noted in this publication.
This publication is copyrighted and contains proprietary material. No part of this book
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means ¾ electrical, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise ¾ without
obtaining prior written permission from Toshiba Corporation.
The Programmable Cont r oller PROSEC T1 and T1S (hereafter called T1/T1S) complies with the
requirements of t he EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and Low Voltage Directive 72/23/EEC under the
condition of use according to the instructions described in this manual.
The contents of the conformity are shown below.
Application of EMC :89/336/EEC (as amended by 91/263/EEC and 92/31/EEC)
Council DirectiveLVD :72/23/EEC (as amended by 93/68/EEC)
Manufacture’s Name:Toshiba Corporation, Fuchu Works
Address:1, Toshiba-Cho
EMC
Radiated Interference:EN 55011 Group 1 Class A
Mains Interference:EN 55011 Group 1 Class A
Radiated Susceptibility:ENV50140
Conducted RFI Susceptibility:ENV50141, IEC100-4-6.
Electrostatic Discharge:IEC1000-4-2
Electrical Fast Transient:IEC1000-4-4
LVD:EN61131-2:19953.10Dielectric Properties
4.Mechanical Requirements
Supplementary information:
(1) Included Handy Programmer THP911A*S.
(2) Included each type of associated input/output unit in a typical configuration.
(3) Product must be installed in accordance with manufacturers instructions
This manual is prepared for users of Toshiba’s Programmable Controller T1/T1S.
Read this manual thoroughly before using the T1/T1S. Also, keep this manual and related manuals
so that you can read them anytime while the T1/T1S is in operation.
General Information
1. The T1/T1S has been designed and manufactured for use in an industr ial environment.
However, the T1/T1S is not intended to be used for systems which may endanger human
life. Consult Toshiba if you intend t o use the T1/T1S for a special applicat ion, such as
transportation machines, medical apparat us, aviation and space systems, nuclear
controls, submarine systems, etc.
2. The T1/T1S has been manufactured under strict quality control. However, to keep safety
of overall automated system, fail-safe systems should be considered outside the T1/T1S.
3. In installation, wiring, operation and maintenance of the T1/T1S, it is assumed that the
users have general knowledge of industrial elect r ic cont r ol system s.
If this product is handled or operat ed im pr operly, electrical shock, fire or dam age to this
product could result.
4. This manual has been written for users who are f am iliar with Prog rammable Controllers
and industrial control equipment. Cont act Toshiba if you have any questions about this
manual.
5. Sample programs and circuits described in this manual are provided for explaining the
operations and applications of the T1/T1S. You should test completely if you use them as
a part of your application system.
Hazard Classifications
In this manual, the following two hazard classifications are used to explain the safety
precautions.
!
WARNING
!
CAUTION
Even a precaution is classified as CAUTION, it may cause serious results depending on the
situation. Observe all the safety precautions described on this manual.
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could
result in death or serious injury.
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may
result in minor or moderate injur y. I t m ay also be used to aler t
1. Excess temperature, humidity, vibration, shock s, or dusty and corrosive gas
environment can cause electrical shock, fire or malfunction. Install and use the T1/T1S
and related equipment in the environment described in this manual.
2. Improper installation directions or insufficient installation can cause fir e or t he units to
drop. Install the T1/T 1S and r elated equipment in accordance with the instructions
described in this manual.
3. Turn off power before installing or removing any units, modules, r acks or terminal
blocks. Failure to do so can cause electrical shock or dam age to the T1/T1S and
related equipment.
6F3B0250
4. Entering wire scraps or other foreign debris into to the T1/T 1S and r elated equipment
can cause fire or malfunction. Pay att ention to prevent entering them into the T1/T1S
and related equipment during inst allat ion and wiring.
5. Turn off power immediat ely if the T1/T1S or related eq uipm ent is emitting smoke or
odor. Operation under such situation can cause fire or electrical shock. Also
unauthorized repairing will cause fire or serious accidents. Do not attempt to repair.
Contact Toshiba for repairing.
Wiring:
!
CAUTION
1. Turn off power before wiring to minimize the risk of electrical shock.
2. Exposed conductive parts of wire can cause electrical shock. Use crimp-style terminals
with insulating sheath or insulating tape to cover the conductive parts . Also close t he
terminal covers securely on the terminal blocks when wiring has been completed.
3. Operation without grounding may cause electrical shock or malfunction. Connect the
ground terminal on the T1/T1S to the system ground.
4. Applying excess power voltage to the T1/T1S can cause explosion or fire. Apply power
of the specified rating s descr ibed in t he manual.
5. Improper wiring can cause fire, electr ical shock or malfunction. Obser ve local
regulations on wiring and grounding.
1. Configure emergency stop and safety interlocking circuits out side t he T1/T1S.
Otherwise, malfunction of t he T1/T1S can cause injury or serious accidents.
!
CAUTION
2. Operate the T1/T1S and t he r elated modules with closing the terminal covers. Keep
hands away from terminals while power on, to avoid the risk of electrical shock.
3. When you attempt to perform force outputs, RUN/HALT controls, etc. during operation,
carefully check for safety.
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4. Turn on power to the T1/T1S before turning on power to the loads. Failure to do so may
cause unexpected behavior of the loads.
5. Do not use any modules of the T1/T1S for the purpose other than specified. This can
cause electrical shock or injury.
6. Do not modify the T1/T1S and r elat ed equipment in hardware nor software. This can
cause fire, electrical shock or injury.
7. Configure the external circuit so that the external 24 Vdc power required for t r ansistor
output circuits and power to the loads are switched on/off simultaneously.
Also, turn off power to the loads before turning of f power to the T1/T1S.
8. Install fuses appropriate to t he load cur rent in the external circuits for t he outputs.
Failure to do so can cause fire in case of load over-cur r ent .
9. Check for proper connections on wires, connector s and m odules. Insufficient contact
can cause malfunction or damage to t he T1/T1S and related equipment .
1. Turn off power before removing or replacing units, modules, terminal blocks or wires.
Failure to do so can cause electrical shock or damag e t o the T1/T1S and related
equipment.
2. When you remove both input and out put terminal blocks with wires for maintenance
purpose, pay attention to prevent inserting them upside down.
3. Do not insert your finger into t he expansion rack’s ventilation hole during power on.
This can cause electrical shock.
6F3B0250
4. Do not disassemble the T1/T1S because ther e ar e hazardous voltag e par ts inside.
5. Perform daily checks, periodical checks and cleaning to maintain the system in normal
condition and to prevent unnecessary troubles.
6. Check by referring “T r oubleshooting” section of this manual when operating
improperly. Contact Toshiba for repairing if t he T1/T1S or related eq uipm ent is failed.
Toshiba will not guarantee proper operation nor safety for unauthorized repairing.
7. The contact reliability of t he out put relays will reduce if the switching exceeds the
specified life. Replace the unit or module if exceeded.
The safety label as shown on the right is
attached to the power terminal of the
T1/T1S.
Remove the mount paper before wiring.
Peel off the label fr om the mount paper
and stick it near the power terminals
where it can be readily seen.
Contact Toshiba if the label is damaged.
Safety Precautions
CAUTION
!
Do not touch terminals
while power on.
Hazardous voltage can shock , bur n or c ause death.
Do not touch terminals while power on.
Read related manual thoroughly for safety.
Stick this seal on uni t or near unit.
This manual has been prepared for first-time users of Toshiba’s Programmable Controller
T1 and/or T1S to enable a full under standing of the configuration of the equipment, and to
enable the user to obtain the maximum benefit s of the equipment.
This manual introduces the T1 and T1S, and explains the system configuration,
specifications, installation and wiring for T1/T1S’s basic hardware. This manual provides
the information for designing T1/T1S user program, such as the internal operation, memory
configuration, I/O allocation and programming instructions. Information for maintenance
and troubleshooting are also provided in this manual.
The specifications of the option cards, expansion units, and I/O modules, and how to use
them, are explained in the separate manual. Read the T1/T1S User’s Manual - Expansion
I/O - when using the option cards, expansion units, and/or I/O modules.
The T1/T1S’s computer link function and T1S’s multi-purpose communication functions are
covered by the separate manual. Read the T1/T1S User ’s Manual - Comm unicat ion
Function - for details.
6F3B0250
Inside This Manual
This manual consists of 10 main sections and an appendix.
Section 1 outlines the T1/T1S configuration. To fully understand the T1/T1S, it is important
to read this section carefully. Sections 2, t o 4 descr ibe the hardware used in designing
external circuits and panels. Sections 5 to 7 are mainly concerned with software. Section 8
explains the T1/T1S’s special I/O functions. Sections 9 and 10 describe the maintenance
procedure for the T1/T1S, to ensure safe operation and long service life.
Related Manuals
The following related manuals are available for T1/T1S. Besides this manual, read t he
following manuals for your better under st anding.
T1/T1S User’s Manual - Basic Hardware and Function -
T1/T1S User’s Manual - Expansion I/O T1/T1S User’s Manual - Communication Function T-Series Handy Programmer (HP911) Operation Manual
T-Series Program Development System (T-PDS) User’s Manual
NOTE
Other than the listed above, some T1 related manuals for special I/O modules
and data transmission modules are available. Contact Toshiba for more
information.
The following is a list of abbreviations and acronyms used in this m anual.
6F3B0250
About This Manual
s
mmmm
ASCII
AWG
BCC
CCW
CPU
CW
EEPROM
H
I/O
LED
LSB
ms
MSB
PWM
RAM
ROM
Vac
Vdc
microsecond
American Standard Code For Infor m at ion I nt erchange
American W ir e Gage
Block Check Code
Counter-Clockwise
Central Processing Unit
Clockwise
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read O nly Memory
hexadecimal (when it appears in front of an alphanumer ic st r ing)
Input/Output
Light Emitting Diode
Least Significant Bit
millisecond
Most Significant Bit
Pulse Width Modulation
Random Access Memory
Read Only Memory
AC voltage
DC voltage
The T1 Series are compact, block style, high-performance programmable controllers
with a range of 16 to 328 input and output points.
The T1 Series are available in two versions, T1 and T1S. T he T1S is an enhanced
version against the standard T1.
The figure below shows the T1 Series line-up. The T1 Series consists of the total 12
types.
T1 Seri esT1T1-16T1-MDR 16
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T1-MAR16
T1-MDR16D
T1-28T1-MDR28
T1-MAR28
T1-MDR28D
T1-40T1-MDR40
T1-MAR40
T1-MDR40D
T1ST1-40ST1-MDR40S
T1-MAR40S
T1-MDR40SD
I/O points:
The T1 Series are available in four models, T1-16, T1-28, T1- 40 and T1-40S. Each
model has the following I/O points.
T1-16T1-28T1-40T1-40S
Input
Output
Expansion
The T1-16 and T1-28 are fixed I/O non-expandable controllers.
The T1-40 and T1-40S, however, provides additional flexibility. They are expandable in
three ways, option cards, expansion rack and expansion unit.
The T1-40/T1-40S can hold two option cards. These are approximately 1/2 the size of a
credit card. Also, the T1-40/ T1-40S can be connected to either one expansion rack or
one expansion unit. The expansion rack (2-slot type or 4-slot type) allows the T140/T1-40S to use most T2 series I/O modules. The expansion unit is a fixed I/O unit. It
has 32 I/O points (16 inputs and 16 outputs).
If two 16 points option cards are inserted and t he 4- slot expansion rack with four 64
points modules is connected to the T1-40/T1-40S, it can control up to 328 points.
Program memory capacity of the T1 is 2 k steps. And that of the T1S is 8 k steps. Whole
the program and a part of data registers are stored in built - in EEPRO M.
T1T1S
Memory
Program capacity
Data capacity
EEPROM back-up
RAM back-up
RAM (for execution) and EEPROM (for back-up)
2 k steps8 k steps
(4 k mode or 8 k mode)
Auxiliary relay: 1024 points
Timer:64 points
Counter:64 points
Data register: 1024 words
Program and leading 512 words
of Data register
Capacitor
(6 hours or more at 25°C)
Auxiliary relay: 4096 points
Timer:256 points
Counter:256 points
Data register: 4096 words
Program and the user specified
range of Data regist er ( 0 to
2048 words)
Capacitor
(168 hours or more at 25°C)
Control functions:
In addition to the basic relay ladder functions, t he T1/T1S provides functions such as
data operations, arithmetic operations, various functions, etc. Furthermore, its high
speed counter functions, pulse output functions and data communication funct ions
allow its application to a wide scope of control systems.
T1T1S
Language
Number of
instructions
Subroutines
Execution speed
Real-time clock/
calendar
Communication
Construction:
The T1/T1S is a compact, easy-handling block style programmable contr oller . The
T1/T1S has all of the features of a block style controller. In addition, the T1-40/T1-40S
has modular expandability. The T1-40/T 1 - 40S pr ovides flexibility into the block style
controller.
Ladder diagram with function block
Basic:17 types
Function: 76 types
16 (nesting not allowed)256 (up to 3 levels of nesting)
RS-232C (programmer por t)RS-232C (programmer por t),
Basic:21 types
Function: 99 types
hours, minutes, seconds)
RS-485 (multi-purpose)
Series compatibility:
Programming instruct ions ar e upward compat ible in the T-Series programmable
controllers. The T1/T1S programs can be used for other models of the T-Ser ies, T2,
T2E, T2N, T3 and T3H. Peripheral tools can also be shared.
The T1-40/T1-40S has two slots for the option card, which is approximately 1/2 the size
of a credit card. The following eight types of the option cards ar e available.
16 points DC input
·
16 points DC output
·
8 DC inputs + 8 DC outputs
·
1 channel analog input (0 to 5 V/0 to 20 mA)
·
1 channel analog input (±10 V)
·
1 channel analog output (0 to 20 mA)
·
1 channel analog output (±10 V)
·
Field network TOSLINE-F10 rem o t e
·
By using the 16 points input and 16 points output cards, t he T1-40/T1-40S can control
up to 72 I/O points without enlarging the mounting space.
Built-in high speed counter:
Two single-phase or one quadrature (2-phase) pulses can be counted. The acceptable
pulse rate is up to 5 kHz. (DC input t ype only)
6F3B0250
Built-in analog setting adjust ers:
Two analog setting adjusters are pr ovided on the T1/T1S. This allows operators to
adjust time or other control par am eters easily using a screwdriver.
High speed processing:
Sophisticated machine control applications require high speed data manipulations. The
T1/T1S is designed to meet these requirements.
1.4 ms per contact
·
4.2 ms per 16-bit transfer
·
The T1/T1S also supports int errupt input function (DC input type only). This allows
immediate operation independent of pr ogram scan.
High performance software:
The T1 offers 17 basic ladder instructions and 76 function instructions. The T1S offers
21 basic ladder instructions and 99 function instructions.
Subroutines, Interrupt functions, Indirect addressing, For /Next loops, Pre-derivative
real PID, etc. are standard on the T1/T1S. These f unct ions allow the T1/T1S to be
applied to the most demanding control applicat ions.
Battery-less operation:
The T1/T1S has a standard built-in EEPROM, permitting operation without need of a
battery. Also, the variable data can be written into and/or r ead from the EEPROM,
providing completely maintenance-free back-up operation.
This function is an important feature for OEMs, because it can eliminate the need for
changing the battery every few years. The cost of the battery is also eliminated.
One point of variable frequency pulses (m ax. 5 kHz) or variable duty pulses can be
output. These functions can be used to drive a stepping motor or to simulate an analog
output. (DC input type only)
Built-in computer link function:
The T1/T1S’s RS-232C prog rammer port can accept the comput er link protocol (data
read/write). This results in easy connection to a hig her level comput er, an operator
interface unit, etc.
The parity setting of the programmer port can be selected either odd or none. The none
parity mode is provided especially for telephone modem connection. Using m odems,
remote programming/monitoring is available.
Real-time control data link network:
By inserting the TOSLINE-F10 rem ote card (option card) into the T1-40/T1-40S, high
speed data link network can be established. In this network, upper T-series PLC model
(T2/T2E/T2N or T3/T3H) works as master and up t o 16 T1-40/T1-40Ss can be
connected as remote. Each T1-40/T1-40S can exchange data with the master through
1 word input and 1 word output. The transmission speed can be selected either 750
kbps or 250 kbps.
T2 Series I/O module interface:
In addition to the option cards, the T1-40/T1-40S has a interface for connecting the T2
Series I/O modules. Up to four modules can be connected to the T1-40/T1-40S. The
following I/O modules are available.
The sampling trace is the function to collect the user specified data every user specified
timing (minimum every scan), and to display the collected data on the programmer
screen in time chart and/or trend graph format. This function is useful for check ing the
input signals changing.
The collecting capacities between T1 and T1S are different as follows.
T1 ..... 1 register - 128 times, or 8 devices - 256 times
By registering your passwords, four levels of pr ot ection is available according to the
security levels required for your application.
Level 4: Reading/writing program and writing data are prohibited
Level 3: Reading/writing program are pr ohibit ed
Level 2: Writ ing program is prohibited
Level 1: No protection (changing passwords is available only in this level)
Two points of solid-st at e out put :
Each model of the T1/T1S has two points of solid-state output (transistors for DC input
type and triacs for AC input type). T hese solid- s t at e outputs are suitable for f requent
switching application.
Removable terminal blocks:
The T1-28, T1-40 and T 1- 40S ar e equipped with removable terminal blocks. This
supports the easy maintenance work.
6F3B0250
DIN rail mounting:
The T1/T1S is equipped with brackets for mounting on a standard 35 mm DIN rail. The
T1/T1S can be mounted on a DIN r ail as well as screw mounting.
On-line program changes: (T1S only)
When the T 1S’s memory mode is set to 4 k steps mode, on-line (in RUN mode)
program changes are available. Furthermore, progr am writ ing into the built-in
EEPROM is also available in RUN mode. These functions are usef ul in pr ogram
debugging stage.
Real-time clock/calendar function: (T1S only)
The T1S has the real-time-clock / calendar function (year, month, day, day of the week,
hours, minutes, seconds) that can be used for performing scheduled operations, data
gathering with time stamps, et c. The real-time-clock/calendar data is backed up by
built-in capacitor for power off. The back-up period is mor e than 7 days at 25 °C.
RS-485 multi-purpose communication port: ( T1S only)
The T1S has an RS-485 multi-purpose communication port. Using this port, one of the
following communication modes can be selected.
Computer link mode:
····
Up to 32 T1Ss can be connected to a master comput er . By using this mode,
MMI/SCADA system can be easily configured.
Data link mode:
····
linked together. This direct link is inexpensive, easily configur ed and r equires no
special programming.
Free ASCII mode:
····
received through this port. A ter m inal, pr int er , bar-code reader, or other ser ial
ASCII device can be directly connected.
T-series computer link prot ocol can be used in this mode.
Two PLCs (any combination of T1S, T2E or T2N) can be directly
User defined ASCII messages can be t r ansm it t ed and
The I/O points on the T1-16 and T1-28 are not expandable. The T1-40 and T1-40S,
however, provides I/O expandability by using the option cards, expansion rack and
expansion unit.
The T1-40/T1-40S can hold up to two option cards. Also, the T1-40/T1- 40S can be
connected to either one expansion rack (2-slot or 4- slot) or one expansion unit. By
using the expansion rack, most of the T2 Series I/O modules can be used with the
T1-40/T1-40S.
Available option cards
·
DI116:16 points DC input
DO116: 16 points DC output
DD116: 8 points DC input + 8 points DC output
AD121: 1 channel analog input (0 to 5V or 0 to 20mA)
AD131: 1 channel analog input (-10 to +10V)
DA121: 1 channel analog output (0 to 20mA)
DA131: 1 channel analog output (-10 to +10V)
FR112: TOSLI NE- F10 r emote station
6F3B0250
Available expansion racks
·
BU152: Up to 2 I/O modules can be mounted
BU154: Up to 4 I/O modules can be mounted
Available expansion units
·
T1-EDR32: 16 points DC input + 16 points relay output
T1-EAR32: 16 points AC input + 16 points relay output
Available I/O expansion configuration
·
ModelUnit configurationI/O points
T1-1616 points(8 in / 8 out)
T1-2828 points(14 in / 14 out)
T1-40
or
T1-40S56 points(40 in / 16 out)
T1-16
T1-28
T1-40(S)
T1-40(S)
T1-40(S)
T1-40(S)
T1-40(S)
+
DD116
+
DO116
+
+
DI116
DI116
+
DI116
40 points(24 in / 16 out)
56 points(32 in / 24 out)
56 points(24 in / 32 out)
72 points(56 in / 16 out)
The basic unit is available in four models, the T 1- 16, T1-28, T1-40 and T1- 40S.
And each model is available in three types, depending on the power supply and input
types.
PWRLitInt er nal 5 Vdc power is norm a l.
(Power) (g r een)Not litInternal 5 Vdc power is not nor m al.
RUN(green)BlinkingHOLD mode
FLTLitERRO R mode
(Fault)( r ed)BlinkingHar dware error (programmer cannot be connect ed)
AUX
(Auxiliary) (red)
PWRPWR
RUNRUN
FLTFLT
AUX
LitRUN mode (in oper at ion)
Not litHALT mode or ERRO R mode
Not litNormal
-
Can be controlled by user program. Lit when S320 is
ON and unlit when S320 is OFF. (T1-40/T1-40S)
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Mode control switch:
Controls the operation modes of t he T1/T1S.
H (HALT)When the switch is turned to H (HALT) side, the T1/T1S stops
program execution (HALT mode) . In this position, RUN/HALT
command from the prog rammer is disabled. In case of the T1,
programming is available only in the HALT m ode.
R (RUN)When the switch is turned to R (RUN) side, the T1/T1S starts program
execution. This is the position during normal oper ation.
In this position, RUN/HALT com m and from the progra m m er is also
available.
Analog setting adjusters:
Two analog setting adjusters are provided. The V0 value is stored in SW30 and the V1
value is stored in SW31. The converted value range is 0 to 1000. Refer t o sect ion 8.5
for details of the analog setting function.
Programmer port connector:
Used to connect the programmer cable. The interface is RS-232C. T his por t can also
be used for the computer link funct ion. Ref er to section 1.6 for more inform at ion about
the computer link funct ion.
Used to insert the option cards. Two slots are pr ovided. Refer to separate “T1/ T1S
Use’s Manual - Expansion I/O -” for details of the option cards.
Expansion connector (T1-40/T1-40S):
Used to connect the expansion rack or expansion unit. Refer to separate “T1/T1S Use’s
Manual - Expansion I/O -” for details of the T2 type I/O modules.
RS-485 port (T1-40S only):
Used to connect a computer (SCADA system), operator interface unit, ot her T1S, or
many kinds of serial ASCII devices including Toshiba’s I nverter through RS-485
interface. Refer to section 1.7 for more information about the T1S’s RS-485 m ult ipurpose communication functions.
Mounting holes:
Used to fix the T1/T1S on a mount ing frame by screws. The mounting holes ar e
provided at two opposite corners.
Use two M4 screws for mounting. See section 4.2 for
T1
DIN rail bracket:
The DIN rail bracket is pr ovided at the rear for mounting the T1/T1S on a 35 mm DIN
rail. See section 4.2 for inst alling the unit.
The T1-40/T1-40S can hold up to two option cards for expanding I/O points, etc.
The following eight types of t he opt ion car ds are available.
For details of the option cards, r efer to the separate manual “T1/T1S User’s Manual
Expansion I/O -“.
TypeDescriptionPower supply
DI11616 points input, 24 Vdc - 5 mASupplied from the
DO11616 points output, 24 Vdc - 100 mAbasic unit (5 Vdc)
DD1168 point s input, 24 Vdc - 5 mA
+ 8 points output, 24 Vdc - 100 mA
AD1211 channel analog input, 0 to 5 V / 0 t o 20 m A
AD131
DA1211 channel analog output, 0 to 20 m A
DA131
FR112TOSLINE-F10 remote station,
1 channel analog input, ±10 V
1 channel analog output, ±10 V
1 word input + 1 word output
6F3B0250
-
T1-40
or
T1-40S
NOTE
Option card
The TOSLINE-F10 remote car d ( FR112) can be used with other cards.
However two FR112s cannot be used together.
T1/T1S User’s Manual
28
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