Texas instruments CBL 2 Technical Reference

CBL 2™

Technical Reference

Calculator-Based Laboratory, CBL, and CBL 2 are trademarks of Texas Instruments Incorporated. LabPro is a trademark of Vernier Software & Technology. Santoprene is a registered trademark of Monsanto.



2000 Texas Instruments Incorporated. All rights are reserved.

Introduction 5

Miscellaneous Reference Information 5

CBL 2 Software Upgrades 5

Data Collection Modes 5

Realtime Sampling 5

Non-Realtime Sampling 6

FastMode Sampling 6

Mode Comparison Table 7

Beep Sequences 8

Archiving in CBL 2’s

Memory 9

FLASH

Technical Specifications for Sensors 10

TI Light Sensor 10

TI Light Sensor Specifications 10

Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor 10

Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor Specifications 11

Temperature Accuracy 12

Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor Chemical Tolerance 12

TI Temperature Sensor Note 13

TI Voltage Sensor 13

Auto-ID Sensors 14

Custom Sensors 15

Connector Pinouts 16

Programming the CBL 2 17

Digital Output Buffer 17

Digital Output Buffer Example 17

Triggering and Thresholds 18

Measuring Period and Frequency 19

Example: Measuring Frequency 20

Asynchronous/ Synchronous Triggering versus Record Time 21

Example 21

CBL 2 Command Summary 22

Command 0 Reset CBL 2 RAM 23

Command 1 Channel Setup 23

Command 2 Data Type 26

Command 3 Trigger Setup 26

2 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Command 4 Conversion Equation Setup (Analog) 28

Command 4 Sonic Temperature Compensation (Sonic) 30

Command 5 Data Control 30

Command 6 System Setup 31

Command 7 Request System Status 31

Command 8 Request Channel Status 33

Command 9 Request Channel Data 33

Command 10 Advanced Data Reduction 33

Command 12 Digital Data Capture 34

Command Sequence 34

General Information 36

Additional Notes on Command 12 41

Command 102 Power Control Command 41

Command 115 Check Set-up Information 41

Command 116 Check Long Sensor Name 42

Command 117 Check Short Sensor Name 43

Command 1998 Set LED Command 43

Command 1999 Sound Command 43

Command 2001 Direct Output to Digital-Out Port 43

Command 201 Archive Operations Command 44

Programming Examples 49

Example 1: Temperature Non-Realtime Data Collection 49

Example 2: Temperature Realtime Data Collection 49

Example 3: Distance and Velocity Non-Realtime Data Collection 49

Example 4: Multiple Channels Non-Realtime Data Collection 50

Example 5: Conversion Equation Setup (Command 4) 50

Example 6: Data Control Setup (Command 5) 51

Example 7: Digital In Data Collection 51

Example 8: Digital Out 51

Example 9: CBL 2 LED Display 52

Example 10: Playing Music on the CBL 2 52

Example 11: Command 8 Program 52

Example 12: Command 9 Program 53

Example 13: Command 10 Program 53

Example 14: Archive Program (Command 201) 54

CBL 2 Technical Reference 3

Appendix A: Glossary A-1

Appendix B: CBL 2 Error Messages B-1

Appendix C: DataMate Sensor Setup Default Settings C-1

4 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Introduction

This technical reference is intended for CBL 2 users who want to write their own programs for CBL 2 and Texas Instruments graphing calculators. This document includes technical data such as specifications for sensors, syntax for CBL 2 commands, sample programs, error codes, and miscellaneous other topics.

Instructions for using CBL 2 with the DataMate program or app are given in

Started with CBL 2

not addressed in this technical reference except for

Setup Default Settings

used by the DataMate program.

, which is included in the CBL 2 package. The DataMate program is

Appendix C: DataMate Sensor

. This table shows the default sensor settings and calibrations

Miscellaneous Reference Information

CBL 2 Software Upgrades

The CBL 2 uses without buying a new CBL 2. As new functionality becomes available, you can download the software from the TI web site to your PC and then use the TI-GRAPH LINKé (sold separately) to upgrade your CBL 2.

Check the TI website ( compatibility statements. Directions for downloading upgrades will be given on the web site.

FLASH

technology, which allows you to easily upgrade to new software

www.ti.com/calc

) for upgrades, paying special attention to

Getting

Data Collection Modes

On the CBL 2, data can be collected in one of three modes: realtime, non-realtime or FastMode.

♦

realtime

after each point is taken.

♦

non-realtime

all of the data points are taken and then sends it to the calculator.

♦

FastMode

very fast sample rate, stores it internally until all of the data points are taken, and then sends it to the calculator.

It is the default to return the time with the data collected.

CBL 2 Technical Reference 5

data collection, the CBL 2 collects data and sends it to the calculator

data collection, the CBL 2 collects data and stores it internally until

data collection, the CBL 2 collects data on a single analog channel at a

Realtime Sampling

In realtime data collection, the CBL 2 sends each data point to the calculator as it is taken, so some data can be lost if the calculator is not ready to accept the data. In addition, the quantity of data that can be collected is limited by the size of the calculator memory.

Realtime data collection is used for:

♦

Slower sampling where the user wants to see the data as it is being collected.

♦

Very long data collection times where the CBL 2 may run out of memory during data collection.

♦

Situations where the host calculator must process the data as soon as it becomes available (such as to control an output in response to a temperature input).

This data collection mode should not be used for data collection of more than a few points each second because the host calculator will not be able to keep up. In addition, because of the nature of realtime data collection, the period/frequency and Command 12 channels cannot be sampled in this mode.

Since the number of points to be collected may not be known at the start of sampling, set the “number of samples” to M1 when sending Command 3. This tells the CBL 2 to take data but not send it to the host calculator until the calculator requests data.

Non-Realtime Sampling

In non-realtime data collection, the samples are taken and stored in the CBL 2 memory until all the data has been collected. Then the data is sent to the host calculator. The quantity of data collected is not limited by the size of the calculator memory, but is limited by the size of the CBL 2 memory. Up to 12,000 samples max (or less under some conditions) can be collected in non-realtime.

Non-realtime data collection is used for fast sampling of multiple channels and when triggering is required.

All of the channels can be used in this mode, and the Command 12 functions can be used. The sample time is limited by the number and types of channels enabled. For a

single channel, the sampling can be as fast as 1 calculator communication is maintained during the sampling. This allows the host calculator to issue a Command 7 or Command 8 to ascertain the progress of the sampling without disturbing the sampling process.

-4 second. In addition, normal

FastMode Sampling

FastMode sampling is designed to be used where a single channel must be sampled at very fast sample times. This mode is used primarily when sampling sound using the microphone.

6 CBL 2 Technical Reference

In general, FastMode is identical to non-realtime sampling with the following exceptions:

♦

The sampling is limited to a single analog channel when doing FastMode sampling.

♦

The selected channel must not be in operation mode 5, 6, or 7.

♦

The communications with the host calculator are turned off during FastMode sampling.

Note: In FastMode sampling, it is very important that the program not issue a GET command until after sampling has been completed. If the CBL 2 receives a GET command it will abort FastMode sampling with an error in order to respond to the GET command.

In FastMode, the sample times can be as fast as 20 msec (a sample frequency of 50KHz).

Mode Comparison Table

The table below shows some of the differences between the data collection modes.

Order of data returned when doing the GETs from the host calculator

Number of samples limited?

Sample time limits (approximate)

Number of channels limited?

Realtime Mode

{ch1_1, ch2_1, … deltatime_1}

{ch1_2, ch2_2, … deltatime_2}

: : {ch1_n, ch2_n, …

deltatime_n} Not by CBL 2, but

may be limited by the host calculator

Sample Time > .25 second to  16000 seconds

Yes, only CH1-3 and 11

Non-Realtime

Mode

{ch1_1, ch1_2, … ch1_n}

{ch2_1, ch2_2, … ch2_n}

{ch3_1, ch3_2, … ch3_n}

{time_1, time_2, … time_n}

Yes, limited by available memory in CBL2

Sample Time ‚ 1e-4 seconds to  16000 seconds

No Yes, only a single

FastMode

Same as NonRealtime

Sample Time ‚ 2e-5 seconds to  1e-4 seconds

channel from CH1 to CH3

Can use Triggering?

Communication maintained during sampling?

CBL 2 Technical Reference 7

No Yes Yes

Yes Yes No

Beep Sequences

The CBL 2 makes four kinds of sounds:

♦

A low tone followed by a high tone (low-to-high beep).

♦

A medium tone followed by another medium tone (medium-medium beep).

♦

A high tone followed by another high tone (high-high beep).

♦

A “tick” sound when a key is pressed.

The following bullets explain when beep sequences normally occur and what the beep sequences mean.

♦

When the CBL 2 completes initialization, you will hear the startup sequence: highhigh beep, medium-medium beep, low-to-high beep (6 total beeps, plus LEDs light up in this order: red LED, yellow LED, and green LED)

♦

When you press the QUICK SETUP button:

the medium-medium beep sounds if a sensor is attached to the CBL 2.

−

the high-high beep sounds if no sensors are attached to the CBL 2.

−

♦

When the CBL 2 is connected to a calculator during sampling commands:

the medium-medium beep sounds when initializing data collection.

−

the medium-medium beep sounds when starting data collection (transition from

−

pre-store to store). the medium-medium beep sounds when completing data collection.

−

Note: If the sampling timing causes the beeps to run together, the CBL 2 software may not sound all the beeps.

Note 2: You will not get all the beeps when Fast Sampling is enabled.

Note 3: You will not get all the beeps when using triggering.

♦

When you set the CBL 2 for manual trigger and press the START button, a mediummedium beep sounds.

♦

When you press the TRANSFER BUTTON:

the low-to-high beep sounds when the transfer succeeds.

−

the high-high beep sounds if the transfer fails for any reason.

−

♦

When an overcurrent condition is detected, five high-high beeps sound. (This causes an error, which causes even more beeps to sound.)

♦

When the CBL 2 begins a full self-test, three low-to-high beeps sound.

♦

When self-test completes:

the low-to-high beep sounds if self-test passes.

−

the high-high beep sounds if self-test fails.

−

8 CBL 2 Technical Reference

When the CBL 2’s base code detects an error in the commands sent from the host, a

♦

high-high beep sounds twice.

When the CBL 2 powers up:

♦

two high-high beeps sound if the base code is not loaded.

−

three high-high beeps sound if the power-up self-test fails.

−

During base code download, three high-high beeps sound when any errors occur.

♦

(The unit resets and then the two high-high beeps mentioned in the previous bullet sound.)

Archiving in CBL 2’s

The

FLASH

allowing updates to the operating system and storing the DataMate programs, the

FLASH

To preserve collected data so that it can be retrieved at a later time, data sets can be stored in the data set can be given a name.

You can write a program on the calculator to review the list of stored data sets and

♦

retrieve the desired one for further analysis. (See the sample archive program on page 56.)

You can use the DATADIR program (available on the TI Resource CD or on the TI

♦

web site at DATADIR program are given in

The

FLASH

convenient location for storing frequently used programs or as a temporary storage to create more available memory on the calculator.

Command 201, in conjunction with the Link menu on the calculator, provides access to these

memory in the CBL 2 can be used for several purposes. In addition to

memory serves as an archive space for other programs and data.

FLASH

archive can also store calculator programs and applications. This provides a

FLASH

archive operations. For details about Command 201, see page 44.

archive. To distinguish between different stored data sets, each

www.ti.com/calc

FLASH

) to manage

Memory

FLASH

Getting Started with CBL 2

memory. Directions for using the

CBL 2 Technical Reference 9

Technical Specifications for Sensors

TI Light Sensor

The TI light sensor uses a phototransistor to measure relative irradiance. The units of irradiance are milliwatts per square centimeter. The light sensor’s output is a voltage that is linearly proportional to the amount of irradiance it senses. The range of light

over which the sensor is sensitive is 10µW/cm

to 1mW/cm2.

The

auto-ID

measured voltage to relative units. The sensor is direction dependent and achieves the highest output when the end of the sensor is pointed directly at the light source.

The light sensor is sensitive in the visible and near-infrared ( you can use it with is designed to work in air only—it is not waterproof.

The light sensor returns vary from light sensor to light sensor. The light sensor readings are also sensitive to temperature.

resistor in the sensor causes the CBL 2 software to automatically convert the

) light range. This means

emitting diodes as well as all visible light sources. The light sensor

relative

readings, not absolute irradiance readings. Values may

TI Light Sensor Specifications

Channels Connects to

channels) Current drain 5 mA max. Voltage range 0–5 Volts Irradiance range 10µW/cm2 to 1mW/cm2 (approximately) Spectral response range 300nm to 1100nm (nanometers) (non-flat

response)

CH1, CH2, CH3

(analog

Chemical tolerance None (air only) Pins used 2 ground

4 auto-ID resistor

5 +5 Volts DC

6 Signal

Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor

The Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor is an auto-ID general-purpose laboratory temperature sensor that comes with your CBL 2. The sensor is rugged and durable, and is designed to be used as you would use a thermometer for experiments in chemistry, physics, biology, earth science, and environmental science.

10 CBL 2 Technical Reference

This probe uses the 20 kΩ NTC Thermistor. The thermistor is a variable resistor whose resistance decreases nonlinearly with increasing temperature. The best-fit approximation to this nonlinear characteristic is the Steinhart-Hart equation. The CBL 2 or CBL interface measures the resistance value, R, at a particular temperature, and converts the resistance using the Steinhart-Hart equation:

T = [K

where T is temperature (°C), R is the measured resistance in kΩ, K

= 2.22468 X 10

, and K2 = 1.33342 X 10-7. Fortunately, CBL 2 and CBL take care of this

+ K1(ln 1000R) + K2(ln 1000R)3]-1 – 273.15

= 1.02119 X 10

conversion for you, and provide readings in °C (or other units, if you load a different calibration).

Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor Specifications

Channels Connects to CH1, CH2, CH3 (analog channels) Current drain 0.5 mA max. Temperature range -25 to 125°C (-13 to 257°F) Maximum temperature

sensor can tolerate without damage

10-bit resolution 0.32°C (-25 to 0°C)

Temperature sensor 20 kΩ NTC Thermistor

150°C

0.12°C (0 to 40°C)

0.4°C (40 to 100°C)

1.0°C (100 to 125°C)

Accuracy ±0.2°C at 0°C, ±0.5°C at 100°C Response time 95% of full reading: 11 seconds

98% of full reading: 18 seconds 100% of full reading: 30 seconds

Probe dimensions Probe length (handle plus body): 16 cm

Stainless steel body: length 11 cm, diameter 4.0 mm Probe handle: length 5.0 cm, diameter 1.25 cm

Pins used 2 Ground

3 Vres 4 auto-ID resistor 6 Signal

CBL 2 Technical Reference 11

Temperature Accuracy

This probe provides very accurate temperature readings. Near 0°C, readings are accurate to ±0.2°C; near 100°C, readings are accurate to 0.5°C.

Important:

you cannot re-calibrate this sensor. Probe-specific calibrations should not be necessary when using this sensor.

Because of the non-linear nature of the Stainless Steel Temperature Probe,

Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor Chemical Tolerance

The body of this sensor is constructed from grade 316 stainless steel (0.08% carbon,

2.0% manganese, 0.75% silicon, 0.04% phosphorus, 0.03% sulfur, 16-18% chromium, 10-14% nickel, 2-3% molybdenum, and 0.1% nitrogen). This high-grade stainless steel provides a high level of corrosion resistance for use in the science classroom.

Here are some general guidelines for using this probe:

The probe handle is constructed of molded plasticized Santoprene®. While this material is very chemical resistant, we recommend that you avoid submerging the probe beyond the stainless steel portion.

Always wash the probe thoroughly after use.

The probe can be left continuously in water at temperatures within the range of –25° to 125°C. Continuous usage in saltwater will cause only minor discoloration of the probe, with no negative effect on performance.

You can leave the probe continuously in most organic compounds, such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, n-hexane, lauric acid, paradichlorobenzene, phenyl salicylate, and benzoic acid. The probe should not be left in n-pentane for more than 1 hour.

The probe can be left in strong basic solutions, such as NaOH, for up to 48 hours with only minor discoloration. We do not recommend usage in basic solutions that are greater than 3 M in concentration.

The following chart provides the maximum length of time we recommend for probe exposure to some common acids. Probes left in an acid longer than these times may bubble and/or discolor, but will still be functional. We do not recommend probes be left in

Acid

1 M HCI 20 minutes 2 M HCI 10 minutes 3 M HCI 5 minutes 1 M H2SO 2 M H2SO

12 CBL 2 Technical Reference

acid longer than 48 hours.

any

Maximum Exposure Time

48 hours 20 minutes

Acid

3 M H2SO 1 M HNO 2 M HNO 3 M HNO 1 M CH3CO OH 48 hours 2 M CH3CO OH 48 hours 3 M CH3CO OH 48 hours 1 M H3PO 2 M H3PO 3 M H3PO

Cole Parmer has an extensive listing of chemical compatibility of grade 316 stainless steel on their web site ( be used for general guidelines not covered in this summary.

www.coleparmer.com/techinfo

TI Temperature Sensor Note

Maximum Exposure Time

10 minutes 48 hours 48 hours 48 hours

48 hours 48 hours 48 hours

). This listing can

If a TI Temperature sensor (the flexible temperature sensor that came with the original CBL) is used with CBL 2, it will auto-ID as the Stainless Steel Temperature sensor. Both sensors use the same calibration that is built into the CBL 2.

TI Voltage Sensor

The TI voltage sensor is a generic sensor that you can use to read any voltage between ±10 Volts. The auto-ID resistor contained in the sensor causes the CBL 2 software to automatically measure voltage. No conversion equation is loaded. The black hook should be connected to ground and the red hook to the signal voltage.

Channels Connects to CH1, CH2, CH3 (analog channels) Voltage range ±10 Volts Chemical tolerance None (air only) Pins used 1 Signal

2 Ground 4 auto-ID resistor

Note: It is very important that the ground connections of the analog inputs are never connected to different potentials. These ground connections are all in common. Connecting the grounds to different potentials may damage the CBL 2.

CBL 2 Technical Reference 13

Auto-ID Sensors

The CBL 2 contains provisions for the auto-ID sensor resistor values listed below. If needed, a conversion equation is loaded automatically for some of the auto-ID values.

Channels 1, 2, and 3

IDENT Valu e

2.2KThermocouple °CM200C to 1400¡C 33KTI Voltage sensorM10 to +10 Volts

6.8K Current sensor

3.3K Resistance sensor 1K to 100K 22K Extra long temperature sensor for °C 68K CO2 gas sensor (PPM) 0 to 5000 ppm

100K Oxygen gas sensor (PCT) 0 to 27% 150K C V voltage sensor (V) 220K C V current sensor (A)

10K Stainless steel or TI temperature sensor3 for °C 15K Stainless steel or TI temperature sensor for °F

4.7K TI Light sensor 0 to 1 1K Ex heart rate sensor (BPM) N/A

47K Voltage sensor 0 to 5 Volts

1.5K EKG N/A

Sensor Type

Range

10 to +10 Amps

50°C to 150°C

6 to +6 Volts

0.6 to +0.6 Amps

M25¡

C to 125¡C

M13¡

F to 257¡F

IDENT values are resistance values in ohms (tolerance ±5%).

Operation 3 is a mathematical conversion of voltage to a current reading (1V=1A). There is no circuitry inside the CBL 2 unit to convert current to voltage; this must be done in the external probe.

Default units for the Stainless Steel and TI Temperature sensors is °C.

Channel 11 (SONIC)

IDENT Valu e

15K Motion detector, meters ½ meter to 6 meters 22K Motion detector, meters ½ meter to 6 meters 10K Motion detector, feet 1½ feet to 18 feet 33K Photogate sensor N/A

IDENT values are resistance values in ohms (tolerance ±5%).

14 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Sensor Type

Range

Custom Sensors

To create custom-designed sensors or other circuits for the analog input channels, the sonic input channel, the digital input channel, or the digital output channel on the CBL 2, you can purchase sensor kits from TI (

♦

For a custom analog sensor, use the Analog Probe Kit (order entry no. CBL/CA/D).

1-800-TI-CARES

Each sensor kit includes a four-foot length of telephone cable with a connector attached to one end. The other end of the cable is not terminated.

♦

For a custom digital sensor, cut a CBR-to-CBL cable (order entry no. CBR/CA/C) into two pieces to get two lengths of cable with connectors. (The digital probe kit used with the original CBL will not work with CBL 2.)

♦

For a custom digital ID probe, contact Vernier Software and Technology (

www.vernier.com

) for more information.

Be very careful when designing a custom sensor or circuit. For more accurate operation, do not connect pins 1 and 6 together on the analog input channels. Pin 1 on the British Telecom-style connector is the pin farthest from the release lever as shown in the pictures below.

If you design a resistance-type sensor, connect pin 3 (Vres) to pin 6 (Vin-low) (refer to “Connector Pinouts” below). Connect the resistance to be measured from the junction of these pins to pin 2 (Gnd). The resistance range for useful measurements is limited from approximately 1 Kohms to 100 Kohms.

) or its Instructional Dealers.

When the Operation parameter in Command 1 (page 23) is set to 2, 3, 5, 6, or 7, the data is measured on the Vin pin (pin 1). The data for all other operations is measured on the Vin-low pin (pin 6).

Note: The most current that can be drained from all three analog channels is 160 mA. This is limited by the hardware.

CBL 2 Technical Reference 15

Connector Pinouts

The CBL 2 sensors use 6-pin British Telecom-style connectors.

1 Vin Echo DI0 2 Gnd Init DI1 3 Vres/Smart ID CLK Auto-ID DI2 4 Auto-ID +5 Volts DC +5 Volts DC 5 +5 Volts DC Gnd Gnd 6 Vin-low Not Applicable DI3

Channels: CH1, CH 2, CH 3 CH1, CH2, CH3 Input signal: Analog data Analog data

Analog CH1, CH2, CH3

(Right-hand Connector) (Left-hand Connector)

SONIC

Vin

DIG IN/OUT

Vin-low

Input range: ±10 Volts 0 to 5 Volts Resolution (using CBL 2’s

10-bit A/D converter): Input impedance: 1.046 M

Vres:

♦

♦ ♦

♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

Output reference voltage from the CBL 2 through a 15 Kohm resistor. When using this feature, Vres should be tied to Vin-low and the value to be measured should be connected between Vin-low and Gnd.

Gnd:

Ground (common for all channels).

Auto-ID: Auto-ID

pin 4 to ground.)

Echo: Init:

Ultrasonic motion detector input.

Distance initialization signal

sensor detection data input. (

D0 In/Out to D3 In/Out: Smart ID Clk:

Clock to synchronize data transfer from smart probes.

19.6 mV 5.6 mV

>10 M

Auto-ID

Input or output pins for digital pulses.

resistor connected from

16 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Programming the CBL 2

Digital Output Buffer

The digital output buffer (DOB) is a circular buffer that contains up to 32 elements. The output from the buffer is 4-bits wide, and the outputs are CMOS (0-5V) compatible. The data in Command 1 is entered as decimal representation of the digital value that is output. For example, 0=0000, 5=0101, and 15=1111. At the beginning of each sample, a pointer into the digital output buffer is incremented and the next available data is sent to the output lines.

The electrical characteristics of the digital outputs are:

♦

Voutput-high ‚ 3.7V @ M400uA

♦

Voutput-low  0.65V @ 1.6mA

The number of times that the DOB outputs the contents of the buffer depends on the number of data elements defined in Command 1 and the number of samples defined in Command 3.

Digital Output Buffer Example

Command 1 list is {1,31,5,1,2,3,4,5} where:

1=Channel Setup. 31=DIG OUT. 5=Five data elements. 1=0001 (digital nibble). 2=0010 (digital nibble). 3=0011 (digital nibble). 4=0100 (digital nibble). 5=0101 (digital nibble).

Command 3 list is {3,1,100} where:

3=Sample and Trigger Setup. 1=One second sample time. 100=One hundred samples. (Trigger Type defaults to manual

triggering.)

CBL 2 Technical Reference 17

The DOB outputs pulses that correspond to the five digital nibbles (1234512345...12345 etc.). This sequence is repeated 20 times (100 samples/5 data elements) to the DIG OUT channel. The diagram below shows a portion of this output for the first five data elements.

Sample Clock

1234

Figure 1. Digital Output Example

Triggering and Thresholds

Two types of triggering thresholds can be set in the CBL 2:

♦

Hardware triggering

is set to trigger on a specific voltage level established by the

trigger threshold parameter.

♦

Software triggering

is set to begin data collection on either the rising edge or falling edge of the signal, depending on the trigger type and trigger threshold selected.

The THRESHOLD parameter specified in Command 3 can be used for two purposes:

♦

If the operation in Command 1 is frequency, period, or count (operation = 5, 6, or 7 on Channel 1 only), then the threshold parameter in Command 3 sets a voltage level in the CBL 2 hardware. The signal on the Vin pin of CH 1 must pass through this voltage for the CBL 2 to see the signal change states.

♦

If the operation in Command 1 is anything other than 5, 6, or 7, then the threshold parameter in Command 3 specifies a trigger level and is measured in the units of the sensor selected.

When triggering, sampling does not start until the signal on the trigger channel (also specified in Command 3) passes through this level once in the direction specified. This comparison of trigger level and signal level occurs in software, so any level in the proper range can be selected. Also, either the Vin or VinLow pin (on any of the analog channels or the sonic channel) can be used as the trigger channel. CBL 2 knows whether to use the Vin or VinLow pin by looking at which operation was set up in Command 1.

18 CBL 2 Technical Reference

If a conversion equation is enabled for the trigger channel, then the threshold specified in Command 3 should be a converted level. For example, if a pH probe is plugged into CH 2 with a conversion equation loaded into CBL 2 and the trigger channel specified as CH 2, the threshold level should be entered as a pH level in the range 0-14, not as a voltage in the range 0-5V.

Measuring Period and Frequency

Period and frequency apply only to CH1 and only CH1 can be active if the operation is set to 5 (Period) or 6 (Frequency). Period and frequency are measured on Vin pin (pin 1) of CH1. Period and frequency measurements always use the hardware threshold.

The CBL 2 measures period and frequency by counting edges for 0.25 seconds, or by measuring the time between the selected edges for one period—whichever is larger (see figure below). If a significant number of edges are counted during the 0.25-second period, the count is used to compute both period and frequency; otherwise, the period and frequency are computed from the time interval for one period.

Figure 2. Period and Frequency Measurement

Trigger Type

2 3 4 5

Measuring Points

+ + (T=0 to 2)

N N N + N N N

(T=1 to 3) (T=0 to 1)

+ (T=1 to 2)

The crossover point between the two computations is about 600 Hz. Because there can be a one-count uncertainty during the 0.25-second period, the accuracy around 600 Hz is approximately ±4 Hz (about 0.7%). The resolution of the timer measuring the time between edges is 6.4 microseconds; therefore, the percentage accuracy improves for frequencies above and below 600 Hz.

If the CBL 2 is set up using Command 3 to make multiple measurements at a particular sample time, the CBL 2 waits for the sample time that you specified after it completes the current measurement. It then initiates the next cycle of period/frequency measurement. The minimum sampling time for period and frequency is 0.25 seconds.

Note: Period and frequency measurements using Trigger Type 4 or 5 are only possible on nonrepetitive signals or on repetitive signals that are less then 600 Hz. This is because at 600 Hz, the edge counts will prevail.

CBL 2 Technical Reference 19

The parameters shown in this table are used when measuring period or frequency.

Trigger Type

0 Rising (+) Trigger Threshold parameter 2–5 Specified by trigger type Trigger Threshold parameter 6 Not allowed (E.34 error).

Edge Polarity Used

Hardware Threshold Used

Example: Measuring Frequency

Assume a frequency measurement is requested on CH 1, and 20 measurements are desired at a .5 second sample time. The following commands would set up the CBL 2 for this example:

{1,1,6} {3,.5,20,2,0,1}

3 = Sample and Trigger setup command .5 = Sample time of 0.5 seconds 20 = Number of samples to take 2 = Trigger from rising edge to rising edge for frequency 0 = Trigger channel not applicable 1 = Trigger at 1 Volt

Assume a ±10 Volt, 20 Hz sine wave is the input signal on pin 1. The CBL 2 follows the sequence of steps indicated below when the first trigger occurs (a trigger occurs every

0.05 seconds).

1. Trigger occurs on the rising edge.

2. Start counter and timer.

3. Stop timer at next rising edge.

4. Wait until 0.25 seconds has elapsed.

5. Stop counter (count should be about 5).

6. Count is less than 150 (or 600 Hz); therefore, frequency is computed from the time interval for one period.

7. Wait for 0.5 seconds specified in Sample Time.

8. Wait for additional processing time to complete. (This time depends on what processing is currently being performed and is typically about 0.25 additional seconds.)

9. Repeat steps 1 through 8 for nineteen more samples.

In this example, the CBL 2 takes approximately 15 seconds to complete all the sampling and turn on the DONE indicator in the display.

20 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Asynchronous/ Synchronous Triggering versus Record Time

Actual triggering is asynchronous from the internal sampling clock when Trigger Type in Command 3 is set to 1 or 6 (manual triggering). If sampling at very fast rates, the actual trigger may be slightly different from the commanded trigger. The user should take this into account when calculating prestore and trigger levels.

The actual sample time for the trigger point depends on whether or not prestore is selected in Command 3.

When prestore and relative record time are selected, the sample time for the trigger point will generally not be identical to times around it. The time recorded for the trigger point will be the actual time between the previous sampled point on the internal sampling clock interval and the asynchronous trigger event. The sample taken after the trigger point will be at the specified sample time since the clock is reset each time the trigger event occurs (pressing START/STOP or the hardware threshold trigger event).

When Trigger Type is set to 6 (Manual and Sample Trigger) in Command 3, the recorded sample times are the actual relative times when START/STOP is pressed.

When no prestore is selected, the first sample time will be the trigger point. Its recorded time will not be the internal sample clock time because the CBL 2 is always sampling on the internal clock interval that you selected and is storing points (if you selected prestore) until the trigger event occurs.

Example

Assume the following:

♦

Input to CH1, set to measure ±10 Volts, is a 0.01 Hz sine wave.

♦

Sample Time is set to 10 seconds and Number of Samples is set to collect 30 points.

♦

Trigger Channel is set to 1.

♦

Trigger Threshold is set to 1.0 and Trigger Type is set to 2 (trigger on rising edge).

The CBL 2 will collect and store a sample every 10 seconds. The recorded time for each sample will be 10 seconds. The trigger event (signal rising through 1.0 Volts) occurs 1.5 seconds after the previous sample, so a sample collected at the trigger point is taken and stored with a recorded time of 1.5. The next sample is taken 10 seconds after the trigger sample, not 8.5 seconds later as would have happened if the internal sample clock had not been reset.

The Record Time returned (around the trigger point) will be the list: {...10,10,10,1.5,10,10,...}.

CBL 2 Technical Reference 21

CBL 2 Command Summary

The table below lists the commands you can use in writing programs for CBL 2. Detailed explanations of each command and its syntax can be found beginning on the page number shown in the third column.

Command

Number

0 Reset:

1 Channel Setup:

2 Data Type:

sent. It is included only for compatibility with older CBL programs.

3 Trigger Setup:

experiment.

4 Conversion Equation Setup (Analog Channels):

parameters to convert physical units measured by CBL 2 into a more useful measurement unit such as Newtons or ¡C.

Sonic Temperature Compensation (Sonic Channel):

Sets the unit of measurement for sonic data.

5 Data Control:

well as the starting and ending data points to be retrieved by a TI calculator.

6 System Setup:

for the CBL 2; selects a filter to be applied to data.

Resets all channels to default conditions. 23

This command is not used and should not be

Command Description

sets up a channel for data collection. 23

Sets up the trigger parameters for an

Selects the type of data to be retrieved, as

Turns sound on or off; sets an ID number

Sets up

See

Page

7 Request System Status:

status information.

8 Request Channel Status:

return sensor type, last valid data, and last valid data position for the requested channel.

9 Request Channel Data:

one data point before sampling starts. Used to verify that setup is correct.

10 Advanced Data Reduction:

certain time-intensive algorithms instead of processing them in the calculator.

12 Digital Data Capture:

of motion data from the digital input channel.

102 Power Control Command:

power-saving; or designated power up.

22 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Generates and prepares to return

Generates and prepares to

Generates and prepares to return

Sets up CBL 2 to process

Sets up the capture or measurement

Sets the power to always on;

Command

Number

115 Check Set-up Information:

the designated channel.

116 Check Long Sensor Name:

117 Check Short Sensor Name:

1998 Set LED Command:

1999 Sound Command:

sounds.

2001 Direct Output to Digital-Out Port:

digital output port during a sampling run.

201 Archive Operations Command:

determine the contents of the CBL 2’s

Detailed information about each command is given below. The table following each syntax lists valid values. Default values appear in

Command Description

Returns status information for

Returns long sensor name. 42

Returns short sensor name. 43

Turns LEDs on and off on command. 43

Specifies length and frequency of CBL 2

Outputs data to the

Allows the calculator to

FLASH

boldface

memory.

type.

Command 0 Reset CBL 2 RAM

See

Page

Syntax:

This command has no parameters or options. Clears data memory back to power-up state. Clears error information. Resets only the RAM; does not clear

This command should be sent at the beginning of each program.

{0}

FLASH

memory.

Command 1 Channel Setup

This command sets up a channel for data collection. It has six syntaxes, as shown below.

Syntax:

Clears all channels.

Syntax: {1,channel,

Turns off the selected channel.

Channel

1-3 = Analog 11 = Sonic 21 = Digital Input

{1,0}

31 = Digital Output

CBL 2 Technical Reference 23

Syntax:

{1,

channel,operation,post-processing,(delta) 1,equ

Use this syntax to set up analog channels.

Operation/

Channel

1-3 = Analog

Sensor Type

0 = Turn channel off

1 = Auto-ID this sensor (default is 0-5V sensor)

2 = TI Voltage „10V 3 = Current „10A 4 = Resistance

= Measure period on

„

10V input line (CH 1

only)

= Frequency on „10V

6 input line (CH 1 only)

= Count transitions

7 on „10V input line (CH 1 only)

Post-Processing

0 = None (RT and NON-RT3)

1 = d/dt (NON-RT) 2 = d/dt and d

(NON-RT)

/dt

}

Conversion Equation

0 = Off

1 = On (must also send Command 4)

10 = TI Temperature or Stainless Steel Temperature (Centigrade)

11 = TI Temperature or Stainless Steel Temperature (Fahrenheit)

12 = TI Light 14 = Low voltage (0-5V)

This parameter is ignored.

RT: REALTIME mode sampling.

NON-RT: NON-REALTIME mode sampling.

When using Command 1 operation 5 or 6, Trigger Type in Command 3 must be 2, 3, 4

or 5.

When using Command 1 operation 7, Trigger Type in Command 3 must be 0.

24 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Syntax:

Use this syntax to set up the sonic channel.

{1,11,

operation,post-processing,(delta)1,equ

Operation

0 = Resets channel

1 = Meters – Returns distance and

time (RT and NON-RT)

2 = Meters – Returns distance and

time (RT and NON-RT)

3 = Feet – Returns distance and @time (RT and NON-RT)

4 = Meters – Returns distance, velocity, and @time (RT) or distance and @time (NON-RT)

5 = Feet – Returns distance, velocity, and @time (RT) or distance and @time (NON-RT)

6 = Meters – Returns distance, velocity, acceleration, @time (RT) or distance and @time (NON-RT)

Post-Processing

0 = None (RT and NON-RT3)

1 = d/dt (NON-RT) 2 = d/dt and d

(NON-RT)

/dt

}

Conversion Equation

0 = Off

1 = On (must also send Command 4 for temperature

compensation)

7 = Feet – Returns distance, velocity, acceleration, @time (RT) or distance and @time (NON-RT)

This parameter is ignored.

RT: REALTIME mode sampling.

NON-RT: NON-REALTIME mode sampling.

Note: When post-processing is enabled in non-realtime sampling mode, all operations will return the first derivative and the second derivative.

Syntax:

Use this syntax to set up the digital input channel.

Channel

21 = Digital Input

{1,

channel,operation

Operation

0 = Off

1 = On

}

CBL 2 Technical Reference 25

Syntax:

Use this syntax to set up the digital output channel.

Channel

31 = Digital Output

The CBL 2 outputs one element for each sample. Between samples, the output returns to 0 unless the user has commanded the power to remain on (using Command 102, M1).

Caution: Using Command 102, M1 can drain the CBL 2 batteries.

{1,

channel,operation,list of values

Operation

0 = Clears the channel

1-32 = Count (number of data elements in list)

List of Values

Lists values output to digital output port

}

Note: the list of values must have one value for each count.

Command 2 Data Type

This command is not used and should not be sent. However, it is included for compatibility with older CBL 2 programs.

Command 3 Trigger Setup

This command sets up the trigger parameters for an experiment. It has three syntaxes.

Syntax: {3, .1}

Repeats last Command 3 (used to quickly collect new data).

Syntax:

Use this syntax for realtime data collection.

Sample Time Number of Points

>0 to 16000

Default = 0.5

{3,

samptime,numpoints,

1 = REALTIME mode

0 = Invalid

0,0,0,0,0,0,

Filter

0 = None

7 = Light Realtime tracking filter 8 = Medium Realtime tracking filter 9 = Uses Heavy Realtime tracking filter

filter

}

26 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Syntax:

{3,

samptime,numpoints,trigtype,trigchan,trigthresh,

pre-store,(extclock)1,rectime,filter,fastmode

Use this syntax for non-realtime data collection.

Sample Time

>0 to



16000

Default = 0.5

Number of Points

0 = Invalid 1 to 12,000 =

NON-REALTIME mode and number of points to collect

Trigger Type

0 = Immediate

1 = Manual

2 = Rising edge/ rising edge

3 = Falling edge/ falling edge

4 = Rising edge/ falling edge

5 = Falling edge/ rising edge

6 = Single sample

Trigger Channel

0 = Disables trigger

1 = CH1 (channel must be active)

2 = CH2 (channel must be active)

3 = CH3 (channel must be active)

11 = CH11 (channel must be active)

}

Trigger Threshold

channel limit to + channel

limit (channel

limit is determined by sensor attached to the channel)

Default = 1V

Pre-store Data

% to 100%

This parameter is ignored.

Hardware trigger only for Command 1 operation 5, 6, or 7; software trigger for all others.

Software trigger only.

Prestore is not valid for manual trigger or immediate trigger. Due to the delay in determining the start of sample, the actual amount of prestore may be smaller than the selected amount.

FASTMODE does not apply to the Sonic/Digital channels.

Record Time Filter

0 = None

1 = Absolute

2 = Relative

Note: This is different from the original CBL. Default on CBL was 0.

0 = None

1 = Savitzsky-Golay 5-point filter 2 = Savitzsky-Golay 9-point filter 3 = Savitzsky-Golay 17-point filter 4 = Savitzsky-Golay 29-point filter 5 = Uses Median Pruning 3-point

filter 6 = Uses Median Pruning 5-point

filter

FastMode

0 = OFF (normal operation)

1 = ON (FASTMODE sampling)

CBL 2 Technical Reference 27

In FASTMODE, only one channel can be active, and it must be an analog channel. Sampling can be as fast as 20ms/sample in this mode. FASTMODE is operational only for sample rates from 50,000 sample/second to 5,000 samples/second.

Each probe has a minimum sample time, which is listed in the table below:

Probe Type

Analog probes 100msec/per probe Sonic probes 8 milliseconds Digital In/Out 100msec/per probe

Note: TrigTypes 0, 1, and 6 cannot be used with frequency measurements (operation 6) or with period measurements (operation 5).

Note 2: TrigTypes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 cannot be used with count transition (operation 7).

Note 3: TrigTypes 1 and 6 cannot be used with FASTMODE sampling.

Note 4: While CBL 2 is waiting for TrigThresh, you can press the START/STOP to start sampling immediately.

Minimum Sample Time

Command 4 Conversion Equation Setup (Analog)

This command sets up parameters to convert physical units measured by CBL 2 into a more useful measurement unit such as Newtons or ¡C. It has six syntaxes.

Syntax: {4,

Clears the equation for all channels.

Syntax: {4,channel,

Channel

1, 2, or 3

Sets unary equation; returns raw data for the channel.

Syntax: {4,channel,1,N,K0, . . .K

Channel

1 = Sets CH 1 2 = Sets CH 2 3 = Sets CH 3

Sets up polynomial equation:

+ K1X + K2X2 + ... + KnX

N = 1 through 9 No restrictions

}

except overflow.

28 CBL 2 Technical Reference

M N

Syntax: {4,channel,2,M,N, Km, K

m-1

Channel

1 = Sets CH 1 2 = Sets CH 2 3 = Sets CH 3

Sets up mixed polynomial equation:

+ ... + K

M = 0 through 4 N = 0 through 4 M + N > 0 X ƒ 0

+ K0 + K1X + ... + KnX

Syntax: {4,channel,equtype, K0,K

Channel

1 = Sets CH 1 2 = Sets CH 2 3 = Sets CH 3

Equation Type

3 = Power 4 = Modified power 5 = Logarithmic 6 = Modified logarithmic 7 = Exponential

,. . .K0, . . .K

}

M +N

8 = Modified exponential 9 = Geometric 10 = Modified geometric 11 = Reciprocal logarithmic 12 = Steinhart-Hart Model

Equation Type

3 Power K0X 4 Modified Power K0K 5 Logarithmic K 6 Modified Logarithmic K 7 Exponential K

8 Modified Exponential K 9 Geometric K 10 Modified Geometric K 11 Reciprocal Logarithmic [K 12 Steinhart-Hart Model [K

(K1)

(X)

Equation

Restrictions

X>0

K1>0 + K1ln(X) X>0 + K1ln(1/X) X>0

(K1X)

No restrictions other

than overflow.

(K1/X)

(K1X)

(K1/X)

+ K1ln(K2X)]

+ K1 (ln 1000X) + K2(ln 1000X)3]

-1

Xƒ0

X‚0

X>0

K2X>0

X>0

CBL 2 Technical Reference 29

Command 4 Sonic Temperature Compensation (Sonic)

This command sets the unit of measurement for sonic data.

Syntax: {4,channel,equtype,temperature,units

Channel

4 = Sets SONIC if

equtype

11 = Sets SONIC

=13

Equation Type

0 = Clears the equation for the selected channel

13 = Sonic temperature compensation

Temperature

Temperature value for which you want to compensate

}

Units

0 = temperature in ¡Celsius 1 = temperature in ¡Fahrenheit 2 = temperature in ¡Celsius 3 = temperature in Kelvin 4 = temperature in Rankin

Command 5 Data Control

This command selects the type of data to be retrieved, as well as the starting and ending data points to be retrieved by a TI calculator.

Syntax:

Channel

1 = Sets recorded

time

{5,

channel,dataselect,databegin,dataend

Data Select

0 = raw collected data (filtered)

Data Begin

0 = first point collected

}

Data End

0 = last point collected

0 = Lowest active channel

1-3 = Analog 11 = Sonic 21 = Digital input

Note: If Data Select = 0, 1, or 2 and Command 3 Filter = 1-6, data will be filtered according to the filter selected in Command 3. If Data Select = 3, 4,or 5; the filter setting in Command 3 will be ignored.

Note 2: Data End must be greater than or equal to Data Begin (unless Data End = 0). Both DataBegin and DataEnd must be less than or equal to the number of samples sent to the CBL 2 in the last Command 3.

Note 3: Each Command 5 must be followed by a Get statement.

Note 4: Sampling must be completed before sending Command 5 to control the data. Before sending Command 5, do a Get statement to ensure that sampling is completed or send Command 7 to check the status and verify that sampling is completed.

1 = d/dt (filtered)

/dt2 (filtered)

2 = d 3 = raw collected data

(unfiltered) 4 = d/dt (unfiltered)

/dt2 (unfiltered)

5 = d

1 through n = point selected

30 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Command 6 System Setup

This command has three syntaxes. The first turns sound on or off, the second sets an ID number for the CBL 2, and the third selects a filter to be applied to data.

Syntax:

{6,

command

}

Command

0 = Abort sampling 2 = Abort sampling

3 = Turns sound off

4 = Turns sound on

Syntax:

Command

5 number you specify (any floating point number

Syntax:

Command

{6,

command,parm

}

Parameter

between M10 CBL 2 that is used to identify a specific CBL 2 when multiple units are linked together

{6,

command,filter

to + 1038) = Sets an ID number for

}

Filter

6 0-6 = number of new filter to be applied

Default = 0

Command 7 Request System Status

Syntax: {7}

This command generates and prepares to return the following status information:

softwareID

error

battery

Current software ID in format: X.MMmms where X=product code number, MM=major ID number, mm=minor ID number, and s=step ID number.

If non-zero, CBL 2 should be reset and the cause of the error corrected Battery status. Can return the following values:

0 Battery is OK for use 1 Battery is low during sampling 2 Battery is low all the time

CBL 2 Technical Reference 31

8888

Constant value. If the correct list location is set to zero prior to requesting and getting the list, this value can be used to ensure that the status message was received correctly.

Sample time

trigger condition

channel function

channel post

channel filter

num samples

record time

temperature

piezo flag

Sample time that was commanded by the host during the last sample run

Triggering condition that was commanded by the host during the last sample run

Triggering channel that was commanded by the host during the last sample run

Post-processing setting that was commanded by the host during the last sample run

Filter that was commanded by the host during the last sample run Number of samples that was commanded by the host during the last

sample run. (If sampling was aborted, this parameter reflects the actual number of samples taken.)

This can have the following values: 0 No time was recorded in the last run 1 Absolute time was recorded in the last run 2 Relative time was recorded in the last run

Temperature used for the temperature correction of the sonic data during the last run if a sonic sensor was selected

This is the buzz/no-buzz value that was last commanded. Values are: 0 Sound is disabled (OFF) 1 Sound is enabled (ON)

system state

data start

data end

systemID

The following values are used for the system state: 1 Idle 2 Armed 3 Busy 4 Done 5 Self-test 99 Initializing code

First point of data available for transmission to the host unless the host has sent Command 5 to override this value

Last point of data available for transmission to the host unless the host has sent Command 5 to override this value

The System ID that was set using Command 6

32 CBL 2 Technical Reference

P1 P2

Command 8 Request Channel Status

Syntax:

Channel

1, 2, 3, or 11 0 = returns current sampled data

This command generates and prepares to return a list with three elements: E1, E2, E3: E E

applicable to CH1 ops 5, 6, 7 or CH21 Digital In or CH31 Digital Out) E

valid when sampling is active]

Note: Each Command 8 must be followed by a Get statement.

{8,

channel,request type

}

Request Type

1 = returns data stored when channel was last set up

= sensor type (one of the

= last valid data read from sensor, if any [only valid when sampling is active] (not

= last valid data position (sample number where stored in the resulting list) [only

operation

options shown under Command 1)

Command 9 Request Channel Data

Syntax:

Channel

1, 2, 3, or 11 0 = Re-test input auto-ID value

{9,

channel,mode

Mode

1 = Return stored auto-ID value

}

This command generates and prepares to return one data point before sampling starts. Used to verify that setup is correct.

Note: Each Command 9 must be followed by a Get statement.

Command 10 Advanced Data Reduction

This command sets up CBL 2 to process certain time-intensive algorithms instead of processing them in the calculator.

Syntax:

Channel

1, 2, 3, 11 1 = HeartBeat algorithm 0% to 100%

P1 value determines when data transitions from “high” to “low.” P2 value determines when data transitions from “low” to “high.” P3 value determines the minimum difference in data between UpperThld and LowerThld.

Note: P1 must be less than P2.

{10,

channel,alg,P1,P2,P3

Algorithm

}

Lower Thld

0% to 100% Upper Thld

RejectThld in the units of the channel selected

CBL 2 Technical Reference 33

Notes on Operation

Certain algorithms are very time intensive to run in the calculator, and the CBL 2 product team has made an effort to include those algorithms in the CBL 2’s optimized code. This allows large data sets to be processed much more quickly.

Currently only one algorithm has been defined. This algorithm determines the number of cycles of a repetitive waveform in the sampling buffer. (This routine is known as the

heartbeat algorithm

This algorithm works as follows:

First, the normal data collection (using commands {1, …} and {3, …}) must be completed.

Next, the algorithm must be started using the command {10,

The CBL 2 starts by finding the maximum and minimum points of the data set. The lower threshold is set at P1 percent of the maximum point, and the upper threshold is set at P2 percent of the minimum point.

The CBL 2 checks the difference between the maximum point and minimum point against P3. If the difference is less than P3, the algorithm is aborted and a 0.0 is returned. (This is the case where the user expected the input data to have a certain variation but, for some reason, the variation was not found.)

The CBL 2 then finds the number of “rising edges” where the data in the data set is increasing from below the upper threshold and the number of “falling edges” where the data is decreasing to below the lower threshold. The total number of rising edges and falling edges is stored.

for its frequent use in measuring the heart rate.)

channel

,1,P1,P2,P3}.

Next the CBL 2 determines how many samples are between the first edge and the last edge. The frequency is then determined as the number of edges divided by the number of samples and is returned to the host calculator or computer.

The user program is responsible for taking the result from the CBL 2 and dividing it by the sample time to get the true frequency in Hz.

Command 12 Digital Data Capture

This command sets up the capture or measurement of motion data from the digital input channel. It has seven syntaxes.

Command Sequence

In general, when you want to sample data, you should send commands in this sequence: Reset the unit, setup the channels, start sampling, retrieve the data.

The commands used to do this are shown below:

♦

Command 6,0 to force the CBL 2 to stop executing any prior commands (This command may not be needed.)

♦

Command 0 to reset CBL 2 to a known state

♦

Command(s) 1 to set up any channels needed for sampling

34 CBL 2 Technical Reference

♦

Command(s) 4 to send the equations for any sensors that need special equations (use only if needed)

♦

Command 3 to start the sampling process

♦

GET commands (one or more) to retrieve data from the CBL2.

It is important to notice that the channels get setup before sampling starts and that the Command 3 starts the actual sampling. The GET command forces the host calculator to wait until the data is ready and then transfer the data from the CBL 2 into the calculator.

Only a few of the commands that can be sent during sampling are useful; many of these commands will abort the sampling. For example, if you send a Command 1 during sampling, the sampling aborts, your data is lost, and the new channel is set up according to the new command.

A more useful command to send during sampling is Command 7. If you send this command, you can then do a GET and see the status of the CBL 2. The status will show the sampling (ARMED – meaning that the unit has not gotten to the trigger condition yet, or BUSY – meaning that sampling is in progress).

Another useful command to send while sampling is the Command 8, which reads back the most recent data sample collected for a single channel. This allows a sophisticated program to monitor data collection while the CBL 2 is collecting the data.

One of the new features of the CBL 2 is its ability to automatically work with many digital sensors such as photogates. With a photogate, the timing of the data transitions is the parameter of interest. Using the standard command order defined above, the user would:

♦

Send {1, 21, …} to command a digital input channel

♦

Send a command 3 to start sampling

♦

Send a GET to retrieve the data.

In order to find the transition times, the data collection program must scan the data looking for each transition and then subtract the time of the start and end points to get the transition time. Using Command 12 automates this process (and makes it more accurate).

There are a few things to be aware of, though. When using Command 12, the number of samples collected is not the same as the number of samples taken. If the photogate only transitions 12 times, there will be 12 transitions recorded. Even if there are 1000 analog data samples taken, there will still only be 12 transitions of the photogate data. Therefore, you should command a SEND {12, 41, 0} to find out how many transitions were recorded before requesting photogate data from the CBL 2. After getting the number of transitions, you can retrieve the actual transition timing.

CBL 2 Technical Reference 35

When using a photogate, or other digital sensor, your command sequence should be as follows:

♦

Command 6,0 to force the CBL 2 to stop executing any prior commands (may not be needed)

♦

Command 0 to reset CBL 2 to a known state

♦

Command(s) 1 to setup any channels needed for sampling (you must setup at least 1 analog channel)

♦

Command 12, 41,3 to enable the photogate mode for digital CH 41 (Digital Input Port 1)

♦

Command(s) 4 to send the equations for any sensors that need special equations (only if needed)

♦

Command 3 to start sampling

♦

GET commands to retrieve the data from the CBL 2 (This forces the calculator to wait for sampling to finish.)

♦

Command 12,41,0 to command the CBL 2 to return the number of transitions recorded

♦

GET command to retrieve the number of transitions from the CBL 2

♦

Command 12, 41,M1 to command the CBL 2 to return the transitions recorded

♦

GET command to retrieve the number of transitions from the CBL 2

♦

Command 12, 41,M2 to command the CBL 2 to return the transition times recorded

♦

GET command to retrieve the number of transitions from the CBL 2

General Information

There are six types of motion capture commands. Each digital data capture command is designed to support the capture or measurement of data from the digital input. Some commands capture data at periodic intervals while others are triggered by changes in the data.

Each of the digital data commands is designed for a specific sensor and/or experiment as shown in the following table:

Send {12, 41, mode}

Mode = 1 Sample Mode. This mode is used when none of the other

Send {12, 41, mode}

Mode = 2 and Mode = 3 Measures pulse width of the data on the D0 line. This

Use

modes (below) are useful. In this mode, each time the data changes, it is recorded in the CBL 2. This allows for any new digital probes to be used if the user is willing to write the program to process the data.

Use

mode is used with a photogate to get very accurate measurement of the time the photogate is blocked. Generally, this measurement is used to determine the speed of an object (must know object’s length).

36 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Send {12, 41, mode}

Mode = 4 Measures period of the data on the D0 line. This mode is

Mode = 5 Counts the transitions on the D0 input line of the Digital

Mode = 6 Measures the outputs of a Vernier Rotary Motion sensor.

The sections that follow explain more fully how to use the digital data capture commands.

Note: Command 12 is valid only in non-realtime mode; it is not valid in realtime mode.

Digital Input Syntax:

At each transition of the digital inputs, the absolute time and state of the inputs is reported. See Fig 1.

Use,

continuedcontinued

used with a photogate to get very accurate measurement of the times between when the photogate becomes blocked. Generally, this measurement is used to determine the speed of a wheel or a picket fence.

input port. This mode is used when the frequency of a source with a TTL (or CMOS compatible) output must be measured.

Generally this indicates the position of a wheel on the sensor.

{12,41,1}

Digital/Sonic (D 1 , D 2 )

Figure 3. Digital Input Measurement

Inputs will be value 0-3 corresponding to 00, 01,10, or 11. Each transition stored takes three data point locations.

This command can be run at the same time as analog sampling. After “getting” the analog channels, send the following commands to return the data

from the CBL 2 to the host:

Command Syntax: Comment:

{12,41,1} collect digital input data; {12,41,0} return number of points collected on next get

{12,41,.1, {12,41,.2,

Start,Stop

statement; } return state list on next get statement } return time list on next get statement

send after “getting” the analog channels

send before Command 3

CBL 2 Technical Reference 37

Notes on Operation

The digital inputs are sampled 10,000 times/second in the main timer ISR. (Transitions that are so short that they are not seen in the ISR will be lost.) Each time a change in the input bits is found, the time and the new value are written to a data buffer area. When the data buffer area overflows, data collection is halted and an error message is sent.

Pulse Width – Continuous Pulse Mode Syntax:

{12,41

,2 or 3,direction

Direction

0 = low active pulse 1 = high active pulse

This mode is designed to measure the widths of pulses in a continuous stream of pulses. Each pulse is measured. See Figure 3.

Digital/Sonic (D0)

∆

Figure 4. Continuous Pulse Period Measurement

After “getting” the analog channels, send the following commands to return the data from the CBL 2 to the host:

∆

Command Syntax: Comment:

{12,41,3} collect pulse width data in continuous pulse mode;

before Command 3

send

}

{12,41,0} return number of points collected on next get

{12,41,.1, {12,41,.2,

Start,Stop

statement; } return @time list on next get statement } return time list on next get statement

send after “getting” the analog channels

Notes on Operation

The Sonic Timer is used to record the time of the rising and falling edges. The resolution is 1.6msec. At the start of the pulse the time is recorded and again at the end of the pulses. The difference (properly scaled) is returned to the host.

38 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Period – Continuous Pulse Mode Syntax:

{12,41

,4,direction

}

Direction

0 = low active pulse 1 = high active pulse

This mode is designed to measure the periods of pulses in a continuous stream of pulses. Each pulse is measured. See Figure 4.

Digital/Sonic (D 0)

∆

Figure 5. Continuous Pulse Period Measurement

After “getting” the analog channels, send the following commands to return the data from the CBL 2 to the host:

∆

Command Syntax: Comment:

{12,41,4} collect period data in continuous pulse mode;

before Command 3

send

{12,41,0} return number of points collected on next get

{12,41,.1, {12,41,.2,

Start,Stop

statement; } return @time list on next get statement } return time list on next get statement

send after “getting” the analog channels

Notes on Operation

Counter Mode Syntax:

This mode is designed to count the transitions on the DIGITAL input line. (Use Command 1,1,7 to count the transitions on the ANALOG Channel 1 Hi input line.) The ECHO pin (D0) must be used for the input.

{12,41,5}

CBL 2 Technical Reference 39

After “getting” the analog channels, send the following commands to return the data from the CBL 2 to the host:

Command Syntax: Comment:

{12,41,5} collect data in counter mode; {12,41,0} return number of points collected on next get

{12,41,.1,

Start,Stop

statement; } return count list on next get statement

send after “getting” the analog channels

send before Command 3

Notes on Operation

The Sonic Timer is re-configured as a counter and will count the input transitions. The transitions count is limited to 65535 transitions per cycle. The cycle time is the same as the sample time. In other words, one count will be returned for each analog sample returned.

Rotary Motion Mode Syntax:

Scale Factor

Number of user units to increment/decrement for each count change

This mode is designed to measure the position of a rotary motion sensor. Rotational motion information is determined by counting clockwise and counterclockwise signals from the Vernier Rotary Motion Sensor. See Figure 5.

Start Position

Initial position (in user units)

{12,41,6

,scalefactor,startpos

}

CWCNT (DI)

CCWCNT (D0)

Figure 6. Rotary Motion Mode

Each rising edge of the CWCNT (D1) line will cause the position to be incremented by 1. Each rising edge of the CCWCNT (D0) line will cause the position to be decremented by 1. The position will start at StartPos. Only a 16-bit counter will be used, giving a count range from .32K to +32K.

One data point will be saved for each sample. Sampling will be commanded by the normal Command 3.

40 CBL 2 Technical Reference

After “getting” the Analog channels, send the following commands to return the data from the CBL 2 to the host:

Command Syntax: Comment:

{12,41,6} collect data in rotary motion mode;

Command 3

{12,41,0} return number of points collected on next get

{12,41,.1,

Start,Stop

statement; } return position list on next get statement

send after “getting” the analog channels

Additional Notes on Command 12

A few additional things to be aware of when using Command 12:

♦

When Command 12 is used, the power generally stays on all during sampling. (This is because the processor must look for the data at all times during the sample interval and not just at the sample times.) As a result, this mode tends to deplete the batteries very quickly.

♦

The number of data samples taken is limited only by the available memory after memory is reserved for the Command 1 channels that are set up. The CBL 2 has about 12,000 available memory locations. If X channels are setup and Y samples are selected using Command 3, the number of samples on CH 41 is limited to (12,000 – X…Y)/3.

♦

You absolutely must have at least one analog channel activated before sending the Command 3 to start sampling. You must do a GET of the analog data (to force the calculator to wait for the end of sampling) before retrieving the Command 12 CH 41 data.

send before

Command 102 Power Control Command

Syntax:

Power Control

1 = Always ON; will automatically power down (APD) if running on batteries. 0 = Normal mode 1-1000 = Powers up this many seconds before data taken

CBL 2 Technical Reference 41

{102,

pwrctl

}

Command 115 Check Set-up Information

Syntax:

{115,

channel

}

Channel

1, 2, 3, 11

This command returns the following status information:

CBL 2 sig

LabPro™ sig

Y-min

Y-max

Y-scale

sample rate

number of samples

operation command

calculation equation

sensor warm-up time

first coefficient

CBL 2 significant figures LabPro significant figures Suggested Y-min for graphing Suggested Y-max for graphing Suggested Y-scale for graphing Typical sample rate Typical number of samples to collect Typical operation command Suggested calculation equation for Command 4 Sensor warm-up time (in seconds) Suggested first coefficient for Command 4

second coefficient

third coefficient

number of pages

active page

Suggested second coefficient for Command 4 Suggested third coefficient for Command 4 Sensor’s number of calculation pages (usually 0) Sensor’s active calculation page (usually 0)

Command 116 Check Long Sensor Name

Syntax:

Channel

1, 2, 3, 11

This command returns the following information:

long sensor name

{116,

channel

}

Returns long sensor name in a format the calculator can handle

42 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Command 117 Check Short Sensor Name

Syntax:

{117,

channel

}

Channel

1, 2, 3, 11

This command returns the following information:

short sensor name

Returns short sensor name in a format the calculator can handle

Command 1998 Set LED Command

Syntax:

1 = Red LED 2 = Yellow LED 3 = Green LED

Note: Leaving a LED turned on will run down the batteries in the CBL 2.

{1998

,P1,P2

}

0 = Off 1 = On

Command 1999 Sound Command

Syntax:

Length

Sound stays on this long (in 100ms steps)

Note: You can enter up to 32 pairs of values.

{1999,

length1,Pd1,length2,Pd2, . . .

Tone half period in 100ms steps

}

CBL 2 Technical Reference 43

Command 2001 Direct Output to Digital-Out Port

Syntax:

{2001,

data1,data2,data3. . .,dataN

}

Data1. . .DataN

Must be between 0-15. For values outside this range, behavior is undefined.

This command outputs data to the digital output port during a sampling run, thus giving the user interactive control of some types of hardware using the CBL 2 digital output lines. Please note the following:

♦

You can send from 1 to 16 data points. If you send more than one point, all the points will be sent out at about 200msec intervals before the next command is parsed. This allows you to clock data into a latch with a single command.

♦

The data you send goes to the SONIC channel. If you are collecting data on the SONIC channel and send this command, your data will be lost.

♦

Sending this command does not stop the sampling, and it should not affect the analog channels.

CAUTION: No protection of any kind is provided. Operation is not guaranteed; use this command at your own risk. If you are sampling via the sonic port, sending this command will corrupt your data.

Command 201Archive Operations Command

Syntax:

This command allows the calculator to determine the contents of

Operation

0 = Delete/Write Enable

1* = Get directory size

2* = Get directory information

3* = Get directory Label (n)

{201,

operation,operand1,operand2,related_info_list

Operand 1

Not used Not used 2.46802 = enable

Not used Not used Calculator type

Directory type (except Saved Program)

Directory type

Operand 2

n Calculator type

}

FLASH

Related Information Lis t

writing data to

1.35791 = enable deletion of data from

FLASH

memory.

FLASH

44 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Related Information

Operation

4 = Label directory

entry

11 = Clear directory entry (n)

12 = Clear all directory entries

13 = Clear all built-in user programs

Operand 1

Directory type

Operand 2

n (except Saved Program)

Directory type

n Calculator type

Not used Calculator type

Not used Not used Calculator type

Lis t

21† = Save current data set

Number of elements in list

Not used Ident 1

22 = Close data set (n) n Not used 23 = Restore data set (n) n Not used 24 = Save data set

supplemental list (n) 25* = Get data set

supplemental list size (n) 26* = Retrieve data set

supplemental list (n)

31† = Allocate saved list

n Starting position

to store in archive n Not used

n Starting position

(default = 1) Number of

Not used Ident 1 elements in list

32 = Save list data (n) n Starting position

to store in archive

33 = Close list (n) n Not used 34* = Get list size (n) n Not used 35* = Retrieve List (n) n Starting position

(default = 1)

41 = Select programs

Not used Not used First item is calculator

Ident 2

List data (maximum 40 elements)

Number of elements (default = 0 {all})

Ident 2

List data (maximum 40 elements)

Number of elements (default = 0 {all})

type (73, 83, etc.) followed by items to retrieve

42 = Deselect programs

Not used Not used

43 = Retrieve supplemental programs

931-935, 941-945, 951-955 (RESERVED)

1001† = Perform garbage collection

CBL 2 Technical Reference 45

Operand information relating to whatever operation is being performed. (must be

integer)

Additional information about the operation to be performed.

The Calculator Type specifies the model of the calculator on which the user program is running. This determines which programs in the CBL 2 archive will be shown in the directory information. Available choices are: 73, 82, 83, 83.1 (for 83 Plus), 86, 89, 92, and 92.1 (for 92 Plus).

The Directory Type specifies the entries in the archive on which to perform the operation. Available choices are: 0 (Sample Data Set), 1 (Saved List), and 2 (Saved Program).

If a directory entry does not have a label assigned to it, the CBL 2 reports the label as ‘????????????????????’.

5,6

Because the TI-82, TI-89, TI-92, and TI-92 Plus do not receive string variables, the program names in the directory cannot be passed directly as strings. The Numeric List option in operation 3 provides an indirect way of representing the names. The list contains the ASCII code for each character in the name. These ASCII codes can be interpreted by the user program to display the correct letters on the calculator.

Send a command with Operation 4 to set up label directory entry; then follow it with

another command that contains the label.

Built-in user programs: The CBL 2 stores a collection of calculator programs

(DataMate) and look-up tables in its

FLASH

memory. These programs are intended to simplify the task of data collection and analysis. Because these programs are designed to work together, they can only be stored and deleted as a group. To free up memory in the CBL 2, you can delete the programs for calculators that you do not use.

Upgrading User Programs: The

FLASH

the user programs and lookup tables for all calculator platforms. The

Download software provides a way to update

FLASH

Download process automatically deletes all existing user programs (all calculator models) from the archive. The new look-up tables and programs are then installed into the archive. (Instructions for downloading new software are given on the TI web site at

www.ti.com/calc

Two optional identifying numbers can be used when saving a data set or list. These

numbers are saved with the data in addition to the supplied label.

Operations 24, 25, and 26 are provided to facilitate saving configuration information

in the same data structure as a saved experiment, rather than in a separate file.

Operation 41 allows you to retrieve programs saved on the CBL 2. You can save programs to the CBL 2 by enabling writing {201,0,0,0,2.46802} and then sending programs from the calculator’s LINK/SEND menu.

Operation 42 cancels operation 41 or 43. If the TRANSFER key is not pressed within one minute, operations 41 and 43 cancel automatically.

46 CBL 2 Technical Reference

The CBL 2 can store additional built-in programs in the same storage area as DataMate (for example, programs such as DataDir and Photogate). Because of memory space considerations, these supplemental programs are normally not transferred to the calculator with DataMate when the TRANSFER key is pressed. Operation 43 allows you to retrieve these supplemental programs by overriding the normal operation of the TRANSFER key.

*Operations with an asterisk return values as explained below: (Use the GET command after sending the command with this operation.)

♦

Operation 1:

If the data type in the GET command is a list, will return: {# Saved data sets, #

−

Lists, # Saved programs/applications, Reserved for DataMate, Reserved for DataMate, Reserved for DataMate, Bytes free in archive}

If the data type in the GET command is a real number, will return Bytes free in

−

archive.

♦

Operation 2:

If the data type in the GET command is a list, will return: {Ident 1, Ident2}. (See

−

footnote 8 for explanation of these values.) If the data type in the GET command is a real number, will return Ident 1.

−

♦

Operation 3:

If the data type in the GET command is a string, will return: 20-character name

−

of item. If the data type in the GET command is a categorical list (TI-73 only), will return

−

4 elements of 5 characters each. Concatenate to form name of item. If the data type in the GET command is a list, will return 20-element list, each

−

element representing a character code in the name of the item.

♦

Operation 25 or 34:

If the data type in the GET command is a list, will return: {# of elements}.

−

If the data type in the GET command is a real number, will return # of elements.

−

♦

Operation 26 or 35:

If the data type in the GET command is a list, will return a list of the elements

−

specified in the request.

General Notes:

♦

All data types are stored in the CBL 2 directory in the same order in which they are received. The CBL 2 does not attempt to sort these entries in any other order.

♦

If you transfer to the CBL 2 a program with the same name as a program already in storage, the old program will be deleted and the new program will be added to the end of the directory. (A program with the same name but a different calculator model will not be affected.)

CBL 2 Technical Reference 47

♦

The labels and numeric information for data sets and lists can be the same as other data sets and lists. The CBL 2 does not check for duplicate descriptions. The uniqueness of the individual directory entries is preserved by their unique directory

entry numbers. †Notes on Garbage Collection: Operations 21, 31, and 1001 may cause the CBL 2 to automatically perform garbage

collection on the

FLASH

memory. For full or heavily used archives (many deleted items), garbage collection can take over one minute to complete. Therefore, when executing these operations, you must poll the CBL 2 to determine when the operation is complete and it is safe to move to the next command. The CBL 2 will return a real number or a single-element list (depending on the data type used by the calculator) with the following values:

♦

2 = Performing garbage collection (operation may take extra time to complete)

♦

1 = Performing requested operation (wait for operation complete flag)

♦

0 = Requested operation is complete. Proceed with next command. Continue to send GET commands until the CBL 2 returns the 0. Notes on Battery Status: Operations 11, 12, 13, 21, and 31 will generate an error if the battery status is low. The

other operations do not check the battery status because it is expected that the program checks the results of these preliminary operations. This allows a full sequence of operations (such as Allocate/Save/Label/Close list) to complete even if the battery status should go low after the sequence has started. Therefore, it is important that programs using these commands check and honor the error conditions reported by these initial commands. (Use Command 7 to check the battery status.)

48 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Programming Examples

Programs are created on a TI calculator to set up specific CBL 2 operations, depending on the experiment that you want to perform. Samples of various types of programs follow. Each program includes both program commands and comments explaining what the commands do.

Example 1: Temperature Non-Realtime Data Collection

:ClrAllLists :ClrHome :Send({0}) :Send({6,4}) :Send({1,1,1}) :Send({3,.1,100,0}) :Get(L :Get(L :Plot1(Scatter,L :ZoomStat

)

1,L2

Example 2: Temperature Realtime Data Collection

:ClrAllLists :PlotsOff:Func :FnOff:AxesOn :1üXmin:30üXmax:1üXscl :M20üYmin:60üYmax:.1üYscl :ClrHome :Send({0}) :Send({6,4}) :Send({1,3,1}) :30üdim(L :Send({3,1,M1,0}) :ClrDraw :For(I,1,30,1) :Get(L :Pt-On(I,L :End

(I))

)

(I))

Reset CBL 2. (This clears CBL 2 RAM.) Turn CBL 2 sound on. Set up Channel 1 for data collection. Take temperature sample every .1 second. Retrieve temperature data to L Retrieve time data to L

,.)

Plot temperature versus time.

Initalize graphing functions.

Set up the min/max range and scale factors as needed.

Reset CBL 2. (This clears CBL 2 RAM.) Turn CBL 2 sound on. Set up Channel 3 for data collection. Dimension List Take a sample once every second; re-arm immediately and get next sample. Get a sample and plot it on the graph for 30 points.

Example 3: Distance and Velocity Non-Realtime Data Collection

:PlotsOff :ClrAllLists :ClrHome :ClrDraw :Send({0}) :Send({6,4}) :Send({1,11,1,1}) :Send({3,.1,100,0}) :Get(L :Get(L :Get(L :Plot1(Scatter,L :Plot2(Scatter,L :ZoomStat

)

1,L2 1,L3

CBL 2 Technical Reference 49

Reset CBL 2. (This clears CBL 2 RAM.) Turn CBL 2 sound on. Set up Channel 11 (Sonic) for data collection (distance and velocity). Take a sample every .1 second. Retrieve distance data to L Retrieve velocity data to L Retrieve time data to L

,.)

Plot distance versus time.

,+)

Plot velocity versus time.

Example 4: Multiple Channels Non-Realtime Data Collection

:PlotsOff :ClrAllLists :ClrHome :Send({0}) :Send({6,4}) :Send({1,1,10}) :Send({1,2,11}) :Send({1,3,12}) :Send({3,.1,100,0}) :Get(L :Get(L :Get(L :Get(L :Plot1(Scatter,L :ZoomStat :Pause :ClrHome :PlotsOff :Plot2(Scatter,L :ZoomStat :Pause :ClrHome :PlotsOff :Plot3(Scatter,L :ZoomStat

)

1,L2

1,L3

1,L4

Reset CBL 2. (This clears CBL 2 RAM.) Turn CBL 2 sound on. Set up Channel 1 for temperature data collection in Centigrade. Set up Channel 2 for temperature data collection in Fahrenheit. Set up Channel 3 for light intensity data collection. Take a sample every .1 second. Retrieve temperature in Centigrade data to L Retrieve temperature in Fahrenheit data to L Retrieve light intensity data to L Retrieve time data to L

,.)

Plot temperature in Centigrade versus time.

,.)

Plot temperature in Fahrenheit versus time.

,.)

Plot light intensity versus time.

Example 5: Conversion Equation Setup (Command 4)

:ClrAllLists :ClrHome :Send({0}) :Send({6,4}) :Send({1,1,1,0,0,1}) :Send({3,.1,100,0}) :Send({4,1,M1}) :Get(L :Get(L :Send({4,1,7,50,5}) :Get(L :Plot1(Scatter,L :ZoomStat :Pause :ClrHome :PlotsOff :Plot2(Scatter,L :ZoomStat

)

1,L2

1,L3

Reset CBL 2. (This clears CBL 2 RAM.) Turn CBL 2 sound on. Set up Channel 1 for data collection with conversion equation enabled. Take a sample every .1 second. Apply unary equation to return the raw data. Retrieve raw data to L Retrieve time data to L

. Apply exponential equation type to the raw data. Retrieve the converted data to L

,.)

Plot raw data versus time.

,.)

Plot the converted data versus time.

50 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Example 6: Data Control Setup (Command 5)

:ClrAllLists :ClrHome :Send({0}) :Send({6,4}) :Send({1,2,11}) :Send({3,.1,100,0}) :Get(L :Get(L :Send({5,2,0,35,45}) :Get(L

)

Reset CBL 2. (This clears CBL 2 RAM.) Turn CBL 2 sound on. Set up Channel 2 for temperature data collection in Fahrenheit. Take a sample every .1 second. Retrieve temperature in Fahrenheit data to L Retrieve time data to L

. Process temperature data 35 through 45 for retrieval. Retrieve temperature data 35 through 45 to L

Example 7: Digital In Data Collection

:ClrAllLists :ClrHome :Send({0}) :Send({6,4}) :Send({1,21,1}) :Send({3,.1,100,0}) :Get(L :Get(L :Disp L :Disp L

)

2 1

Reset CBL 2. (This clears CBL 2 RAM.) Turn CBL 2 sound on. Set up Channel 21 (Digital In) for digital data collection. Take a sample every .1 second. Retrieve collected digital data to L Retrieve time data to L

Display collected digital data. Display time.

Example 8: Digital Out

:ClrAllLists :ClrHome :Send({0}) :Send({6,4}) :Send({102,M1}) :Send({1,31,16,0,1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 ,14,15}) :Send({3,.5,10,0}) :Disp "WHEN SAMPLING" :Disp "COMPLETED" :Disp "PRESS ENTER" :Disp "TO TURN" :Disp "POWER OFF" :Pause :Send({0})

Reset CBL 2. (This clears CBL 2 RAM.) Turn CBL 2 sound on. Turn power on if external LED is to display the Digital Out. Set up Channel 31 (Digital Out) to output listed values to digital in source.

Every .5 second send the digital out value to the digital in source.

Reset CBL 2 to turn power off.

CBL 2 Technical Reference 51

Example 9: CBL 2 LED Display

This program is just for fun. It makes the CBL 2’s lights blink on and off.

: For(M,1,10,1) : For(N,1,3,1) : Send({1998,N,1}) : End : For(N,1,3,1) : Send({1998,N,0}) : End : End

Repeat 10 times to make the lights flicker on and off.

Turn all three lights on.

Turn all three lights off.

Example 10: Playing Music on the CBL 2

This program plays “We Wish You a Merry Christmas.”

:1500üK :{2*K,2*K,K,K,K,K,2*K, 2*K,2*K,2*K,K,K,K,K, 2*K,2*K,2*K,2*K,K,K,K,K, 2*K,2*K,K,K,2*K,2*K,2*K,2*K}üL :{182,136,136,121,136,144,162, 162,162,121,121,108,121,136, 144,182,182,108,108,102,108,121, 136,162,182,182,162,121,144,136}üL :For(N,1,30,1) :Send({1999,L :End

(N),L2(N)})

K = 0.15 second Play the short notes for 0.15 seconds and the long ones for 0.3 seconds.

Enter each note value in the list.

Send each time and note to the CBL2 so that it can play every note in the order of the lists.

Example 11: Command 8 Program

This is a program to receive data points while sampling.

:Send({0}) :Send({1,1,1}) :Send({3,.2,100,0})

:For(N,1,80,1) :Send({8,1,0}) :Get(L :Disp L :End :Get(L

)

Clear sampling settings. Set up Channel 1 with auto-ID. Take 100 samples in 20 seconds.

Use a loop to get samples as they are taken. Ask for Channel 1’s last sampled data point. Get the sensor type, most recent data point, and position in resulting list. Display the three-element list to the screen.

Get the resulting list of data.

52 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Example 12: Command 9 Program

This is a program used to read a single data point.

:Send({0}) :Send({1,1,1}) :Send({9,1,0}) :Get(A) :Disp A

Clear sampling settings. Auto-ID a TI temperature sensor. Send Command 9 to get a single data point from Channel 1. Get the single data point. Display the one data point.

Example 13: Command 10 Program

This program uses Command 10 with the TI temperature sensor. This test is used to find a sinusoidal-like pattern in temperature as it rises and falls constantly in an experiment that lasts 10 minutes.

:Send({0}) :Send({1,1,1}) :Send({3,6,100,0}) :Get(L

:Send({10,1,1,20,80,5})

)

Clear sampling settings. Auto-ID the TI temperature sensor. Collect 1 sample every 6 seconds for 10 minutes. Get the data for later use or display.

Send the advanced data reduction command with the heartbeat algorithm. Set the lower threshold to 20% above the minimum point. Set the upper threshold to 80% above the minimum point. Set the standard temperature variance to 5¡C. If the maximum temperature minus the minimum temperature is less than 5¡C, then the test proves there are no oscillations in temperature outside of 5¡C in the 10-minute experiment. If the variance is more than 5¡C, then this will count how many times it goes over the 80% threshold level plus how many times it goes below the 20% threshold level.

:Get(A)

:A/6üB

:Disp B

Get the number of times the samples went above the upper threshold and went below the lower threshold (the edge count). If the data range was less than 5¡C, the result is zero.

Divide the edges per sample by the sample time. This returns true frequency (edges per second).

Display the frequency.

CBL 2 Technical Reference 53

Example 14: Archive Program (Command 201)

This program stores and retrieves a data set.

:Send({201,0,0,0,2.46802}) :Send({201,21,5,0,1.1,2.0} )

:2üX :While Xø0 :Get(X) :End :Send({201,1,0,0,83.1}) :Get(L :{1,2,3,4,5}üL :{201,24,L1(1),1}üL :augment(L3,L2)üL

)

:Send(L4) :"SEC 1.1, EXP 2"üStr1 :Send({201,4,0,L

(1)})

:Send(Str1) :Send({201,22,L

(1),0})

:ClrAllLists :Send({0}) :Send({201,1,0,0,83.1}) :Get(L :Send({201,2,0,L :Get(L :Send({201,3,0,L

)

(1)})

)

(1),83.1})

:Get(Str1) :Disp Str1,L

:Send({201,26,L1(1),1}) :Get(L :Disp L

)

:Send({201,23,L1(1),0}) :Get(L :Disp L

)

Enable “writes” to the CBL 2

FLASH

memory. Save the data. Make room for 5 list elements. Give some optional identification (e.g., data from Section 1.1, Experiment 2). Wait for operation to complete.

Locate newest data set in

[1].

Save associated data from L

FLASH

memory. Its entry number will be in

into the record.

Label the data set.

Close the data set. Saving is complete.

Reset the CBL 2 and calculator.

Locate the most recently saved data set.

Get and display the identifying label and numbers.

Get and display the saved list data.

Restore and display the sample data. Data can be retrieved using Command 5, which is described elsewhere in this document.

54 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Appendix A: Glossary

The following terms are used in the CBL 2 documentation.

Term

accuracy The degree of conformity of a measure to a standard or a true

archive Store data or programs in the FLASH memory of the CBL 2. (See

auto-ID Automatic Identification. Feature that allows the CBL 2 to

CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

FASTMODE A data collection mode in which the CBL 2 collects data on a

FLASH FLASH

non-realtime A data collection mode in which the CBL 2 collects data, stores

Definition

value

page 9.)

automatically identify specific sensors when they are connected to a CBL 2 channel.

single analog channel at a very fast sample rate, stores it internally until all of the data points are taken, and then sends it to the calculator.

is a technology built into CBL 2 that lets you electronically upgrade the CBL 2’s operating system by downloading future releases from TI’s web site.

it internally until all the data is collected, and then sends it to the calculator.

precision The degree of refinement with which an operation is

performed or a measurement stated

realtime A data collection mode in which the CBL 2 collects data and

sends it to the calculator as each point is taken.

resolution The process or capability of making distinguishable the

individual parts of an object

TTL Transistor-Transistor-Logic

CBL 2 Technical Reference A-1

Appendix B: CBL 2 Error Messages

Error messages that may occur when using CBL 2 without the DataMate program are listed in this section.

In almost all cases, an error result causes the unit to sound the “low tone” three times and to illuminate the red LED three times. When this happens, send the request for status message and then observe the “error” parameter of the list returned. The “error” parameter will be one of the values in the table below.

Error Number Error Cause

0 This is normal. No corrective action is needed.

1 Invalid FASTMODE. An attempt to select fast sampling mode was

made. When in FASTMODE, only a single analog channel can be active.

This error number also displays if the FASTMODE selection is a value other than 0 or 1.

2 FASTMODE ABORT. During FASTMODE, an attempt to communicate

with the CBL 2 was made while it was waiting for a trigger. As a result, sampling was aborted.

5 The list being sent contains a number that is too large to be represented

internally. This can only happen when the list being sent contains an error.

6 The list being sent contains a non-integer number where only integers

are allowed. For example, command numbers must be integers and a command of 3.5 will produce this error.

8 The list being sent contained too many numbers for proper

conversion. In general, no more than 32 numbers can be sent for some commands and no more than 44 numbers for other commands.

9 The command number sent (first number of the list) did not specify a

valid command.

12 The channel selected for setup did not exist. Channel numbers must be

1-3, 11, 21, 31.

13 The operation selected for the channel being setup is invalid. For

example, sonic channels cannot be setup for a voltage probe.

14 An invalid value was selected for the post processing parameter. This

must be a number from 0 to 2.

16 An invalid equation on/off parameter was found. The equation on/off

parameter must be a 0 or a 1.

17 An invalid Frequency/Period selection parameter was found. This error

usually occurs when a second channel is selected for a measurement during Frequency/Period measurements.

CBL 2 Technical Reference B-1

Error Number Error Cause

18 Multiple channels are not allowed to be selected at the same time for

the Digital/Sonic inputs. This error usually means that the sonic port and a corresponding digital port have been selected.

22 Command 2 contains invalid data.

30 The filter type must be between 0 and 6 for NON-REALTIME data

collection mode and 0, 7, 8, or 9 for real time data collection mode. This error results from a filter selection outside of this range.

31 Command 3 was sent prior to performing any channel setups.

32 Sample time must be greater than 0 and less than 16000 seconds. The

value is normally rounded to the nearest 100 µsec, but can be rounded to the nearest 50 µsec in FASTMODE. If the selected channels cannot support the rate selected, a slower sample rate will be used.

33 The number of samples must be -1 for real time sampling and

between 1 and 12,000 for NON-REALTIME sampling. 0 is not allowed except for a special case of real time sampling with manual entry.

34 Trigger type must be an integer between 0 and 6. Any other value will

produce this error.

35 The trigger channel must be a valid channel number (e.g., 1-3 or 11)

and must be have been enabled using the channel select command.

36 The trigger threshold must be a value between the maximum and

minimum legal values for the sensor selected. For example, for the +/-10V probe, legal values are from –10V to +10V.

37 The prestore value must be an integer between 0 and 100%. Any

other values will produce this error message.

38 The external clock parameter is limited to values of 0 or 1. Any other

value will produce this error.

39 The record time parameter is limited to values between 0 and 2. Any

other values will produce this error message.

40 This error will occur when too few parameters are sent in the list. For

example, when setting up an equation with 5 constants, if only 4 are sent, this error will result.

42 The equation channel number must be a 0 to reset equation, or a 1-3

for the analog channels or 11 for the sonic channel. Equation numbers outside of this range will produce this error.

43 The equation number must be in the range of .1 to 12 for analog

channels and either 0 or 13 for the sonic channel. Equation numbers outside of this range will produce this error.

44 The order of the equation must be appropriate for the equation type

selected. For example, an equation order of 5 is not valid for the mixed polynomial equation.

B-2 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Error Number Error Cause

45This error occurred because (1) equations were enabled when sending

Command 1, but the equation was never sent using Command 4, or (2) GET statement was issued before sending Command 4.

49 Invalid units were selected for temperature when sending the

temperature for the sonic to use. Valid values are from 0 to 4.

52 A channel was selected that is not a valid channel. The channel

numbers are 1-3, 11, 21, and 31.

53 A data group was selected that is not valid. Valid values are from 0 to

54 The beginning-of-data selector must be 0 (for start of data) or 1

through the number of points collected. A number outside of this range will produce this error message.

55 The end-of-data selector must be 0 (for end of data) or 1 through the

number of points collected. A number outside of this range will produce this error message. In addition, the end of the data must not be before the beginning of the data.

59 Digital probe has failed to read or write as commanded by the host.

61 An attempt has been made to collect more data than can be stored in

one data collection. This unit has 24K of memory dedicated to data storage, allowing up to 12K samples to be stored. (for example, 3072 samples per channel for 4 channels.) If more than this is attempted, an error will result.

62 This error results when an attempt to return data is made and data has

not been collected.

63 This error results when sending Command 6 and an invalid second

parameter.

76 This error results when sending Command 10 for a channel that does

not have data stored.

77 This error results when sending a Command 10 and selecting an

algorithm that has not been defined.

78 This error results when advanced algorithm is selected and the input

parameters for it are not correct.

80 This error indicates that the battery voltage is too low to safely write

FLASH

memory. The batteries should be replaced immediately for the unit to continue to perform properly.

81 This error indicates that an attempt to write to the

failed and that the This problem can occur under several circumstances including the batteries becoming low after a removing the AC9920 adapter during occurs often, this could indicate a hardware failure.

CBL 2 Technical Reference B-3

memory and an attempt has been made to write to

memory

FLASH

memory did not retain the value written.

FLASH

write has been started (or

FLASH

writes). If the problem

FLASH

Error Number Error Cause

82 This error indicates an attempt was made to change the contents of

FLASH

memory without properly enabling

FLASH

writes.

83 This error indicates that the

attempt to write to the some items from

84 This error indicates an attempt was made to access an item in the

FLASH

85 This error indicates that an attempt was made to access an item that is

in the

86 This error indicates that the archive data type is not one of the data

formats supported. This error can result from trying to archive a data set that has not been properly stored.

87 The data to be archived must be NON-REALTIME data. Real time data

cannot be archived. This error results when trying to archive real time data.

88 This error results when an attempt is made to archive data during

sampling. Archive operations must occur only when the unit is idle.

97 This error indicates an attempt to use a channel that does not exist on

CLB2 (for example, channel 42).

98 This error indicates an undefined error has occurred.

99 This error indicates that the current load on the analog or digital ports

is more than can be supplied by the unit and the power has been turned off to prevent damage. Do not attempt to restart sampling until the problem has been corrected.

memory that does not exist.

FLASH

memory, but hasn’t been properly opened for access.

FLASH

memory and repeat.

memory directory is full and an

memory occurred. If this occurs, delete

B-4 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Appendix C: DataMate Sensor Setup

Default Settings

The table that follows shows the default settings used by the DataMate program. This sensor and calibration information applies only to Vernier and TI sensors. The use of other manufacturers’ sensors may require calibration or the input of that sensor’s calibration information into DataMate.

Note: Default settings apply only when using a single sensor that is connected to Channel 1.

Sample

Short

Sensor Name

Dir connect Temp (C) TEMP(C) -15 110 1 180

Name

Y-Min

Y-Max

Interval

(in seconds)

No. Of

Samples

Dir connect Temp (F) TEMP(F) 0 250 1 180

Extra Long Temp (C) TEMP(C) -50 150 1 180

Stainless Temp (C) TEMP(C) -20 125 1 180

Stainless Temp (F) TEMP(F) -5 260 1 180

Thermocouple (C) TEMP(C) -200 1400 1 180

pH PH 0 14 2 60

Conduct 200 (mS) CONDUCT

(MICS)

Conduct 100(MG/L) TDS(MG/L) 0 100 1 180

Conduct 2000(mS) CONDUCT

(MICS)

Conduct 1000(MG/L) TDS(MG/L) 0 1000 1 180

Conduct 20000(mS) CONDUCT

(MICS)

Conduct 10000(MG/L)

Gas Pressure (KPA) PRESS

TDS(MG/L) 0 10000 1 180

(KPA)

0 200 1 180

0 2000 1 180

0 20000 1 180

50 150 10 90

Gas Pressure (MMHG)

Gas Pressure (ATM) PRESS

Gas Pressure (INHG) PRESS

Pressure (KPA) PRESS

PRESS (MMHG)

(ATM)

(INHG)

(KPA)

400 1200 10 90

0.5 1.6 10 90

065 10 90

0 700 1 180

CBL 2 Technical Reference C-1

Sample

Sensor Name

Short

Name

Y-Min

Y-Max

Interval

(in seconds)

No. Of

Samples

Pressure (ATM) PRESS

(ATM)

Pressure (MMHG) PRESS

(MMHG)

Bio Pressure (KPA) PRESS

(KPA)

Bio Pressure (MMHG) PRESS

(MMHG)

Bio Pressure (ATM) PRESS

(ATM)

Bio Pressure (INHG) PRESS

(INHG)

Dual R Force (5N) FORCE(N) -5 5 0.05 100

Dual R Force (10N) FORCE(N) -10 10 0.05 100

Dual R Force (50N) FORCE(N) -50 50 0.05 100

Student Force (N) FORCE(N) -40 10 0.05 100

EX Heart Rate (BPM) Heart

RT(BPM)

07001180

0 5200 1 180

76 156 10 90

550 1200 10 90

0.75 1.6 10 90

20 50 10 90

45 170 5 180

Heart Rate (BPM) Heart

RT(BPM)

25G Accel (M/S2) ACCEL

Low G Accel (M/S2) ACCEL

Colorimeter ABSOR-

CO2 Gas (PPM) CO2 GAS

CO2 Gas (PPT) CO2 GAS

CBL Microphone MICRO-

ULI Microphone MICRO-

MPLI Microphone MICRO-

TI Light Sensor LIGHT 0 1 0.05 180

(M/S

)

(M/S

)

BANCE

(PPM)

(PPT)

PHONE

45 170 5 180

-250 250 0.05 100

-50 50 0.05 100

0 0.6 5 180

0 5000 10 30

0 5 10 30

0 5 1.00E-04 200

-5 5 1.00E-04 200

C-2 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Sample

Short

Sensor Name

Light 600(LX) LIGHT(LX) 0 600 0.05 180

Light 6000(LX) LIGHT(LX) 0 6000 0.05 180

Light 150000(LX) LIGHT(LX) 0 150000 0.05 180

D. Oxygen (MG/L) DO(MG/L) 4 12 2 60

EKG EKG -0.5 4 0.01 200

CA ISE (MG/L) CA(MG/L) 0 40000 1 180

NH4 ISE (MG/L) NH4(MG/L) 0 18000 1 180

NO3 ISE (MG/L) NO3(MG/L) 0 14000 1 180

CL ISE (MG/L) CL(MG/L) 0 36000 1 180

Name

Y-Min

Y-Max

Interval

(in seconds)

No. Of

Samples

Flow Rate (M/S) FLOW RT

(M/S)

Flow Rate (FT/S) FLOW RT

(FT/S)

Respiration (BPM) RESP RT

(BPM)

Turbidity (NTU) TURBID

(NTU)

C V Current (A) CURRENT

(A)

C V Voltage (V) VOLTAGE

(V)

Voltage L10 to 10 (V) VOLTAGE

(V)

Voltage 0 to 5 (V) VOLTAGE

(V)

Hi Magnet Fld (MT) MAGNET

F(MT)

Hi Magnet Fld (G) MAGNET

F(G)

0 4 1 180

0 13 1 180

0 30 10 180

0 50 1 180

-0.6 0.6 0.1 180

-6 6 0.1 180

-10 10 0.1 180

0 5 0.1 180

-0.32 0.32 0.05 180

3.2 3.2 0.05 180

Lo Magnet Fld (MT) MAGNET

F(MT)

Lo Magnet Fld (G) MAGNET

F(G)

Barometer (KPA) BARO(KPA) 80 110 600 180

Barometer (MMHG) BARO

(MMHG)

-10 5 0.05 180

-100 50 0.05 180

600 800 600 180

CBL 2 Technical Reference C-3

Sample

Sensor Name

Short

Name

Y-Min

Y-Max

Interval

(in seconds)

No. Of

Samples

Barometer (INHG) BARO

(INHG)

Barometer (MBAR) BARO

(MBAR)

Relative Humidity (PCT)

Oxygen Gas (PCT) O2 GAS

Oxygen Gas (PPT) O2 GAS

Custom 0 to 5 (V) CUSTOM 0 5 1 180

Custom L10 to 10 (V) CUSTOM

Motion (M) MOTION

Motion (FT) MOTION

Current Probe (A) CURRENT

Resistance (OHMS) RES

REL HUM (PCT)

(PCT)

(PPT)

(M)

(FT)

(A)

(OHMS)

24 32 600 180

810 1060 600 180

0 100 600 180

15251540

150 250 15 40

10 10 1 180

0 6 0.05 100

1 20 0.05 100

10 10 0.1 180

0 100000 0.1 180

The values in the table are valid for all calculator versions of DataMate except the TI-73, TI-82, TI-83, and TI-92. Because of memory limitations on these calculators, the number of data points is reduced.

♦

For the TI-73, the number of samples will be reduced if it exceeds 100 and multiple samples are set up.

♦

For the TI-82, all default number of samples will be limited to 99 points.

♦

For the TI-83, the number of samples will be reduced if it exceeds 200 points and multiple samples are set up.

C-4 CBL 2 Technical Reference

Texas instruments CBL 2 Technical Reference

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Contents

Introduction

Miscellaneous Reference Information

CBL 2 Software Upgrades

Data Collection Modes

Realtime Sampling

Non-Realtime Sampling

FastMode Sampling

Mode Comparison Table

Beep Sequences

Technical Specifications for Sensors

TI Light Sensor

TI Light Sensor Specifications

Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor

Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor Specifications

Temperature Accuracy

Stainless Steel Temperature Sensor Chemical Tolerance

TI Temperature Sensor Note

TI Voltage Sensor

Auto-ID Sensors

Custom Sensors

Connector Pinouts

Programming the CBL 2

Digital Output Buffer

Digital Output Buffer Example

Triggering and Thresholds

Measuring Period and Frequency

Example: Measuring Frequency

Asynchronous/ Synchronous Triggering versus Record Time

Example

CBL 2 Command Summary

Command 0 Reset CBL 2 RAM

Command 1 Channel Setup

Command 2 Data Type

Command 3 Trigger Setup

Command 4 Conversion Equation Setup (Analog)

Command 4 Sonic Temperature Compensation (Sonic)

Command 5 Data Control

Command 6 System Setup

Command 7 Request System Status

Command 8 Request Channel Status

Command 9 Request Channel Data

Command 10 Advanced Data Reduction

Command 12 Digital Data Capture

Command 102 Power Control Command

Command 115 Check Set-up Information

Command 116 Check Long Sensor Name

Command 117 Check Short Sensor Name

Command 1998 Set LED Command

Command 1999 Sound Command

Command 2001 Direct Output to Digital-Out Port

Command 201Archive Operations Command

Programming Examples

Example 1: Temperature Non-Realtime Data Collection

Example 2: Temperature Realtime Data Collection

Example 3: Distance and Velocity Non-Realtime Data Collection

Example 4: Multiple Channels Non-Realtime Data Collection

Example 5: Conversion Equation Setup (Command 4)

Example 6: Data Control Setup (Command 5)

Example 7: Digital In Data Collection

Example 8: Digital Out

Example 9: CBL 2 LED Display

Example 10: Playing Music on the CBL 2

Example 11: Command 8 Program

Example 12: Command 9 Program

Example 13: Command 10 Program

Example 14: Archive Program (Command 201)

Appendix A: Glossary

Appendix B: CBL 2 Error Messages