Telereader CWR-6850 User guide

CWR-6850

TELEREADER

INSTRUCTION

MANUAL

QUALITY COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT

April, 1982 Printing
Reprint DC7XJ, Feb. 2017

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 1 UNPACKING AND INSPECTION ..................................... 5

CHAPTER 2 SIMPLE HOOK-UP AND OPERATION

2.1 Connections to the CWR-6850 ............................. 7

2.2 Presetting CWR-6850 controls ............................ 8

2.3 Presetting the transceiver controls ...................... 9

2.4 RTTY operation ................................................. 9

2.5 Morse operation ................................................ 10

CHAPTER 3 RECEIVING WITH THE CWR-6850

3.1 Connecting the CWR-6850 to your Receiver ......... 12

3.2 Receiving RTTY signals ...................................... 13

3.3 Low tones or high tones? ................................... 15

3.4 Receiving Morse code ........................................ 17

CHAPTER 4 TRANSMITTING WITH THE CWR-6850

4.1 The keyboard ................................................... 19

4.2 Transmitting features ......................................... 20

4.3 Use of the HERE-IS message .............................. 23

4.4 Special considerations when transmitting Morse ... 26

4.5 Special considerations when transmitting Baudot . 28

4.6 Special considerations when transmitting ASCII ... 30

4.7 HDX / FDX operation ......................................... 33

4.8 The KOS feature ................................................ 34

CHAPTER 5 CONNECTIONS TO THE CWR-6850 ................................ 35

5.1 Normal Amateur Station connections .................. 36

5.2 Use of the TTL Data connections ........................ 37

5.3 Use of the SW-OUT FSK connection .................... 37

5.4 Use of a different keyboard ................................ 38

5.5 Connection of an ASCII Printer ........................... 38

5.6 Connection of an Audio Tape Recorder ................ 39

5.7 RTTY tuning Oscilloscope connections ................. 39

5.8 Using a Television Set as a monitor ..................... 40

5.9 RF-Induced Problems ........................................ 42

CHAPTER 6 IN CASE OF DIFFICULTY

6.1 Care and feeding of your CWR-6850 ................... 47

6.2 Typical operational problems .............................. 48

6.3 Repair Procedures ............................................. 49

6.4 User adjustments .............................................. 50

CHAPTER 7 SPECIFICATIONS ......................................................... 54

APPENDIX A CWR-6850 KEYBOARD CONTROL COMMAND LIST ...........58

APPENDIX B CWR-6850 DISPLAY FORMAT ......................................... 60

ADDENDUM ...................................................................................... 63

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 The CWR-6850 ............................................................ 4

Figure 2 Simplified CWR-6850 Connections ................................. 6

Figure 3 The CWR-6850 keyboard .............................................. 19

Figure 4 Connections to the CWR-6850 ....................................... 35

Figure 5 KOS circuit connections ................................................ 36

Figure 6 Typical Video Detector .................................................. 41

Figure 7 Modified Video Detector ............................................... 41

Figure 8 RFI Reduction techniques ............................................. 42

Figure 9 PFI Power line filters .................................................... 44

Figure 10 Test points and user-adjustable controls ........................ 51

TABLES

TABLE 1 CONTINENTAL MORSE CODE ........................................ 27

TABLE 2 BAUDOT DATA CODE .................................................... 29

TABLE 3 DISPLAY SYMBOLS FOR THE ASCII CODE ...................... 32

TABLE 4 ASCII DATA CODE ........................................................ 33

PAGE 4

INTRODUCTION

This manual describes the installation and operation of the HAL CWR-6850 Telereader Portable
RTTY/CW Terminal. The technical details with schematic diagrams are described in a second publi­cation, the CWR-6850 Customer Maintenance Manual, available separately from HAL Communica­tions Corp. or its designated dealers and representatives.

The features of the CWR-6850 have been designed for convenient and straightforward customer
use; many features are self-explanatory from a close examination of the CWR-6850 front panel,
rear panel, screen display or the keytops. However, like many sophisticated electronic devices,
there are some features and operator techniques which you may not understand until you have
read this manual. You should plan to devote several hours to becoming familiar with your CWR-

6850.

However, there are many hobbyists, including the writer, who are eager to try the new "gadget"
and lack the patience to plow through chapters of technical talk without at least turning it on and
trying out something. Therefore, for the eager and impatient new owners, we offer Chapter 2 –
SIMPLE HOOK-UP AND OPERATION. After you have your CWR-6850 running as described in Chap­ter 2, please then sit down and read the rest of the manual; you'll find the CWR-6850 will do a lot
more things than can be outlined in the simplified instructions.

Please note the contents of APPENDIX A and APPENDIX B in particular. You will probably refer
these pages often as you study this manual.

Figure 1 The CWR-6850

(On this picture a newer keyboard is shown as described in this manual)

CHAPTER 1 PAGE 5

CHAPTER 1

UNPACKING AND INSPECTION

When you unpack your CWR-6850, carefully inspect the shipping carton and each cabinet for ship­ping damage. Any evidence of shipping damage should be immediately reported to your supplying
dealer or shipping carrier. Be sure to save all packing materials if damage is found – the shipping
carrier will want to inspect them for any insurance claim. Before discarding the packing materials
check that all parts and accessories are accounted for. Check the accessories against the following
list. If any are found missing, double-check the packing for loose parts and then notify either your
dealer or HAL Communications Corp. of the shortage. Please specify the HAL part number!

Accessory parts:

1 - 333-10000 DC Power Cord
4 - 310-35012 Phono Pin Plug
1 - 770-20009 2 Ampere fuse
1 - 333-00030 Mini-phone Plug
1 - 870-06850 CWR-6850 USER MANUAL

In addition to the furnished accessories listed above, you may wish to purchase the mating printer
connector, HAL No. 332-12000, for $10.00 each.

CHAPTER 2 PAGE 6

CHAPTER 2 PAGE 7

CHAPTER 2

SIMPLE HOOK-UP AND OPERATION

Although there are many features of the CWR-6850 explained in this manual, you may wish to first
"plug-it-in" and "try-it-out" without reading the whole book. This section of the manual presents
enough information to start using the CWR-6850, but you will eventually need to read Chapters 3,
4 and 5 to take full advantage of the many conveniences included in your CWR-6850.

2.1 Connections to the CWR-6850

Refer to Figure 2 and notice the various connections you may make to and from the CWR-6850.
For a start, it is recommended that you make the following connections at the present and leave
the other connections until after you have read Chapters 3, 4 and 5.

1. Connect a good ground wire (1/4" shield braid preferred) between the CWR-6850 cabi­net, transceiver cabinet and all other station equipment cabinets.

2. Connect a shielded audio cable between the receiver speaker (audio) output and the
CWR-6850 AF IN - RX connector.

3. Connect a shielded audio cable between the transmitter microphone audio input and
the CWR-6850 AFSK OUT - TX connector. Check your transmitter manual – some trans­mitters have +12 VDC on the mike input lead to run remote controls; use a 1 µF block­ing capacitor at the mike connector to prevent damage to such a transmitter.

4. Connect a shielded audio cable between the transmitter push-to-talk input and the
CWR-6850 SW.OUT - REMOTE connector. (Steps 3 and 4 may be combined in a 2 con­ductor "stereo" cable with the transmitter end connected to a microphone connector;
these steps are only necessary if you intend to transmit during these preliminary tests.)

5. Connect the keyboard to the CWR-6850.

6. Connect the CWR-6850 DC power cord to a source of well-filtered DC voltage between

12.0 and 14.5 Volts. The CWR-6850 draws approximately 1.6 Amperes; the battery or
DC supply should be capable of supplying this current CONTINUOUSLY.

*** CAUTION ***

Be sure that you connect the RED wire to the POSITIVE terminal and the BLACK wire to the NEGA­TIVE terminal of the power source. Serious damage may be caused to both the CWR-6850 and the
power supply if the proper polarity is not observed! Do not turn on the power at this time.

CHAPTER 2 PAGE 8

2.2 Presetting CWR-6850 Controls

Before applying any power to the transceiver or the CWR-6850, preset its switches as follows:

RESET ON = Press and release
FILTER ON = Off (button out)
SPACE / NARROW = Off (button out)
CWID A / CWID B = CWID B (button in)
DISPLAY: PAGE ON = No action at present (button out)

MODE A / MODE B = MODE A (button out)

CW / RTTY = RTTY (button in)
ASCII / BAUDOT = BAUDOT (button in)
LTR ON = No action at present (button out)
FIG ON = No action at present (button out)
LOCK - U.O.S. ON = ON (button in)
NOR / REV = NOR (button out)

BAUD = 45.5 (left button in; others out)

SHIFT = 170 (left button in; others out)
TONE = LOW (right button in)
RX / TAPE = RX (button out)

INPUT (slide control) = 5 (mid-position)
VOLUME (slide control) = 5 (mid position)
SPEED (slide control) = 5 (mid position)
FINE (slide control) = 0 (detent at mid-position)

SEND / AUTO / RECEIVE = RECEIVE (lever down)

ON / POWER = ON (lever up)

FSK DEMOD (rear panel) = INT
AFSK GAIN (rear panel) = Maximum clockwise rotation
BRIGHT (rear panel) = Maximum clockwise rotation

After the cathode ray tube (CRT) has "warmed-up" you should see the following features on the
screen:

1. Top portion of the screen blank except for a solid green square on the left side about 8
lines up from the bottom. This is the receive cursor and will indicate where the received
text will be displayed.

2. Three rows of dots at the bottom of the screen. This is the "top portion" of the transmit
buffer. Each dot represents one character position. Type a few characters and notice
how they are displayed; erase them with the BS (Back Space) key.

3. A reverse video number "1" 4 lines up from the bottom of the display. The number "1"
on the extreme right-hand side indicates the page number presently being viewed. The
page number (0 to 3) is always indicated in reverse video on the extreme right of the
screen. Try pressing the DISPLAY - PAGE button on the CWR-6850. The screen format
will change and the reverse video character will change from "1" to "0". Each press of
the PAGE button cycles the display between page 1 and page 0. Next, push the MODE

CHAPTER 2 PAGE 9

A/MODE B button in (selecting MODE B) and try cycling the PAGE button several times.
Now you can see all for pages of the display in sequence. The meaning of the different
formats will be explained as we progress through receive and transmit applications of
the CWR-6850. After experimenting with the PAGE and MODE buttons, reset to MODE A
(button out) and PAGE "1" on the screen. The screen and page format are explained in
APPENDIX B.

4. A letter "P" appears on the same line as the reverse video page number. This letter is a
status indicator, showing that the printer output has been turned on. You may turn the
printer on and off by typing "CTRL-P" on the keyboard (press and hold CTRL key while
pressing and releasing the P key – just like a SHIFT key on a typewriter). After experi­menting with CTRL-P, set the printer back to the "ON" condition (letter "P" on screen).
Special control features of the CWR-6850 are indicated by appropriate letters placed on
this line. These features will be explained in detail later in this manual; the commands
are listed in APPENDIX A.

2.3 Presetting the Transceiver Controls

Preset your transceiver controls as follows:

FREQUENCY: 14.075 to 14.100 MHz
ANTENNA: Antenna for above frequency range
MODE: LSB (lower sideband) *
PASSBAND TUNING: LSB
RECEIVER AGC: ON – SLOW
RCVR SELECTIVITY: 2 kHz – voice bandwidth
RCVR RF GAIN: Maximum
XMTR MIC. GAIN: Minimum
XMTR VOX: Off
POWER SWITCH: On
RCVR AUDIO VOL: Comfortable Level

* Use RTTY on Drake TR7; LSB on all other transceivers

You should now be able to tune signals on the receiver and hear them either on the receiver
speaker or through the internal speaker of the CWR-6850. If you are using the internal CWR-6850
speaker, use the INPUT control on the CWR-6850 to control the volume.

2.4 RTTY Operation

Tune the receiver for a RTTY signal ("deedle-deedle" noise). RTTY tuning is shown by the MARK
and SPACE LEDs flash alternately as the RTTY signal tone changes back and forth between mark
and space signal conditions. As you tune past the RTTY signal, you will notice that first one light
and then the other flashes to the signal; optimum tuning is the setting that causes both to flash.
With some practice, this is very easy to do. When the receiver tuning is correctly set, you should
start seeing understandable text on the screen. If not, check that all CWR-6850 and transceiver
settings are correct; then try the NOR/REV switch and various speeds and shifts.

CHAPTER 2 PAGE 10

To transmit RTTY, make sure that the XMIT AUDIO GAIN control (of the transmitter) is set to mini­mum, turn the transmitter on with either its TX ON control or use the CWR-6850 SEND switch (lev­er up). Increase the XMIT AUDIO GAIN until some RF output is obtained, tune the transmitter if
necessary and set the XMIT AUDIO GAIN to the recommended power level for RTTY (see your
transmitter manual). After tuning and adjusting, turn off the transmitter with the transmitter
switch or switch the CWR-6850 to RECEIVE (lever down). Type the text to be transmitted on the
CWR-6850 keyboard – it will be displayed on the bottom three lines of the screen (dotted line
area). When you are ready to transmit, move the CWR-6850 switch to AUTO (lever middle posi­tion) and type "CTRL-A" ("A" character appears on status line with the "P" character). The KOS
(Keyboard Operated Switch) circuit of the CWR-6850 will turn the transmitter on and the text will
be transmitted. The transmitter will turn off automatically when all of the text has been transmit­ted; additional typing of text will turn the transmitter back on and the new text will then be trans­mitted (after a short delay to allow transmitter relays to switch). You may listen to the output RTTY
tones through the CWR-6850 sidetone monitor system, controlled with the VOLUME slide control.
The transmit text may be stopped at any time by switching to RECEIVE or by typing "CTRL-A"
again (or with "CTRL-X").

The transmit section of the CWR-6850 is placed in "continuous mode" when it is first turned on;
that is, characters are transmitted one-at-a-time, as the are typed. Word mode can also be used
by first typing "CTRL-Y" ("Y" character appears on the status line). Now, text is transmitted a word
at a time, allowing you to back-up and correct spelling errors before they are transmitted. The last
word typed is not released to be transmitted until after you have typed a space bar character.
Word mode and other transmit features are discussed in detail in Chapter 4. Programming and use
of the HERE IS and CWID memory features are discussed in section 4.3 of this manual.

2.5 Morse Operation

To use the CWR-6850 for Morse code reception, change the CW / RTTY button to CW (button out).
Leave the transceiver mode in LSB for the present and tune to a Morse code signal. When the re­ceiver is correctly tuned, the audio beat note will be approximately 800 Hz and the CW LED on the
CWR-6850 front panel will flash in sync with the key-down condition of the signal You may monitor
the code as processed by the CWR-6850 by adjusting the VOLUME slide control; the Morse decod­ing circuit drives the internal sidetone oscillator. Since the sidetone oscillator is set to approximate­ly 800 Hz, you may compare its frequency to that of the received signal by adjusting the two slide
controls INPUT and VOLUME, and tuning the receiver until they match. The INPUT control adjusts
the volume of the received signal and VOLUME adjust the volume of the regenerated side-tone
output. This technique gives a very accurate way of optimizing the tuning. You should now see a
display of the received Morse code signal.

If the CW signal you are listening to is weak or if interference is strong, try using the CW filter in
the receiver, if one is available. Most transceivers couple the mode switch to the filter selection, so
you may have to switch now to CW MODE on the transceiver. When switching to CW from LSB
mode, you will probably have to return the receiver to maintain reception of the desired CW signal.
Be sure that the CWR-6850 switch is set to RECEIVE before switching to CW to avoid inadvertent
operation of the transmitter. The CWR-6850 itself has a narrow-bandwidth PLL (phase-lock-loop)
filter that may be used in addition to that in the receiver. To use the CWR PLL CW filter, push the
FILTER ON button in. This filter considerably narrows the audio bandwidth of the CWR-6850 (to
approximately 80 Hz) and the CW detection circuitry will no longer "track" the frequency of a drift­ing Morse code signal. Use the PLL filter only when noise and interference are causing poor
"copy". The CWR-6850 [ SPACE / NARROW ] button may be depressed to compensate for signals
with incorrect letter and word spacing, reducing the space required between words for display of a
space on the screen. This feature may cause interpretation errors in the display of Morse charac­ters and should be used sparingly!

CHAPTER 2 PAGE 11

To transmit Morse code, connect a shielded cable between the CWR-6850 SW.OUT - CW jack and
the CW KEY connection on the transmitter and set the CW level to the desired transmitter power
output. Now, transmit Morse code in the same manner as explained above for RTTY, using the
SEND or AUTO switch positions and "CTRL-A" or "CTRL-X" commands to turn the transmitted data
on or off. The "CTRL-D" command may also be used when transmitting Morse code to give 25 %
extension of the dash length, effectively decreasing the "weight" (and speed) of the transmitted
signal. Set the CWID A / CWID B switch to "A" (button out) for CW identification.

Now that the basic operations of the CWR-6850 have been explored, sit back and read the rest of
this manual.

CHAPTER 3 PAGE 12

CHAPTER 3

RECEIVING WITH THE CWR-6850

3.1 Connecting the CWR-6850 to your receiver

Connecting the CWR-6850 to your receiver can be extremely simple – just hook a cable between
the receiver audio output (external speaker or phone patch output jacks) and the "AF IN - RX"
connector on the CWR-6850 rear panel. Most receivers can be connected with a standard "high-fi­delity" phono-to-phono cable, available at all "HI-FI" shops (some receiver external speaker jacks
may require an adapter, so check out your receiver before you buy the cable). Or, if you like to
make cables, use the phono plugs supplied in the CWR-6850 accessories. By all means, use shield­ed cables – this will reduce the chances of RFI from the linear when you start transmitting! The
CWR-6850 has been designed to work well directly from the low-impedance speaker output. Refer
to Figure 2 in the previous chapter for these simple CWR-6850 connections; full connections are
found in Figure 5 in Chapter 5.

The CWR-6850 includes its own monitor speaker so that you may continue to listen to the receiver
output even if the receiver's internal speaker is disconnected when you connect the CWR-6850.
The left-hand vertical slide control (INPUT) on the front panel controls this monitor volume level. If
you wish, an external speaker may also be connected to the "EXT SP" jack on the CWR685 rear
panel.

Even though we are just thinking about receiving at the present, this is a good time to put in a
good ground between the receiver and CWR-6850. Use a short, low-inductance wire, preferably a
¼" or wider piece of shield braid. Make the ground lead as short as convenient, direct from the
CWR-6850 cabinet to the receiver (or transceiver) ground terminal. Again, this is most important
for transmitter RFI protection, but it may also prevent receive RFI problems. By all means, if you
are using an AC power supply, USE GROUNDING TYPE AC OUTLETS – or add a ground wire be­tween the power supply cabinet and good water-pipe ground – this is a safety measure that does
not replace the need for a good RF ground.

Finally, connect power to the receiver and CWR-6850 and turn-on the power switches to each.
Proper settings for the CWR6880 front panel switches will discussed in the next section. You may
also wish to refer to APPENDIX B at the rear of this manual for explanation of the display page ar­rangement of the CWR-6850.

CHAPTER 3 PAGE 13

3.2 Receiving RTTY signals

As a first step, preset the CWR-6850 front panel switches as follows:

RESET ON = Press and release
FILTER ON = Off (button out)
SPACE / NARROW = Off (button out)
CWID A / CWID B = CWID B (button in)
DISPLAY: PAGE ON = No action at present (button out)

MODE A / MODE B = MODE A (button out)

CW / RTTY = RTTY (button in)
ASCII / BAUDOT = BAUDOT (button in)
LTR ON = No action at present (button out)
FIG ON = No action at present (button out)
LOCK - U.O.S. ON = ON (button in)
NOR / REV = NOR (button out)

BAUD = 45.5 (left button in; others out)

SHIFT = 850 (right button in; others out)
TONE = LOW (right button in)
RX / TAPE = RX (button out)

INPUT (slide control) = 5 (mid-position)
VOLUME (slide control) = 5 (mid-position)
SPEED (slide control) = 5 (mid-position)
FINE (slide control) = 0 (detent at mid-position)

SEND / AUTO / RECEIVE = RECEIVE (lever down)

ON / POWER = ON (lever up)

FSK DEMOD (rear panel) = INT
AFSK GAIN (rear panel) = Maximum clockwise rotation
BRIGHT (rear panel) = Maximum clockwise rotation

After the cathode ray tube (CRT) has "warmed-up" you should see the following features on the
screen:

1. Blank upper section of screen except for receive cursor on left side approximately 8
lines up from bottom. The cursor is a solid green square, indicating the position at
which received text will be first displayed.

2. Three rows of dots at the bottom of the screen representing part of the transmit buffer
storage area. Transmit features are discussed in more detail in Chapter 4.

3. A reverse video number "1" in the lower right section of the screen, indicating display
of page 1. Display pages will be discussed in greater detail in the following sections.

4. A letter "P" to the left of the reverse video page number. The "P" signifies that the
printer output is enabled. Other status indicator letters will be displayed in this line as
various options are invoked.

CHAPTER 3 PAGE 14

If all these indicators are as described, your CWR-6850 is functioning properly; if not, re-check
your front panel switch settings.

Now, preset your receiver for the following conditions:

FREQUENCY: 14.075 to 14.100 MHz
ANTENNA: Antenna for above frequency range
MODE: LSB (lower sideband) *
PASSBAND TUNING: LSB
AGC: ON – SLOW
SELECTIVITY: 2 kHz – normal SSB voice bandwidth
RF GAIN: Maximum
AUDIO GAIN: Comfortable listening level – see following discussion

* Use RTTY on Drake TR7; LSB on all other transceivers

Turn up the volume control of the receiver for a comfortable listening level from the CWR-6850 in­ternal monitor speaker. Leave the receiver set for this volume and use the INPUT slide control for
further speaker volume adjustments.

If your receiver has an internal crystal calibrator, turn it on and tune the receiver to it so that you
get a 1 – 3 kHz audio beat note. If you do not have a crystal calibrator, tune the frequency until
you get a beat note on the carrier signal. There are two different types of tuning indicators you
may use when tuning RTTY signals on the CWR860:

1. The MARK and SPACE LEDs on the front panel.

2. A crossed-ellipse indication on an external X-Y oscilloscope (connected to the OSCILLO

- MARK and SPACE rear panel connectors).

We will experiment with the first technique at this time; the external scope can be tried at a later
time (see Chapter 5).

Tune your receiver frequency and notice that, as the beat note frequency changes, the MARK and
SPACE LEDs will alternately turn on as you tune through their filters. You will need to tune slowly
and carefully since the mark and space filters differ in frequency by only 850 Hz. Note that the
lower frequency audio tone (at 1275 Hz) turns on the MARK light; the higher frequency tone (2125
Hz) turns on the SPACE light. Therefore, a correctly tuned RTTY signal will be indicated by alter­nate flickering of MARK and SPACE LEDs.

Next, turn-off the receiver calibrator (or tune away from the carrier) and select 170 shift (170
SHIFT button in). Tune the receiver while listening through the CWR-6850 monitor speaker until
you find a moderately strong amateur RTTY signal (identified by the characteristic "deedle-deedle"
tones). With careful tuning you should be able to tune so that the MARK and SPACE light flicker al­ternately. You should now see understandable text on the screen. If you don't, try the NORM / RE­VERSE switch – if this corrects the reception, double check your receiver settings to be sure you
are really are receiving LSB and not USB. If this doesn't give you a good "print", try increasing the
CWR-6850 speed, trying both NORM and REV polarities for each speed. If you still can't make
sense out of the display, try the ASCII code at 110 baud, either polarity. If all the combinations of
MODE, SPEED and NORM / REV fail, tune to another station, you have probably tuned-in an en­crypted signal! Tune around the 20 meter amateur band and get used to tuning-in RTTY signals.
It's difficult at first, but becomes much easier with some practice.

CHAPTER 3 PAGE 15

If you have a general coverage receiver, you may now wish to try receiving short-wave press RTTY
signals. Commercial press RTTY stations can often be found on frequencies around: 5.2 MHz, 5.4
MHz, 5.8 MHz, 6.8 MHz, 7.5 MHz, 7.8 MHz, 8.0 MHz, 9.0 MHz, 9.4 MHz, 9.8 MHz, 10.2 MHz, 10.5
MHz, 10.8 MHz, 11.1 MHz, 11.5 MHz, 12.2 MHz, 13.5 MHz, 14.5 MHz, 14.9 MHz, 15.5 MHz, 15.9
MHz, 16,2 MHz, 16.4 MHz, 17.3 MHz, 17.5 MHz, 18.2 MHz, 18.4 MHz, 18.7 MHz and 19.0 to 20.5
MHz (plus others!). Commercial RTTY stations will operate with either 850 or 425 Hz shift and may
have speeds of 45 (60 wpm), 50 (67 wpm), 57 (75 wpm) or 74 (100 wpm) baud Baudot code. The
signals may be of either signal polarity, so try both NORM and REV conditions. There may be a few
commercial press stations operating at 110 baud ASCII also. Tuning these commercial stations will
require some patience due to the wide variety of shifts, speeds and polarities used.

The receive non-overprint feature will automatically place characters on the next line of the screen
if more than 32 characters are received between line feed characters. To further prevent overprint,
the receive section ignores all received carriage return (CR) characters and always executes a car­riage return and line feed (LF) whenever a LF character is received. A space may be displayed
when the CR character only is received.

3.3 Low tones or high tones?

So far we have only used one of the two possible CWR-6850 demodulator combinations. You may
wish to switch to the RTTY "high-tone" option – push the HIGH / LOW button in. The "high tones"
(for higher-frequency audio tones) are really the traditional standard U.S. RTTY tones, used since
the early days of amateur RTTY. The "low tones" are the IARU international standard and are used
extensively in most other countries of the world. When receiving (or transmitting) on the HF bands
(3–30 MHz), either set of tones will work since you tune the receiver to produce the desired beat
note frequency. However, when AFSK modulation is added to an FM or AM signal, you must be
prepared to receive the same tone frequencies as those used by the transmitting station (the AM
or FM receiver does not use a BFO to produce the audio tone). In the United States, the long­standing VHF AFSK tone standard has been to use the "high tones" (2125 Hz mark and 2295,
2550 or 2975 Hz space); you must use a high-tone demodulator to be compatible! In Europe, in
particular, the reverse standard is developing – the IARU "low tone" (1275 Hz mark and 1445,
1700 or 2125 Hz space) is the standard to be observed. The two system are basically incompatible
for VHF AFSK operation! Due to low-pass filter parameters, use of data rates greater than 110
BAUD is not recommended when "high" or "low" tone demodulator combinations are used; an ex­ternal modem should be used for transmissions at 300 baud.

Each tone set has its advantages and disadvantages – the CWR-6850 lets you choose the optimum
combination for your station. Some of the considerations for each tone set are as follows:

HIGH TONES (Mark = 2125 Hz, Space = 2295, 2550 or 2975 Hz):

Advantages:

1. High tones are the U.S. VHF AFSK standard – their use is required for compatibi­lity when operating VHF AFSK in the U.S. A high tone demodulator may be used
for both VHF and HF use in the United States.

2. When high tones are used on HF, using tones into a LSB transmitter audio input
(microphone or phone patch input – see Chapter 4), there may be fewer prob­lems with spurious signals (usually due to overdriving the transmitter audio
stages). Since the tone frequencies are high, the harmonics and most distortion
products occur at audio frequencies beyond the audio passband of the transmit­ter and should therefore not be transmitted.

CHAPTER 3 PAGE 16

Disadvantages:

1. The relatively high audio frequencies used in the high tone set may not fall with­in the audio frequency response of the receiver or transmitter. In general, the
standard amateur shift, 170 Hz, will pass most current receivers and transmit­ters (the Collins S-Line is an exception). However, few pieces of equipment will
pass the tones for both receiving and transmitting 425 or 850 shift with high
tones (the Drake TR-7 is an exception). The use of high tone demodulators for
HF RTTY is therefore restricted to transmission of just 170 shift and only receiv­ers incorporating either a variable BFO or passband tuning will receive all three
shifts.

2. High tones are not the IARU standard and will not be compatible with VHF AFSK
in many countries of the world.

LOW TONES (Mark = 1275 Hz, Space = 1445, 1700 or 2125 Hz):

Advantages:

1. Low tones are the IARU international standard and their use assures compatibili­ty with VHF AFSK operations in many areas of the world.

2. Low tones can be used with virtually all SSB receivers and transmitters for all
three standard shifts. Variable BFO or passband tuning features are not required
to assure good reception of 425 and 850 Hz shift stations.

Disadvantages:

1. Low tones are not compatible with existing U.S. VHF AFSK operations. Since
there is a great deal of high tone AFSK equipment already in use in the United
States and neighboring countries, it is unreasonable to expect that the U.S.
standard will shift to low tones.

2. When low tones are used with a LSB transmitter to generate F1 RTTY emission
(see Chapter 4), there is a strong probability that over-driving the transmitter
audio and modulator stages will result in spurious harmonics and the mixer
products that will be radiated. Of course, these problems will not occur if the au­dio drive level is properly set.

Although you may develop your own personal preferences, we recommend that you consider the
following operating conditions as a starting point:

In the United States:

Use HIGH tones for all VHF AFSK amateur communications and for normal 170 Hz shift HF
operation; use LOW tones when receiving HF commercial RTTY stations unless you have a
receiver with a variable pitch BFO or with IF passband tuning. The exception applies to use
of the older Collins S-Line equipment – use LOW tones for all HF operations, amateur or
commercial.

In Europe (and all other areas where IARU standards apply):

Use LOW tones exclusively for both VHF AFSK and HF operations. The only exception would
be when you communicate with another VHF AFSK station who is using HIGH tones.

CHAPTER 3 PAGE 17

3.4 Receiving Morse Code

Morse Code reception with the CWR-6850 requires very little change in switch settings from those
used for RTTY in section 3.2; just change the CW / RTTY to CW from RTTY and retune the receiver
to a CW (Morse code) signal. Refer to the tables in section 3.2 for the rest of the switch settings.
Use USB or LSB for CW reception now and do NOT select the narrow CW filter at this time. Tune
the receiver to the CW segment of the 14 MHz band, 14.000 to 14.080 MHz.

There are two tuning monitors available to indicate correct receiver tuning for Morse reception –
the CW LED on the CWR-6850 front panel and audio tone frequency comparison using the internal
audio monitor. The CWR-6850 receive circuit is designed to lock onto an 800 Hz tone, so tune your
receiver until the CW LED flashes in sync with the CW signal (key down = tone on = LED on).
When the CWR-6850 is receiving CW signals, the filtered and detected Morse data is connected to
both the microprocessor for decoding and to the CW side-tone oscillator. Thus the received CW
signal is regenerated in the CWR-6850 and you may listen to the processed signal simply by ad­justing the VOLUME slide control. Also, since the CW side-tone is set to 800 Hz, the desired receive
CW tone, you can do a very accurate frequency comparison between the receiver signal and the
regenerated signal by varying the two slide controls INPUT and VOLUME. Try this on a few signals
– you will soon find out that Morse tuning can be very easy.

The CWR-6850 includes two internal filtering systems that may be used for reception on Morse
code. The first filter is an active bandpass filter, centered at 800 Hz with a -6 dB bandwidth of 150
Hz. Normally, this is all the filtering you will need to receive Morse code. A second PLL (phase­locked-loop) filter may be used that has a lock-range of ± 80 Hz, a "bandwidth" similar to that of
the active filter. However, due to the fact the PLL will abruptly cease tracking a signal whose fre­quency exceeds the tracking range, the effective "skirts" of the CWR-6850 with PLL in use are very
steep; the PLL filter will provide any response to a signal frequency beyond its tracking range.
Therefore, tuning a CW signal may be considerably more difficult when the PLL filter is used. The
PLL filter does, however, offer a considerable improvement in received S/N (signal to noise) dis­crimination and will track the frequency of a drifting CW signal (within the lock range). The PLL fil­er may give false reproduction in the face of a strong interference since it will lock on the stron­gest signal within its lock frequency range. On the other hand, the PLL filter may provide a consid­erable improvement in the "copy" of a weak, noisy signal. The active CW filter stage is always used
for CW reception; the PLL filter may be selected by pressing the SPACE FILTER button in. If a re­ceiver with a narrow CW filter and passband IF tuning is used, a great number of signal selection
and rejection techniques can be used to isolate your desired receive signal. Tuning indicators that
are used for RTTY are not used in Morse reception; only the CW LED is used for CW tuning, al­though you may "match" the incoming signal tone with that of the CWR-6850's internal sidetone
monitor as explained above.

After you have mastered tuning of Morse code signal, you may notice that what shows up on the
screen doesn't always make the best of sense at first glance! This is usually due to the fact that
human operators often send imperfect code! When we copy Morse code with our ears and decode
in our brains, we can be adaptive and translate what the sending operator "meant to send" instead
of what actually was sent. The most blatant examples of this are run-together characters and in­correct spacing between letters an words. It is very easy for the transmitting operator to get in a
hurry and run some letters together - particularly on something he's transmitted often like "CQ" or
his own call. Since we are also good Morse operators who have sent "CQ" and call letters often, we
adapt when receiving by ear and interpret what was intended. The microprocessor, on the other
hand, is looking for some long CW character ( like –·–·––·– for CQ) that doesn't exist: it therefore
displays the underline character ( _ ) to show that an unintelligible Morse combination has been
received. The CWR-6850 SPACE NARROW button may be depressed in such a case to attempt to
recover the run-together code. When SPACE NARROW is used, the basis for judging character and
word space is shorted to 1½ dot units, rather than 3. This feature may improve the "copy" of hand

CHAPTER 3 PAGE 18

sent CW but may also distort or garble copy of properly sent CW. When SPACE NARROW is select­ed, the CWR-6850 also may not track sudden changes in received CW WPM rates, particularly if a
decrease in speed of more than 12 % is encountered. Use the SPACE NARROW feature only if run­together characters are suspected as the cause of distorted reception.

Similarly, it is a very common thing to insert longer than normal pauses between letters, especially
when using a hand key to send Morse. The computer interprets these pauses as spaces between
words and puts a space on the screen. When receiving by ear, we tend to group the letters re­ceived into recognizable words, ignoring irregularities in spacing.

In these two cases in particular, the computer is a severe critic and "prints 'em as it hears 'em"! On
the other hand, the Morse decoding programs are very tolerant of weight variations and will usual­ly correctly decipher a heavy "swing fist" (sometimes called a "Lake Erie swing"), This type of "in­terface timing" problem will occur with all computer decoding of hand-sent Morse code, much as it
will on RTTY if improper or irregular timing is used.

You may notice that sometimes the Morse reception appears to stop or be "locked-up". This is usu­ally caused by reception of a carrier for some period of time. The automatic speed tracking pro­gram of the CWR-6850 interprets the long carrier as very slow CW and adjust the speed tracking
system for very very slow Morse code. The CWR-6850 will readjust the speed tracking back up to
the correct signal speed. You will now receive a few "T" and "E" characters as the speed readjusts.

Also, Morse code reception is particularly susceptible to interference when the transmitting sta­tion's key is up (between dots or between letters and words). comparing RTTY and Morse techni­ques for the moment, recall that the RTTY signal is sent by frequency shifting a signal (the RF sig­nal for HF and audio tone for VHF AFSK), for either mark or space RTTY data conditions, there is a
definite signal transmitted. On Morse code, the transmitter carrier is turned on when the key is
down (mark), but when the key is up (space), there is no signal to be received; your receiver and
particularly the automatic Morse detection circuits are now "wide-open" to reception of noise, oth­er signals etc. This is a basic disadvantage of the on-off A1 type emission we use for Morse versus
the F1 or F3 emission we use for RTTY. If we used F1, frequency shift keying, for Morse transmis­sion (as do many commercial networks), automatic CW reception would be much improved. Here
again, when we copy CW by ear, we are adaptive and "tune-out" interference and noise in the
pauses between dots and dashes; the computer looks at all signals!

Therefore, it is not realistic to assume that the computer will do all the work of Morse reception for
you, especially when receiving less than perfect CW! On the other hand, if you tune to another
station using a keyboard or a professional CW operator (such as on the ship-to-shore frequencies),
the CWR-6850 will display received Morse with close to RTTY-like perfection.

If your receiver has a narrow-bandwidth CW filter, you may now wish to try it for CW reception.
Tuning the signal will be a lot more critical, but you may improve the "copy" noticeably if interfer­ence has been a problem. Conversely, the narrow filter may actually degrade the copy, especially if
the narrow filter "rings" on noise! The degree of problem caused by filter ringing varies with the fil­ter, receiver and noise conditions, so you will want to experiment with your own equipment. Often,
the effects of noise, both with or without a narrow filter, can be minimized be reducing the RF gain
control until the AGS no longer controls the receiver gain, increasing the receiver volume control as
required to maintain copy. This technique, of course, makes the receiver system more active par­ticipation on your part in adjustment of the RF gain control. Good Morse reception will require
some patience and practice until you "get the hang of it".

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 19

CHAPTER 4

TRANSMITTING WITH THE CWR-6850

This section of the manual will discuss the transmitting feature of the CWR-6850. Extensive use
will be made of transmitting using the Morse mode and the CWR-6850's internal side-tone monitor
to illustrate various transmit actions. Unless otherwise noted, all actions demonstrated while in
Morse mode also apply to RTTY modes.

4.1 The Keyboard

The keyboard for the CWR-6850 is a small separate unit, attached to the CWR-6850 through a flex­ible cord. This keyboard can be placed on the operating table, or you may prefer to try the "easy
chair" approach, holding the keyboard in your lap.

Figure 3 The CWR-6850 Keyboard

As shown in Figure 3, the keyboard has 55 keys, arranged similar to those of a standard typewriter
with "extra" control keys to the left and right of the alphanumeric group. Two, three or four differ­ent characters may be typed by using the SHIFT, CTRL (control) or SHIFT with CTRL keys in con­junction with the gray keys. The actual characters of functions generated with each combination
varies to some degree with the code selected (ASCII, BAUDOT or MORSE); details of these special
combinations will be explained more fully in later sections of this manual.

In general, use the keyboard as you would a typewriter, making use of the SHIFT key when re­quired. For example, typing on just the "1" key will enter a number 1 for transmitting; SHIFT-"1"
would enter an exclamation point "!". As on a typewriter, hold the SHIFT down while striking the
second key. Similarly, when ASCII is used, striking "G" will enter a lower case "g", SHIFT-"G" an
upper case "G" and CTRL-"G" will transmit the code for the bell signal. The double combination
SHIFT- CTRL-"G" produces the same output as "CTRL-G" (bell). Note: upper and lower case letter
are only available in ASCII code when the LOCK U.O.S. / ON button is OUT; only upper case let­ters are available in Baudot and CW.

The standard alphabet, numbers and punctuation symbols are all located on gray colored keytops;
the blue keys are for control or special uses. The BS (Back Space) allows you to edit any errors
you may have made while typing. Each operation of the BS key will back-up the keyboard cursor
one space, removing any characters previously occupying that position. Note that the function of
the BS key and the RUB OUT key is different. Use BS for editing; the RUB OUT key generates the
ASCII RUB OUT (DELETE) command. Use of the RUB OUT key is discussed in more detail in sec­tion 4.3.

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 20

4.2 Transmit Features

In addition to the features discussed above with regard to the keyboard, the CWR-6850 with key­board offers many transmit features, giving a great deal of operational flexibility. These features
will be discussed in detail throughout this chapter, but here is a summary of the most important
ones.

Text typed on the keyboard can be entered into the CWR-6850 in a form of "split-screen" mode.
Three lines of transmit text are shown on page 1 and all fifteen lines are shown on display page 2.
Any or all of these lines of transmit "buffer" may be typed while receiving.

An automatic transmit-receive control circuit is provided so that the CWR-6850 can control the
transmit-receive operation of the station, turning the transmitter on when text is to be transmitted
and off when transmission is complete. The KOS feature (for Keyboard Operated Switch) is dis­cussed in Section 4.13.

The CWR-6850 can Transmit (and receive) from various I/O (Input/Output) devices using several
different I/O interfaces. For example, data can be interfaced from audio sources (receiver, trans­mitter, tape recorder) or with TTL data connections (computer, some machine and modems). Use
these I/O connections is discussed in Chapter 5.

To demonstrate use of the transmit features, we will use the CW (Morse code) mode, listening to
the CWR-6850 sidetone monitor. For the present, a transmitter connection will not be required.
Please set-up the CWR-6850 front panel switches as shown on the following page.

You may notice that a switch setting is given for all switches, even though many have no effect in
CW mode; these switch settings will be used for the RTTY explanations that follow this section.

Press and release the RESET button on the CWR-6850 to clear-out any text that may remain on
the screen. Now, type a line of text on the keyboard – such as "Now is the time for all good men"
(do not use the RETURN or LF keys at this time). Notice how the text you've typed is displayed on
the top lines of dots at the bottom of the screen. Also note that all the letters typed are capitalized
– this is because there is no upper/lower case in Morse code; Baudot is the same. ASCII code,
however, does have valid codes for both upper and lower case letters and either may be typed
(LOCK button out). You may find it useful to refer to APPENDIX A and APPENDIX B at the end of
this manual for a discussion of control commands and screen formats.

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 21

CWR-6850

RESET ON = Press and release
FILTER ON = Off (button out)
SPACE / NARROW = Off (button out)
CWID A / CWID B = CWID A (button out)
DISPLAY: PAGE ON = No action at present

MODE A / MODE B = MODE B (button in)

CW / RTTY = CW (button out)
ASCII / BAUDOT = BAUDOT (button in): No effect on CW
LTR ON = No action: No effect on CW
FIG ON = No action: No effect on CW
LOCK - U.O.S. ON = ON (button in): No effect on CW
NOR / REV = NOR (button out): No effect on CW

BAUD = 45.5 (left button in): No effect on CW

SHIFT = 170 (left button): No effect on CW
TONE = HIGH (left button): No effect on CW
RX / TAPE = RX (button out)

INPUT (slide control) = 5 (mid-position)
VOLUME (slide control) = 5 (mid-position)
SPEED (slide control) = 5 (mid-position)
FINE (slide control) = 0 (detent at mid-position): No effect on CW

SEND / AUTO / RECEIVE = RECEIVE (lever down)

ON / POWER = ON (lever up)

FSK DEMOD (rear panel) = INT: No effect on CW
AFSK GAIN (rear panel) = Maximum CW: No effect on CW
BRIGHT (rear panel) = Maximum CW

Now, transmit the text by using the SEND switch on the front panel. The words should now be
transmitted in Morse code at approximately 20 words-per-minute (WPM) and you should hear the
CW in the CWR-6850 side-tone monitor output (re-adjust the [ VOLUME ] slide control if necessa­ry). The CW transmit speed is adjusted with the [ SPEED ] slide control. Notice that as all of the
pretyped characters are transmitted, the characters in the transmit buffer are shifted to the left.
After all the pretyped characters have been transmitted, notice that any new characters are trans­mitted as typed. This is called "continuous mode" and is the normal method you will probably use
to send CW. A "word mode" is also available for transmitting and will be discussed shortly.

Next, try typing several lines of text, letting the transmit output continue. At 20 WPM Morse speed,
it is fairly easy to get several lines ahead of the transmitted data (if you wish, slow-down the trans­mit speed by adjusting the SPEED slide control). Try using the BS (Back Space) key now and note
that you can back-up several words for corrections. In fact, you may back-up clear to the transmit
output if you choose. Notice that the RUB OUT key is NOT used to correct typing errors in the
transmit buffer. It is only used to send the ASCII RUB OUT character (DEL = 111 1111) or end
HERE IS message programming as discussed in section 4.3.

The "word mode" may be actually more convenient for editing since it transmits a word at a time
instead of a character at a time. To turn on "word mode", type "CTRL-Y" (hold CTRL while pressing

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 22

and releasing the "Y" key). A letter "Y" will appear on the status line indicating that the "word
mode" is active (between the "P" for printer on and the page number "1"). Now, type several more
words on the keyboard, separating each word with the space bar. Stop typing and notice that all
but the last word typed. Use the "BS" (Back Space) key to delete one letter at a time, up to the
first character position. Retype another word (no space bar yet); the word is displayed but not
transmitted. Now, hit the space bar; the whole word is now transmitted. Therefore, in "word
mode", the last word typed will be held until the space bar is hit.

Now, set the CWR-6850 back to "continuous mode" be typing CTRL Y again ("Y" on status line dis­appears) and set the lever switch to RECEIVE . Type four or five lines of text. Notice how only the
first three lines of text are shown on the screen. Switch to page 2 of the display using the [ PAGE ]
button (one press). Now all lines typed show on a much larger dotted area of the screen. Page two
shows all fifteen lines available for pretyped text plus the last three received lines of text and the
status line. You will probably use page 2 often if you precompose much transmit text. Cycle the
[ PAGE ] button four times and notice that other display pages, 0 and 3 may also be viewed.
Switch from [ MODE B ] to [ MODE A ] and notice that only pages 0 and 1 may be viewed. MODE
A is intended primarily for receive applications and MODE B will be used when you desire to both
transmit and receive. The extra lines on page 3 show the contents of the "HERE IS" memory chan­nels and will be discussed in Section 4.3. The formatting of all four display pages is explained in
APPENDIX B. For the present, put the switch back to MODE B and select page 2 for display. Trans­mit the text by selecting the SEND switch position. After the text has been transmitted, select
RECEIVE.

There are two ways in which the transmit-receive control of both the CWR-6850 and the transceiv­er can be done automatically. These are most easily demonstrated by using the RTTY mode. Set
the CW / RTTY switch to RTTY (button in). When transmitting, the RTTY tones will be heard
through the CWR-6850 internal monitor (adjust volume with the VOLUME slide control). Leave
"word mode" turned off for now (CTRL-Y; no "Y" character on the status line).

The first of these techniques involves the CTRL-X key command (indicated by "X" on the status
line). To test the CTRL-X automatic operation, set the switch to RECEIVE and type several lines of
text. Now, put the SEND / AUTO / RECEIVE switch in the AUTO position and type CTRL-X. The
pretyped text will now start transmitting. While the text is being transmitted, type CTRL-X again.
The "X" will disappear from the status line, transmitting will stop and the RTTY tone will turn off.
Restart transmission with the command and let all the text be transmitted. Now, type more text;
notice that all letters are transmitted as you type them and that the RTTY tone continues. The
CWR-6850 will remain in transmit mode for as long as CTRL-X is active ("X" on status line); you will
NOT receive text if CTRL-X is active. Also, the SW OUT - REMOTE control signal remains in trans­mitter-on condition for as long as CTRL-X is active.

The second transmit-receive control uses the CTRL-A key command (letter "A" shown on status
line). To test this mode, make sure that all text is transmitted out of the transmit buffer using the
CTRL-X command or SEND switch position as explained above. Now, put the switch in the AUTO
position again and type CTRL-A ("A" appears on status line). Type a word and stop. Notice that the
RTTY tone turns on when you first start typing, the RTTY characters are transmitted after a short
delay and the single mark turns off after another short delay. Start typing again and the tone will
turn back on and transmit data for as long as there is text to be transmitted. The SW OUT - RE­MOTE control signal is in transmit condition whenever you her the tone; a transmitter controlled by
this signal would be "on-the-air" during this time. The short delay of constant tone at the start of
transmission allows the transmitter and antenna control circuits and relays to "settle" to transmit
condition before data is released. This also allows the receiving station's autostart receive circuit to
activate. The delay at the end of the RTTY transmission helps to "smooth-out" variations in typing
speed, preventing multiple on-off transmitter operations as your typing speed varies. You will prob­ably prefer to use "word mode" (CTRL-Y) when using the CTRL-A automatic control to assure that

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 23

the transmitter doesn't turn on and off during typing pause. Remember that a word will not be
transmitted in "word mode" until AFTER the following space is typed. You may return to a receive
only condition by simply typing CTRL-A again.

The CTRL-X and CTRL-A commands interact in the following manner:

1. If CTRL-X is active and CTRL-A is typed, the CWR-6850 switches to CTRL-A automatic mode. A
second CTRL-A turns off BOTH CTRL-X and CTRL-A features.

2. If CTRL-A is active and CTRL-X is typed, the CWR-6850 switches to the CTRL-X mode and the
transmitter remains on. A second CTRL-X command turns off both CTRL-X and CTRL-A features.

A somewhat confusing condition can arise if CTRL-X is used to stop transmission midway in the
pretyped text when "word-mode" (CTRL-Y) is also being used. In this case, a CTRL-X will stop
transmission, but a second transmission may not restart transmission until AFTER a space bar op­eration is performed – the CWR-6850 "word-mode" "looks" for the space bar to resume transmis­sion.

Other useful key combinations for use when composing transmit text are (see APPENDIX A for full
list of available commands):

COMMAND ACTION

BS = Back Space: back-up cursor one space and remove the cha-

racter from that space.
CTRL-Z BS = Delete the final line of data in the transmitting buffer area.
CTRL-A SHIFT - = Delete all text in the transmitter buffer.

Reviewing the previous commands:

CTRL-Y = Turn on/off "word mode" (indicated by "Y" on status line).
CTRL-X = Turn on/off transmitter; transmitter is on whenever-"X" appe-

ars on status line.
CTRL-A = Turn on/off automatic transmitter control; transmitter is on

when "A" appears on status line AND there is text to be trans-

mitted. Only works in AUTO switch position.

4.3 Use of the HERE IS Messages

The CWR-6850 has six 64 character message storage areas in which you may sore station call let­ters, name, location, etc. These storage areas are shown on the upper section of page 3 of the
display. The HERE IS memories are designated by the reverse-video numbers 0 through 5 in the
left-column. Use the following procedure to write messages to the HERE IS message memories:

To store "DE BERND, DC7XJ, BERLIN, GERMANY" in HERE IS #1:

Type: "CTRL W" "1"
See: Page 3 displayed
Type and see: "CR CR LF DE BERND, DC7XJ, BERLIN, GERMANY CR CR LF"
Type: "RUB OUT"
See: Original page you where viewing before programming.

Notice that the sequence "CTRL-W":"1" (hold "CTRL" while hitting "W"; type "1" after releasing
both "CTRL" and "W") starts the programming and automatically changes the display to page 3

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 24

and the "RUB OUT" ends the programming and changes the display back to your original page.
The "CR CR LF" sequence at the beginning and end of the text is optional – it will help assure that
the other station's RTTY equipment prints your ID on a separate line.

Next, transmit the HERE IS #1 message with the "CTRL-R":"1" key sequence. A reverse video "1"
is shown in the transmit buffer area; when transmitting is enabled (with SEND switch or with AU­TO - CTRL-A or CTRL-X as explained in the previous section), the text of HERE IS #1 message is
placed on the blank line of the screen above the status letters and then transmitted. If the "call" to
the HERE IS message were included in other keyboard typed text, the reverse video number will
be entered at the appropriate place and be transmitted only after proceeding text has been trans­mitted. For example, suspend transmission temporarily and type three or four words, then "call"
the message (with CTRL-R:1), and type several more words. Now, enable transmission and watch
how the HERE IS message is expanded and transmitted when its turn comes.

The same procedure works for programming and reading all 6 HERE IS messages. HERE IS #0 is
special in that a CW ID may be included within its program. An example of a HERE IS #0 program
is:

Type: "CTRL-W":"0"
See: Page 3 of display
Type and see: "CR CR LF DE JOHN, WQ9XYZ CR CR LF * DE WQ9XYZ * CR CR LF

(* in reverse video)
Type: "RUB OUT"
See: Original display page.

This example will send both an ID in RTTY and then switch to CW at the reverse video star (*),
send the "DE WQ9XYZ" in CW, and switch back to RTTY for the final "CR CR LF" sequence. The
CWID A/CWID B front panel switch makes a difference here: in CWID B position, the CW ID is
transmitted using mark-space AFSK; in CWID A position, the CW ID section is transmitted on the
CW key output line as well as the FSK data output line. Host RTTY operations where AFSK tones
are used on the microphone input jack should use the CWID B position; you may use CWID A for
CW or when you are using direct FSK of a transmitter oscillator. Notice that the phrase "CW ID
FOLLOWS" was NOT included in the above example - it isn't necessary, especially if the CR/LF
commands are used to prevent garble overprint on the other station's printer. Try "calling" this
HERE IS 0 message while transmitting text. Listen to the output tones and try both CWID A and
CWID B switch positions.

The switch between RTTY and CW AFSK can be made anytime in the typing of transmit text and
does not necessarily have to be included within the HERE IS 0 message. If you wish to insert a CW
AFSK section within a typed RTTY text, type a "CTRL-Z":"SHIFT-*" command before and after the
CW section of text. The stars will be written into the transmit buffer and the CWR-6850 will auto­matically switch to AFSK CW when it encounters the starred section. Another command, "CTRL-I"
will switch the transmitted output immediately from RTTY to CW for whatever text remains in the
transmit buffer. A second "CTRL-I" will switch back to RTTY. The switch is indicated by a reverse
video star ( * ) in the echoed text in the receive buffer.

The contents of all six HERE IS memories may be transferred to tape and be reloaded from tape,
thus saving them during times that the power to the CWR-6850 is turned off. To save the HERE IS
messages, use the following procedure:

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 25

1. Connect the tape recorder audio input (microphone or auxiliary input) to the AFSK OUT - TAPE
connector on the CWR-6850.

2. Select ASCII and 110 BAUD on the CWR-6850.

3. Make sure that your desired messages are stored in all 6 HERE IS memories.

4. Put tape in the recorder and start recording.

5. Type CTRL-S and RETURN.

6. Tones will be transmitted to the tape recorder (listen to them by adjusting the VOLUME slide
control).

7. When the "deedle-deedle" stops and you hear a steady tone, stop the tape recorder; the HERE
IS memory contents are now stored on your tape.

To load the HERE IS memories from a tape you have made previously, use the following procedure
(for a demonstration, turn the CWR-6850 off and back on to erase the previous text):

1. Connect the tape recorder audio output (speaker jack, usually) to the AF IN - TAPE rear panel
jack.

2. Select ASCII, 110 BAUD, and TAPE (on RX/TAPE switch) on the CWR-6850.

3. Rewind the tape to the beginning of the previously recorded section.

4. Type CTRL-L and RETURN (see reverse video "L" on status line).

5. Play the tape into the CWR-6850 (listen to tones using INPUT slide control to adjust the vol­ume).

6. The reverse video "L" will go out and the tone frequency will be constant when the loading is
complete.

7. Select page 3 to be sure that the messages have all been loaded.

*** CAUTION ***

Do NOT use the CTRL-L RETURN command sequence unless you are intending to load the HERE IS
memories from tape. Control of the CWR-6850 is passed to the tape input data until loading is
completed (indicated with an ASCII STX character placed on the tape during the save recording).
The CWR-6850 will appear to be "locked-up" when expecting a memory load from tape and NO
further operations may be made until the proper end command is received!

To review, these are the commands to remember when using the HERE memories:

COMMAND ACTION

CTRL-W:

RUB OUT Stop programming of current HERE IS message
CTRL-R:

* (HERE IS 0) Start and end CW ID section

n

n

Start programming HERE IS message #
(n 5 = cancel CTRL W command)

Read HERE IS program #n for transmitting
(See reverse video #n in transmit area; n 5 = cancel CTRL-R
command)

n

CTRL-Z:SHIFT-* Start and end CW section of RTTY text in normal transmit text buffer

area.

CTRL-I Change transmit mode of entire buffer from RTTY to CW; second

CTRL-I changes back to RTTY.

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 26

CTRL-S:RETURN Save the contents of all 6 HERE IS messages on tape (use ASCII,

110 BAUD).

CTRL-L:RETURN Load the contents of all 6 HERE IS messages from tape (ASCII,

110 BAUD, TAPE IN).

4.4 Special Considerations When Transmitting Morse

Morse code may be transmitted with the CWR-6850 by selecting MORSE with the CW switch but­ton in the "out" position. The CW receive speed automatically adjusts to variations in the speed of
the received signal; to change the Morse transmit speed, use the slide SPEED control (up for faster
speeds and down for slower speeds). Select CWID A (button out) for CW transmissions.

The CWR-6850 also includes the capability of transmitting several common Morse code prosigns.
These special characters are transmitted as run- together characters as you would send them by
hand. The following key combinations are used to transmit the prosigns:

PROSIGN KEYBOARD SYMBOL KEY OPERATION

AA
AR
AS
BK
BT
CL
KA
SK
SX
VE

error (HH)

@
+
^
]
=
%
[

LF

$
>
<

+

(SHIFT ;)

=

(SHIFT _)

%

(SHIFT 5)

LF

$

(SHIFT 4)

>

(SHIFT .)

<

(SHIFT ,)

@

^
]

[

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 27

The Continental Morse Code used in the CWR-6850 is shown in Table 1.

A ·­B -···
C -·-·
D -··
E ·
F ··-·
G --·
H ····
I ··
J ·--­K -·­L ·-··
M ––
N -·
O –––
P ·--·
Q --·­R ·-·
S ···
T ­U ··­V ···­W ·-­X -··­Y -·-­Z --··

1 ·---­ 2 ··--­ 3 ···-­ 4 ····­ 5 ·····
6 -····
7 --···
8 ---··
9 ----·
0 ----­ . (period) ·-·-·­ , (comma) --··-­ : (colon) ---···

- (dash) -····­ ' (apos) ·----·
/ (slash) -··-·
" (quote) ·-··-·
? (query) ··--··
AA ·-·­ AR ·-·-·
AS ·-···

BK -···-·­BT -···­CL -·-··-··
HR ·····-·
KA -·-·-

SK ···-·-

SX ···-··­VE ···-·

error ········

NOTES:

· = one dot unit of key down time

- = one dash unit of key down time
(space) = three dot units

Element space = one dot unit
Letter space = three dot units
Word space = seven dot units

Speed in WPM = (dots/min)/25
= 2.4 dots/sec
= no. of 0's repeated in 26 seconds
(1.5 % accuracy).

AA = @
AR = +

(SHIFT ;)

AS = ^

BK = ]
BT = =
CL = %

(SHIFT _)
(SHIFT 5)

HR = space bar
KA = [

SK = LF

SX = $
VE = >

error = <

(SHIFT 4)
(SHIFT .)
(SHIFT ,)

Transmitted Morse code may be monitored using the internal side-tone oscillator of the CWR-6850,
adjustable with the [ VOLUME ] slide control. On the other hand, if your transmitter includes a
side-tone oscillator that you prefer to listen to, reduce the VOLUME control.

The CWR-6850 has Morse key output circuits to drive either a positive or negative voltage keying
circuit. Most older tube-type transmitter circuits used grid-block or negative voltage circuits; most
solid-state transmitters use a positive voltage key circuit. Either polarity circuit may be connected
to the SW OUT - CW jack on the rear panel. A hand key or Morse code keyer (positive voltage)
may be connected to the Telegraph Key rear panel jack to manually transmit CW.

Although most modern transceivers automatically switch between receive and transmit when the
"key is pressed" (CW key line switched to ground), the SW OUT - REMOTE control signal also func­tions in CW mode and may be used to control those transceivers requiring such a signal.

The relative "weight" of the CW transmission may be decreased with the CTRL-D command. The
normal Morse code transmitted by the CWR-6850 agrees with the international standards for dot
and dash length; the time length of the dash is 3 times the time length of a dot. For most applica­tions, this is the correct "weighting" and should be used. However, when sending high speed
Morse code, some transmitter keying circuits tend to distort the CW timing by "stretching" the time

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 28

length of the dots and dashes (usually caused by keying circuit shaping networks and RFI by-pass
capacitors). The distorted code can be particularly difficult to "copy". If the CTRL-S command is in­voked, the dash length is increased by 33 %, giving a dot:dash ratio of 1:4 instead of the standard
1:3. Since the dash time is therefore increased, the net word-per minute rate is decreased for a
constant transmit speed setting. If the transmit speed is now increased (with the [ SPEED ] slide
control) to the former CW speed (when CTRL-D was not invoked), the net effect is that the DOT
time length in a character transmission is LESS; the "weight" has been decreased. It is recom­mended that you use the CTRL-D command only when sending CW at higher speeds.

4.5 Special Considerations When Transmitting Baudot

Baudot RTTY code may be transmitted with the CWR-6850 by pressing both the CW / RTTY and
ASCII / BAUDOT switch buttons IN. Baudot data rates are selected with the BAUD switches, 45
through 300 baud. Note that 110 baud and 300 baud data rates may be selected for Baudot use,
although these rates are not currently allowed for U.S. amateur applications. At present, only the
following Baudot data rates are authorized for U.S. amateur use by the FCC:

PANEL ACTUAL APPROXIMATE
LABEL BAUD RATE WPM RATE

45.5 45.45 60
50 50.00 66
57 56.88 75
75 74.20 100

Other data rates should not be used for on-the-air U.S. amateur Baudot transmissions but may be
used for local use, such as writing letters to the printer, etc.

The Baudot RTTY code uses 5 data bits to specify a given character. Since the 32 possible combi­nations are insufficient to represent all 26 letters, 10 numbers, and punctuation plus control codes,
all 5 bit Baudot coded are used twice. Case shift characters are sent to the printer to signal wheth­er a following character will be a letter case (LTRS) or number/punctuation (FIGS). When using a
manual Baudot RTTY machine, special keys are provided for these shift codes, LTRS and FIGS; you
must type these extra keys as they are required by the text. The CWR-6850 automatically keeps
track of the Baudot case code required for a given character and inserts the proper code in the
transmitted data as required. Thus a standard typewriter keyboard arrangement is used for Baudot
and there is no difference in typing required between Morse, Baudot, or ASCII codes. However, the
Baudot code itself does not distinguish between upper and lower case letters and the same code is
transmitted whether you type a capital or small letter. The LTRS and FIGS may be manually trans­mitted if desired, using the CTRL O key combination for LTRS and CTRL N key combination for
FIGS.

The transmit features of the CWR-6850 include non-overprint, word mode, and continuous mode.
The non-overprint feature automatically inserts the printer carriage control codes, two carriage re­turns (CR), and a line feed (LF) at the end of each 72 character line. Also, the CR, CR, LF se­quence is inserted if a space bar is typed after 58 or more characters are typed since the previous
CR, CR, LF operation. Thus, you need not be concerned with line lengths and insertion of the prop­er printer controls - the CWR-6850 does it for you! Just start typing! Even though the display
screen of the CWR-6850 itself is only 32 characters long, your transmitted text will be formatted
for a standard 72 (or less) character line. If you wish to transmit shorter lines, such as in a table,
etc., use the CR and LF keys.

The actual character transmission rate may be slowed down with the CTRL-U command. When
CTRL-U is used, the characters are transmitted at a slower rate than would normally correspond to

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 29

the data rate selected, equivalent to the approximate rate that a 25 baud signal would be transmit­ted. However, the actual baud rate of the data remains at the panel selected 15, 50, etc. baud
rate. This is sometimes called the "ker-plunk" mode for RTTY transmission.

A continuous stream of LTRS characters (11111) may be transmitted with the CTRL-^ command.
When used, all further transmission of text from the transmit buffer is stopped until a second
CTRL-^ turns the feature off. In ASCII, the NUL character (000 0000) is transmitted.

The Baudot Code used in the CWR-6850 is shown in Table 2.

BIT NUMBER
5 4 3 2 1

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1

0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1

CASE

Letters Figures

BLANK BLANK
E 3

LF LF

A -

SPACE SPACE
S BELL
I 8
U 7

CR CR
D $
R 4
J '

N ,
F !
C :
K (

T 5
Z "
L )
W 2

NOTES:

Mark = "1" = "low" AFSK tone

= "low" TTL condition

Space = "0" = "high" AFSK tone

= "high" TTL condition

LF = Line Feed = CTRL-J
CR = Carriage Return = CTRL-M
BELL = CTRL-G
STOP = # (FIGS case H)

Transmission order = Bit 1 to Bit 5
Start Pulse = 1 unit space
Stop Pulse = 1.5 unit mark

BAUD AVERAGE SELECT
RATE WPM PULSE
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

45.45 60.61 22.00 ms

50.00 66.67 20.00 ms

56.92 75.89 17.57 ms

74.20 98.99 13.47 ms

110.0 146.7 9.09 ms

300.0 400.0 3.33 ms

1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1

H #
Y 6
P 0
Q 1

O 9
B ?
G &
FIGS FIGS

M .
X /
V ;
LTRS LTRS

Special Baudot Features:
Automatic LTRS/FIGS generation when
transmitting

USOS (Unshift On Space) selectable for
reception of noisy signals

LTRS = CTRL-O
FIGS = CTRL-N

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 30

As discussed in section 4.3, a CW identification feature is included in the CWR-6850. Current U.S.
amateur RTTY regulations (and those of most other countries) require the transmission of the sta­tion call letters in Morse code before and after each major transmission. The CW ID can be con­veniently included in the program for the HERE IS 0 memory. The following procedure is recom­mended for use in formatting a typical amateur RTTY exchange:

WQ9XYZ (your station) conversing with WQ6ZZZ:

Program HERE IS #0 for: "CR CR LF DE WQ9XYZ DE WQ9XYZ CR CR LF"
Program HERE IS #1 for: "WQ6ZZZ DE WQ9XYZ" (see section 4.3 for programming)

Typical transmission:

"CTRL-R:0" (call HERE IS #0)
"CTRL-R:1" (call HERE IS #1)

"CR CR LF GOOD MORNING, DAVE. HOW ARE YOU TODAY? ..........

..........(text) .................(text) .................. ..........(text) .................(text)

.......... SO, BACK TO YOU, DAVE.

"CTRL-R:1" (call HERE IS #0)
"CTRL-R:0" (call HERE IS #1)

Notice that the "CR CR LF" carriage control characters and both a RTTY and CW ID are included in
the HERE IS #0 program; one call to HERE IS #0 satisfies the stations ID requirement. As men­tioned in section 4.3, a message such as "CW ID FOLLOWS" is not included since it is not necessa­ry; the "CR CR LF" sequences "isolate" the CW ID section, preventing garbled overprint at the oth­er station.

Baudot RTTY may be transmitted and received in several formats with the CWR-6850. Two differ­ent demodulator/modulator audio tone sets may be used as explained in Sections 3.3 and 3.4. The
transmit tones match the receive demodulator filters to assure true transceive frequency matching.
These same tones may also be used to record and play back messages with an audio tape record­er as explained in Section 5.4. Simultaneous with the selected transmit tone output, the data is al­so available to the SW OUT - FSK connector. The NOR/REV switch effects ONLY the receive de­modulator and does not reverse the mark-space sense of the tone frequencies; mark is always the
lower audio frequency transmitted.

The KOS (Keyboard Operated Switch) feature is very convenient for RTTY operation of an amateur
station. The KOS circuit functions much the same as a VOX - voice controlled break-in - circuit of a
SSB transmitter, automatically controlling the transmit-receive switching of the station. To use KOS,
select the AUTO switch position and start typing your message. When you are ready to start trans­mitting, use the "CTRL-A" command (explained in detail in section 4.2). The SW OUT - REMOTE
transistor will turn-on the transmitter and, after a short pause (to let the transmitter, amplifier, and
antenna relays settle), the first of the typed text will start transmitting. When all of the text has
been transmitted, the KOS turns off the transmitter and you may receive. The "CTRL-X" command
may also be used for semi-automatic control.

4.6 Special Considerations When Transmitting ASCII

ASCII RTTY code may be transmitted with the CWR-6850 by selecting the RTTY and ASCII switch
positions. ASCII may be transmitted or received at any of the data rates, 45 baud through 300
baud. Current U.S. amateur FCC regulations do not stipulate specific ASCII data rates that must be
used. However, the following are the maximum data rates that may be used for particular frequen­cy ranges:

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 31

FREQUENCY RANGE MAXIMUM DATA RATE EMISSION

3.5 to 21.25 MHz

28.0 to 225 MHz
420 MHz and higher

300 baud

1200 baud

19,600 baud

F1
F1, F2, A2
F1, F2, A2

Although there are many data rates available for use, 110 baud is used almost exclusively on fre­quencies below 30 MHz due to popular use, commercially available mechanical machines, and the
poor noise performance of higher data rates. On the VHF bands, 110, and 300 baud have proven
popular. The internal demodulators of the CWR-6850 will not provide optimum signal performance
if 300 baud is used; the low-pass filter is set for a narrow bandwidth to give optimum performance
at the more common, slower data rates. Use an external modem for 300 baud, such as a "BELL
103 - Compatible" modem.

However, there is a big advantage to use of the slower data rates (45 or 50 baud for example)
with the ASCII code in the 3–30 MHz frequency range. The slower data rates are considerably
more effective when faced with the noise, interference, and varying signal conditions common on
these frequency bands. Also, the ASCII code offers a considerably larger character set than the
Baudot code normally used at these slow rates.

The CWR-6850 will transmit and receive a full ASCII character set, including upper and lower case
letters, all punctuation and symbols, and all control codes with the exception of the "US" (Unit
Separator) code (001 1111). Each ASCII character and control code has a unique symbol that is
displayed on the CWR-6850 screen. These symbols are shown in Table 3. The key combinations
used to produce the ASCII control codes are also shown in Table 3. Note that it is necessary to
press the "ESC" key before typing the "CTRL-n" combination since many of the "CTRL-n" keys are
used for CWR-6850 control. A complete listing of the ASCII codes is shown in Table 4.

Often, it is desirable to be able to transmit an abridged form of the ASCII code, using only upper
case (capital) letters. This feature, called CAPS LK, is turned on with the LOCK / UOS ON switch. In
ASCII, this switch selects CAP LK when it is depressed. This feature effects both the transmit and
receive sections of the CWR-6850 - only upper case ASCII characters may be received and trans­mitted when the LOCK switch button is in.

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 32

TABLE 3. DISPLAY SYMBOLS FOR THE ASCII CODE

CONTROL CHARACTER SCREEN SYMBOL KEY COMBINATION

ACKNOWLEDGE
SIGNAL BELL
BACK SPACE
CANCEL
CARRIAGE RETURN
DATA LINK ESCAPE
DELETE (RUB OUT)
DEVICE CONTROL 1
DEVICE CONTROL 2
DEVICE CONTROL 3
DEVICE CONTROL 4
END OF MEDIUM
ENQUIRY (WRU)
END OF TRANSMISSION
ESCAPE
END OF BLOCK
END OF TEXT
FORM FEED (HOME)
FORM SEPARATOR
GROUP SEPARATOR
HORIZONTAL TAB
LINE FEED
NOT ACKNOWLEDGE
NULL
RECORD SEPARATOR
SHIFT IN
SHIFT OUT
START OF HEADING
START OF TEXT
SUBSTITUTE
SYNCHRONOUS IDLE
UNIT SEPARATOR
VERTICAL TAB

AK
BL
BS
CN
CR
DL

D1
D2
D3
D4
EM
EQ
ET
EC
EB
EX
FF
FS
GS
HT
LF
NK
NU
RS
SI
SO
SH
SX
SB
SY

VT

ESC : CTRL- F (ACK)
ESC : CTRL-G (BEL)
BS
ESC : CTRL-X (CAN)
RETURN
ESC : CTRL-P (DLE)
ESC : CTRL-RUB OUT
ESC : CTRL-Q
ESC : CTRL-R
ESC : CTRL-S
ESC : CTRL-T
ESC : CTRL-Y
ESC : CTRL-E (ENQ)
ESC : CTRL-D (EOT)
ESC : ESC
ESC : CTRL-W (ETB)
ESC : CTRL-C (ETX)
ESC : CTRL-L (FF)
ESC : CTRL-\
ESC : CTRL-]
ESC : CTRL-I
LF
ESC : CTRL-U (NAK)
CTRL-@ or ESC : CTRL-@
ESC : CTRL-^
ESC : CTRL-O
ESC : CTRL-N
ESC : CTRL-A (SOH)
ESC : CTRL-B (STX)
ESC : CTRL-Z (SUB)
ESC : CTRL-V (SYN)
(not available)
ESC : CTRL-K (VT)

(ESC : CTRL-A = Press and release ESC: press CTRL and A together)

As in the discussion of the Baudot code in section 4.4, the non-overprint feature of the CWR-6850
makes it unnecessary to type printer control characters when typing text. The transmit lines are
automatically set for a maximum of 72 characters. When the end of a line is over-typed, the CR
(carriage return) and LF (line feed) characters are inserted. If you wish to type a shorter line, use
the RETURN (CR) and LF keys.

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 33

TABLE 4 ASCII DATA CODE

BITS 7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 NOTES:
6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Mark = "1"
4 3 2 1 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 = TTL high

0 0 0 0 NUL DLE SPC 0 @ P ' p Space = "0"
0 0 0 1 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q = TTL low
0 0 1 0 SIX DC2 " 2 B R b r
0 0 1 1 ETX DC3 * 3 C S c s
0 1 0 0 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0 1 0 1 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0 1 1 0 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0 1 1 1 BEL ETB ' 7 G W g w
1 0 0 0 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1 0 0 1 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1 0 1 0 LF SUB # : J Z j z
1 0 1 1 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1 1 0 0 FF FS , < L \ l |
1 1 0 1 RTN GS - = M ] m }
1 1 1 0 SO HS . > N ^ n
1 1 1 1 SI US / ? O _ o RBO

ACK = acknowledge HT = horizontal tab BAUD CHAR/ SELECT
BEL = signal bell LF = line feed RATE SEC. PULSE
BS = back space NAK = not acknowledge (ms)
CAN = cancel NUL = null 45.45 4.13 22.00
DC1 = device control 1 RS = record separator 50.00 4.55 20.00
DC2 = device control 2 RTN = carriage return 56.92 5.17 17.57
DCS = device control 3 RBO = RUB OUT = DEL 74.20 6.75 13.47
DC4 = device control 4 SI = shift in 110.0 10.0 9.09
DLE = data link escape SO = shift out 300.0 30.0 3.33
EM = end of medium SOH = start of heading
EOT = end of trans. SIX = start of text
ESC = escape SUB = substitute
ETB = end of block SIN = synchronous idle
ETX = end of text US = unit separator Transmission bit order:
FF = form feed (home) VT = vertical tab bit 1 to bit 7
FS = form separator ENQ = enquiry = WRU bit 8 = even parity
GS = group separator SPC = space bar

The KOS (Keyboard Operated Switch) feature may be used to automatically control the transmit­receive circuitry of the station. The KOS transistor switch will turn-on the transmitter whenever
typed text is available for transmission and the transmit output of the CWR-6850 is enabled (use
AUTO switch position and "CTRL-A" (or "CTRL-X") as explained in sections 4.2 and 4.4).

4.7 HDX / FDX Operation

The CWR-6850 may be operated in either a half-duplex (HDX) or full duplex (FDX) transmit con­nection, selected with the RX / TAPE switch. Normal amateur RTTY communications are usually
conducted with equipment connected for half duplex operation. A full duplex connection is often
used between a computer and a terminal.

CHAPTER 4 PAGE 34

With a half duplex connection, all transmitted text from the CWR-6850 may be seen on the screen
before and after it has been transmitted. All of the features of the CWR-6850 may be used with
half duplex. However, the CWR-6850 may only receive or transmit one at a time.

When full duplex is chosen, the CWR-6850 can receive and transmit text simultaneously. However,
transmitted text will no longer be displayed in the receive section of the screen; it will, however,
appear in the transmit screen area as usual. Typical full duplex connections with a computer usual­ly include a computer-generated "echo" back to the receive display or printer, showing the charac­ters as received and interpreted by the computer; transmission errors are therefore soon noticed.
The complete ASCII and Baudot character sets may be transmitted in FDX mode.

When using full duplex, use the AF IN - TAPE connector for received data; either the AFSK OUT ­TX or AFSK OUT - TAPE connector may be used for transmitted tones. The FSK TTL - IN and OUT
connectors may be used if the FSK DEMOD switch is set to EXT.

The "CTRL-E" echo command allows some interesting variations of full duplex. When the RX-TAPE
switch is set to TAPE and "CTRL-E" is used, received data is loaded into the transmit buffer and
you may then retransmit this received data. If the switch is set to RX position and "CTRL-E" is
used, text typed on the keyboard is entered into the transmit buffer, transmitted, and reloaded
back into the transmit buffer, forming a continuous loop.

4.8 The KOS Feature

The KOS (Keyboard Operated Switch) feature of the CWR-6850 allows automatic control of the
transmit-receive circuits of the station in much the same manner as the SSB VOX circuit. Select the
KOS feature by setting the SEND-AUTO-RECEIVE switch to AUTO (center position). When you have
pretyped your text and are ready to start transmitting, type "CTRL-A". The transmitter will turn on
and, after a short delay, transmit the typed text. After all of the text has been transmitted, and af­ter another short delay, the transmitter will turn off. If you type any more text, the transmitter will
turn on again and that text will be transmitted. To pretype without further transmitting, type
"CTRL-A" again. The "A" on the status line of the screen shows if the automatic KOS feature is ac­tive.

The on-off KOS control of the transmitter may be controlled manually with the "CTRL-X" command
(shows "X" on status line when active). The "CTRL-X" command turns the transmitter on for as
long as the "X" is shown on the status line; you must type another "CTRL-X" to turn off the trans­mitter, whether there is text to be transmitted or not. More details regarding the "CTRL-A" and
"CTRL-X" commands are given in section 4.2.

The KOS switch transistor is NPN and will therefore key only transmitters with a positive voltage tx­rx control line (push-to-talk line, usually). If your transmitter has a negative voltage control line
(the Drake M is an example), it will be necessary to use a relay or additional transistor switch be­tween the CWR-6850 KOS output and the transmitter. This variation is discussed in Section 5.1.

The SEND-AUTO-RECEIVE switch parallels the KOS (SW-OUT REMOTE) jack when it is in SEND po­sition, manually turning on the transmitter.

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 35

Figure 4 – Connections To The CWR-6850

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 36

CHAPTER 5

CONNECTIONS TO THE CWR-6850

This section of the CWR-6850 manual discusses how to connect the Telereader to your equipment.
Section 5.1 will discuss basic connections you may wish to make in a typical radio amateur station.
Later sections of this chapter discuss specialized connections.

5.1 Normal Amateur Station Connections

The basic minimum connections required for a transmit-receive station connection have been
shown in Figure 2 in Chapter 2; more elaborate connections are shown in Figure 4. The HAL cable
set "C2" makes the simple connections or you may fashion your own cables. The "basic required
connections" of Figure 2 are:

1. A good RF ground between all components of the system. Use heavy wire or 1/4" shield braid.

2. A shielded audio cable between the receiver speaker output and the CWR-6850 AF IN - RX
connector. A high fidelity phono cable will do nicely.

3. A shielded audio cable between the transmitter microphone audio input and the CWR-6850
AFSK OUT - TX connector. A stereo phono cable can be used for this and the KOS connection
described next. Note that the phono connector(s) will probably need to be cut-off on the trans­mitter end of this cable and the correct microphone plug connected. Consult your owners man­ual for the correct connector and pin numbers. The output level from the AFSK OUT jacks may
be adjusted if necessary with the AFSK GAIN control. Consult your transmitter manual and in­sert a series capacitor if required as noted in Section 2.1.

4. A shielded cable between the transmitter microphone push-to-talk (PTT) input and the CWR­6850 SW. OUT - REMOTE connector (KOS for Keyboard Operated Switch). The other half of the
stereo cable used for transmit audio can be used for this connection. As above, consult the
transmitter manual for connector and pin numbers. The NPN transistor KOS switch will only
switch positive voltage PTT circuits directly; negative voltage PTT circuits will require an exter­nal relay. This relay may be connected as shown in Figure 5.

CONNECTION KOS CIRCUIT (POSITIVE VOLTAGE)

CONNECTION TO KOS CIRCUIT (NEGATIVE VOLTAGE)

Figure 5 – KOS Circuit Connections

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 37

5. A shielded cable between the transmitter Morse code key input and the CWR685Q SW. OUT ­CW connector. Either a positive or negative voltage keying circuit may be connected to this
jack. Again, this cable can be a high fidelity phono cable with the transceiver plug end modified
as appropriate. This connection can often be combined in a stereo cable with the receiver au­dio cable (item 2) when connections are made to a transceiver.

6. Connect the keyboard to the CWR-6850 with the cable and connector furnished.

7. Connect the CWR-6850 to a DC power source capable of +12 to +14.5 VDC output with a 1.6
Ampere load.

*** CAUTION ***

Be sure that you connect the RED wire to the positive terminal and the BLACK wire to the negative
terminal. Reverse power connection may damage both the CWR-6850 and the DC power source!

If you use an AC power supply to generate the +12 VDC, use a grounding type of AC connector or
provide a separate power ground return for the power supply to prevent any electrical shock.

5.2 Use of the TTL Data Connections

The CWR-6850 includes input and output connectors for use with TTL data devices ("FSK TTL IN"
and "FSK TTL OUT"). These I/O connections can be used with any TTL compatible device. The TTL
voltage standard is as follows:

MARK = +2.7 volts (+5.0 volts maximum)
SPACE = +0.6 volts (0.0 volts minimum)
UNDEFINED: +0.6 volts to +2.7 volts

Notice that the voltage levels of the TTL standard are NOT compatible with those of RS232 data
connections. Do not be misled by some claims of direct TTL - RS232 compatibility; damage may be
caused to one or both units! The TTL I/O connections may be used for connection to printers,
computers, or other TTL data devices.

The TTL output is always available for all ASCII and Baudot signals; the TTL input is selected with
the FSK DEMOD. - INT / EXT switch on the rear panel. Leave the switch in the "INT" position
whenever you wish to use the internal demodulator for receiving Baudot or ASCII signals.

5.3 Use of the SW-OUT FSK Connection

Some amateur transmitters have provision for direct FSK keying of an internal oscillator. These FSK
inputs typically require that a control line be switched between open circuit and ground for the
mark and space RTTY conditions. The SW-OUT FSK rear panel jack may be used to control such
transmitter inputs. The internal transistor switch of the CWR-6850 has maximum ratings of +100
VDC and +100 mA DC; negative voltages can not be switched. The SW-OUT FSK standard configu­ration shows an "open circuit" for mark condition and a "closed circuit" (transistor switch "on") for
space. However, an internal jumper of the CWR-6850 allows this polarity to be reversed, setting
mark to "on" and space to "off". Refer to section 6.4 for location of the jumper and connections to
be made. It is not recommended that you use this SW-OUT FSK jack to key a high-voltage RTTY
loop circuit; use an optical isolator driven from the TTL output instead.

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 38

5.4 Connection of a Different Keyboard

The CWR-6850 is furnished with a reliable full-ASCII keyboard which should give long hours of sa­tisfactory performance. However, it does connect to the CWR-6850 using a standard parallel-ASCII
interface and another keyboard (or a computer) may be connected in its place. The following are
the specifications to be observed when connecting to the keyboard connector:

1. The keyboard must be capable of generating all standard ASCII codes and must generate posi­tive 7-bit parallel output data and a 1 bit negative strobe pulse; set D8 to a logic "low".

2. The keyboard must operate from +5 VDC and require less than 250 mA DC.

3. The keyboard connector is a HIROSE 24 Pin Connector, HAL P/N 332-24000.

4. The pin connections are:

1 - Ground 7 - D6 13
2 - D1 8 - D7
3 - D2 9 - D8 to NOT USED
4 - D3 10 - NOT-STROBE
5 - D4 11 - NOT-ACK
6 - D5 12 - +5V 24

The NOT-ACK signal is not used in the CWR-6850 on the present keyboard. When interfacing to a
computer, check the response from NOT-ACK before entering data.

5.5 Connection of an ASCII Printer

A serial ASCII data printer may be used with the CWR-6850 by connection to the PRINTER connec­tor. This output is a parallel, Centronics-compatible interface connection. The specifications of the
printer connection are:

Connector: HIROSE P-1612-BAC 12-pin plug (HAL 332-12000)
Wire: 12 Conductor cable (shielding recommended); 5 ft.

PIN USE PIN USE

1

GND

2

BUSY (NOT-RDY)

3

NOT-ACK

4

D8 (MSB)

5

D7

6

D6

7

HOT-STROBE

8

D1 (LSB)

9

D2

10

D3

11

D4

12

D5

Use a printer that includes a one-line buffer register and will do automatic line feed operations
when either the buffer is full or the ASCII line feed character is received (0A HEX). The output of
HOT-STROBE is a negative pulse of approximately 1.2 µsec. duration. The NOT-ACK input is not
read; data is output to the printer when BUSY (NOT-RDY) is in a "low" TTL state. Data output is
latched just before the next NOT-STROBE output pulse. The D8 output condition is set to a TTL
"low". The output is parallel 7-bit ASCII. The contents of the printer output FIFO register are dis­played on the top two lines of page 2 of the display.

Data to the printer is turned on and off with the "CTRL-P" command. When the printer is active a
letter "P" will appear on the status line. The printer provides print-out of data AS IT IS RECEIVED.
When you use full duplex (normal amateur use), received data is printed as it is received. Since
the transmitted text is repeated or "echoed" in the receive buffer, it too is printed. If full duplex is
used, only receive data will be printed. Refer to the discussions of section 4.7 for more information
concerning full and half duplex operations. Since most printers use a line buffer, text will not be

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 39

physically printed until an entire RECEIVED line is complete (as distinguished from a 32 character
display line). Some printers allow modification of the print format when some ASCII control codes
are received. All control codes to the printer except LF are normally suppressed to avoid print for­mat changes on received text (or noise). The commands to the print can be enabled, however, by
typing "CTRL-C"; a second "CTRL-C" disables the commands.

5.6 Connection of an Audio Tape Recorder

An audio tape recorder may be connected to the AFSK OUT - TAPE and AF IN - TAPE connectors of
the CWR-6850 for recording and playing back of messages. The AFSK OUT - TAPE connector fur­nishes the CWR-6850 transmit tones to the tape recorder input (microphone or auxiliary input). On
transmit, these tones are keyed by transmit data, such as that typed on the keyboard. Thus, you
can make-up long "brag-tapes" or messages on the CWR-6850 screen and record them as you
"transmit" them. You may prevent the transmitter from turning on by temporarily disconnecting
the cable to the SW.OUT - REMOTE Jack (KOS to PTT connection). The TAPE OUT level may be ad­justed with the AFSK GAIN rear panel control.

To transmit tape recorded text, select TAPE on the RX/TAPE switch (button in), type "CTRL-E", turn
the transmitter on with the SEND or AUTO switch position (use CTRL-A or CTRL-X as per discus­sions in section 4.2), and start the tape in the playback mode. The recorded tones are now fed­through the CWR-6850 receive demodulator, filtered and detected, and then modulate the CWR­6850 transmit output tones (and TTL output). Thus, the tape data is reprocessed before transmis­sion, helping to eliminate some of the distortion otherwise caused by tape wear and stretch. When
the taped message stops, type CTRL-E again to end the echo-back feature.

The connection of the tape recorder to the CWR-6850 is shown in Figure 5. Use shielded cables for
these connections; include RF and safety grounds to minimize any RF pickup in the tape recorder.

5.7 RTTY Tuning Oscilloscope Connections

In addition to all of the input/output (I/O) connections discussed above, you may also wish to use
an external monitor scope for a RTTY tuning indicator. The OSCILLO (SPACE and MARK) connec­tors are provided for tuning indicator use. These output are the filtered signals present at the RTTY
demodulator discriminator circuits. The signals are approximately 8 VPP in amplitude and have an
internal impedance of approximately 200 kΩ. As shown in Figure 4, the standard convention is to
use an X-Y oscilloscope with the MARK signal connected to the horizontal scope input and the
SPACE to the vertical input. Since these signals have a relatively low output level, it is necessary to
use an oscilloscope with amplifier stages in both the vertical and horizontal sections. Use shielded
cable for these connections; be sure to include safety power as well as RF ground connections.

The display on the oscilloscope screen for correct receiver tuning will be of the crossed-ellipse
type. Correct tuning is indicated when the horizontal ellipse (mark signal) and the vertical ellipse
(space) have maximum amplitude (length of the ellipse) and are orthogonal. The 170 Hz shift ellip­ses will be fairly wide and will not necessarily be at 90 degrees to each other - this is normal! The
ellipses for the wider shifts (425 and 850) will be noticeably narrower and closer to a full 90 de­grees apart. With practice, the tuning scope provides the most accurate tuning indicator available.
Properly interpreted, the scope patterns tell which direction to tune the receiver and whether the
signal shift matches that of the selected demodulator shift.

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 40

5.8 Using a Television Set or External Monitor

Although the internal cathode ray tube (CRT) of the CWR-6850 produces an excellent display, you
may wish to use an external TV Monitor or TV set to display the text; a larger monitor tube will
give a larger character size display. Any standard composite video monochrome TV monitor may
be connected to the VIDEO OUT connector on the CWR-6850 rear panel. The video output is 1
VPP, composite video, 75 ohm impedance. Connection of an external monitor does not affect the
display on the internal CRT of the CWR-6850.

Some good quality black and white TV sets can be easily modified to serve as video monitors. The
change does not affect normal operation of the set except that the video cable from the CWR-6850
must be removed from the TV when the set is to be used to receive television programs. It is im­portant that the selected TV have adjustments available for both horizontal and vertical size. Nor­mal TV alignment results in "over-scan" of the viewing screen, preventing margin lines but also los­ing parts of the picture at the edges and corners. To avoid losing characters of the CWR-6850 dis­play along the corners and edges, it may be necessary to "shrink" the size of the TV raster with
the width and height controls. These adjustments will be made after the TV set is modified and
when you can look at the CWR-6850 video output.

*** CAUTION ***

DO NOT attempt to use as a monitor any television receiver in which one side of the AC line is con­nected to the chassis or circuit ground of the set unless you supply AC power to the set through
an isolation transformer.

The modification is simply a matter of capacitively coupling the external video signal to the input
of the first video amplifier stage in the TV set. Figure 6 shows a typical transistor TV video circuit.
Although the component values and the biasing scheme may be slightly different in your set, the
circuit should be essentially as shown. The CWR-6850 video signal is injected at point A.

The modified circuit is shown in Figure 7. Connect the negative end of a 100 µF, 16 V electrolytic
capacitor to the base of the first video amplifier transistor. Mount a UHF (or BNC) video connector
on the cabinet as close as possible to the capacitor connection. Connect the center pin of the coax
connector to the positive end of the electrolytic capacitor. Use hook-up wire if the connection is
less than 6 inches; use a small coaxial cable such as RG174 for longer connections.

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 41

Figure 6 – Typical Video Detector

Figure 7 – Modified Video Detector

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 42

5.9 RF-Induced Problems

The CWR-6850 is designed to operate in close proximity to radio frequency transmitting and receiv­ing equipment. However, under certain conditions in an RF-saturated environment, the CWR-6850
may be susceptible to HP-induced interference. This may manifest itself in any of a number of
ways, such as partial or complete lack of response to switches or keyboard operations, or erratic
behavior of the video display.

The first thing that should be checked if RF problems are suspected is the GROUND system. The
transmitter should be properly grounded for RF (in addition to an electrical safety ground) and all
other station equipment grounds should be connected to the transmitter chassis. The RF ground
should consist of a short length of heavy copper wire or braid terminated at a good earth ground
(ground rod, cold water pipe, etc.). If a water system ground is used, be sure that the pipes are
100 percent metal from the connection point to the water mains - plastic plumbing will break the
ground path. If the distance between your transmitter and ground connection is more than a quar­ter wavelength at the highest operating frequency, make the ground wire an integral number of
half-wavelengths long. If you plan to operate 10 and 15 meters, you may need to run separate
ground wires for each band.

Stations located on the second floor of wood frame houses can present special problems for RF
grounding. One technique that has worked well when none of the usual ground returns work is to
spread copper screen material on the floor of the room under the operating position. The equip­ment ground is then attached to the screen with one or more low inductance leads. The screen
creates an "artificial" ground plane in the studio. A carpet is usually placed over the screen to im­prove the appearance of the room! Consult any of the amateur handbooks or antenna books for a
more in-depth discussion of grounding techniques.

The best way to confirm that a problem is caused by RF-induction is to temporarily eliminate the
source. This may be done in stages, starting with a partial reduction in exciter drive, and ending
with transmitter shut-off. Since RF energy may be induced in the CWR-6850 through several paths,
connecting the transmitter to a dummy load may not eliminate all RF related problems, although
this is an excellent first step in verifying RF problems.

(A)

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 43

PLACE RF CHOKE CLOSE TO REAR PANEL OF EQUIPMENT

(B)

Figure 8 – RFI Reduction Techniques

Radiation of RF energy from linear amplifiers, antenna tuners, coaxial switches, monitor scopes
and interconnecting coaxial cable Jumpers is also possible. In fact, it is this type of radiation that is
most likely to be coupled into nearby I/O and power cables of the CWR-6850. To locate the point
or points of radiation, experiment with different cable arrangements to see if the RF-induced prob­lem can be eliminated by reducing coupling between any of the CWR-6850 cables and nearby co­axial lines carrying RF power. Figure 8A shows several cable arrangements, both good and bad,
showing how to keep RF coupling to a minimum. Figure 8B shows how to use high-mu (950 -

2000) ferrite toroids or rods to choke the flow of RF on audio and control lines.

If cable rearrangement doesn't yield positive results, then begin eliminating pieces of equipment
and sections of coaxial cable until the transmitter is connected directly to a shielded dummy load.
As each piece of equipment is removed from the transmission line, check to see if the RF-related
problems have diminished or disappeared. If the RF problem persists with the exciter connected
directly to a dummy load, reduce the drive level to see if that eliminates the problem.

If operation into a dummy load does not significantly reduce the RF-related problems, disconnect
all I/O cables from the CWR-6850. Test the operation while it is connected only to AC power. At the
same time, enable the transmitter so that it sends a CW signal into a dummy load. If RF problems
are still present, then RF energy is probably being introduced to the CWR-6850 through the power
cord by way of the common AC mains power line. This is usually indicative of poor AC-line filtering
in the radio transmitter power supply section. Figure 9A shows a common by-pass filter method
used in many transmitters. Figure 9B shows a "brute-force" AC line filter that can be added to the
transmitter or other equipment to eliminate the flow of RF on the AC power line.

In addition to the liberal use of RF by-passing capacitors on station equipment, the use of certain
antennas may offer reduced levels of RF in the radio room in many cases. Whenever possible, use
RESONANT dipole, vertical, quad, or Yagi antennas and try to achieve a good impedance match AT
THE ANTENNA instead of relying on an antenna tuner. Random-length wire antennas and others
that require extensive antenna tuning are more likely to create high levels of RF within the vicinity
of the operating position.

The location of the transmitting antenna with respect to the radio room also has an affect on the
RF energy that is coupled into interconnecting cables. Apartment dwellers may have the most diffi­culty achieving a good installation since many times an indoor antenna is the only type allowed.
Where outdoor antennas are allowed, they should be placed as high as practical. Hot only will this
provide for better reception and transmission, but it will also reduce the level of RF in the shack.

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 44

Also, if possible, avoid bringing an end of a half-wave dipole in close proximity to the operating po­sition; there is a high voltage field at the ends of the dipole that may be hard to shield.

(A)

(B)

Figure 9 – Power Line Filters

In general, a shielded, coaxial cable feedline with low SWR is much preferred over open wire, twin­lead, or single wire feed systems. The self-shielding property and lower voltages present act to
make the coaxial feedline much less susceptible to radiation of RF energy in the shack rather than
at the antenna. RF energy may also be conducted back to the station by conduction down the out­side of the coaxial cable shield. This may be a particular problem with half-wave dipoles on 40 and
80 meters that are center-fed with only coaxial cable. A balun at the antenna tends to reduce this
problem. Also, dress the coaxial cable from the balun so that it drops perpendicular to the dipole,
rather than parallel. In stubborn cases, you may find that dropping the coaxial cable clear to the
ground and burying it (5 or 6 inches) for the horizontal run to the shack my help reduce RF cou­pling considerably. This technique has worked particularly well for second-story station installa­tions. As an alternate to the balun, construction of an RF choke out of the Coax itself is sometimes
effective; wind six or more turns of the coaxial cable in a six inch diameter coil. Place the coil at
the antenna and wrap it with electrical tape to hold its shape. If there is a moderate to high SWR
on the line (2:1 or more), you may find that varying the length of the line helps, although this is a
poor substitute for a properly matched antenna.

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 45

Experience has shown that the TV monitor itself may be a source or conductor of RF interference.
Various circuits of the TV monitor (particularly the sweep circuits) can and do generate RF interfer­ence which may be heard in the receiver. Also, the video output to the monitor is a wide band­width digital signal with rich harmonic content as is required to produce the crisp character display.
If the TV set is poorly shielded (not at all in some plastic-cabinet models) or lacks proper power
line by-passing, the RF from the monitors circuits or from the video output may escape to cause
receiver interference. Also, RF from the transmitter may enter the monitor and. disrupt the monitor
or CWR-6850 operation. This may be quickly tested by simply disconnecting the video cable from
the CWR-6850. There is no substitute for good shielding and by-passing; metal cabinet monitors
are highly recommended!

When the CWR-6850 is used in a mobile or portable installation, trouble may be experienced from
transients caused by the battery-charging system. These transients may be minimized by connect­ing the CWR-6850 power cord directly to the storage battery terminals, avoiding connections to
the vehicles DC terminal block. Any voltage drop between the battery and terminal block may also
include the transient spikes. It may be necessary to install additional filtering on the DC leads to
the CWR-6850 and some on automotive accessories (such as blower and wiper motors) to elimi­nate such problems. Consult the ARRL Radio Amateur's Handbook for more information.

The CWB6850 has been tested and is verified by HAL Communications Corp. to be in compliance
with Part 15, Subpart J of the FCC Rules And Regulations, Class B computing device. The following
text is a requirement of that regulation:

"This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used
properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, may cause inter­ference to radio and television reception. It has been type tested and found to comply with
the limits for a Class B computing device in accordance with the specifications in Subpart J
of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such
interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that interference
will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause interference to radio
or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the
user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following meas­ures:

reorient the receiving antenna
relocate the computer with respect to the receiver
move the computer away from the receiver
plug the computer into a different outlet so that computer and receiver are on different
branch circuits.

If necessary, the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television techni­cian for additional suggestions. The user may find the following booklet prepared by the
Federal Communications Commission helpful:

"How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems." This booklet is available
from the US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, Stock No. 004-000-00345-

4."

In addition, the following rear-panel label is located on the CWR-6850 rear panel:

"This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the technical specifications in
Part 15 of FCC Rules for a Class B computing device."

CHAPTER 5 PAGE 46

Also, the following FCC text applies to use of peripherals attached to the CWR-6850:

"WARNING: This equipment has been verified to comply with the limits for a Class B com­puting device, pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules. Only peripherals (computer
input/output devices, terminals, printers, etc.) certified to comply with the Class B limits
may be attached to this computer. Operation with non-certified peripherals is likely to result
in interference to radio and TV reception."

CHAPTER 6 PAGE 47

CHAPTER 6

IN CASE OF DIFFICULTY

This section of your user's manual will discuss in general terms how to keep your CWR-6850 in top
operating condition and typical operating problems you might encounter (and some solutions). Cir­cuit description, repair procedures, and schematic diagrams are included in the separate CWR­6850 CUSTOMER MAINTENANCE MANUAL, available separately from HAL Communications Corp. or
its dealers.

6.1 Care and Feeding of Your CWR-6850

Your CWR-6850 is the latest of many generations of terminals sold by HAL Communications. In ev­ery way, it has been designed, constructed, and tested to assure years of trouble-free operation.
However, there are a number of simple procedures that you, the user, can follow to further im­prove the reliability, performance, and lifetime of the terminal. The following suggestions are of­fered to help preserve a long operating life for your CWR-6850.

Environment:

Electric equipment is very susceptible to variations in temperature, relative humidity, and to dust
and dirt accumulations. The CWR-6850 will operate in normal room-temperature environments and
should be as tolerant of temperature extremes as you are while operating it. However, in advertent
blockage of the ventilating holes in the cabinet will cause the INTERNAL temperature of the termi­nal to rise considerably above the ambient room temperature and may in fact cause circuit failure.
Also, accumulations of dust or dirt, particularly when accompanied by high humidity conditions,
can also cause overheating and may result in long-term corrosion of the internal circuitry. There­fore, try to position the terminal so that its ventilating holes are not obstructed and try to avoid ex­tremely dusty or dirty environments. On the other hand, the solid-state components in the CWR­6850 are designed to operate at considerably higher temperatures than we humans; do not be
overly disturbed if the cabinet of the CWR-6850 (particularly the rear panel) operates quite warm
to the touch. This internal heat often helps to "dry-out" humidity in the cabinet.

In the normal course of operation, the terminal and its display may attract a build-up of dust or
smoke "haze". This may be expected even in the cleanest areas, particularly if tobacco smoking is
prevalent. The display screen, because of the air flow around it and the high voltage applied to the
CRT, actually attracts particulate matter from the air. This causes over a period of time what may
appear to be a gradual fading of the screen intensity as well as de-focusing of the characters.
Therefore, the face of the CRT should be cleaned often.

Be careful when cleaning any plastic parts as they scratch easily! Cleaning materials available for
phonograph records are usually excellent for cleaning plastic, but may not be strong enough to do
the job if too much dirt has accumulated.

The keyswitches in an electronic keyboard seem to be particularly vulnerable to humidity and par­ticulate air contaminants. Experience has shown that keyswitch failures are considerably more like­ly in equipment used in a high humidity location (in a basement, for example) ; even more so if
the basement operator also smokes! The keyswitches in the keyboard are commercial quality
switches that should last for many years. However, they are essentially mechanical parts, unsealed
from the environment and will tend to be much more susceptible to this type of problem than any
other CWR-6850 part.

CHAPTER 6 PAGE 48

Electrical Connection:

All electrical connection points of the CWR-6850 have maximum voltage and current ratings as giv­en in this manual. If these ratings are exceeded for even a short period of time, considerable dam­age to the terminal may result. Therefore, be very careful KNOW the ratings of the CWR-6850 and
the characteristics of any other equipment before making connections. Some common causes of
electrical failures have been found to be:

A. Inadequate grounding, causing RF interference problems as well as sensitivity to AC power line

transients.

B. Damage from lightning, or other transients on the power line or" station antenna system. A

good lightning protection system may help, as will disconnecting the terminal during electrical
storms. However, such things are unpredictable and the CWR-6850 is no more susceptible to
such problems than other electronic equipment in the station.

C. Improper connections to high voltage devices or to equipment with inadequate safety grounds.

The CWR-6850 does NOT include a high-voltage RTTY loop keying circuit and NONE of its rear
panel jacks should be connected to high voltage loop circuits without the use of isolation devi­ces such as optical isolators or relays. Be sure that all devices plugged into the AC mains have
safety grounds attached to them. AC line by-pass capacitors in a piece of equipment may
cause the cabinet of that equipment to "float" at an AC potential sufficiently high that damage
might be done to the CWR-6850 when the equipment is connected. CONNECT THE GROUNDS
FIRST - THEN CONNECT TO POWER!

6.2 Typical Operational Problems

Because a large number of features are offered in the CWR-6850, it is by nature a complicated de­vice. Therefore, there may be times when it first appears that the terminal has either quit com­pletely or gone off to "do its own thing". If some of the circuitry has failed, you may well get such
symptoms. However, most often when a new owner finds the terminal "unresponsive", it is actually
doing what it has been instructed to do. Familiarity with the CWR-6850 controls will quickly reduce
the chances of "cockpit error" during terminal operation.

The status line and front panel switch position are the best keys to what is happening in the CWR-

6850. Often, mistyping one key for another may cause a result entirely different from that intend-

ed. Some of the more confusing conditions you may encounter are:

1. Forgetting to terminate the programming of a HERE IS message with the RUB OUT key. If you
forget to end the HERE IS programming, further typed text will continue to be entered into the
HERE IS memory until all 61 memory locations are full. At this point, further typing is not ac­cepted by the CWR-6850 and it appears to be in a non-functioning condition. LOOK AT THE
STATUS LINE! The "W1" next to the reverse video page "3" shows that the terminal is in write
mode for HERE IS 1. Look at the displayed text in HERE IS 1, use the BS key to delete the ex­tra characters you have typed, and end the HERE IS programming with the RUB OUT key. The
"W1" will now disappear, the original display page will return to the screen, and the CWR-6850
will function correctly.

2. The transmit buffer area of the screen will register the presence of a carriage control character
(CR or LF), but will NOT perform the operation on this section of the screen; a LF will not shift
the keyboard entry point to the next displayed line of the transmit buffer. The appropriate char­acters will be transmitted, however, in the sequence in which they were entered and the opera­tions do appear in the RECEIVE section of the screen as they are transmitted (half duplex oper­ation only). The transmit buffer display area is strictly linear, showing each key typed.

3. When word mode (CTRL-Y) and automatic control (CTRL-A) are used, the transmitter will turn
on and off between words after the pre-typed text has been transmitted. This may cause loss

CHAPTER 6 PAGE 49

of characters at the receiving station (particularly if a repeater is used). Use CTRL-X and contin­uous mode if this is a problem.

4. The CWR-6850 may be operated in either half or full duplex modes as explained in section 4.7.
However, transmitted text is ONLY "echoed" in the receive section of the display in half duplex.

5. The CWR-6850 will only receive correctly if ALL the switches are set correctly. Refer to Chapter
3 for correct starting points for switch selection. The following are general guidelines:

a. CW RECEIVE: CW/RTTY - button out

RX/TAPE - button out
SEND/RECEIVE - RECEIVE or AUTO (CTRL-X Off)

b. RTTY RECEIVE: CW/RTTY - button in

ASCII/BAUDOT - select code (BAUDOT, usually)
LOCK-UOS ON - ON (button in)
NOR/REV - NOR (button out; if LSB used)
BAUD - select rate (45.5, usually)
SHIFT - select shift (170, usually)
TONE - high for VHP; either for HF
RX/TAPE - RX (button out)
SEND/RECEIVE - RECEIVE
FINE - "0" (center detent)

6. Look at the status line. The presence of one or more letters on this line indicates that a feature
has been activated by the corresponding control command. A complete list of the control com­mands, their action, and the corresponding status indicator is shown in Chapter 7. Often, a
confusing state may have been caused by accidental typing of a control command. Above all,
be careful when using the "CTRL-L:RETURN" key sequence. If invoked, the CWR-6850 is ex­pecting to load the HERE IS memories from tape. The ONLY recovery is to load from the tape
or cycle the power on and off! See section 4.3 for further information. The "CTRL-S:RETURN"
tape save command will likewise yield confusing results, but will recover after the total con­tents of all six HERE IS memories have been transmitted.

7. The RESET button will clear the entire receive display area, clear the printer output buffer, and
clear the tape save buffer. Use this control carefully, but in preference to cycling the power off
and back on.

6.3 Repair Procedures

In the event that your CWR-6850 develops a malfunction, the first step is to carefully note all of
the symptoms of the problem. Statements such as "BROKEN" or "DOESN'T WORK" are of little
help to the service technician, and usually lead to longer repair times than might otherwise be re­quired. Try to provide as much information concerning the failure as you can before you contact
your dealer. By all means, consult your dealer before calling the factory; he may be able to fix the
unit locally and avoid the shipping and delay times.

The following are some of the things that will concern the dealer or factory:

CHAPTER 6 PAGE 50

1. Model number

2. Serial number

3. How long have you owned it?

4. Where did you purchase it (dealer's name}?

5. If purchased used, who was the previous owner? (Used to refer to any previous repair
history on that unit.)

6. What terminal modes, rates, codes, and conditions are associated with the failure?
Does it happen only in receive, transmit, or both?

7. Are there extenuating circumstances? (Lightning, spilled liquids, dropped unit?)

8. Is the problem confined to a particular unit? (CWR-6850, keyboard?)

9. Is there anything else you can add to the description that you think might be useful?

AFTER you have determined answers to the above, contact your dealer and discuss the problem
with him. If he indicates that he will be unable to assist you, the unit should be returned to the
HAL factory for repair. Before returning the unit to the factory, either you or the dealer should call
and receive factory return authorization so that we may expect the unit in shipping and be pre­pared to work on it when it arrives. Whenever possible, return the unit via UPS to the factory ad­dress below, insuring it for the full value. The shipping cost to the factory should be paid by you;
the return shipping costs from the factory (48 contiguous states only) are paid by HAL (warranty
repairs only). The factory "ship-to" address is:

HAL COMMUNICATIONS CORP.
1201 W. KENYON ROAD
BOX 365
URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801
ATTENTION: REPAIR DEPARTMENT

The one-year limited warranty (listed in full at the end of this manual) provides for repair of the
CWR-6850 for a full year after purchase. The purchase invoice date from your dealer marks the be­ginning of the warranty period - save your copy of the invoice I Please read the warranty carefully
to determine the full extent of the privileges and limitations.

6.4 User Adjustments

Because of the complexity of the circuitry used in the CWR-6850, we do NOT recommend that you
personally undertake repairs of the terminal circuit boards. However, there are a number of align­ment procedures that you may undertake if you have the test equipment available. DO NOT UN­DERTAKE ANY ADJUSTMENTS UNTIL YOU ARE SURE THAT UNDERSTAND THE ENTIRE PROCE­DURE. If in doubt, don't do it! (Ask your dealer or the factory for help.) The recommended mini­mum teat equipment is:

1. Audio Frequency Counter - high impedance input, 1 V or better sensitivity, count to 1
MHz or higher.

2. Audio Frequency Oscilloscope - high impedance input, 1 V or better sensitivity, 1 MHz or
greater bandwidth.

3. Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM) - 20 kΩ/V or higher.

4. Audio Frequency Oscillator - 500 ohm impedance, 10 mV to 1 V rms output, 500 – 3000
Hz adjustable frequency.

Simplified layout drawings are shown in Figure 10 that give the locations of various variable resis­tors (VR-n), test points (TP-n), and user jumper locations (JP-n). Note that there are numerous ad­ditional jumper locations on the circuit boards that should not be disturbed from their factory set­tings.

CHAPTER 6 PAGE 51

There are four major sub-assemblies that make-up the CWR-6850:

1. The cabinet with its controls, connectors, and wire harnesses.

2. The CRT display section.

3. The digital circuit board (top board).

4. The modem circuit board (bottom board).

Most of the following adjustments are located on one of the two circuit boards. It is NOT necessa­ry to remove any circuit boards to make these adjustments. You will, however, have to remove
both the top and bottom covers of the CWR-6850. Be careful to avoid misplacing any of the six­teen black screws that fasten the covers in place - they are metric and not easily replaced! Use a
good No. 2 Phillips screw driver (NOT No. 1 or smaller). The diagrams in Figure 10 show the
boards AS VIEWED FROM THE FRONT PANEL.

Figure 10 – Test Points and User-adjustable Controls

CHAPTER 6 PAGE 52

CIRCUIT BOABD JUMPER FUNCTIONS

BOARD JUMPER JP OPEN CKT JP SHORT CKT

MODEM (bottom) JP-1 Set Mark Tone Set Space Tone

DIGITAL (top) JP-1 SW OUT FSK: SW OUT FSK:

MARK = "ON" SPACE = "ON"

JP-2 SW OUT CW: SW OUT CW:

+/- CW Keying +CW keying only

0.8 V offset 0.2 V offset

NOTES: 1. JP is used to align the transmit AFSK tones; use clip to chassis ground

from pin at JP.

2. Use "solder-bridge" to "short" JP-1 & JP-2.

ADJUSTMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS ON DIGITAL (TOP) BOARD

CONTROL/TP ACTION

VR-1

VR-2

VR-3

VR-4

VR-5

VR-6

TP-6

Adjusts frequency of CW sidetone oscillator; set to 800 Hz at TP-1 AFTER ADJUST­ING VR-2.

Adjust center frequency of CW PLL filter; ADJUST BEFORE VR-1. With no signal in­put, set VR-2 for 800 Hz at TP-2.

Adjust minimum CW transmit speed. Set SPEED slide control to minimum (0) and
adjust VR-3 for CW transmit speed desired. (Measured at TP-3)

Adjust maximum CW transmit speed. Set SPEED slide control to maximum (10)
and adjust VR-4 for CW transmit speed desired. (Measured at TP-3)

Adjusts center frequency of CW active filter. Feed 10-20 mV, 800 Hz signal into AF
input, adjust VR-5 for maximum signal at TP-5 (use oscilloscope).

Adjust contrast of the internal CRT display.

Measure CW transmit speed; CW WPM = 2.667 × freq.

ADJUSTMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS ON MODEM (BOTTOM) BOARD

1. SET RECEIVE RTTY FILTERS:

Set-up as follows:

1. SEND-AUTO-HECEIVE to SEND

2. RX-TAPE to TAPE

3. Connect AFSK OUT-TAPE to AF IN-TAPE

4. SHIFT slide control to "0" (center detent)

5. AFSK GAIN control fully clockwise

6. Connect oscilloscope to TP-3 or TP-4 as indicated.

7. Open or short JP-1 as indicated.

CHAPTER 6 PAGE 53

TONE

SHIFT

SWITCH

HIGH any

170
425
850

LOW any

170
425
850

TEST

POINT

TP-3
TP-4
TP-4
TP-4

TP-3
TP-4
TP-4
TP-4

JP-1

OPEN
SHORT
SHORT
SHORT

OPEN
SHORT
SHORT
SHORT

ADJ FOR

MAXIMUM

VR-7
VR-1
VR-2
VR-3

VR-8
VR-4
VR-5
VR-6

VR-9 and VR-10 are used to adjust the amplitude balance between the mark and space receive
channels. They should NOT require re-adjustment!

2. OTHER USER ADJUSTMENTS:

The only remaining user-adjustable controls are those in the CRT monitor sub-assembly. The func­tions of these controls are clearly marked on the circuit board and you may adjust them if re­quired. The available controls are:

MARKING LOCATION FUNCTION

V-LIN
V-HEIGHT
V-HOLD
VIDEO CENTER
SUB-BRIGHT
FOCUS

Right side
Right side
Right side
Right side
Right side
Right side

Adjust vertical linearity
Adjust vertical height
Adjust vertical oscillator frequency
Adjusts horizontal centering
Adjust brightness of CRT
Adjust focus of display

These are the ONLY user-adjustable controls in the CWR-6850. Please do attempt re-adjustment of
any other controls or use of any jumpers not mentioned in the above discussion. If your CWR-6850
still exhibits problems or cannot be adjusted as explained, please contact your dealer or the facto­ry for more information.

CHAPTER 7 PAGE 54

CHAPTER 7

SPECIFICATIONS

INPUT/OUTPUT:

AUDIO 30 mV to 2 V rms, 8 ohm audio
INPUT: 800 Hz for Morse receive; 1000–3000 Hz for RTTY

AUDIO XMIT OUT = 25 mV nom, 500 ohms (adj.)
OUTPUT: TAPE OUT = 25 mV nom, 500 ohms (adj.)

EXT.SP = adj. to 2 Watts, 8 ohms

TTL I/O: Standard TTL data interface levels;
(FSK TTL) Mark = +2.7 V

Space = +0.6 V (= CW key down)

MORSE KEY: Transistor switches to key + or - circuits
(SW.OUT-CW) Voltage = + or –100 VDC maximum

Current = 100 mA (+V); 10 mA (–V) maximum

SCOPE Separate mark and space connections for crossed ellipse indication
OUTPUTS: on X-Y scope display.
(OSCILLO) Voltage = 1.0 VPP typical, 200 kΩ

ASCII Parallel, Centronics - compatible printer output.
PRINTER: Received and transmitted text may be printed on the ASCII printer,

regardless of code.

KOS SWITCH: NPN transistor switch to ground to control TX/RX function
(SW.OUT- of station. ("SW.OUT - REMOTE")
REMOTE) Voltage = 50 +VDC maximum

Current = 200 mA maximum
Isolation relay or circuit required to switch negative voltage control lines.

FSK OUT: NPN transistor switch to ground to switch direct
(SW.OUT-FSK)FSK keying circuit ("SW.OUT - FSK")

Voltage = 100 +VDC maximum
Current = 100 mA maximum
Standard: "ON" = space; "OFF" = mark; may be reversed with internal
jumper JP-1.

KEYBOARD: Connection to accessory keyboard.

VIDEO OUT: RS170 standard composite video output; 1.0 VPP, 72 ohms.

DATA CODES AND RATES:

BAUDOT U.S. Standard 5-level International Telegraphic Alphabet No. 2 Baudot Code
CODE: with 1 unit start and 1.5 unit stop bit (CCITT No. 2).

ASCII American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) as
CODE: defined by ANSI Standard X3.4-1968. 8 unit code with 1 unit start pulse; 2

unit atop pulse (ISO/CCITT No. 5).

CHAPTER 7 PAGE 55

RTTY DATA Baudot or ASCII codes may be transmitted and received at
RATES: 15.15, 50, 56.88, 74.2, 110, and 300 baud.

MORSE Continental Morse Code including all letters, numbers, period, comma, colon,
CODE: dash, apostrophe, parentheses, quote, question mark, and AA, AR, AS, BT,

BT, KN, SK, and error prosigns. Receive speed automatically tracks from 1 to
100 wpm speeds: transmit speed may be set for 4 to 33 wpm.

MODEMS:

MORSE: AF Active filter or Phase-lock loop filter; 800 Hz nominal center frequency.

RTTY Mark = 2125 Hz
HIGH TONES: Space = 2295 Hz (170 Shift)

= 2550 Hz (425 Shift)
= 2975 Hz (850 Shift)

CW ID a Space tone (all shifts)

RTTY Mark = 1275 Hz (170 Shift)
LOW TONES: Space = 1445 Hz (170 Shift)

= 1700 Hz (425 Shift)
= 2125 Hz (850 Shift)

CW ID = Spaoe tone (all shifts)

Transmit audio tone frequencies are automatically set to correspond to se­lected modem and shift; NORM/REV switch changes polarity of RX tones on­ly.

DISPLAY:

SCREEN: 5 inch diagonal measure (3.25" × 4.26") green CRT; 20 lines of 32 charac-

ters per line; four pages may be selected for viewing.

PAGE 56 lines of 32 characters per line (4 pages); 25 lines of receive text, 15 lines
MEMORY: of pretype transmit text; 12 lines of memory channel storage.

CHARACTERS: Full upper and lower case letters, all numbers and punctuation of the ASCII

character set, special graphic symbols for ASCII control codes; 5×7 dot ma­trix; green characters on a dark background.

SCROLL: Received text is displayed on bottom line of receive area of screen; new text

scrolls upward.

TX/RX CONTROL: Automatic Keyboard Operated Switch (KOS) or manual keyboard or manual

front panel switch control of station transmit-receive circuitry (+ voltage).

INDICATORS:

LED: Four LED indicators show MARK, SPACE, Morse center tuning (CW), and

SCREEN: One line of screen shows which CTRL- functions are presently in use; con-

Power indicator.

tents of all HERE IS messages are displayed on page 3. (See APPENDIX B)

CHAPTER 7 PAGE 56

SCOPE: Rear panel connections to vertical and horizontal amplifier inputs of an X-Y

oscilloscope for conventional crossed-loop indication (Oscilloscope NOT in­cluded with CWR-6850).

KEYBOARD: 55 keys plus space bar, ASCII keyboard arrangement. RUB OUT allows back-

up error correction.

MESSAGE STORAGE: Six, 64-character user-programmable HERE IS texts. CW ID may be included
(HERE IS) within HERE IS 0 text.

FRONT PANEL CONTROLS:

SLIDE INPUT: Volume control for received signals.
CONTROLS: VOLUME: Volume control to monitor CW sidetone and RTTY transmit

tones.
SPEED: CW transmit speed adjustment.
FINE: Fine tuning of RTTY space filter center frequency; detent for

optimum.

LEVER POWER CWR-6850 DC power switch.
SWITCHES: SEND- SEND: The transceiver and CWR-6850 are set to transmit con-

AUTO- tinuously
RECEIVE AUTO: The transceiver and CWR-6850 TX/RX condition may

be set by keyboard commands.

RECEIVE: The transceiver and CWR-6850 are set to receive

continuously.

PUSH- RESET ON Erase receive screen, return cursor to initial receive position,
BUTTON display 1st display page. Clear printer output register and
SWITCHES erase memory transmission buffer.

FILTER ON Turns on CW PLL tracking filter; gives narrow bandwidth CW

receive response.
SPACE- Reduces CW reception interpretation time of word spacing by
NARROW 25%.
CWID A- CWID A: Transmit CW ID on SW-OUT CW, FSK, and 800
CWID B Hz tone.

CWID B: Transmit CW ID using AFSK, mark-space RTTY

tones.

DISPLAY PAGE: Cycle display pages on screen.

MODE A: Page cycles between pages 0 and 1; used for

receive only.

MODE B: Page cycles through all four pages; used for

TX/RX.

CW - RTTY Selects between CW (Morse code) and RTTY (Baudot or

ASCII) codes.
ASCII- Selects between the ASCII (8 unit) and BAUDOT (5 unit) RTTY
BAUDOT codes.
LTR ON Restores Baudot receive to LTRS case.
FIG ON Restores Baudot receive to FIGS case.
LOCK / In Baudot gives return to LTRS case after reception of a space
UOS ON character. In ASCII locks receive and transmit characters to

upper case only.
NOR - REV Reverses the sense of received signals - does not change

sense of transmitted tones.

CHAPTER 7 PAGE 57

BAUD Six interlocked switches set data rate for RTTY transmit and

receive to 45.45, 50.0, 56.9, 74.2, 110, 300 baud.
SHIFT Three interlocked switches set RTTY transmit and receive shift

to 170, 425 or 850 Hz.
TONE HIGH: Select RTTY "HIGH" tones for transmit and receive;

mark = 2125 Hz.

LOW: Select RTTY "LOW" tones for transmit and receive;

mark = 1275 Hz.

RX -TAPE RX: Audio signal connected to AF IN - RX jack is inter-

preted by the CW and RTTY demodulators.

TAPE: Audio signal connected to AF IN - TAPE jack is inter

preted by the CW and RTTY demodulators. Local
"echo" of transmitted data is suppressed, giving full
duplex operation.

REAR PANEL KEY BOARD, PRINTER, VIDEO OUT, EXT SP, PHONE, TELEGRAPH KEY,
CONNECTIONS: FSK TTL IN, FSK TTL OUT, AF OUT, SW OUT REMOTE, SW OUT FSK, SW

OUT CW, OSCILLO SPACE, OSCILLO MARK, AFSK OUT TX, AFSK OUT TAPE,

AF IN TAPE, AF IN RX, FUSE, DC 13.8 V.

REAR PANEL FSK DEMOD: INT: Internal FSK demodulator used for reception of RTTY.
CONTROLS: EXT: Internal FSK demodulator disconnected and received

data interpreted from the FSK TTL IN connector.

AFSK GAIN: Controls output level to both AFSK OUT - TX and - TAPE con-

nectors.

BRIGHT: Controls contrast of internal screen.

MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

CWB6850: 12.7" W × 5.0" H × 12.5" D (13.25 × 5.1 × 11 clearance)

32.26 cm × 12.7 cm × 31.75 cm (33.66 × 12.95 × 35.56 cm)
Color: Dark gray top and bottom; black front panel; red, blue, gray, white

and black switch buttons. Green CRT phosphor.

KEYBOARD: 13.8" W × 2.3" H × 7.1" D

35.05 cm × 5.84 cm × 18.03 cm
Color: Light gray top; dark gray bottom; blue and gray keytops.

WEIGHTS: 16.5 lbs net, 20 lbs shipping (including keyboard)

7.5 kg net, 9.1 kg shipping (including keyboard)

POWER 12 to 14.5 VDC (13.8 VDC nominal), 1.65 Amps. 22 Watts

APPENDIX A PAGE 58

APPENDIX A

CWR-6850 KEYBOARD CONTROL COMMAND LIST

CONTROL

KEY

CTRL-A

CTRL-C

CTRL-D

CTRL-E

CTRL-G

CTRL-I

CTRL-L:

RETURN L

STATUS

INDICATOR

A

C

D

E

FUNCTION

ON - OFF control of automatic transmit-receive operation; SEND­AUTO-RECEIVE switch must be in AUTO position.

ON - OFF control of reception and transfer to the printer of ASCII
control codes.

Extends CW transmit dash length by 25 %, reducing the effective
CW "weight".

ON - OFF control of echo-back from transmit to receive buffer areas.

Inserts signal bell code in transmit buffer; effective only in ASCII and
Baudot.

Changes transmit mode from RTTY to CW for all text to be transmit­ted. Shows reverse video star ( * ) in receive buffer.

Load start command to load contents of all six HERE IS memories
from tape; control passes to tape and CWR-6850 will not respond to
further keyboard commands until after an ASCII STX character is re­ceived from tape.

CTRL-N

CTRL-P

CTRL-Q:0
CTRL-Q:1
CTRL-Q:2
CTRL-Q:3

CTRL-Q:other

CTRL-R:0
CTRL-R:1
CTRL-R:2
CTRL-R:3
CTRL-R:4
CTRL-R:5

CTRL-R:other

CTRL-S:

RETURN

In Baudot, inserts FIG character in transmit buffer; in ASCII, inserts
SI. No effect in CW.

P

Q
Q
Q
Q

R
R
R
R
R
R

S

ON - OFF control of the printer.

Set display to page 0
Set display to page 1
Set display to page 2
Set display to page 3
Set display to original display page.

Read contents of HERE IS 0 for transmission
Read contents of HERE IS 0 for transmission
Read contents of HERE IS 0 for transmission
Read contents of HERE IS 0 for transmission
Read contents of HERE IS 0 for transmission
Read contents of HERE IS 0 for transmission
RESET CTRL-R command

Transmit contents all 6 HERE IS messages to tape recorder for stor­age.

CTRL-U

U

RTTY transmit speed is slowed to 25-baud equivalent speed by in­creasing the length of the stop pulse. The baud rate of the character
itself is not changed from that set by the BAUD switch.

APPENDIX A PAGE 59

CONTROL

KEY

CTRL-W:0
CTRL-W:1
CTRL-W:2
CTRL-W:3
CTRL-W:4
CTRL-W:5

CTRL-W:other

CTRL-X

CTRL-Y

CTRL-Z:BS

CTRL-Z:Shift-\

CTRL-Z:

SHIFT-*

STATUS

INDICATOR

W
W
W
W
W
W

X

Y

Z

Z

Z

FUNCTION

Program HERE IS #0; end with RUB OUT key.
Program HERE IS #1; end with RUB OUT key.
Program HERE IS #2; end with RUB OUT key.
Program HERE IS #3; end with RUB OUT key.
Program HERE IS #4; end with RUB OUT key.
Program HERE IS #5; end with RUB OUT key.
Cancel ^W command.

Turn on transmitter and transmit data; works when SEND-AUTO­RECEIVE switch is in AUTO; transmitter stays on until second CTRL-X
is used to turn transmitter off.

ON - OFF control of word mode transmission.

Deletes final line in transmit buffer area; repeated BS operation dele­tes preceding line without further need of CTRL-Z.

Deletes all text in transmit buffer.

ON - OFF control of insertion of CW text in stream of otherwise RTTY
in transmit buffer

CTRL-^

CTRL-@

^

Turns on sync-idle; stops sending transmit text until turned off with
2nd CTRL-^.

Inserts NUL code in transmit buffer in ASCII; BLANK code in BAU­DOT. No effect in CW.

APPENDIX B PAGE 60

APPENDIX B

CWR-6850 DISPLAY FORMAT

TOTAL DISPLAY CAPABILITY:

APPENDIX B PAGE 61

PAGE 0 and PAGE 1 DISPLAY FORMAT:

APPENDIX B PAGE 62

PAGE 2 and PAGE 3 DISPLAY FORMAT:

ADDENDUM PAGE 63

The following additions apply to your CWR-6850:

1. The command "CTRL-B" may be used to give a "break" transmit condition. The "break" com­mand in RTTY gives continuous SPACE condition output until a second CTRL-B is typed. The
"break" command in CW gives continuous "key-down" condition until a second CTRL-B is typ­ed. The CTRL-B command may only be used when the SEND-AUTO-RECEIVE switch is in the
SEND position. Activity of the "break" command is shown by the letter "B" in the status line.

2. The double vertical arrow symbol ( ) at the right-hand side of the status line is used to indi­cate that a command is waiting further input from the keyboard. Except for the ESC command,
commands showing ( ) can be canceled with the RUBOUT key. Also, the command will be
canceled if a key other than the proper response is typed (for example any key except RETURN
after a CTRL-L). The exception is, of course, when CTRL-W is used to program the HERE IS
messages; only the RUBOUT ends HERE IS programming.

3. An open ( ) or closed ( ) right-arrow on the status line shows that data input from the
keyboard is not being accepted (such as during CTRL-L or CTRL-S operations). The arrow
changes from open ( ) to closed ( ) when the operation is active. Only the RESET front
panel switch may be used to cancel the right-arrow commands.

4. The CTRL-Q:n command is used to change the display page from the keyboard as explained on
page 58 of the manual. When the CWR-6850 is first turned on, the display is set to display
page 1 on the screen; other pages may be set with the CTRL-Q:0, CTRL-Q:2, etc. commands.
CTRL-Q:5 will reset the display back to page 1. The CTRL-Q:5 return page may be set to any
other page with the following procedure: Use CTRL-Q:n to select the desired "default" display
page and then type CTRL-Q:6. Now, the display will return to the new "default" page when
CTRL-Q:5 is used.

5. The following precautions apply when using the CWR-6850 with the ICOM brand of HF trans­ceivers (IC710, 720, 720A, 730):

a. When using SW-OUT FSK connection (see section 5.3 of the manual) to drive the direct

FSK connection of the ICOM transceivers, it is necessary to invert the normal sense of the
FSK output from mark = "on" to space = "on". To make this change, refer to section 6.4 of
the manual and short-across jumper JP-1 on the digital board (top board). See Figure 10.
for the location of JP-1. Refer to item (c) below for further considerations.

b. On the IC710 and IC720 (but NOT the IC720A), the FSK TTL OUT connection may be used

in place of the SW-OUT FSK connection for direct FSK, subject to conditions listed in (c)
below.

c. Measure the voltage at the FSK input terminal to the ICOM transceiver:

I. If a voltage larger than 5 volts is measured, use the SW-OUT FSK connection outlined in
step (a) above.
II. If no voltage is measured, use the FSK TTL OUT connection as discussed in step (b)
above.

d. Do NOT use the audio signal on pin 4 of the ICOM accessory connector for audio output

connection; connect the EXT-SP terminal of the ICOM to the AF IN RX connector of the

CWR-6850 instead.
e. Use the REV position of the NOR-REV switch of the CWR-6850.
f. When transmitting CW, place a solder short across JP-2 on the digital board (top board) as

explained in section 6.4 of the manual.
g. If problems are experienced with transmit-receive control of the ICOM transceiver by the

CWR-6850, it may be necessary to change the value of R50 on the digital board. R50 is lo-

cated at the center rear of the circuit board and is presently a 1500 ohm resistor. Because

of the high current relays used in the ICOM transceivers, it may be necessary to replace

the 1500 ohm resistor with a 470 ohm resistor. This has not been found to a problem in

our testing of the CWR-6850, but may be present on some units due to ICOM production

variations between units.

6. The special considerations for the ICOM brand of HF transceivers does not seem to apply to
other manufacturer's brands of transceivers with the possible exception of the choice of audio

ADDENDUM PAGE 64

output connection to the transceiver. ALWAYS use a low-impedance audio output such as the
external speaker connection (or Kenwood phone patch output) rather than a high-impedance,
low-level output (such as the TR7 auxiliary output).