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xx
SignalVu™
ZZZ
Vector Signal Analysis Software
Printable Online Help
*
077022508
077-0225-08
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Page 3
SignalVu™
Vector Signal Analysis Software
ZZZ
PrintableOnlineHelp
www.tektronix.com
077-0225-07
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Copyright © Tektronix. All rights reserved. Licensed software products are owned by Tektronix or its
subsidiaries or suppliers, and are protected by national copyright laws and international treaty provisions.
Tektronix p roducts are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this
publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specifications and price change privileges
reserved.
TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc.
Compiled Help part number 076-0177-09
Help version: July 9, 2014
Contacting Tektronix
Tektroni
14150 SW Karl Braun Drive
P. O . Box 5 00
Beaverton, OR 97077
USA
x, Inc.
For pro
duct information, sales, service, and technical support:
In North America, call 1-800-833-9200.
Worldwide, visit www.tektronix.com to find contacts in your area.
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Table of Contents
Welcome
Welcome............................................................................................................. 1
About the Tektronix Signal Analyzer
Options
Options.......................................................................................................... 3
Documentation and support
Documentation ................................................................................................. 3
Video tutorials.................................................................................................. 3
Orientation
Connecting Signals and Selecting the Analysis Channel....................................................... 5
Front-Panel Controls ...................... ................................ .................................. ....... 5
Touch-Screen Actions.............................................................................................. 5
Elements of the Display............................................................................................ 9
Table of Contents
Operating Your Instrument
Presets... ................................ .................................. ................................ .......... 13
Setting Options. ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... 18
Using the Measurement Displays
Selecting Displays............... ................................ .................................. ................ 21
Taking Measurements
Measurements
Available Measurements............. ................................ ................................ ........ 23
General Signal Viewing
Overview ........................................................................................................... 31
Time Overview
Time Overview Display...................................................................................... 31
Time Overview Settings ..................................................................................... 33
Navigator View . ................................ .................................. ............................ 34
Spectrum
Spectrum Display ..................... ................................ ................................ ........ 37
Spectrum Settings............................................................................................. 39
Spectrogram
Spectrogram Display ......................................................................................... 40
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Table of Contents
Spectrogram Settings .. ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . .. 43
Amplitude Vs Time
Amplitude Vs Time Display................... ................................ .............................. 47
Amplitude Vs Time Settings .................. .................................. ............................ 48
Frequency Vs Time
Frequency Vs Time Display................................................................................. 49
Frequency Vs Time Set
Phase Vs Time
Phase Vs Time Display....................................................................................... 51
Phase Vs Time Settings . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. 52
RF I & Q Vs Time
RF I & Q vs Time Display................................................................................... 53
RF I & Q vs Time Settings.. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... .. 54
Common Controls for General Signal Viewing Displays
General Signal Viewing Shared Measurement Settings .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . 55
Analog Modulation
Overview ........................................................................................................... 67
AM
AM Display ......................... ................................ ................................ .......... 67
AM Settings ................................................................................................... 68
FM
FM Display.................................................................................................... 73
FM Settings.. . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. 75
PM
PM Display.................................................................................................... 81
PM Settings.. . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. 83
tings................................................................................. 50
RF Measurements
Overview ........................................................................................................... 91
Channel Power and ACPR
Channel Power and ACPR (Adjacent Channel Power Ratio) Display...................... ............ 91
Channel Power and ACPR Settings ........................ ................................ ................ 94
MCPR
MCPR (Multiple Carrier Power Ratio) Display . ... . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. 97
MCPR Settings............................................ ................................ .................. 101
Occupied BW & x dB BW
Occupied BW & x dB BW Display..................... ................................ .................. 108
Occupied BW & x dB BW Settings . . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... 111
Spurious
Spurious Display............................................................................................ 112
Spurious Display Settings. ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... 116
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CCDF
CCDF Display............................................................................................... 123
CCDF Settings ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . . 124
Settling Time Measurements
Settling Time Measurement Overview .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . 125
Settling Time Displays
Settling Time Displays . . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... 130
Settling Time Settings . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... 138
Common Controls for Settling Time Displays
Settling Time Displays Shared Measurement Settings . . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . 138
SEM (Spectrum Emission Mask)
SEM Display ................................................................................................ 146
Spectrum Emission Mask Settings . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... .. 150
Common C ontrols for RF Measurements Displays
RF Measurements Shared Measurement Settings .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... .. 157
WLAN Measurements
WLAN Overview........ ................................ .................................. ...................... 165
WLAN Chan Response
WLAN Channel Response Display ................. ................................ ...................... 167
WLAN Channel Response Settings.. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . . 169
WLAN Constellation
WLAN Constellation Display............................................................................. 170
WLAN Constellation Settings............................................................................. 171
WLAN EVM
WLAN EVM Display ............ ................................ ................................ .......... 172
WLAN EVM Settings. ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. 173
WLAN Mag Error
WLAN Magnitude Error Display......................................................................... 174
WLAN Magnitude Error Settings......................................................................... 175
WLAN Phase Error
WLAN Phase Error Display............................................................................... 176
WLAN Phase Error Settings . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . . 177
WLAN Power vs Time
WLAN Power vs Time Display ........................................................................... 178
WLAN Power vs Time Settings........................................................................... 180
WLAN Spectral Flatness
WLAN Spectral Flatness Display................. ................................ ........................ 181
WLAN Spectral Flatness Settings ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . ... .. 182
WLAN Summary
WLAN Summary Display ................................................................................. 183
WLAN Summary Settings................................................................................. 187
Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
WLAN Symb Table
WLAN Symbol Table Display .. .................................. ................................ ........ 188
WLAN Symbol Table Settings .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . ... .. 190
Common Controls for WLAN Analysis Displays
WLAN Analysis Shared Measurement Settings .. . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... 190
OFDM Analysis
Overview ......................................................................................................... 201
OFDM Chan Response
OFDM Channel Response Display ..................... .................................. ................ 201
OFDM Channel Response Settings . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... 203
OFDM Constellation
OFDM Constellation Display ............................................................................. 204
OFDM Constellation Settings ............................................................................. 205
OFDM EVM
OFDM EVM Display ................ ................................ .................................. .... 205
OFDM EVM Settings .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . .. 206
OFDM Flatness
OFDM Spectral Flatness Display ......... ................................ ................................ 207
OFDM Spectral Flatness Settings . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. 208
OFDM Mag Error
OFDM Magnitude Error Display ......................................................................... 209
OFDM Magnitude Error Settings ......................................................................... 210
OFDM Phase Error
OFDM Phase Error Display ............................................................................... 211
OFDM Phase Error Settings . . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . 212
OFDM Power
OFDM Power Display ..................................................................................... 213
OFDM Power Settings .. ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. 214
OFDM Summary
OFDM Summary Display............................ .................................. .................... 215
OFDM Summary Settings ................................................................................. 216
OFDM Symb Table
OFDM Symbol Table Display............................................................................. 217
OFDM Symbol Table Settings . ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . ... 218
Common Controls for OFDM Analysis Displays
OFDM Analysis Shared Measurement Settings . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... 218
Pulsed RF
Overview ......................................................................................................... 227
Pulse Table Display
Pulse Table Display....................... .................................. ................................ 227
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Pulse Table Settings ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... 228
Pulse Trace Display
Pulse Trace Display................................. ................................ ........................ 229
Pulse Trace Settings .. . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . 231
Pulse Statistics
Pulse Statistics Display..................................................................................... 231
Pulse Statistics Set
Common Controls for Pulsed RF Displays
Pulsed RF Shared Measurement Settings ................................ ................................ 234
APCO P25 Analysis
APCO P25 Analysis................................. ................................ ............................ 245
Overview ...................... .................................. ................................ ............ 245
P25 Standards Presets ........................ ................................ .............................. 246
P25 Displays ................................................................................................ 247
P25 Measurements.......................................................................................... 248
P25 Test Patterns............................................................................................ 256
P25 Constellation
P25 Constellation Display ................................................................................. 258
P25 Constellation Settings .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... .. 260
P25 Eye Diagram
P25 Eye Diagram Display ................................................................................. 261
P25 Eye Diagram Settings................................................................................. 263
P25 Power vs Time
P25 Power vs Time Display . ................................ .................................. ............ 263
P25 Power vs Time Settings . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. 265
P25 Summary
P25 Summary Display ....................... ................................ .............................. 266
P25 Summary Settings . . ... ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . . 269
P25 Symbol Table
P25 Symbol Table Display................................. .................................. .............. 269
P25 Symbol Table Settings .. ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... .. 271
P25 Frequency Deviation Vs Time
P25 Frequency Dev Vs Time Display ........ ................................ ............................ 272
P25 Frequency Dev Vs Time Settings . ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . 274
Common Controls for P25 Analysis Displays
P25 Analysis Shared Measurement Settings. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. 275
Table of Contents
tings .................. .................................. ................................ 233
Audio Analysis
Overview ......................................................................................................... 287
Audio Spectrum
Audio Spectrum Display................................................................................... 287
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Table of Contents
Audio Spectrum Settings.. ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... 288
Audio Summary
Audio Summary Display........................................... ................................ ........ 289
Audio Summary Settings . . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . 290
Common Controls for Audio Analysis Displays
Audio Analysis Measurement Settings................................................................... 291
GP Digital Modulation
Overview ......................................................................................................... 301
Constellation
Constellation Display....................................................................................... 302
Constellation Settings ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . . 303
Demod I & Q vs Time
Demod I & Q vs Time Display............................................................................ 304
Demod I & Q vs Time Settings . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . 306
EVM vs Time
EVM vs Time Display...................... ................................ ................................ 306
EVM vs Time Settings . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . . 307
Eye Diagram
Eye Diagram Display........................... ................................ ............................ 308
Eye Diagram Settings ................ ................................ .................................. .... 310
Frequency Deviation vs Time
Frequency Deviation vs Time Display ................................................................... 310
Frequency Deviation vs Time Settings .. ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... .. 312
Magnitude Error vs Time
Magnitude Error vs Time Display .............. ................................ .......................... 312
Magnitude Error vs Time Settings ................ ................................ ........................ 314
Phase Error vs Time
Phase Error vs Time Display .................... ................................ .......................... 314
Phase Error vs. Time Settings . . ... ... . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . 316
Signal Quality
Signal Quality Display .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... .. 316
Signal Quality Settings . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . 321
Symbol Table
Symbol Table Display.............................. ................................ ........................ 322
Symbol Table Settings.. ... . .. . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. 323
Trellis Diagram
Trellis Diagram Display.. ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. 323
Trellis Diagram Settings . . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . . 325
Common Controls for GP Digital Modulation Displays
GP Digital Modulation Shared Measurement Settings ................................................. 325
Standard Settings Button.. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... .. 326
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Symbol Maps
Symbol Maps.................... .................................. ................................ .......... 342
User Filters
Overview: User Defined Measurement and Reference Filters. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... .. 347
User Filter File Format ..................................................................................... 348
Marker Measurements
Using Markers
Using Markers............................................................................................... 351
Controlling Markers with the Touchscreen Actions Menu . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . . 351
Measuring Frequency and Power in the Spectrum Display .......... ................................ .. 354
Common Marker Actions
Marker Action Controls ............................................................................... 355
Peak.................................. .................................. ................................ .. 355
Next Peak ............................................................................................... 355
Marker to Center Frequency.......................................................................... 355
Sync Scope C1/C2 to Active Marker ................................................................ 355
Define Markers Control Panel
Enabling Markers and Setting Marker Properties ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . 356
Markers Toolbar
Using the Markers Toolbar.................................... ................................ ........ 357
Noise Markers in the Spectrum Display
Measuring Noise U
Table of Contents
sing Delta Markers in the Spectrum Display................................. 358
Mask Testing
The Mask Test Tool . ................................ .................................. .......................... 361
Mask Test Settings. . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... 361
Define Tab (Mask Test) ....................... .................................. ................................ 361
Actions Tab........................... .................................. ................................ .......... 367
Analyzing Data
Analysis Settings
Analysis Settings.. .................................. ................................ ........................ 369
Analysis Time Tab.......................................................................................... 369
Spectrum Time Tab................... .................................. ................................ .... 371
Frequency Tab............................................................................................... 371
Units Tab................................. ................................ .................................. .. 374
Analyzing Data Using Replay
Replay Overview ........................................................................................... 375
Replay Menu .................. ................................ .................................. ............ 377
Acq Data..................... ................................ ................................ ................ 377
Replay All Selected Records .. ................................ .................................. .......... 377
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Table of Contents
Replay Current Record ..................................................................................... 378
Replay from Selected....................................................................................... 378
Pause ............... .................................. ................................ ........................ 378
Stop........................................................................................................... 378
Select All .................................................................................................... 378
Select Records from History............................................................................... 378
Replay Toolbar .............................................................................................. 379
Amplitude Corrections
Amplitude Settings . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. 381
External Gain/Loss Correction Tab................................ .................................. .......... 381
External Gain Value ........................................................................................ 381
Apply External Corrections To........ .................................. ................................ .. 382
External Loss Tables ....................................................................................... 382
Contro
lling the Acquisition of Data
Acquisition Controls in the Run Menu
Continuous Versus Single Sequence.......................................... ............................ 385
Run ................... ................................ ................................ ........................ 385
Resume....................................................................................................... 385
Abort ............... .................................. ................................ ........................ 385
Acquisition Controls in the Acquire Control Panel
Acquire................................... ................................ ................................ .... 386
Vertical ....................................................................................................... 386
IQ Sampling Parameters ................... ................................ ................................ 388
Scope Settings. ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... ... . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . .. . ... ... ... . . 389
Scope Data Tab.......... ................................ ................................ .................... 390
Managing Data, Settings, and Pictures
Saving and Recalling Data, Settings, and Pictures. ... . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... ... ... . .. . .. 391
Data, Settings, and Picture File Formats .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . ... ... . .. . ... ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... ... . .. 393
Printing Screen Shots ........................................................................................... 397
Reference
Online Help ...................................................................................................... 399
About the Vector Signal Analysis Software .............. .................................. .................. 399
Menus
Menu Overview............................................................................................. 400
File Menu
File Menu ............................................................................................... 401
View Menu
View Menu ............................................................................................. 405
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Table of Contents
Run Menu
Run Menu........................................... ................................ .................... 406
Replay
Replay Menu ........................................................................................... 408
Markers Menu
Markers Menu.......................................................................................... 408
Setup Menu
Setup Menu ........................... ................................ ................................ .. 408
Presets Me
Presets Menu ........... .................................. ................................ .............. 408
Application Presets .................................................................................... 409
Tools Menu
Tools Menu ... ................................ ................................ .......................... 409
Window Menu
Window
Help Menu
Help Menu........ ................................ .................................. .................... 410
Troubleshooting
Error and Information Messages .......................................................................... 410
Displaying the Windows Event Viewer .................................................................. 417
Deal
Upgrading the Product Software
How to Find Out if Software Upgrades are Available .................................................. 419
Changing Settings
Settings. . .. . .. . ... ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... ... . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. . .. . ... ... ... 420
nu
Menu.................. ................................ ................................ ........ 410
ing with Sluggish Instrument Operation............................................................ 419
ossary
Gl
Index
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Table of Contents
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Welcome Welco m e
Welcome
This help provides in-depth information on how to use the SignalVu™ Vector Signal Analysis Software.
This help is also available in a PDF format for printing.
NOTE. Most of
software version that runs on the RSA5100A Real-time Signal Analyzers. These instruments support
additional hardware-based functionality and buttons, such as Trig, that are not present in the SignalVu™
or SignalVu-PC application.
the screen illustrations in this document are taken from the vector signal analysis
SignalVu™ Vector Signal Analysis Software Printable Online Help 1
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Welcome Welcome
2 SignalVu™ Vector Signal Analysis Software Printable Online Help
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About the Tektronix Signal Analyzer Options
Options
To view a listing of the software options installed in your software, select Help > About Your Tektronix
Vector Signal Analysis Software.
Options can be added to your software. For the latest information on available option upgrades, see
the Tektronix Web site
.
Documentation
In addition to the instrument Help, the following documents are available. Many documents are provided
on the documentation CD provided with the instrument. For the most up to date documentation, visit the
Tektronix Web site www.tektronix.com/downloads
SignalVu Reference (Tektronix part number 077-0224-XX). This document provides a brief overview
of the SignalVu software. It identifies elements of the SignalVu screen, elements of different displays
andincludesamenutree. TheReferenceManualisprovidedasaprintablePDFfile.
.
SignalVu Programmer Manual (077-0223-XX). This document provides supplementary information
about the remote commands for the SignalVu software. The Programmer Manual is provided as
aprintablePDFfile. For detailed descriptions of the remote commands, see the RSA6100 Series
Real-Time Spectrum Analyzers, RSA5100 Series Real-Time Signal Analyzers Programmer Manual and
the DPO7000, DPO70000B/C, DSA70000B/C, MSO70000/C, MSO5000, and DPO5000 Serie
Oscilloscopes Programmer Manual.
SignalVu Printable Help Document (PDF) (077-0225-XX). A PDF file version of the help that
can easily be printed.
The SignalVu documentation PDFs are located on the Optional Applications Software for Windows-Based
Oscilloscopes DVD.
The most recent versions of the product documentation, in PDF format, can be downloaded from
www.tektronix.com/manuals
Other documentation
Your instrument includes primary and supplemental information on CD-ROM:
Video tutorials
s Digital
. You can find the manuals by searching on the product name.
You can browse the Tektronix YouTube channel (www.youtube.com/user/tektronix) to find video tutorials
about various topics related to your product. You can also subscribe to the Tektronix YouTube channel to
keep up with new postings.
SignalVu™ Vector Signal Analysis Software Printable Online Help 3
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About the Tektronix Signal Analyzer Video tutorials
Searching for topics
For example, you can watch a video tutorial about using the WLAN Presets. To find a video on this topic,
do the following. The following image shows you what the Tektronix YouTube Channel looks like.
1. Click on the search icon located just above the video you see when the page first loads.
NOTE. This icon allows you to search the Tektronix YouTube channel specifically. The search icon located
at the top of the page allows you to search all of YouTube .
2. Type in the keyword “WLAN” in the s earch field.
3. Click the search icon to start the search.
4. Videos related to the topic will appear. Click a video to view it.
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Orientation Connecting Signals and Selecting the Analysis Channel
Connecting Signals and Selecting the Analysis Channel
SignalVu analyzes signals acquired by the oscilloscope. The SignalVu software analyzes one, two, or
four signals at a time, so you need to specify which oscilloscope input channels to use. Math and Ref
channels can
To specify which oscilloscope channel is analyzed:
1. Select Settings > Acquire to display the Acquire control panel.
2. Select the desired signal type from the Signal Input drop-down list along the left side of the control
panel. Available choices are RF (uses one oscilloscope channel), IQ (uses two channels), and Diff IQ
(uses four channels).
3. On the Ver t ic a l tab, use the Source drop-down list(s) to select the channels to analyze.
4. Use the oscilloscope controls in the TekScope application to achieve a stable, triggered signal.
For information on the oscilloscope input signal capabilities and how to trigger on a signal, see the
oscilloscope's help. Note that SignalVu does not control triggering on the oscilloscope; you will need to
use the oscilloscope triggering functions to achieve a stable, triggered signal on the oscilloscope.
also be selected.
Front-Panel Controls
The front-panel controls remain dedicated to oscilloscope control functions when SignalVu is running. The
front-panel buttons and knobs of the oscilloscope do not have any effect on the SignalVu software settings.
NOTE. One button that affects the SignalVu software is the Run/Stop button. Pressing the Stop button
l halt data acquisition in the SignalVu software.
wil
Touch-Screen Actions
You can use the touch screen to change marker settings and how waveforms are displayed by using the
ouch-screen Actions menu.
T
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Orientation Touch-Screen Actions
To use the Touch-screen Actions menu, touch the display in a graph area and hold for one second, then
remove your finger. You can also use a mouse to display the Touch-screen Action menu by clicking
the right mouse button.
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Orientation Touch-Screen Actions
Icon Menu Description
Select Selects markers and adjusts their position.
Span Zoom
CF Pan Adjusts the Center Frequency according to horizontal movement.
Zoom
Pan
-
-
-
-
-
-
xxx
Reset Scale
Marker to peak
Next Peak
Add marker
Delete marker Removes the last added marker.
All markers off
Touch-Screen Menu for Spurious Display
Zooms the graph area about the selected point. Touch the graph
display at a point of interest and drag to increase or decrease the
span about the point of interest. Span Zoom adjusts the span
control and can affect the acquisition bandwidth.
Adjusts horizontal and vertical scale of the graph. The first
direction with enough movement becomes the primary scale of
adjustment. Adjustment in the secondary direction does not occur
until a threshold of 30 pixels of movement is crossed.
Dragging to the left or down zooms out and displays a smaller
waveform (increases the scale value). Dragging to the right or up
zooms in and displays a larger waveform (decreases the scale
value).
Adjusts horizontal and vertical position of the waveform. The first
direction with enough movement becomes the primary direction of
movement. Movement in the secondary direction does not occur
until a threshold of 30 pixels of movement is crossed.
Returns the horizontal and vertical scale and position settings
to their default values.
Moves the selected marker to the highest peak. If no marker is
turned on, this control automatically adds a marker.
Moves the selected marker to the next peak. Choices are Next
left, Next right, Next lower (absolute), and Next higher (absolute).
Defines a new marker located at the horizontal center of the graph.
Removes all markers.
The Touch-screen actions menu in the Spurious display has some minor changes compared to the standard
version used in other displays.
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Orientation Touch-Screen Actions
Icon Menu Description
-
-
-
xxx
lVu Markers Menu
Signa
Single-range Changes the current multi-range display to a single range display.
The displayed range is the range in which you display the
touchscreen-actions menu. Selecting Single-range from the menu
is equivalent to selecting Single on the Settings > Parameters tab.
Multi-range
Marker -> Sel Spur
Changes the current single-range display to a multi-range display.
Selecting Multi-range from the menu is equivalent to selecting
Multi on the Settings > Parameters tab.
Moves the selected marker to the selected spur.
The SignalVu Markers menu appears when you right-click (or touch and hold) on a marker. The SignalVu
ers menu enables you to assign a marker to a different trace, synchronize markers with oscilloscope,
Mark
cursors and pan the trace to place the marker at the measurement frequency.
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Orientation Elements of the Display
Icon Menu Description
-
-
-
-
xxx
Pan to marker
Assign to trace Assigns the selected marker to Trace 1, Trace 2, Trace 3 or the
Sync scope C1 Synchronize
Sync scope C2 Synchronizes the position of oscilloscope Cursor 2 with the
Adjusts horizontal position of the waveform to locate the selected
marker at the m
Math trace. A t
location of the selected m arker. Turns on cursors if necessary.
location of the selected m arker. Turns on cursors if necessary.
easurement frequency.
race must be enabled to assign a marker to it.
s the position of oscilloscope Cursor 1 with the
Elements o
The main a
ftheDisplay
reas of the application window are shown in the following figure.
Specific elements of the display are shown in the following figure.
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Orientation Elements of the Display
10 SignalVu™ Vector Signal Analysis Software Printable Online Help
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Orientation Elements of the Display
Ref
Setting
number
1 Recall
2
3
Save Opens the Save As dialog in order to save setup files, pictures (screen
Undo/Redo
4 Displays
5
6
7
Markers
Settings Opens the Settings control panel for the selected display. Each display has
Acquire
8 Analysis
9Amplit
10
11
12 Pres
13 Rep
ude
Center Frequency Displays the Center Frequency. To change the value, click the text and enter the
rence Level
Refe
ets
lay
14 Run
xxx
Description
Displays the Open window in order to recall setup files, acquisition data files,
or trace files.
captures), a
cquisition data files, or export measurement settings or acquisition
data.
Undoes or re
does the previous edit to a display or measurement settings, a
preset, or a measurement change.
Opens the Select D isplays dialog box so that you can select measurement
displays.
Opens or closes the Marker toolbar at the bottom of the window.
its own co
Opens th
Opens th
ntrol panel.
e Acquire control panel so that you can define the acquisition settings.
e Analysis control panel so that you can define the analysis settings
such as frequency, analysis time, and units.
Opens the Amplitude control panel so that you can define the Reference Level,
configure internal attenuation, and enable/disable the (optional) Preamplifier.
ency with a keyboard. For fi ne adjustments, you can use the mouse wheel.
frequ
lays the reference level. To change the value, click the text and enter a
Disp
number using a keyboard, or use a mouse scroll wheel.
Recalls the Main
s a new measurement cycle on the existing acquisition data record using
Run
(see page 13) preset.
any new settings.
Starts and stops data acquisitions. When the instrument is acquiring data, the
button label has green lettering. When stopped, the label has black lettering.
u can specify the run conditions in the Run menu. For example, if you
Yo
select Single Sequence in the Run menu, when you click the Run button,
the instrument will run a single measurement cycle and stop. If you select
ntinuous, the instrument will run continuously until you stop the acquisitions.
Co
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Orientation Elements of the Display
12 SignalVu™ Vector Signal Analysis Software Printable Online Help
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Operating Your Instrument Presets
Presets
Menu Bar: Presets
SignalVu includes a set of configuration files that are tailored to specific applications. These configuration
files, referred to as Application Presets, open selected displays and load settings that are optimized to
address specific application requirements. You can add to the default application presets by creating your
own applica
presets through the Presets menu item.
tion (user) presets. See Creating User Presets
Available Presets
Select Presets > Preset Options from the menu bar to access the available types of Presets:
Main
DPX
Standards
(see page 15). You access the application
Application
User
You can set if a preset is immediately executed when selected, or if a list of presets is displayed from which
you can select the Preset to recall. Available presets are described in the following table.
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Operating Your Instrument Presets
Presets Description
Main
Standards
WLAN (see page 165) This preset sets the instrument to display the WLA N Summary, W LAN Constellation, and
e
P25 (see pag
Application
Time-Frequency Analysis
(see page 17)
Spectru
page 16)
Modulation Analysis (see
page 15)
Pulse Analysis (see
page 16)
earch Multi Zone
Spur S
9k-1GHz
User
User Preset 1
rPreset2
Use
xxx
245)
m Analysis
(see
This Preset is the original factory preset used with software versions 1.0 through 3.2.
This version o
existing remote control software.
SEM displays. After you select the standards and bandwidth, the software configures
these displ
This preset
and P25 Constellation displays. After you select the standard and modulation type,
the software configures these displays to apply the parameters appropriate for typical
P25 analys
The Time-Frequency preset configures the instrument with settings suited to analyzing
signal be
The Spec
for general purpose spectrum analysis.
The Modu
displays used during modulation analysis. Only present when Option SVM is installed.
The Pulse Analysis application preset provides you with the most common displays used
during pulse analysis, and makes changes to the default parameters to settings better
ized for pulsed signal analysis. Only present when Option SVP is installed.
optim
The Sp
display with the frequency range set to 9 kHz to 1 GHz.
Preset is provided as an example for you to create your own Presets. This preset
This
displays the Spectrum, Spectrogram, Frequency vs Time, and Time Overview displays.
This Preset is provided as an example for you to create your own Presets. This preset
displays the Spurious display configured to test for Spurious signals across four ranges.
f the factory preset is included to allow users to maintain compatibility with
ays to apply the parameters appropriate for typical WLAN analysis tasks.
sets the instrument to display the MCPR, Time Overview, P25 Summary,
is tasks.
havior over time.
trum Analysis application preset provide you with the settings commonly used
lation Analysis setup application preset provides you w ith the most common
ur Search application preset configures the instrument to show the Spurious
Preset Options
Select the Presets > Preset Options menu to open the Options control panel. This panel allows you to
select the following. Once you have chosen these settings, you can access any preset or list of presets
from Presets on the menu bar.
Preset type: Sele ct the Preset type.
Presets: Select which preset you want to display for that particular preset type.
Preset action: Recalling Presets results in either of two actions. One action is to immediately execute
a Preset. The second action displays a list of Presets from which you select the Preset you want to
recall. You can select from Recall selected preset or Show list.
If you select Recall selected preset from the Preset action list, click in the Presets list box on the preset you
want to recall. The selected preset, indicated by a tan background highlight, is the Preset that is recalled.
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Operating Your Instrument Presets
Configuring a User Preset
After you have selected a preset:
Adjust the span to show the necessary detail.
Recalling a Preset
NOTE. You can also click the Preset button on the right-hand side of the menu bar to load the Main preset.
To recall a named (User) preset:
Select Presets > User. The Preset at the top of the Presets list will be recalled (if Preset action is set to
Recall named preset). To change the user preset, select Presets > Preset Options.
Creatin
You can add your own application presets to the list that appears in the User Presets dialog box. Create a
Setup fi
shown in the User Presets list. For instructions on how to save a Setup file, see Saving Data
g User Presets
leandsaveacopyofittoC:\SignalVu Files\User Presets. The name you give the file will be
(see page 391).
Modulation Analysis
The M odulation Analysis application preset opens the following displays:
Signal Quality: Shows a summary of modulation quality measurements (EVM, rho, Magnitude
Error, Phase Error, and others).
Constellation: Shows the I and Q information of the signal analyzed in an I vs. Q format.
bol Table: Shows the demodulated symbols of the signal.
Sym
To use the Modulation Analysis preset (assuming the Preset action is set to Show list in the Presets tab
the Options control panel):
of
1. Select Presets > Application. Select Modulation Analysis andthenclickOK.
2. Set the measurement frequency.
3. Set the reference level so that the peak of your signal is about 10 dB below the top of the spectrum
display.
4. Set the modulation parameters for your signal. This includes the Modulation Type, Symbol Rate,
Measurement Filter, Reference Filter and Filter Parameter. All of these settings are accessed by
pressing the Settings button.
For most modulated signals, the Modulation Analysis application preset should pre sent a stable display of
modulation quality. Additional displays can be added by using the Displays button, and other settings can
be modified to better align with your signal requirements.
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Operating Your Instrument Presets
Pulse Analysis
The Pulse Analysis application preset opens the following displays:
Time Overview: Shows amplitude vs. time over the analysis period.
Pulse Trace: Shows the trace of the selected pulse and a readout of the s elected measurement from
the pulse table.
Pulse Measurem ent Table: This shows a full report for the user-selected pulse measurements.
You c an m a k e
Pulse Measurement Table. Key pulse-related parameters that are set by the Pulse Analysis application
preset are:
Measurement Filter: No Filter.
Measurem
The label on the “Measurement Bandwidth” setting is just “Bandwidth”. Like the main instrument
Preset command and the other application presets, the Pulse Analysis application preset also sets
most other instrument controls to default values.
Analysis Period: This is set to 2 ms to ensure a good probability of catching several pulses for
typical signals.
To use the Pulse Analysis preset (assuming the Preset action is set to Show list in the Presets tab of the
Options control panel):
1. Select Presets > Application.SelectPulse Analysis and then click OK.
2. Set the Center Frequency c ontrol to the carrier frequency of your pulsed signal.
3. Set
the Reference Level to place the peak of the pulse signal approximately 0-10 dB down from
thetopoftheTimeOverviewdisplay.
u may need to trigger on the signal to get a more stable display. This is set up with the oscilloscope's
Yo
controls. A rising-edge trigger works well for many pulsed signals.
a selected pulse and measurement appear in the Pulse Trace display by highlighting it in the
ent Bandwidth: This is set to the maximum real-time bandwidth of the instrument. Note:
t the Analysis Period to cover the number of pulses in your signal that you want to analyze. To do
4. Se
this, click in the data entry field of t he Time Overview window and set the analysis length as needed.
Spectrum Analysis
The Spectrum Analysis application preset opens a Spectrum display and sets several parameters. The
Spectrum Analysis preset sets the analyzer as follows.
Spectrum Analysis : Sets the frequency range to maximum for the analyzer, and sets the RF/IF
optimization to Minimize Sweep Time.
To use the Spectrum Analysis preset (assuming the Preset action is set to Show list in the Presets tab
of the Options control panel):
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Operating Your Instrument Presets
1. Select Presets > Application.SelectSpectrum Analysis andthenclickOK.
2. Set the measurement frequency using the front-panel knob or keypad.
3. Adjust the span to show the necessary detail.
Time-Frequency Analysis
The Time-Frequency Analysis application preset opens the following displays:
Time Overview: Shows a time-domain view of the analysis time ‘window’.
Spectrogram: Shows a three-dimensional view of the signal where the X-axis represents frequency,
the Y-axis represents time, and color represents amplitude.
Frequency vs. Time: This display's graph plots changes in frequency over time and allows you to
make marker measurements of settling times, frequency hops, and other frequency transients.
Spectrum: Shows a spectrum view of the signal. The only trace showing in the Spectrum graph
after selecting the Time-Frequency Analysis preset is the Spectrogram trace. This is the trace from
the Spectrogram display that is selected by the active marker. Stop acquisitions with the Run button
because its easier to work with stable results. In the Spectrogram display, move a marker up or down
to see the spectrum trace at various points in time.
Theanalysisperiodissetto5ms.
To use the Time-Frequency Analysis preset (assuming that Time-Frequency Analysis is the selected preset
on the list of Application Presets and Preset action is set to Recall selected preset):
1. Select Presets > Application. Select Time-Frequency Analysis andthenclickOK.
2. When the preset's displays and settings have all been recalled and acquisitions are running, adjust the
center frequency and span to capture the signal of interest.
3. Set the Reference Level to place the peak of the signal approximately 0-10 dB down from the top of
the Spectrum graph.
4. If the signal is transient in nature, you might need to set a trigger to capture it. You will need to use the
oscilloscope triggering functions to capture the signal.
When the signal has been captured, the spectrogram shows an overview of frequency and amplitude
changes over time. To see frequency transients in grea
The Time-Frequency Analysis preset sets the analysis period to 5 ms. The Spectrum Span is 40 MHz. The
RBW automatically selected for this Span is 300 kHz. For a 300 kHz RBW, the amount of data needed for
a single spectrum transform is 7.46 μs. A 5 ms Analysis Length yields 671 individual spectrum transforms,
each one forming one trace for the Spectrogram to display as horizontal colored lines. This preset scales
the Spectrogram time axis (vertical axis) to -2, which means that the Spectrogram has done two levels of
time compression, resulting in one visible line for each four transforms. This results in 167 lines in the
Spectrogram for each acquisition, each covering 29.84 μs.
ter detail, use the Frequency vs. Time display.
Noise Figure
The Noise Figure and Ga in Measurements application preset opens the following displays:
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Operating Your Instrument Setting Options
Gain: This display shows gain versus frequency of the signal. The gain measurement is the ratio of
output power to input power in an amplifier or circuit element.
Noise Figure: This display shows the noise factor in dB. This measurement can help you assess the
low level sensitivity of the DUT. Lower noise figure is found in better performing DUTs. Noise
factor is defi
ned as the ratio of the input signal to noise ratio to the output signal to noise ratio (Input
SNR/Output SNR).
Noise Table
value at step frequencies for Gain, Noise Figure, Y Factor, Noise Temperature, PHot, and PCold.
You can rea
d m ore about Noise Figure and Gain measurements here
Setting Options
Menu Bar: Tools > Options
There are several settings you can change that are not related to measurement functions. The Option
settings control panel is used to change these settings.
Settings tab
Presets
Analysis Time
Save and Export Use this tab to specify whether or not save files are named automatically and what
GPIB Do not use this tab to set the GPIB address for the instrument. Use the Utilities > GPIB
Security Selecting the Hide Sensitive readouts check box causes the instrument to replace
Prefs Use this tab to select different color schemes for the measurement graphs and specify
xxx
Presets
: This table lists selected measurements in a spreadsheet format, showing the numeric
.
Description
Use this tab to configure Presets. You can specify the action to take when a preset is
recalled and which preset to recall when the Preset button is selected.
Use this tab to specify the method used to automatically set the analysis and spectrum
offsets when the Time Zero Reference
information is saved in acquisition data files.
Configuration control w indow in the TekScope application to set the instrument GPIB
address.
measurement readouts with a string of asterisks.
how markers to automatically jump to the next peak
When this setting is deselected, you can drag a marker to any point on the trace.
(see page 369) is set to Trigger.
(see page 356) when you drag them.
The Presets tab in the Options control panel allows you to specify actions taken when you press the Preset
button. You can read more about this tab here
(see page 14).
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Operating Your Instrument Setting Options
Analysis Time
The Analysis Time tab in the Options control panel is used to specify the method used to automatically set
the analysis and spectrum offsets when the Time Zero Reference
available settings are:
Include trigger point – Selects an algorithm that uses the measurements to determine how far in
advance of the trigger to set the analysis offset. The analyzer tries to ensure that data about the trigger
point is included in the analyses.
Start at trigger point (legacy) – The method used by the instrument in prior versions, which sets the
Analysis Offset to zero when possible. The analyzer tries to ensure that data following the trigger
point is included in the analyses. Use this method if your measurements or procedures depend on past
behavior of the Auto Analysis Offset function.
(see page 369) is set to Trigger. The
Save and Export
The Save and Export tab allows you to specify whether or not files are saved with an automatically
generated name, and how much data is saved in an acquisition data file.
All files. The Automatically increment filename/number function can automatically name saved files by
appending a number to a base file name. Use this tab to enable/disable automatic naming of files. For
example, if Automatically Increment Filename Number is disabled , when you select Save from the File
menu, you will have to enter a name for the file.
Acquisition data files. This setting specifies whether saved data files include the entire acquisition record or
only the data for the analysis length (a subset of the acquisition record). You can choose from the following:
IQ records: Includes IQ records
DPX spectra: Includes DPX spectra
Both: Includes both IQ records and DPX spectra
You can also select to include an entire IQ record or just the analysis length of it.
TIQ acquisition data files. Specifies which data records to save. You can choose from the following:
Current acquisition: Saves the current acquisition.
Current frame: If Fast Frame is enabled, saves only the current frame. The current frame is the
one most recently analyzed.
Selected frames: If Fast Frame is enabled, saves the specified frames.
All in history: Saves all acquisition records in the h istory.
Save TIQ file now: Invokes the Save As dialog box with the Save as type drop-down list set to TIQ.
Security
The Security tab enables you to hide sensitive readouts in displays with readouts, such as the OFDM
Summary display.
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Operating Your Instrument Setting Options
Prefs
The Prefs tab enables you to set properties that apply to all displays.
Color scheme. The Color scheme setting provides three color schemes for the measurement graphs. The
color scheme
Thunderstorm – This scheme displays graphs in shades of blue. This provides a less vibrant color
scheme than
Blizzard – This scheme displays graphs with a white background to save ink when printing.
Classic – The default setting. This scheme displays the graph area with a black background.
setting does not change the overall instrument application or Windows color scheme.
the default setting.
Markers s
to the next peak
marker to any point on the trace.
nap to peaks when dragged. When selected, this setting causes makers to automatically jump
(see page 356) when you drag them. When this setting is deselected, you can drag a
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Using the Measurement Displays Selecting Displays
Selecting Displays
Menu Bar: Setup > Displays
Application Toolbar:
Use the Select Displays dialog to choose the displays that appear on the screen.
To select displays:
1. Select Setup > Displays or click the displays icon.
2. Select one of the choices under Measurements. The measurement chosen determines the choices
available in Available displays.
3. Double-click the desired display in the Available displays box o r select the desired display and
click Add.
4. Click OK.
Interactions Between Displays
Different displays can require different settings, for example acquisition bandw idth, analysis length, or
resolution bandwidth, to achieve optimum results. The application automatically adjusts some settings
to optimize them for the selected display. The check mark indicator in the upper, left-hand corner of the
display indicates the display for which the application is optimized. Depending on application settings,
some displays might stop displaying results if they are not the selected display.
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Using the Measurement Displays Selecting Displays
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Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Available Measurements
The automatic measurements available include RF power measurements, OFDM analysis, WLAN
analysis, APCO P25 analysis, audio analysis, analog modulation measurements, digital modulation
measurements, and pulsed RF measurements.
Power measu
Measurement Description
Channel Power The total RF power in the selected channel (located in the Chan Pwr and ACPR display).
Adjacent Channel Power Ratio
(ACPR)
Multi-Carrier Power Ratio
(MCPR)
Peak/Avg Ratio Ratio of the peak power in the transmitted signal to the average power in the transmitted
CCDF The Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF). CCDF shows how much
xxx
rements
Measure of the signal power leaking from the main channel into adjacent channels.
The ratio of the signal power in the reference c hannel or group of channels to the power
in adjacent channels.
signal (located in the CCDF display).
time a signal spends at or above a given power level relative to the average power of
a measured signal.
OFDM analysis
Measurement Description
Channel Response Plots the channel response (magnitude or phase) versus the subcarrier or frequency.
Here, the channel refers to all sources of signal frequency response impairment up to
the analyzer input, including the transmitter itself, as well as any transmission medium
through which the signal travels between the transmitter and the analyzer.
Constellation Measure of the signal power leaking from the main channel into adjacent channels.
EVM
Flatness
Mag Error
Phase Error
Power
xxx
The normalized RMS value of the error vector between the measured signal and the ideal
reference signal over the analysis length. The EVM is generally measured on symbol or
chip instants and is reported in units of percent and dB. EVM is usually measured after
best-fit estimates of the frequency error and a fixed phase offset have been removed.
These estimates are made over the analysis length. Displays RMS and Peak values with
location of Peak value.
Ratio of the peak power in the transmitted si gnal to the average power in the transmitted
signal
The RMS magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal
magnitude. Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
The RMS phase difference between the measured signal and the ideal reference signal.
Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
shows the data symbols' individual subcarrier Power values versus symbol interval (time)
and subcarrier (frequency).
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Taking Measurements Available Measurements
WLAN measurements
Measurement Description
Channel Response Plots the channel response (magnitude or phase) versus the subcarrier or frequency.
Here, the channel refers to all sources of signal frequency response impairment up to
the analyzer i
nput, including the transmitter itself, as well as any transmission medium
through which the signal travels between the transmitter and the analyzer.
Constellation Measure of the signal power leaking from the main channel into adjacent channels.
EVM
The normalized RMS value of the error vector between the measured signal and the ideal
reference signal over the analysis length. The EVM is generally measured on symbol or
chip instan
ts and is reported in units of percent and dB. EVM is usually measured after
best-fit estimates of the frequency error and a fixed phase offset have been removed.
These estimates are made over the analysis length. Displays RMS and Peak values with
f Peak value.
he peak power in the transmitted signal to the average power in the transmitted
Flatness
location o
Ratio of t
signal
Mag Error
The RMS magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal
magnitude. Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
Phase Error
Power vs Time
The RMS phase difference between the meas ured signal and the ideal reference signal.
ys RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
Displa
nal power amplitude versus time. For 802.11b signals, the packet Power-On and
The sig
Power-Down ramp times are also measured.
Summary Shows several measurements of WLAN signal quality.
Symbol Table Shows decoded data values for each data symbol in the analyzed signal packet. For
OFDM (non-802.11b) signals, results are pres ented with subcarrier (frequency) indices
e horizontal dimension and symbol (time) intervals in the vertical dimension. For
in th
802.11b signals, the Preamble, Header, and Data (PSDU) symbol values are presented
sequentially, with symbol indices in the left column.
xxx
Audio measurements
Measurement Description
Audio Spectrum Shows audio modulation characteristics. You can choose to show just the spectrum of
the audio signal or show the audio spectrum of the signal and the results of distortion
measurements. The Audio Spectrum display can show a table listing the frequency
of a Harmonic Distortion (HD) and Non-Harmonic Distortion (NHD) and its level. The
Spectrum graph indicates these harmonics and non-harmonics with special markers.
xx
x
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Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Digital Modulation measurements
Measurements for all m odulation types except nFSK, C4FM, OQPSK and SOQPSK
Measurement Description
EVM
Phase Error
Mag Error
MER (RMS) The MER is defined as the ratio of I/Q signal power to I/Q noise power; the result is
IQ Origin Offset The magnitude of the DC offset of the signal measured at the symbol times. It indicates
Frequency Error
Gain Imbalance The gain difference between the I and Q channels in the signal generation path.
Quadrature Error The orthogonal error between the I and Q channels. The error shows the phase
Rho
xxx
The normalized RMS value of the error vector between the measured signal and the ideal
reference signal over the analysis length. The EVM is generally measured on symbol or
chip instants and is reported in units of percent and dB. EVM is usually measured after
best-fit estimates of the frequency error and a fixed phase offset have been removed.
These estimates are made over the analysis length. Displays RMS and Peak values with
location of Peak value.
The RMS phase difference between the measured signal and the ideal reference signal.
Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
The RMS magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal
magnitude. Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
indicatedindB.
the magnitude of the carrier feed-through signal.
The frequency difference between the measured carrier frequency of the signal and the
user-selected center frequency of the instrument.
Constellations with gain imbalance show a pattern with a width that is different form
height.
difference between I and Q channels away from the ideal 90 degrees expected from the
perfect I/Q modulation. Not valid for BPSK modulation type.
The normalized correlated power of the measured signal and the ideal reference signal.
Like EVM, Rho is a measure of modulation quality. The value of Rho is less than 1 in all
practical cases and is equal to 1 for a perfect signal measured in a perfect receiver.
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Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Measurements for OQPSK and SOQPSK modulation types
Measurement Description
EVM
Offset EVM Offset EVM is like EVM except for a difference in the time alignment of the I and Q
Phase Error
Mag Error
MER (RMS) The MER is defined as the ratio of I/Q signal power to I/Q noise power; the result is
in Offset
IQ Orig
ncy Error
Freque
Gain Imbalance The gain difference between the I and Q channels in the signal generation path.
Quadrature Error The orthogonal error between the I and Q channels. The error shows the phase
Rho
xxx
The normalized RMS value of the error vector between the measured signal and the ideal
reference sig
nal over the analysis length. The EVM is generally measured on symbol or
chip instants and is reported in units of per cent and dB. EVM is usually measured after
best-fit estimates of the frequency error and a fixed phase offset have been removed.
These estima
tes are made over the analysis length. Displays RMS and Peak values with
location of Peak value.
samples. For EVM, I and Q samples are collected at the same time, for every symbol
decision po
int (twice the symbol rate for offset modulations). For Offset EVM, the I and Q
symbol decision points are time-aligned before collecting the I and Q samples. In this
case, one I and one Q sample is collected for each symbol (half as many samples as the
same numbe
The RMS pha
r of symbols for (non-offset) EVM.
se difference between the measured signal and the ideal reference signal.
Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
The RMS magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal
magnitude. Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
ed in dB.
indicat
The mag
nitude of the DC offset of the signal measured at the symbol times. It indicates
the magnitude of the carrier feed-through signal.
The frequency difference between the measured carrier frequency of the signal and the
user-selected center frequency of the instrument.
ellations with gain i mbalance show a pattern with a width that is different form
Const
height.
difference between I and Q channels away from the ideal 90 degrees expected from the
fect I/Q modulation. Not valid for BPSK modulation type.
per
normalized correlated power of the measured signal and the ideal reference signal.
The
Like EVM, Rho is a measure of modulation quality. The value of Rho is less than 1 in all
practical cases and is equal to 1 for a perfect signal measured in a perfect receiver.
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Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Measurements for nFSK modulation types
Measurement Description
Peak FSK err Peak value of the frequency deviation error at the symbol point.
RMS FSK Err RMS value of the frequency deviation error at the symbol point.
Peak Mag Err
The Peak magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal
magnitude.
RMS Mag Err The RMS magn
itude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal
magnitude.
Freq Error
The frequency difference between the measured carrier frequency of the signal and the
user-selected center frequency of the instrument.
Freq Deviation
Frequency distance from the center frequency at the symbol point.
Symbol Rate Error This compares the user-entered symbol rate to the instrument calculated symbol rate of
yzed signal.
the anal
Symbol R
ate
When in A
uto-symbol rate, the instrument calculates the symbol rate of the signal and
the instrument calculates the error between the user entered value and the instrument
calculated value.
xxx
Measurements for C4FM modulation type
Measurement Description
RMS Error Magnitude RMS value of the frequency deviation error at the symbol point.
Carrier Frequency Error Frequency difference between averaged signal frequency and the center frequency.
Deviation
Length
xxx
Frequency distance from the center frequency at the symbol point.
Number of symbols in the analysis area.
Analog Modulation measurements
asurements for AM modulation
Me
asurement
Me
+AM Positive peak AM value.
-AM Negative peak AM value.
otal AM
T
xxx
Measurements for FM modulation
Measurement Description
+Pk
–Pk
RMS RMS value of the frequency deviation.
Pk-Pk/2 Peak-to-peak frequency deviation divided by 2.
Pk-Pk
xxx
scription
De
otal AM value, which is equal to the peak-peak AM value d ivided by 2.
T
Positive peak frequency deviation.
Negative peak frequency deviation.
Peak-to-peak frequency deviation.
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Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Measurements for PM modulation
Measurement Description
+Pk Positive peak phase deviation.
–Pk Negative peak
RMS RMS value of t
phase deviation.
he phase deviation.
Pk-Pk Peak-to-peak phase deviation.
xxx
APCO P25 measurements
Measurement Description
MCPR The Reference Power and the ratio of each adjacent channel to the Reference Power.
You can select whether the Reference Power is the total of all active channels or a
single channel.
Constellation Measure of the signal power leaking from the main channel into adjacent channels.
Eye Diagram
The digitally modulated signal overlapped on itself to reveal variations in the signal.
Time Overview The entire acquisition record and how the spectrum time and analysis time fit within the
acquisition record.
FreqDevvsTime
Measures the deviation of the measured frequency of the modulated signal with the
ideal frequency over time.
Power vs Time Measures the signal power amplitude over time.
Summary Shows several measurements of P25 signal quality.
Symbol Table Shows decoded data values for each data symbol in the analyzed signal packet. Results
are presented with subcarrier (frequency) indices in the horizontal dimension and symbol
(time) intervals in the vertical dimension.
xxx
Pulse measurements
Measurement Description
Average ON Power
The average power transmitted during pulse on.
Peak Power Maximum power during pulse on.
Average Transmitted Power The average power transmitted, including both the time the pulse is on and the time
it is off, and all transition times.
Pulse Width
The time from the rising edge to the falling edge at the –3 dB / –6 dB level (50%) of the
user selected 100% level. Level is user selectable for Volts or Watts.
Rise Time
The time required for a signal to rise from 10% to 90% (or 20% to 80%) of the user
selected 100% level.
Fall Time
The time required for a signal to fall from 90% to 10% (or 80% to 20%) of the user
selected 100% level.
Repetition Interval
Repetition Rate
The time from a pulse rising edge to the next pulse rising edge.
The inverse of repetition interval.
Duty Factor (%) The ratio of the width to the pulse period, expressed as a percentage.
Duty Factor (Ratio) The ratio of the pulse width to the pulse period.
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Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Measurement Description
Ripple Ripple is the peak-to-peak ripple on the pulse top. It does not include any preshoot,
overshoot, or undershoot. By default, the first 25% and the last 25% of the pulse top is
excluded from
the pulse.
If the Amplitude units selected in the Amplitude panel (affects all amplitude measurements
for the analy
results will be in %Watts. T he default for the general Units control is dBm, so the Ripple
results default is %Watts.
See also Ripp
Ripple dB The Ripple measurement expressed in dB.
Droop
Droop dB The Droop m
Overshoo
Overshoot dB The Overshoot measurement expressed in dB.
Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference The phase difference between the selected pulse and the first pulse in the analysis
Pulse-
RMS Freq Error The RMS Frequency Error measurement is the RMS average of the Freq Error vs. Time
Max Freq Error
RMS Phase Error The RMS Phase Error measurement is the RMS average of the Phase vs Time trace,
Max Phase Error
Fr
t
Pulse Freq Difference
eq Deviation
Droop is the power difference between the beginning and the end of the pulse On time. A
straightreferenced to the Average ON Power.
The amoun
are %Watts or %Volts.
window. The instantaneous phase is measured at a user-adjustable time following the
rising e
The dif
pulse. The instantaneous frequency is measured at a user-adjustable time following the
rising edge of each pulse.
, computed over the Measurement Time.
trace
aximum frequency error is the difference between the measured carrier frequency
The m
of the signal and the user-selected center frequency of the analyzer.
computed over the Measurement Time.
The phase is measured at each point during the pulse's ON time. The phase error for
h point is the difference between the measured phase value and the calculated ideal
eac
phase value. After the phase error is calculated for all points in the acquisition record,
the largest error in the positive direction and the largest in the negative direction are
termined. Whichever of these two values has the greater absolute value is designated
de
the Max Phase Error.
The Frequency Deviation measurement is the difference between the maximum and
minimum measured values of the signal frequency during the Measurement Time.
this measurement to eliminate distortions caused by these portions of
zer) are linear, the Ripple results will be in %Volts. For log units, the Ripple
le
(see page 434).
line best fit is used to represent the top of the pulse. The result is a percentage
easurement expressed in dB.
t by which the signal exceeds the 100% level on the pulse rising edge. Units
dge of each pulse.
ference between the frequency of the current pulse and frequency of the previous
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Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Measurement Description
Delta Frequency (Non-chirped
pulse)
Phase Devi
ation
Impulse Response Amplitude
Impulse Response Time
Time
xxx
The Delta Frequency measurement is the difference from the measurement frequency
to each pulse f
requency. Pulse frequency is calculated across the time defined by the
Frequency Domain Linearity setting in the Define tab.
The measurement is available for modulation types CW (Constant Phase), CW
(Changing pha
se). and Other (manual) setting in the Freq Estimation tab.
The measurement is not specified for chirp or other signals and no answer is returned
when frequency estimation is set to Chirp.
If frequency
estimation is set to Other, then Frequency Offset m ust be set to 0 Hz and the
Range can be set to ±40% of the acquisition bandwidth.
A least-square fit of slope of phase vs. time over the measurement period is used for the
measuremen
t of the individual pulse frequency. Frequency d ifference is calculated as the
difference between the reference frequency and the calculated frequency of the pulse.
The Phase Deviation is the difference between the maximum and minimum Phase values
measured during the ON time of a pulse.
The difference in dB between the levels of the main lobe and highest side lobe.
The difference in time between the main lobe and highest side lobe.
This is the time in seconds relative to the time reference point in the first acquisition
n the data set.
record i
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General Signal Viewing Overview
Overview
The displays in General Signal Viewing (Displays > Measurements > General Signal Viewing) are:
Amplitude vs Time
Frequency vs Time
Phase vs Time
RF I & Q vs Tim
Spectrogram
Spectrum
Time Overview
These displays p rovide extensive time-correlated multi-domain views that connect problems in time,
frequency, phase and amplitude for enabling you to more quickly understand cause and effect when
troubleshooting.
e
Time Overview Display
The Time Overview display shows the entire acquisition record and shows you how the spectrum time and
analysis time fit within the acquisition record. This enables you to see how you can adjust the spectrum
time and analysis time to measure portions of the data.
You can specify the maximum number of trace points in the Time Overview display. You can set the
maximum number of trace points to 1K, 10K, 100K, 1M points or to Never decimate. If the Acquisition
Length includes more than 10,000 sample points (and Max trace points is not set to Never decimate), the
trace is decimated (using the +Peak method, similar to +Peak detection in a Spectrum display) to 10,000
nts. This decimated trace is what is used for marker measurements.
poi
The Time Overview window displays the Spectrum Length and Analysis Length. The Spectrum Length
the period of time within the acquisition record over which the spectrum is calculated. The Analysis
is
Length is the period of time within the acquisition record over which all other measurements (such as
Amplitude vs. Time) are made. The Spectrum Length and Analysis Length can be locked together so
that the data used to produce the Spectrum display is also used for measurement displays; however, they
do not have to be tied together. They are by default specified separately and used to analyze different
parts of the acquisition record.
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General Signal Viewing Time Overview Display
Elements of the Time Overview Display
Item Element Description
1Time
2
Offset Sets the offset of the selected analysis time control.
3 Length
4
5
Position and Scale
Scale indicators Shows the vertical scale.
6 Autoscale button Resets the horizontal scale to display the entire acquisition record and the
7
Horizontal offset Adjusts the horizontal offset.
8 Results Timeline
9 Amplitude vs. Time graph
10
11
Horizontal Scale Adjusts the span of the graph. By decreasing the scale, the graph essentially
Spectrum Length and Offset
Indicator (red line, top of
graph)
12
Analysis Length and Offset
Indicator (blue line, top of
graph below red line)
xxx
Select the type of time analysis to be performed. You can select Analysis,
Spectrum, or Linked.
Sets the length of the selected analysis time control.
Adjusts the vertical scale and position.
vertical scale to show all trace points.
This fuchsia line indicates the portion of the record actually used for
calculating the selected result. For example: if a pulse measurement is
selected, it shows the period of the specific pulse. For a constellation display,
it shows the points included in the demodulation.
The trace represents the entire a cquisition record (at full horizontal scale).
The graph indicates the Analysis Length or Spectrum Length on the graph
with a darker background.
becomes a window that you can move over the acquisition record by adjusting
the offset.
This red line indicates the Spectrum Length and Offset. The longer the time,
the longer the bar. Adjusting the offset shifts the bar left or right.
The blue line indicates the Analysis Length and Offset. The longer the time,
the longer the bar. Adjusting the offset shifts the bar left or right.
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General Signal Viewing Time Overview Settings
NOTE. The area with black background (not gray) in the Amplitude vs. Time Graph highlights the control
selected in the Analysis Time Control drop-down list.
Changing the Time Overview Display Settings (see pa ge 33)
Time Overview Settings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Application Toolbar:
The Setup settings for Time Overview are shown in the following table.
Settings tab
Scale (see page 63) Adjusts the vertical and horizontal scale and offset of the display.
Trace (see page 35) Allows you to select the types of trace to display and its function.
Prefs (see page 64) Specifies whether or not certain display elements are shown.
xxx
Description
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General Signal Viewing Navigator View
Navigator View
The Time Overview Navigator View places the Time Overview display across the top of the application
screen. This allows you to adjust the area of interest in the Navigator View and see the results
simultaneou
Navigator View moves the trace and markers in all of the other displays.
sly in the other displays. For example, in the following image, adjusting the mask in the
Show Navigator View
To show the Navigator View, select View > Navigator View. To remove the Navigator View, deselect
Navigator View in the View menu.
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General Signal Viewing Trace Tab
Trace Tab
The Trace Tab allows you to set the d isplay characteristics of displayed traces.
Setting
Show Shows / hides the selected trace.
Detection
Function
(Number of Traces) Sets the number of traces averaged to generate the displayed trace. ( Present only
Freeze Halts updates to the selected trace.
Save Trace As Saves the selected trace to a file for later recall and analysis.
Show Recalled trace Displays a saved trace instead of a live trace.
xxx
Description
Sets the Detection method used for the trace. Not available for saved traces. Available
detection methods are +Peak, -Peak, +/-Peak, Avg (VRMS), and Sample. Not all
detection methods are available in all displays.
Selects the trace processing method. Available settings are: Normal, Average, Max
Hold, and Min Hold.
when Function is set to Average.)
Detection
Trace Detection occurs w hen the trace is being decimated by the measurement. For example, if the
maximum number of trace points is 100,000, and the selected analysis region is 200,000 samples, the
measurement must decimate the 200,000 resulting trace points by 2 to prevent exceeding the 100,000 trace
int limit. Since only one value can be selected for each trace point, an algorithm must be used to select
po
(detect) the appropriate value to use.
he IQ samples in a data acquisition can be detected in a variety of ways. The number of IQ samples
T
available to each trace point varies with both analysis length and trace length. For example, with Spectrum
Length set to ‘Auto’ in the Analysis menu, the instrument analyzes just enough samples to produce one
IQ sample pair per trace point. In this case, the detection method chosen has very little effect, as the
+Peak, -Peak, Avg (VRMS) and Sample values are all equal. Changing the Spectrum Length causes the
available detection methods to differ in value because they have a larger set of samples for the various
detection methods to process.
The available detection methods (depending on the display) are:
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General Signal Viewing Trace Tab
+Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the positive peak value present in the set of
IQ samples available to that trace point.
-Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the negative peak value present in the set of
IQ samples available to that trace point.
+/-Peak – Selects the highest and lowest values of all the samples contained in two cons ecutive
acquisition intervals.
Avg ( V R MS) [Average V
] – Each point on the trace is the result of determining the RMS Voltage
RMS
value for all of the IQ samples available to the trace point. When displayed in either linear (Volts,
Watts) or Log (dB, dBm), the correct RMS value results. When the averaging function is applied to a
trace, the averaging is performed on the linear (Voltage) values, resulting in the correct average
for RMS values.
Sample – The result is calculated based on the first sample available in the set of IQ samples for
each trace point.
Trace Processing
Traces can be processed to display in different ways. The Function setting controls trace processing.
Normal - Each new trace is displayed and then replaced by the next trace. Each data point contains a
single vertical value.
Average - Multiple traces are averaged together to generate the displayed trace. There is one vertical
value for each underlying frequency data point. Once the specified number of traces have been
acquired and averaged to generate the displayed trace, each new trace takes the place of the oldest
trace in the calculation. The Number of Traces setting specifies how many traces averaged.
Max Hold - Displays the maximum value in the trace record for each display point. Each new trace
display point is compared to the previous maximum value and the greater value is retained for display
and subsequent comparisons.
Min Hold - Displays the minimum value in the trace record for each display point. Each new trace
display point is compared to the previous minimum value and the lesser value is retained for display
and subsequent comparisons.
Saving Traces
To save a trace for later analysis:
1. Select the Save icon
. This displays the Save As dialog box.
2. Navigate to the desired folder or use the default.
3. Type a name for the s aved trace and click Save.
Recalling Traces
You can recall a previously saved trace for analysis or comparison to a live trace.
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General Signal Viewing Spectrum Display
To select a trace for recall:
1. Select the trace into which the recalled trace will be loaded, from the Trace drop-down list.
2. Check the Show check box.
3. Click the ... button to display the Open dialog box.
4. Navigate to the desired file and click Open.
5. Check the Show Recalled Trace check box.
6. Verify that the trace's Show check box is selected (either on this tab or next to the drop-down list
located at the top-left corner of the graph).
Spectr
To disp
1. Click the Displays button or select Setup > Displays.
2. From the Measurements box, select General Signal Viewing.
3. Double-click the Spectrum icon in the Available displays box. This adds the Spectrum icon to the
4. Click the OK button.
um Display
lay a spectrum:
Selected displays box (and removes it from the Available displays box). Alternatively, you can click
the Spectrum icon and then click the Add button to select Spectrum for display.
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General Signal Viewing Spectrum Display
Elements of the Spectrum Display
Item Display element Description
1
2RBW
3 VBW
4 Autos
5
6
7
8 Function
9
0
1
xxx
dB/div Sets the vertical scale value. The maximum value is 20.00 dB/division.
Sets the resolution bandwidth. Note that when the RBW is set to Auto, its
s italicized.
value i
s the VBW (Video Bandwidth) filter. See Setup > Settings > BW Tab
Enable
(see page 61).
cale
ts the Vertical and Horizontal scaling to display the entire trace on
Adjus
screen.
ion
Posit
Default function is CF - center frequency (equivalent to the Freq setting).
If Horizontal scaling has been manually adjusted in Settings > Scale, then
et will replace CF as the setting at the bottom-left corner of the screen.
Offs
Spa
n / Scale
ault function is Span - frequency difference between the left edge of
Def
the display and the right edge. If Horizontal scaling has been manually
adjusted in Settings > Scale, then Scale will replace Span as the setting at
bottom-right corner of the screen.
the
Cl
S
ear
how
starts multi-trace functions (Avg, Hold).
Re
adout of the Detection and Function selections for the selected trace.
Re
ontrols whether the selected Trace is visible or not. When trace is Off, the
C
box is not checked.
race
T
Selects a trace. Touching here pops up a context menu listing the available
traces, whether they are enabled or not. If user selects a trace that is not
currently enabled, it will be made enabled.
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General Signal Viewing Spectrum Settings
Changing the S pectrum Display Settings (see page 39)
Spectrum Settings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Application Toolbar:
The settings for the Spectrum display are shown in the following table.
Settings tab
Freq & Span (see page 57) Sets frequency and span parameters for the Spectrum Analysis display.
BW (see page 61) Sets Resolution Bandwidth and windowing parameters.
Traces (see page 57) Sets Trace display parameters.
Traces (Math) (see page 61) Sets the traces used to create the Math trace.
Scale Tab (see page 40) Sets vertical and horizontal scale and position parameters.
Prefs Tab (see page 64) Specifies whether or not certain display elements are shown.
xxx
Description
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General Signal Viewing Scale Tab
Scale Tab
The Scale tab allows you to change the vertical and horizontal scale settings. C hanging the scale settings
changes how the trace appears on the display but does not change control settings such as Measurement
Frequency. I
n effect, these controls operate like pan and zoom controls.
Setting
Vertical
Scale Changes the vertical scale.
Position
Autoscale
Horizontal
Scale Allows you to change the range of frequencies shown in the graph without changing the
Position Allows you pan the graph.
Autoscale
Reset Scale Resets all settings to their default values.
Log scale
xxx
Spectrogram Display
The Spectrogram is a display with the vertical axis (time) composed of successive spectral displays, each
having the amplitude represented by color or intensity. The horizontal axis represents frequency. The most
recently acquired spectrum results are added to the bottom of the spectrogram. The addition of a new
spectrum can occur a t the fastest rate that new spectra can be plotted, or, if you choose, new spectra can be
added at a timed rate. The spectrogram view is well-suited to d
The maximum number of lines that can be displayed in a spectrogram is 125,000.
Description
Vertical Position adjusts the top of graph amplitude value. This control allows you to
move (“pan”) the traces up and down in the graph without changing the Reference Level.
Resets the Offset so that the trace appears below the top of the graph.
span or measurement frequency.
Resets Scale to the Span setting.
Resets the display to show the frequency axis in a logarithmic scale.
isplaying long-term trends of spectral data.
The spectrogram can also be displayed in a 3-D waterfall for
mat. In the 3-D waterfall format, the
spectrogram displays the time axis along a simulated Z-axis.
NOTE. Spectrogram data is shared with the Spectrum display.
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General Signal Viewing Spectrogram Display
To display a Spectrogram:
1. Select the Displays button or select Setup > Displays. This displays the Select Displays dialog box.
2. From the Measurements box, select General Signal Viewing.
3. Double-click the Spectrogram icon in the Available Displays box. This adds the Spectrogram icon
to the Selected displays box.
4. Click the OK button. This displays the spectrogram view.
5. To d i s pl a y a
3-D version of the spectrogram, select the 3-D checkbox.
Elements of the Spectrogram Display
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General Signal Viewing Spectrogram Display
Item Display element Description
1
Check mark indicator The check mark indicator in the upper, left-hand corner of the display shows
when the Spect
rogram display is the optimized display.
NOTE. When Best for multiple windows is selected in the Amplitude control
panel's RF & IF Optimization control, none of the measurement displays
ark, as there is not a single optimized measurement.
th of time represented by each vertical division. Divisions are
.
ab. Drag the indicators to select which records will be played by
(see page 44)
2
3RBW
4 VBW
5
6
7
8 Pos
9 Autoscale
10
11
12
13 Position scroll bar
14
15
6
1
17 Detection setting
Time/div Sets the leng
3-D checkbox Enables and disables the 3-D view.
Selected records indicators Shows the positions of the start and stop records selected on the Select data
T Trigger indicator. This icon indicates the trigger point within the current
CF Sets t
Span Sets
ent data record indicator
Curr
lected indicator
Se
Clear Clears the spectrogram display; however, data records in acquisition history
arker indicators
M
shows a checkm
indicated by tick marks along the left edge of the graph.
Sets the resolution bandwidth. Note that when the RBW is set to Auto, its
value is italicized.
Enables the VBW (Video Bandwidth) filter. See Setup > Settings > BW Tab
(see page 61)
records t
Replay All. Note that these are not visible while acquisitions are running; the
instrument must be stopped for the indicators to be visible.
acquisition.
Position indicates the bottom line visible in graph. Changing this setting
s the window up and down through the displayed acquisition records.
scroll
s Vertical and Horizontal scale and Pos to default values.
Reset
he Center Frequency.
the span of the spectrogram display.
A blue line indicates the current data record. When the analysis length is
t, the blue line appears as a thin line much like the selected indicator
shor
line. When the analysis length is r elatively long, the blue line appears more
like a blue bar.
Changes the position of the trace in the window. Changing the position scroll
is the same as adjusting the Pos setting.
bar
is inverse-colored line indicates the Spectrogram line that will appear in
Th
the Spectrum display when the Spectrogram trace is enabled. This line is
attached to the selected marker.
emain in memory and are available for replay. To clear memory, select File >
r
Acquisition Data Info > Delete All Data.
These icons indicate the position of markers in the spectrogram. You can
move markers by dragging the desired marker indicator.
Displays the selected Detection method (see Settings > Trace
tab).
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Page 57
General Signal Viewing Spectrogram Settings
Item Display element Description
18 Marker readout
19
xxx
Time Scale st
atus readout
Marker readout for the selected marker. In the Spectrogram display, the
marker readou
in a 24-hour format. The timestamp readout can be shown or hidden
independently of the other marker readouts (see Settings > Prefs
page 64)).
Three readou
Spectrums/line, and Overlap. See Time Scale Status Readout
t includes a date and timestamp. The time is displayed
(see
ts can appear here depending on settings: Time/update,
(see page 43).
Time Scale Status Readout
Three type
s of readouts can appear in the display depending on settings:
Time/update – Displays minutes:seconds when Spectrum Monitor is selected in the Settings > Time
&FreqSca
le tabintheVertical (Time) section.
Spectrums/line – Displays an integer number when vertical scale is Normal and each line contains the
results f
rom one or more frequency transforms (whether zoomed out or not).
Overlap – Displays the overlap percentage when vertical scale is Normal and each line's transform
shares s
ome points with the transforms of lines before and after it (zoomed in). Overlap can only be
done when the Analysis Length > 2x RBW frame length.
The Spe
ctrogram can show results from one or multiple acquisitions and it can show one or multiple
lines for each acquisition.
ing the Spectrogram Display Settings
Chang
Spectrogram Settings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Application Toolbar:
(see page 43)
The Setup settings for the Spectrogram display are visible when Spectrogram is the selected display.
Settings tab
Freq & Span (see page 57) Sets frequency and span parameters for the Spectrogram display.
BW (see page 61) Sets Resolution Bandwidth and windowing parameters.
Trace (see page 44) Sets Trace display parameters.
Amplitude Scale (see page 45) Selects between 2-D and 3-D, sets height scale, position and orientation for 3-D display.
Time & Freq Scale (see
page 45)
Prefs (see page 64) Specifies whether or not certain display elements are shown.
xxx
Description
Sets color parameters for the spectrogram trace.
Sets the vertical and horizontal scale parameters for the spectrogram trace. The
Spectrum Monitor controls are also on this tab.
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General Signal Viewing Trace Tab
Trace Tab
The Spectrogram Trace tab controls let you specify the Detection method, save traces, and recall saved
traces for display. The Spectrogram Trace tab does not have all the controls that other Trace tabs contain,
however, it d
Freeze, and saving and recalling traces, see the Traces Tab
Selected Line
oes have a u nique display element, the Selected Line readout. For details on Detection,
(see page 57).
Display
selected marker. If no markers are enabled, the selected line is the first line in the current analysis period.
s the time at the Selected Line. If Markers are enabled, the selected line is positioned by the
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General Signal Viewing Amplitude Scale Tab
Amplitude Scale Tab
The Amplitude Scale tab allows you to change the vertical and horizontal scale settings, enable the 3-D
Waterfall display, and set the color scheme used for the spectrogram trace.
Setting
Height (3-D only)
Scale Changes the vertical scale for trace Amplitude in the graph (not the vertical scale for
Position
ale
Autosc
3–D Waterfall Displays the spectrogram in a 3-D format.
Northeast
Northwest
et Scale
Res
or (Power)
Col
lor
Co
x
Ma
in
M
xxx
Description
Time).
s the level displayed at the bottom edge of the graph. (Bottom front edge in
Specifie
the 3-D view).
Adjusts the vertical position and scale of the trace lines to bring them into the visible
portion of the graph.
Shifts the perspective of the 3-D graph so that the oldest traces move back and to the
.
right
ts the perspective of the 3-D graph so that the o ldest traces move back and to the left.
Shif
ets the Height and Color settings to their default values.
Res
splays a drop-down list that allows you to set the color scheme used for the
Di
spectrogram trace.
Sets the maximum power level represented by the top of the color scale.
Sets the minimum power level represented by the bottom of the color scale.
Time & Freq Scale T ab
The Time and Freq Scale tab allows you to change the vertical and horizontal scale settings, enable the 3-D
Waterfall display, and set the color scheme used for the spectrogram trace.
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General Signal Viewing Time & Freq Scale Tab
Setting
Vertical (Time)
Normal
Spectrum Monitor
Time/update Sets the time, in minutes and seconds, represented by each line of the spectrogram.
Reset Scale Resets the Time/div and Pos settings to their default values.
Autoscale
Time/div Sets the time displayed per division.
Visible elapsed time
Position
Time at position
Horizontal (Frequency)
Scale Sets the frequency range of the graph without changing the Span value.
Position
Autoscale
xxx
Description
For most Spectrogram applications. P rimary time scale control is Time/div. Time scale
canbezoomedinorout.
For long-term signal monitoring applications. In spectrum monitor mode, each line in the
spectrogram represents the period of time specified by the Time/update parameter. Time
scale can be zoomed out, but not zoomed in (no overlap).
Only available in Spectrum Monitor.
Scales the vertical (time) axis to compress all existing trace lines into the visible area
of the graph. Resets the Position value to zero, placing the most recent spectrogram
line at the bottom of the spectrogram display. Only Position is affected by Autoscale
when Spectrum Monitor is selected.
Displays the length of time visible in the display. This does not represent the total time
available to view.
Adjusts vertical position of the trace within the graph area. Setting represents the offset,
in divisions, between the bottom of the graph and the bottom (most recent) line in the
results trace.
Displays the time of the spectrogram line shown at the bottom of the graph. This time is
relative to the Time Zero Reference o f the current acquisition.
Sets the frequency displayed at the center of the graph. Changing this value does not
change the Freq setting.
Sets the frequency scale to the Spectrogram Span value.
Spectrum Monitor
Spectrum Monitor performs long term monitoring. The monitor mode compresses time into each line
of the spectrogram, which enables you to monitor long periods of time (from 1 second per line up to
600 minutes per line). With extended memory (Option 53) installed in the instrument, you can capture up
to 125,000 lines. With standard memory installed in the instrument, the maximum number of lines you
can capture is 31,250.
During each line's collection period, spectrum transforms are computed for each acquisition taken by the
instrument. As each transform completes, it is incorporated into the current spectrogram line. How each
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General Signal Viewing Amplitude Vs Time Display
line of the spectrogram is created in spectrum monitor mode depends on the detection setting (Settings >
Trace). For example, if Detection is set to +Peak, each spectrogram line is effectively a peak hold display
of all the spec
tral data captured since the prior line.
Amplitude Vs Time Display
The Amplitude vs. Time display plots the signal amplitude against time. The amplitude appears on the
vertical axis while time is plotted along the horizontal axis.
Note that the trace(s) in the Amplitude vs. Time display can be set to a maximum of 100,000 points
(however, the actual number of trace points can extend up to 1,000,000 points if Max trace points is set
to Never Decimate). If the Analysis Length includes more than the selected Max trace points value, the
trace is d
Max trace points setting (except when Max trace points is set to Never Decimate). This decimated (or
undecimated) trace is what is used for marker measurements and for results export. You can set the Max
trace points on the Settings > Prefs tab.
To show Amplitude vs. Time display:
1. Press the Displays button or select Setup > Displays.
ecimated (using the method specified with the Detection control) to be equal to or less than the
2. In the
3. In the Available displays box, double-click the Amplitude vs. Time icon or select the icon and click
4. Clic
Select Displays dialog, select GeneralSignalViewingin the Measurements box.
Add.T
appear under Available displays.
he Amplitude vs. Time icon will appear in the Selected displays box and will no longer
k OK.
Elements of the Display
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General Signal Viewing Amplitude Vs Time Settings
Item Display element Description
1 Vertical scale adjustment Adjusts the vertical scaling.
2
Span Adjust the bandwidth of the data to be analyzed. (Not the period of time
shown in the display.)
3 Autoscale Adjusts the vertical and horizontal settings to provide the best display.
4
5
Offset Adjust the horizontal offset.
Max and Min r
eadouts
Displays th
e maximum and minimum amplitudes, as well as when those
values occur.
6
7
8
xxx
Scale Sets the time spanned by the graph.
Clear button Restarts multi-trace functions (Avg, Hold).
Trace function Displays the current trace function setting (Settings > Trace tab > Function).
Reference. Changing Amplitude vs Time Display Settings (see page 48)
Amplitude Vs Time Settings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Application Toolbar:
The settings for the Amplitude vs. Time display are shown in the following table.
Settings tab
Freq & BW (see page 49) Sets the Bandwidth Method used for setting the measurement bandwidth.
Traces (see page 57) Allows you to select the type of trace to display and their functions.
Traces (Math) (see page 61) Sets the traces used to create the Math trace.
Scale (see page 63) Sets the vertical and horizontal scale parameters.
Prefs (see page 64) Specifies whether certain display elements are visible.
xxx
Description
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General Signal Viewing Freq & BW Tab
Freq & BW Tab
The Freq & BW (Bandwidth) tab allows you to specify the bandwidth parameters used for setting
measurement bandwidth. This determines what Acq BW the measurement will request.
Settings
Time-domain Bandwidth filter Time-domain BW is a filter used to process the trigger input signal before the trigger
Measurement BW, no filter This control limits the bandwidth of measurements. You use the measurement bandwidth
xxx
Descripti
system analyzes the signal. The frequency edge trigger point must lie within the range of
time doma
Center Frequency ±(0.5 × Time D omain Bandwidth)
setting to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement, resulting in lower
measure
resulting in fewer samples per second, it can reduce the number of points within the
measurement length below the 256 stable samples required, thus causing the analysis
to fail
Frequency Vs Time Display
The Frequency vs. Time Display shows how the signal frequency varies with time.
Note that the trace(s) in the Frequency vs. Time display can be set to a maximum of 100,000 points
(however, the actual number of trace points can extend up to 1,000,000 points if Max trace points is set
ver Decimate). If the Analysis Length includes more than the selected Max trace points value, the
to Ne
trace is decimated (using the method specified with the Detection control) to be equal to or less than the
Max trace points setting (except when Max trace points is set to Never Decimate). This decimated (or
undecimated) trace is what is used for marker measurements and for results export. You can set the Max
trace points on the Settings > Prefs tab.
on
in bandwidth. This m akes the range of the frequency edge trigger =
ment uncertainty. However, if the measurement bandwidth is set too low,
.
To display the Frequency vs. Time Display:
1. Select the Displays button or Setup > Displays.
2. In the Select Displays dialog, select GeneralSignalViewingin the Meas urements box.
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General Signal Viewing Frequency Vs Time Settings
3. In the Available displays box, double-click the Frequency vs. Time icon or select the icon and click
Add. The Frequency vs. Time icon will appear in the Selected displays box and will no longer
appear under A
vailable displays.
4. Click OK to display the Freq vs. Time display.
Elements of the Display
Item Display element Description
1
2
3 Autoscale button
4 Maximum and Minimum
5
6
7
xxx
Top of graph adjustment Use the knob to adjust the frequency range displayed on the vertical axis.
Offset adjustment Adjusts the frequency shown at the center of the display.
frequency readouts
Horizontal Scale Sets the time spanned by the graph.
Clear button
Trace function Displays the current trace function setting (Settings > Trace > Function).
Changing Frequency vs Time Display Settings (see page 50)
Frequency Vs Time Settings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Adjusts the offset and range for both vertical and horizontal to provide the
best display.
Displays the maximum and minimum values, as well as when those values
occur.
Restarts Average trace.
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General Signal Viewing Phase Vs Time Display
Application Toolbar:
The Setup settings for Frequency vs. Time are shown in the following table.
Settings tab
Freq & BW (see page 55) Sets the frequency and bandwidth parameters.
Trace (see page 57) Sets the trace display parameters.
Scale (see page 63) Sets the Vertical and Horizontal scale and offset parameters.
Prefs (see page 64) Specifies whether certain display elements are visible.
xxx
Phase Vs T
The Phase
while time is plotted along the horizontal axis.
Note tha
the actual number of trace points can extend up to 1,000,000 points if Max trace points is set to Never
Decimate). If the Analysis Length includes more than the selected Max trace points value, the trace is
decimated (using the method specified with the Detection control) to be equal to or less than the Max trace
points setting (except when Max trace points is set to Never Decimate). This decimated (or undecimated)
trace is what is used for marker measurements and for results export. You can set the Max trace points
on the
To display Phase vs. Time:
1. Press the Displays button or select Setup > Displays.
Settings > Prefs tab.
Description
ime Display
vs. Time display plots the signal phase against time. The phase appears on the vertical axis
t the trace(s) in the Phase vs. Time display can be set to a maximum of 100,000 points (however,
2. In the Select Displays dialog, select GeneralSignalViewingin the Meas urements box.
3. In the Available displays box, double-click the Phase vs. Time icon or select the icon and click
Add. The Phase vs. Time icon will appear in the Selected displays box and will no longer appear
under Available displays.
4. Click OK to show the Phase vs. Time display.
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General Signal Viewing Phase Vs Time Settings
Elements of the Display
Item Display element Description
1
2
3 Autoscale button
4
5
6
7
8
xxx
Top of graph adjustment Adjusts the vertical scale. Use the knob to adjust the value of the top of the
Vertical offset adjustment Adjusts the phase error shown at the vertical center of the display.
Horizontal Offset Adjusts the horizontal position of the trace.
Max and Min readouts
Horizontal Scale Sets the time spanned by the graph.
Clear button Restarts multi-trace functions (Avg, Hold).
Trace function Shows the trace function as set on the Settings > Trace tab.
Changing the Phase vs Time Display Settings (see page 52)
PhaseVsTimeSettings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
graph.
Adjusts the vertical and horizontal settings so that the entire trace fits in the
view.
Displays the maximum and minimum value of the phase error within the
analysis times and the times at which they occurred.
Application Toolbar:
The settings for the Phase vs. Time display are shown in the following table.
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General Signal Viewing RF I & Q vs Time D isplay
Settings tab
Freq & BW (see p
Trace (see pag
Scale (see pa
Prefs (see p
xxx
e
ge
age
57)
63)
64)
age
55)
Description
Sets the frequ
Sets the trace
Sets the Vert
Specifies wh
RF I & Q vs Time Display
This is a plot of the baseband In-Phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) components of a modulated carrier. The plot
is in the ti
Note that the trace(s) in the RF I & Q vs. Time display can be set to a maximum of 100,000 points
(however
to Never Decimate). If the Analysis Length includes more than the selected Max trace points value, the
trace is decimated (using the method specified with the Detection control) to be equal to or less than the
Max trace points setting (except when Max trace points is set to Never Decimate). This decimated (or
undecimated) trace is what is used for marker measurements and for results export. You can set the Max
trace points on the Settings > Prefs tab.
To display an RF I & Q vs. Time display:
1. Select the Displays button or select Setup > Displays.ThisshowstheSelect Displays dialog box.
me domain, with I and/or Q values the Y-axis.
, the actual number of trace points can extend up to 1,000,000 points if Max trace points is set
ency and bandwidth parameters.
display parameters.
ical and Horizontal scale and offset parameters.
ether certain display elements are visible.
2. From the Measurements box, select General Signal Viewing.
3. Double-click the RF I&Q vs. Time icon in the Available Displays box. This adds the RF I & Q vs.
Time icon to the Selected displays box.
4. Click the OK button.
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General Signal Viewing RF I & Q vs Time Settings
Elements of the Display
Item Display element Description
1
2
3 Autoscale button
4 Maximum and Minimum level
5
6
7
8
xxx
Chang
Top of Graph adjustment
Vertical offset adjustment Adjusts the level shown at the center of the display.
readouts
Scale Sets the ti
Clear but
Trace fu
Trace Control Selects which trace is displayed (using the drop-down list) and which trace is
ton
nction
ing the RF I & Q vs Time Display Settings
RFI&QvsTimeSettings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Use the knob to adjust the vertical scaling.
Adjusts the offset and scale for both vertical and horizontal to provide the
best displa
Displays the maximum and minimum values, within the Analysis Time, as well
as the time
Restarts
Display
traces are averaged, the number of averages is displayed.
active (click on the trace name to display a menu).
y.
s at which they occurred.
me spanned by the graph.
multi-trace functions (Avg, Hold).
s the current trace function setting (Settings > Trace > Function). If the
(see page 54)
Application Toolbar:
The Setup settings for RF I&Q vs. Time are shown in the following table.
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General Signal Viewing General Signal Viewing Shared Measurement Settings
Settings tab
Freq & BW (see p
Trace (see pag
Scale (see pa
Prefs (see p
xxx
e
ge
age
57)
63)
64)
age
55)
Description
Sets the frequ
Sets the trace
Sets the Vert
Specifies wh
ency and bandwidth parameters.
display parameters.
ical and Horizontal scale and offset parameters.
ether certain display elements are visible.
General Signal Viewing Shared Measurement Settings
The control panel tabs in this section are identical or very similar for each of the displays in the General
Signal Vie
by only a couple of displays.
For some t
control values, each display has unique values for the controls. Details are provided for the specific tabs.
Common controls for general signal viewing displays
Settin
Freq & S
Trace
Trace
BW (s
le
Sca
fs
Pre
xxx
wing folder (Setup > Displays). Some tabs are shared by all the displays, some tabs are shared
abs, the control values are shared across all the General Signal Viewing displays. For other
gs tab
pan
(see page 57)
(see page 57)
s–Math
ee page
(see page 63)
(see page 64)
(see page 61)
61)
Description
e frequency and span parameters.
Sets th
he trace display parameters.
Sets t
he traces used to create the Math trace.
Sets t
the Bandwidth Method used for setting the measurement bandwidth.
Sets
s the Vertical and Horizontal scale and offset parameters.
Set
cifies whether certain display elements are visible.
Spe
Freq & BW Tab — Freq vsTime, Phase vs Time, RF I & Q vs Time Display
The Freq & BW tab provides access to settings that control frequency settings for the Freq vs Time, Phase
vs Time, RF I & Q vs Time display.
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General Signal Viewing Freq & BW Tab — Freq vsTime, Phase vs Time, RF I & Q vs Time Display
Setting
Measurement Freq
Description
The frequency
at the which measurements are made. This value is the same as the
setting for Frequency in the Application bar.
Measurement B
W
This control limits the bandwidth of measurements. You use the measurement bandwidth
setting to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement, resulting in lower
measurement
uncertainty. However, if the measurement bandwidth is set too low,
resulting in fewer samples per second, it can reduce the number of points within the
measurement length below the 256 stable samples required, thus causing the analysis
to fail.
Link to Span When enable
d, the measurement bandwidth of the RF I & Q display is determined by
the span of the analyzer. When unchecked, the measurement bandwidth is specified by
the user, and no additional filter is applied.
Set to max BW Sets the measurement bandwidth to the maximum acquisition bandwidth of the
instrume
xxx
nt.
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General Signal Viewing Freq & Span Tab
Freq & Span Tab
The Freq & Span tab provides access to settings that control frequency settings for the trace display. The
control values set in this tab are shared by all the General Signal Viewing displays.
Setting
Center The frequency at the center of the selected Span.
Start The lowest frequency in the span.
Stop The highest frequency in the span.
Step Size Sets the increment/decrement size for Center, Start and Stop values.
Span The difference between the start and stop frequencies. This is the measurement
Max Span Sets the Span to the maximum value.
xxx
Description
bandwidth for the general signal viewing displays.
Center, Start, Stop, and Span Frequencies Are Correlated
Changing the values for Center frequency, Start frequency, Stop frequency or Span will change the values
for the other settings, depending on which setting you change. For example, if you change the Center
frequency, the Start and Stop frequencies will be adjusted automatically to maintain the same Span.
Note however that if the Start and Stop frequencies are changed so that they are closer than the minimum
span setting, the Start and Stop frequencies will be adjusted to maintain the minimum Span setting.
Setting Changed Manually Settings C hanged Automatically As
a Result
Start Center, Span Stop
Stop Center, Span Start
Center Start, Stop Span
Span Start, Stop Center
xxx
Setting Not Autom atically Changed
Traces Tab
The Traces Tab allows you to set the display characteristics of displayed traces.
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General Signal Viewing Traces Tab
Setting
Trace
Show Shows / hides the selected trace.
Detection
Function
Count Sets the number of traces averaged to generate the displayed trace. (Present only when
Freeze Halts updates to the selected trace.
Save Trace As Saves the selected trace to a file for later recall and analysis.
Show Recalled trace Displays a saved trace instead of a live trace.
xxx
Description
Selects a trace. (This setting is not present for every display.)
Sets the Detection method used for the trace. Not available for saved traces. Available
detection methods are +Peak, -Peak, +/-Peak, Avg (VRMS), Sample, and CISPR Peak.
Not all detection methods are available in all displays.
Selects the trace processing method. Available settings are: Normal, Average, Max
Hold, and Min Hold.
Function is set to Average, Min Hold, or Max Hold.)
Trace
Available traces for Spectrum are: Trace 1, Trace 2, Trace 3, Math, and Spectrogram. Other displays
support fewer traces. Traces 1-3 are based on the input signal and enable you to display the input signal
using different processing. For example, you could display Trace 1 with Function set to Normal, Trace 2
with Function set to Max Hold and Trace 3 with Function set to Min Hold.
The Math trace is the result of subtracting one trace from another.
The Spectrogram trace applies only to the Spectrum display and is available only if the Spectrogram
display is shown. The Spectrogram trace shows the trace selected in the Spectrogram as a spectrum trace.
Detection
Trace Detection is used to reduce the results of a measurement to the desired number of trace points. For
example, if the maximum number of trace points is 100,000, and a measurement over the selected analysis
length yields 200,000 points, the measurement m ust decimate these 200,000 trace points by 2 to prevent
exceeding the 100,000 trace point limit. Since only one value can be represented for each trace point, an
algorithm must be used to select (detect) the appropriate value to use.
The r esults array from an analysis can be detected (or “decimated”) in a variety of ways. The number
of results points produced for each trace point varies with both analysis length and trace length. For
example, the frequency transform used for the Spectrum display produces j ust one output value for each
desired trace point. In this case, the detection method chosen has no effect, as no decimation is required.
Increasing the Analysis Length (or for the Spectrum display, the Spectrum Length), causes the available
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General Signal Viewing Traces Tab
detection method's output traces to differ from each other because they have a larger set of samples for the
various detection methods to process.
The available detection methods (depending on the display) are:
+Peak – The highest value is selected from the results to be compressed into a trace point.
-Peak – The lowest value is selected from the results to be compressed into a trace point.
+/-Peak –Bothth
e highes t and lowest values are selected from the results to be compressed into a
trace point.
Avg ( VR MS) [Average V
] – Each point on the trace is the result of determining the RMS Voltage
RMS
value for all of the results values it includes. When displayed in either linear (Volts, Watts) or Log (dB,
dBm), the correct RMS value results.
Avg (of logs) – The detector is used to emulate legacy spectrum analyzer results and for the
specification of displayed average noise level. In older swept analyzers, a voltage envelope detector is
used in the process of measuring signal level, and the result is then converted to Watts and then to
dBm. Averagingisthenappliedtotheresultanttraces.
For CW signals, this method results in an accurate power measurement. However, with random noise
and digitally modulated carriers, errors result from this 'average of logs' method. For random noise,
the average of logs methods results in power levels -2.51 dB lower than that measured with a power
meter, or with a signal analyzer that measures the rms value of a signal, and performs averaging on the
calculated power in Watts and not dBm or other log-power units.
This detector should be used when following a measurement procedure that specifies it, or when
checking the
Displayed Averaged N oise Level (DANL) of the instrument. The 'average of logs'
detection and trace functionisusedforDANLspecification to provide similar results to other
spectrum/signal analyzers for comparison purposes. Use of the Average of Logs method of
measurement is not recommended for digitally modulated carriers, as power measurement errors
will occur.
NOTE. The Detection setting does not affect the trace until the spectrum length is longer than the Auto
setting.
Sample –Thefirst value is selected from the set of results to be compressed into a trace p oint.
CISPR Peak – The trace value is calculated by the methods described for peak detectors in the
CISPR documents.
Trace Processing
Traces can be processed to display in different ways. The Function setting controls trace processing.
Normal - Each new trace is displayed and then replaced by the next trace. Each data point contains a
single vertical value.
Average - Multiple traces are averaged together to generate the displayed trace, which will contain just
one vertical value for each underlying frequency data point. Once the specified number of traces have
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General Signal Viewing Traces Tab
been acquired and averaged to generate the displayed trace, additional traces contribute to the running
average, except in Single Sequence run mode. In thecaseofSingleSequence,theinstrumentstops
running after
setting specifies how many traces are averaged. The averaging is performed on the linear (Voltage)
values, resulting in the correct RMS average).
Max Hold - Displays the maximum value in the trace record for each display point. Each new trace's
display point is compared to the previous maximum value and the greater value is retained for display
and subsequent comparisons.
Min Hold - Displays the minimum value in the trace record for each display point. Each new trace's
display point is compared to the previous minimum value and the lesser value is retained for display
and subsequent comparisons.
the specified number of traces have been averaged together. The Number of Traces
Saving Tr
To save a trace for later analysis:
1. Select the Save Trace As button. This displays the Save As dialog box.
2. Navigate to the desired folder or use the default.
3. Type a name for the s aved trace and click Save.
aces
Recalling Traces
You can recall a previously saved trace for analysis or comparison to a live trace.
To select a trace for recall:
1. Select the trace into which the recalled trace will be loaded, from the Trace drop-down list.
2. Che
3. Click the ... button to display the Open dialog box.
ck the Show check box.
4. Navigate to the desired file and click Open.
5. Check the Show Recalled Trace check box.
6. Verify that the trace's Show check box is selected (either on this tab or next to the drop-down list
located at the top-left corner of the graph).
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General Signal Viewing Traces Tab - Math Trace
Traces Tab - Math Trace
This tab is not a distinct tab, it is just how the Traces tab appears when Math is selected in the Traces
drop-down list.
Trace 4 is a mathematically-derived trace defined as Trace A minus Trace B. You can select Trace 1, 2, or
3 to serve as either Trace A or Trace B.
Setting
Trace
Show Shows / hides the selected trace.
Freeze Halts updates to the selected trace.
Save Trace As Saves the selected trace to a file for later recall and analysis.
Trace m inus Trace
xxx
BW Tab
The BW (bandwidth) tab allows you to change Resolution Bandwidth and Video Bandwidth settings,
and set the windowing method used by the transform process b y selecting a filter shape (not present
for all displays).
Description
When set to Trace 4 (Math), this tab is displayed.
Selects which traces serve as Trace A and Trace B.
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General Signal Viewing BW Tab
Setting
RBW
Auto
Span/RBW ra
Filter Shape Specifies the windowing method used for the transform (when Auto is unchecked).
VBW
xxx
tio
Description
Sets the Resol
value is italicized when Auto is selected.
When Auto is checked, the R BW is calculated as a percentage of the Span. Kaiser is
selected as the windowing method. When Auto is unchecked, the RBW is set by the user.
Selecting an
If Auto is ch
setting is not selectable.
(Spectrum and Spectrogram displays only.)
Adjusts the VBW (Video Bandwidth) value. (Spectrum and Spectrogram displays only.)
ution Bandwidth value to be used in the spectrum analysis view. The
y Window other than Kaiser changes the RBW setting to manual.
ecked, this value is used to calculate the RBW. If Auto is unchecked, this
Filter Shape Settings
In the analyzer, computationally efficient discrete Fourier transform algorithms such as FFT (Fast Fourier
Transform) or CZT (Chirp-Z Transform) are generally employed to transform time-domain signals into
frequency-domain spectra. There is an assumption inherent in the mathematics of Discrete Fourier
Transforms that the data to be processed is a single period of a periodically repeating signal. The
tinuities between successive frames will generally occur when the periodic extension is made to the
discon
signal. These artificial discontinuities generate spurious responses not present in the original signal, which
can make it impossible to detect small signals in the presence of nearby large ones. This phenomenon is
called spectral leakage.
Applying a filter, such as Kaiser, to the signal to be transformed is an effective method to comba t the
spectral leakage problem. Generally the filter has a bell shape. Multiplying the transform frame by the
filter function eliminates or reduces the discontinuities at the ends of the frame, however, at the expense of
increased RBW.
Filter Shape Characteristics
echoiceoffilter shape depends on its frequency response characteristics such as side-lobe level,
Th
equivalent noise bandwidth and maximum amplitude error. Use the following guidelines to select the
best filter shape.
Filter Shape Characteristics
Kaiser (RBW) Best side-lobe level, shape factor closest to the traditional Gaussian RBW.
-6dB RBW (MIL) These filters are specified for bandwidth at their -6 dB point, as required by military
EMI regulations.
CISPR These fi lters comply with the requirements specified in the P-CISPR 16 -1-1 document
for EMI measurements.
Blackman-Harris 4B
Uniform (None) Best frequency resolution, poor side-lobe level and amplitude accuracy.
Flat-Top
Hanning
xxx
Good side-lobe level.
Best amplitude accuracy, best representation of brief events captured near the beginning
or end of the time-domain data frame, poor frequency resolution.
Good frequency resolution, high side-lobe roll-off rate.
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General Signal Viewing Scale Tab
VBW
The VBW setting enables/disables the Video Bandwidth filter. VBW is used in traditional swept analyzers
to reduce the effect of noise on the displayed signal. The VBW algorithm in the analyzer emulates the
VBW filters of traditional swept analyzers.
The maximum VBW value is the current RBW setting. The minimum VBW value is 1/10,000 of the RBW
setting. VBW is disabled when the Filter shape is set to CISPR.
NOTE. If you
means that the test should be conducted with no VBW effects. In the SignalVu software, this condition
is met by disabling the VBW function.
Scale Tab
The Scale tab allows you to change the vertical and horizontal scale settings. C hanging the scale settings
changes how the trace appears on the display but does not change control settings such as Measurement
Frequency. In effect, these controls operate like pan and zoom controls.
The Scale tab values are unique to each display. Also, note that each display uses horizontal and vertical
units that are appropriate for the display. For example, for the Spectrum display uses power (dBm) units
and frequency (Hz) units; the Amplitude vs. Time display uses power (dBm) and time (seconds) units; and
the Phase vs. Time display uses phase (degrees) and time (seconds) units.
are following a procedure that says to "set VBW to three times the RBW value or greater", it
Setting
Vertical
Scale Changes the vertical scale.
Offset Vertical Offset adjusts the reference level away from top of the graph.
Autoscale
Horizontal
Zoom Start Sets the starting frequency for ...
Zoom Stop Sets the stop frequency for ...
Log
Reset Scale Resets all settings to their default values.
xxx
Description
Controls the vertical position and scale of the trace display.
Resets the scale of the vertical axis to contain the complete trace.
Controls the span of the trace display and position of the trace.
Resets the scale of the horizontal axis to contain the complete trace.
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General Signal Viewing Prefs Tab
Prefs Tab
The Prefs tab enables you to change parameters of the measurement display. The parameters available on
the Prefs tab vary depending on the se lected display, but include such items as enabling/disabling Marker
Readout, swi
Each of the General Signal Viewing displays maintains its own separate values for the controls that appear
on the Prefs
For example, in the following image, the Show Marker readout in graph check box appears in the Prefs tab
for every d
Time Prefs tab.
tching the Graticule display on/off, and Marker Noise mode.
tab. Some parameters appear with most displays while others appear with only one display.
isplay. However, the Show Power Trigger level check box only appears on the Amplitude vs
The following image shows the Prefs tab for the Time Overview display.
The following table explains the controls that can appear on the Prefs tab.
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General Signal Viewing Prefs Tab
Setting
Show: Selects the ho
Description
rizontal settings that appear below the graph area. You can choose Start,
Stop or Center, Span.
Trace points
Max trace poi
nts
(Time Overview D isplay only)
Sets the number of trace points used for marker measurements and for results export.
Sets the maximum number of trace points used for marker measurements and for
results export.
Show trace legend Enables display of a legend in the measurements area that shows the Detection method
and Function setting for displayed traces. The color of the legend text matches the color
iated trace.
isplay or hide the graticule.
e Time Overview display across the top of the application window, above all
ides the readout for the selected marker in the graph area.
Show grati
cule
Navigator View
(Time Ove
Show Mark
rview Display only)
er readout in graph
of the assoc
Select to d
Places th
other active displays.
Shows or h
(selected marker)
Show timestamp in graph
(selected line)
Show Power Trigger Level
For s pec
selected line or marker position.
Displays or hides a green line in the graph that indicates the level at which the power
trogram displays, this readout shows or hides the timestamp associated with the
trigger is set. The line is not displayed if Trigger is set to Free Run.
Marker Noise mode
xxx
Select to enable or disable the Marker Noise m ode. Use this mode to measure noise on
ace. See Using Noise Markers in the Spectrum Display
the tr
(see page 358).
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General Signal Viewing Prefs Tab
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Page 81
Analog Modulation Overview
Overview
The displays in Analog Modulation (Displays > Measurements > Analog Modulation) are:
AM
FM
PM
The Analog Modulation displays provide measurements and time-domain trace displays.
AM Display
The Amplitude Modulation Display is a graph of Modulation Factor vs Time. The AM display includes
three numeric readouts.
To show the AM display:
1. Select the Displays button or select Setup > Displays.ThisshowstheSelect Displays dialog box.
2. From the Measurements box, select Analog Modulation.
3. Double-click the AM icon in the Available Displays box. This adds the AM icon to the Selected
displays box.
4. Click the OK button. This shows the AM display.
Elements of the Display
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Analog Modulation AM Settings
Item Element Description
1
Check mark indicator The check mark indicator in the upper, left-hand corner of the display shows
when the AM display is the optimized display.
NOTE. When Best for multiple windows is selected in the Amplitude control
panel's RF & IF Optimization control, none of the measurement displays
shows a checkmark, as there is not a single optimized measurement.
2
3 Position
4 Bottom Readout
5
6 Position
7
8
9 Trace Detection readout
xxx
Top of Graph Sets the %AM indicated at the top of the graph by increasing or decreasing
the vertical scale. Changing the top value affects the bottom of graph value
because the graph scales about vertical center. Also, note that the top of
graph setting interacts with the internal vertical scale setting (which is not
user settable).
Specifies the %AM shown at the center of the graph display.
Displays the value of the modulation factor shown at the bottom of graph.
Measurement readouts
Scale Adjusts the horizontal range of the graph. By decreasing the scale (time
Clear Erases the trace from the graph.
Displays numeric values for the +AM (positive m odulation factor), –AM
(negative modulation factor), and Total AM.
Specifies the horizontal position of the trace on the graph display.
across the entire graph), the graph essentially becomes a window that you
can move over the trace by adjusting the position.
Displays the Settings > Trace > Detection setting.
Changing the AM Settings (see page 68)
AM Settings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Application Toolbar:
The AM Settings control panel provides access to settings that control parameters of the AM Display.
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Analog Modulation Parameters Tab
Setting
Parameters (s
Trace (see pag
Scale (see pa
Prefs (see p
xxx
ee page
e
ge
age
70)
72)
73)
Parameters Tab
The Parameters tab enables you to specify two parameters that control the carrier amplitude detection.
69)
Description
Sets the Carri
Sets Trace dis
Sets vertica
Specifies wh
number of points shown in the display graph.
er Amplitude Detection method. You can choose either Average or Median.
play parameters.
l and horizontal scale and position parameters.
ether or not certain display elements are shown. Specifies the maximum
Setting
Average
Median
Measurement BW
xxx
Description
Selects the Average method for computin g the average baseline for measurements.
Selects the Median method for computing the average baseline for measurements.
Specifies the bandwidth about the center frequency at which measurements are made.
AM Modulation
An amplitude modulated carrier can be described mathematically by:
A, in the above equation, represents the carrier amplitude, a(t) represents the time-varying modulation
and ω
The signal modulation envelope is given by:
There are several ways to express the AM modulation depth, expressed as a percentage.
Peak method
Trough Method
represents the carrier frequency.
0
Max-Min Method
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Analog Modulation Trace Tab
In each case, the value of the carrier amplitude, A, needs to be estimated from the input signal.
The instrument represe nts signals in a sampled form. The sampled envelope can be expressed as a function
of sample index K and sampling period T as:
The instrument allows the choice of two methods for estimating the carrier amplitude:
Average Method
Median Method
In both cases, the instrument computes the average and the median over the analysis period. It should be
noted that the two methods give the same result for sinusoidal modulation where the sampling frequency
is much higher than the modulation frequency.
Trace Tab
The Trace Tab allows you to set the display characteristics of a trace.
Setting
Show Shows/hides the trace. If the instrument continues to run, the measurement results below
Detection
Function
Freeze Halts updates to the trace.
Save Trace As Saves the trace to a file for later recall and analysis.
Show recalled trace Displays a saved trace instead of a live trace.
xxx
Description
the graph display continue to update even if the trace is hidden.
Sets the Detection method used for the trace. Available detection methods are +Peak,
-Peak, and Avg (VRMS). Not available for saved traces.
Selects the trace processing method. The only available setting is Normal.
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Analog Modulation Trace Tab
Detection
Detection refers to the method of processing the data acquisition points when creating a trace. The IQ
samples in a data acquisition can be detected in a variety of ways. The number of IQ samples available to
each trace point varies with both analysis length and trace length. For example, with Spectrum Length set
to ‘Auto’ in the Analysis menu, the instrument analyzes just enough samples to produce one IQ sample
pair per trace point. In this case, the detection method chosen has very little effect, as the +Peak, -Peak,
and Avg (VRMS) are all equal. Changing the Spectrum Length causes the available detection methods to
differ in value because they have a larger set of samples for the various detection methods to process.
The available detection methods are:
+Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the positive peak value present in the set of
IQ samples available to that trace point.
-Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the negative peak value present in the set of
IQ samples available to that trace point.
Avg ( VR MS) [Average V
] – Each point on the trace is the result of determining the RMS Voltage
RMS
value for all of the IQ samples available to the trace point. When displayed in either linear (Volts,
Watts) or Log (dB, dBm), the correct RMS value results. When the averaging f unction is applied to a
trace, the averaging is performed on the linear (Voltage) values, resulting in the correct average
for RMS values.
Trace Processing
Traces can be processed to display in different ways. The Detection setting controls trace decimation,
when needed. When the trace points each cover more than one sample data point, the vertical results
values for multiple data points are combined into each trace point. Each trace point ends up with a single
vertical value.
Average - Each trace point is computed by averaging together the multiple results points it represents.
+Peak - Each trace point represents the highest vertical value among the results it includes.
–Peak - Each trace point represents the lowest vertical value among the results it includes.
Saving Traces
To save a trace for later analysis:
1. Select the Save Trace As button. This displays the Save As dialog box.
2. Navigate to the desired folder or use t he default.
3. Type a name for the saved trace a nd click Save.
Recalling Traces
You can recall a previously saved trace for analysis or comparison to a live trace.
To select a trace for recall:
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Analog Modulation Scale Tab
1. Click the ... button to display the Open dialog box.
2. Navigate to the desired file and click Open.
3. Check the Show Recalled Trace check box.
4. Verify that the Show check box is selected.
Scale Tab
The Scale t
ab allows you to change the v ertical and horizontal scale settings. Changing the scale settings
changes how the trace appears on the display but does not change control settings such as Measurement
Frequency. In effect, these controls operate like pan and zoom controls.
Setting
Vertical
Scale Changes the range shown between the top and bottom of the graph.
Position
Autoscale Resets the Position so that the entire trace is in the graph.
Horizontal
Scale Changes the range shown between the left and right sides of the graph.
Position
Autoscale
xxx
Description
Adjusts the level shown at the center of the graph.
Adjusts the position of the acquisition record shown at the left edge of the graph.
Resets the Scale and Position settings to provide the optimum display.
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Analog Modulation Prefs Tab
Prefs Tab
The Prefs tab enables you to change appearance characteristics of the AM display.
Setting
Show graticule Shows or hides the graticule.
Show Marker readout in graph
(selected marker)
Max trace points
xxx
FM Display
The Frequency Modulation Display shows Frequency Deviation vs. Time. The vertical axis units are
Hertz and the horizontal axis units are seconds. When taking measurements, only the first burst in the
ysis period is analyzed. No trace points are shown for data outside the first detected burst, nor are
Anal
measurements made on data outside the first detected burst.
how the FM display:
To s
1. Select the Displays button or select Setup > Displays.ThisshowstheSelect Displays dialog box.
Description
Shows or hides the readout for the selected marker in the graph area.
The trace in the AM display can be set to a maximum of 100,000 points (however, the
actual number of trace points can extend up to 500,000 points if Max trace points is
set to Never Decimate). If the Analysis Length includes more than the selected Max
trace points value, the trace is decimated (using the method specified with the Detection
control) to be equal to or less than the Max trace points setting (except when Max trace
points is set to Never Decimate). This decimated (or undecimated) trace is what is used
for marker measurements and for results export.
2. From the Measurements box, select Analog Modulation.
3. Double-click the FM icon in the Available Displays box. This adds the FM icon to the Selected
displays box.
4. Click the OK button. This shows the FM display.
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Analog Modulation FM Display
Elements of the Display
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Analog Modulation FM Settings
Item Element Description
1
Check mark indicator The check mark indicator in the upper, left-hand corner of the display shows
when the FM dis
play is the optimized display.
NOTE. When Best for multiple windows is selected in the Amplitude control
panel's RF & IF Optimization control, none of the measurement displays
ark, as there is not a single optimized measurement.
uency indicated at the top of the graph. Since the Position value
ffects the bottom of graph readout. Vertical Scale can also be
ottom of Graph values as well.
the frequency value at the bottom of the graph.
numeric values for the +Pk (pos itive frequency deviation), – P k
2
3 Position
4
5
6 Position
7
8
9 Trace Detection readout
10 Freq Error
xxx
anging the FM Settings
Ch
Top of Graph c
Bottom of
Measurement readouts
Scale Adjust
Clear Clears the trace and numeric measurement results.
ontrol
Graph Readout
(see page 75)
shows a checkm
Sets the freq
at the vertical center of this graph remains constant as the Top of Graph value
is adjusted, the Vertical Scale increases as the Top of Graph value increases,
whichalsoa
controlled from the Settings control panel's Scale tab.
Specifies the frequency shown at the center of the graph display. Changing
this value m oves the trace up and down in the graph, which affects the Top of
Graph and B
Displays
Displays
(negative frequency deviation), RMS (RMS value of the deviation), Pk-Pk
(peak-to-peak frequency deviation), and Pk-Pk/2 (peak-to-peak frequency
on divided by two).
deviati
es the horizontal position of the trace on the graph display.
Specifi
s the time range of the graph. By decreasing the scale (full-scale time
over 10 divisions), the graph essentially becomes a window that you can
move over the acquisition record by adjusting the horizontal position.
Displays the Settings > Trace > Detection setting.
This readout can show Freq Error or Freq O ffset. When it displays Freq
r, it shows the difference between the instrument Frequency setting and
Erro
the measured value of the signal's carrier frequency. When it displays Freq
Offset, it shows the frequency offset specified on the Settings > Parameters
. If Freq Error is displayed, it also indicates that the Carrier frequency
tab
detection setting is Auto. If Freq Offset is displayed, it indicates that the
Carrier frequency detection setting is manual.
FM Settings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Application Toolbar:
The FM Settings control panel provides access to settings that control parameters of the FM Display.
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Analog Modulation FM Settings
Setting
Description
Parameters (see page 291) Sets the burst detection threshold, measurement bandwidth, and carrier frequency
detection method.
Trace (see page 78) Sets Trace display parameters.
Scale (see page 80) Sets vertical and horizontal scale and position parameters.
Prefs (see page 81) Specifies whether or not certain display elements are shown. Specifies the maximum
number of points shown in the display graph.
xxx
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Analog Modulation Parameters Tab
Parameters Tab
The Pa rameters tab enables you to specify parameters for carrier detection.
Setting
Burst detect threshold
Measurement BW
Frequency offset Displays the carrier signal's offset from the instrument's measurement frequency. Auto is
Load from Marker Pressing this button sets the frequency offset to the frequency offset of the selected
xxx
Description
This parameter specifies the power level used to determine whether a burst is present.
A valid burst is required to take measurements. The burst detected first is used for
the analysis. The units for burst detect threshold are dBc, relative to the maximum
acquisition sample data points level.
Specifies the bandwidth about the center frequency at which measurements are made.
used to select the method for determining the carrier frequency. When Auto is selected,
the instrument determines the carrier frequency by analyzing the signal. When Auto is
deselected, you can set the carrier frequency offset using Frequency Offset.
marker. (Pressing this button automatically deselects Auto.)
Frequency Offset
In Auto (Auto is selected), the instrument scans the measurement bandwidth about the measurement
frequency and looks for the highest-powered signal. This is defined as the carrier frequency. In Manual
(Auto is deselected), the carrier frequency is specified by adding/subtracting the specified Frequency offset
m the measurement frequency. Range: -(Measurement BW*1.1)/2 to +(Measurement BW*1.1)/2. If
fro
the Load from Marker button is pressed, the frequency offset is determined from the phase difference
between the two markers on screen compared to the time between the two markers. This function is useful
for removing frequency slope from the phase modulated signal.
Load from Marker
When the Auto check box is selected, the instrument scans the measurement bandwidth about the center
frequency and looks for the highest-powered signal. This is defined as the carrier frequency. When
the Auto check box is deselected, the carrier frequency is specified by adding/subtracting the specified
Frequency o ffset from the center frequency. Pressing the Load from Marker button loads the marker
frequency into the Frequency offset box.
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Analog Modulation Trace Tab
Trace Tab
The Trace Tab allows you to set the display characteristics of displayed traces.
Setting
Show Shows / hides the trace. If the instrument continues to run, the measurement results
Detection
Function
Freeze Halts updates to the trace.
Save Trace As Saves the trace to a file for later recall and analysis.
Show Recalled trace Displays a saved trace instead of a live trace.
xxx
Description
below the graph display continue to update even if the trace is hidden.
Sets the Detection method used for the trace. Available detection methods are +Peak,
-Peak, and Avg (VRMS). Not available for saved traces.
Selects the trace processing method. The only available setting is Normal.
Detection
Detection refers to the method of processing the data acquisition points when creating a trace. The IQ
samples in a data acquisition can be detected in a variety of ways. The number of IQ samples available to
each trace point varies with both analysis length and trace length. For example, with Spectrum Length set
to ‘Auto’ in the Analysis menu, the instrument analyzes just enough samples to produce one IQ sample
pair per trace point. In this case, the detection method chosen has very little effect, as the +Peak, -Peak,
and Avg (VRMS) are all equal. Changing the Spectrum Length causes the available detection m ethods to
differ in value because they have a larger set of samples for the various detection methods to process.
The available detection methods are:
+Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the positive peak value present in the set of
IQ samples available to that trace point.
-Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the negative peak value present in the set of
IQ samples available to that trace point.
Avg ( V R MS) [Average V
] – Each point on the trace is the result of determining the RMS Voltage
RMS
value for all of the IQ samples available to the trace point. When displayed in either linear (Volts,
Watts) or Log (dB, dBm), the correct RMS value results. When the averaging function is applied to a
trace, the averaging is performed on the linear (Voltage) values, resulting in the correct average
for RMS values.
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Analog Modulation Trace Tab
Trace Processing
Traces can be processed to display in different ways. The Function setting controls trace processing.
Normal - Each new trace is displayed and then replaced by the next trace. Each data point contains a
single vertical value.
Average - Each trace point is computed by averaging together the multiple results points it represents.
+Peak - Each trace point represents the highest vertical value among the results it includes.
–Peak -Each
trace point represents the lowest vertical value among the results it includes.
Saving Traces
To save a trace for later analysis:
1. Select th
2. Navigate to the desired folder or use t he default.
3. Type a name for the saved trace a nd click Save.
Recall
You can recall a previously saved trace for analysis or comparison to a live trace.
To select a trace for recall:
1. Click the ... button to display the Open dialog box.
2. Navigate to the desired file and click Open.
3. Check the Show Recalled Trace check box.
4. Ver
e Save Trace As button. This displays the Save As dialog box.
ing Traces
ify that the Show check box is selected.
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Analog Modulation Scale Tab
Scale Tab
The Scale tab allows you to change the vertical and horizontal scale settings. C hanging the scale settings
changes how the trace appears on the display but does not change control settings such as Measurement
Frequency. I
n effect, these controls operate like pan and zoom controls.
Setting
Vertical
Scale Changes the range shown between the top and bottom of the graph.
Position
Autoscale
Horizontal
Scale Changes the range shown between the left and right sides of the graph.
Position
Autoscale
xxx
Description
Adjusts the frequency shown at the center of the graph.
Resets the Position so that the entire trace fits within the graph.
Adjusts the position of the acquisition record shown at the left edge of the graph.
Resets the Scale and Position settings to provide the optimum display.
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Analog Modulation Prefs Tab
Prefs Tab
The Prefs tab enables you to change appearance characteristics of the FM display.
Setting
Show graticule Shows or hides the graticule.
Show Marker readout in graph
(selected marker)
Max trace points
xxx
PM Display
The Phase Modulation Display shows Phase vs. Time. The vertical axis units are degrees and the
horizontal axis units are seconds. When taking measurements, only the first burst in the Analysis period is
yzed. No trace points are shown for data outside the first detected burst, nor are measurements made
anal
on data outside the first detected burst.
Description
Shows or hides the readout for the selected marker in the graph area.
The trace in the FM display can be set to a maximum of 100,000 points (however, the
actual number of trace points can extend up to 500,000 points if Max trace points is
set to Never Decimate). If the Analysis Length includes more than the selected Max
trace points value, the trace is decimated (using the method specified with the Detection
control) to be equal to or less than the Max trace points setting (except when Max trace
points is set to Never Decimate). This decimated (or undecimated) trace is what is used
for marker measurements and for results export.
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Analog Modulation PM Display
Elements of the Display
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Analog Modulation PM Settings
Item Element Description
1
Check mark indicator The check mark indicator in the upper, left-hand corner of the display shows
when the PM dis
play is the optimized display.
NOTE. When Best for multiple windows is selected in the Amplitude control
panel's RF & IF Optimization control, none of the measurement displays
ark, as there is not a single optimized measurement.
e value indicated at the top of the graph. Since the Position
which also affects the bottom of graph readout. Vertical Scale can
ottom of Graph values as well.
the phase value at the bottom of the graph.
numeric values for the +Pk (positive phase deviation), –Pk (negative
2
3 Position
4
5
6 Position
7
8
9Trace
10 Freq
xxx
Top of Graph c
Bottom of
Measurement readouts
Scale Adjusts the time range of the graph. By decreasing the scale (full-scale time
Clear Clears the measurement results.
Graph Readout
Detection readout
Error
ontrol
shows a checkm
Sets the phas
value at the vertical center of this graph remains constant as the Top of Graph
value is adjusted, the Vertical Scale increases as the Top of Graph value
increases,
also be controlled from the Settings control panel's Scale tab.
Specifies the phase shown at the center of the graph display. Changing this
value moves the trace up and down in the graph, which affects the Top of
Graph and B
Displays
Displays
phase deviation), Pk-Pk (peak-to-peak phase deviation), and RMS (RMS
value of the phase deviation).
Specifies the horizontal position of the trace on the graph display.
over 10
move over the acquisition record by adjusting the horizontal position.
Displays the Trace Detection setting (see Settings > Trace > Detection).
This readout can show Freq Error or Freq O ffset. When it displays Freq
Error, it shows the difference between the instrument Frequency setting and
the m
Offset, it shows the frequency offset specified on the Settings > Parameters
tab. If Freq Error is displayed, it also indicates that the Carrier frequency
det
Carrier frequency detection setting is manual.
divisions), the graph essentially becomes a w indow that you can
easured value of the signal's carrier frequency. When it displays Freq
ection setting is Auto. If Freq Offset is displayed, it indicates that the
Changing the PM Settings (see page 83)
PM Settings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Application Toolbar:
The PM Settings control panel provides access to settings that control parameters of the PM Display.
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Analog Modulation Parameters Tab
Setting
Parameters (see page 84) Sets the Carrier Frequency Detection method. You can choose either Automatic or
Trace (see page 85) Sets Trace display parameters.
Scale (see page 88) Sets vertical and horizontal scale and position parameters.
Prefs (see page 89) Specifies whether or not certain display elements are shown. Specifies the maximum
xxx
Parameters Tab
The Parameters tab enables you to specify parameters that control the carrier frequency and phase detection.
Description
Manual. Sets burst threshold and phase detection method.
number of points shown in the display graph.
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Analog Modulation Trace Tab
Setting
Burst detect threshold
Measurement BW
Frequency o
Load Δ from
Phase offset Displays the phase offset. When Auto is selected, the instrument determines the phase
Load fro
xxx
ffset
Marker
mmarker
Description
Specifies the p
required to take measurements. The burst detected first is used for the analysis. The
units for burst detect threshold are dBc, relative to the maximum acquisition sample
data points le
Specifies the
Displays th
Frequency. Auto is used to select the method for determining the c arrier frequency. When
Auto is selected, the instrument determines the carrier frequency by analyzing the signal.
When Auto is
Pressing t
offset to the frequency offset calculated from the difference between MR (the marker
reference) and the selected marker (or M1 if MR is currently the selected marker).
offset. W
Pressin
(Pressing this button automatically deselects Auto.)
ower level used to determine whether a burst is present. A valid burst is
vel.
bandwidth about the center frequency at which measurements are made.
e carrier signal's frequency offset from the instrument's Measurement
deselected, you can set the carrier frequency offset using Frequency Offset.
his button disables the Auto F requency Offset function and sets the Frequency
hen Auto is deselected, the user sets the phase offset with this control.
g this button sets the phase offset to the phase offset of the selected marker.
Frequency Offset
In Auto
Frequency and looks for the highest-powered signal. This is defined as the carrier frequency. In Manual
(Auto is deselected), the carrier frequency is specified by adding/subtracting the specified Frequency offset
from the Measurement Frequency. Range: -(Measurement BW*1.1)/2 to +(Measurement BW*1.1)/2. If
the Load Δ from marker button is pressed, the frequency offset is determined from the phase difference
between the two markers on screen compared to the time between the two markers. This function is useful
for
(Auto is selected), the instrument scans the measurement bandwidth about the Measurement
removing frequency slope from the phase modulated signal.
Phase Offset
In Auto (Auto is selected), the instrument sets the phase offset to fit the waveform to the screen centering
0° phase on the vertical axis. The actual phase offset is indicated on the Phase Offset readout. In Manual
(Auto is deselected), the instrument sets the phase offset using the value specified in Phase offset. For
example, when Phase offset is set to 10°, the waveform shifts upward by 10° on screen. Selecting Load
from marker sets the phase offset to the value of the selected marker. Range: –180 to +180°.
Trace Tab
The Traces Tab allows you to set the display characteristics of displayed traces.
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Analog Modulation Trace Tab
Setting
Show Shows / hides the trace. If the instrument continues to run, the measurement results
Detection
Function
Freeze Halts updates to the trace.
Save Trace As Saves the trace to a file for later recall and analysis.
Show Recalled trace Displays a saved trace instead of a live trace.
xxx
Description
below the graph display continue to update even if the trace is hidden.
Sets the Detection method used for the trace. Available detection methods are +Peak,
-Peak, and Avg (VRMS). Not available for saved traces.
Selects the trace processing method. The only available setting is Normal.
Detection
Detection refers to the method of processing the data acquisition points when creating a trace. The IQ
samples in a data acquisition can be detected in a variety of ways. The number of IQ samples available to
each trace point varies with both analysis length and trace length. For example, with Spectrum Length set
uto’ in the Analysis menu, the instrument analyzes just enough samples to produce one IQ sample
to ‘A
pair per trace point. In this case, the detection method chosen has very little effect, as the +Peak, -Peak,
and Avg (VRMS) are all equal. Changing the Spectrum Length causes the available detection m ethods to
differ in value because they have a larger set of samples for the various detection methods to process.
The available detection methods are:
+Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the positive peak value present in the set of
IQ samples available to that trace point.
-Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the negative peak value present in the set of
IQ samples available to that trace point.
Avg ( V R MS) [Average V
] – Each point on the trace is the result of determining the RMS Voltage
RMS
value for all of the IQ samples available to the trace point. When displayed in either linear (Volts,
Watts) or Log (dB, dBm), the correct RMS value results. When the averaging function is applied to a
trace, the averaging is performed on the linear (Voltage) values, resulting in the correct average
for RMS values.
Trace Processing
Traces can be processed to display in different ways. The Function setting controls trace processing.
86 SignalVu™ Vector Signal Analysis Software Printable Online Help
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