Tektronix RSA6106A, RSA6114A, RSA6120A, RSA5103A, RSA5106A Online Help

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xx
RSA6100B Series Real-Time Signal Analyzers
ZZZ
RSA5100A Series Real-Time Signal Analyzers
Printable Help
*P077051905*
077-0519-05
RSA6100B Series Real-Time Signal Analyzers RSA5100A Series Real-Time Signal Analyzers
ZZZ
Printable Help
077-0519-05
Copyright © Tektronix. All rights reserved. Licensed software products are owned by Tektronix or its subsidiaries or suppliers, and are protected by national copyright laws and international treaty provisions.
Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specications and p rice change privileges reserved.
TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc.
Planar Crown is a registered trademark of Aeroex Inc.
Instrument help part number: 076-0233-05
Contacting Tektronix
Tektroni 14150 SW Karl Braun Drive P. O . Bo x 5 0 0 Beaverton, OR 97077 USA
x, Inc.
For pro
duct information, sales, service, and technical support: In North America, call 1-800-833-9200. Worldwide, visit www.tektronix.com to nd contacts in your area.
Table of Contents
Welcome
Welcome............................................................................................................. 1
About Tektronix Analyzer
Product Software ...................... ................................ .................................. ........... 3
Accessories
Standard Accessories.......................................................................................... 3
Recommended Accessories................................................................................... 5
Options
Options.......................................................................................................... 6
Documentation and Support
Documentation................................................................................................. 6
Orientation
Front Panel Connectors ......................... .................................. ................................ . 7
Front-Panel Controls .... ................................ .................................. ......................... 7
Touch Screen............................. .................................. ................................ ........ 11
Touch-Screen Actions............................................................................................. 11
Elements of the Display........................................................................................... 13
Rear-Panel Connectors............................................ ................................ ................ 17
Setting Up Network Connections . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. 17
Table of Contents
Operating Your Instrument
Restoring Default Settings.............................. ................................ .......................... 19
Running Alignments ........ .................................. ................................ .................... 19
Presets. ................................ ................................ .................................. ............ 20
Setting Options. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . . 26
Operating System Restore........................................................................................ 29
Using the Measurement Displays
Selecting Displays ............. .................................. ................................ .................. 31
Taking Measurements
Measurements
Available Measurements ........... ................................ .................................. ........ 33
General Signal Viewing
Overview ........................................................................................................... 39
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help i
Table of Contents
DPX
DPX Primer ..... ................................ ................................ .............................. 39
DPX Display Overview.......... ................................ ................................ ............ 62
DPX Display .................... ................................ .................................. ............ 62
DPX Settings ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 71
Time Overview
Time Overview Display...................................................................................... 89
Time Overview Settings ..................................................................................... 91
Spectrum
Spectrum Display................. ................................ .................................. .......... 95
Spectrum Settings.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 96
Spectrogram
Spectrogram Display ................. ................................ ................................ ........ 98
Spectrogram Settings . . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. . ... .. . . 100
Amplitude Vs Time
Amplitude Vs Time Display............... ................................ ................................ 104
Amplitude Vs Time Settings .............. ................................ ................................ 105
Frequency Vs Time
Frequency Vs Time Display............................................................................... 106
Frequency Vs Time Settings.. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . 107
Phase Vs Time
Phase Vs Time Display..................................................................................... 108
Phase Vs Time Settings . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... .. . . 109
RF I & Q Vs Time
RF I & Q vs Time Display................................................................................. 110
RF I & Q vs Time Settings.. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . . 111
Common Controls for General Signal Viewing Displays
General Signal Viewing Shared Measurement Settings .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 112
Analog Modulation
Overview ......................................................................................................... 125
AM
AM Display ....................... ................................ .................................. ........ 125
AM Settings ................................................................................................. 126
FM
FM Display .................................................................................................. 132
FM Settings.. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. 134
PM
PM Display .................................................................................................. 140
PM Settings.. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. 142
ii RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
RF Measurements
Overview ......................................................................................................... 149
Channel Power and ACPR
Channel Power and A CPR (Adjacent Channel Power Ratio) Displ
Channel Power and ACPR Settings .................. ................................ .................... 152
MCPR
MCPR (Multiple Carrier Power Ratio) Display . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 155
MCPR Settings............ ................................ .................................. ................ 158
Occupied BW & x dB BW
Occupied BW & x dB BW Display..................................... ................................ .. 164
Occupied BW & x dB BW Settings ...... .................................. .............................. 167
Spurious
Spurious Display............................................................................................ 168
Spurious Display Settings. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . 172
CCDF
CCDF Display............................................................................................... 179
CCDF Settings ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... . .. ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . . 180
Phase Noise
Phase Noise Display........................................................................................ 181
Phase Noise Settings . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . 185
Settling Time Measurements
Settling Time Measurement Overview .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 188
Settling Time Displays
Settling Time Displays . ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. 192
Settling Time Settings . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 199
Common Controls for Settling Time Displays
Settling Time Displays Shared Measurement Settings . . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . 199
SEM (Spectrum Emission Mask)
SEM Display ................................................................................................ 207
Spectrum Emission Mask Settings ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. 210
Common Controls for RF Measurements Displays
RF Measurements Shared Measurement Settings .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... 217
Table of Contents
ay................................ 149
OFDM Analysis
Overview ......................................................................................................... 225
OFDM Chan Response
OFDM Channel Response Display ....................................................................... 225
OFDM Channel Response Settings ... . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . 227
OFDM Constellation
OFDM Constellation Display ............................................................................. 228
OFDM Constellation Settings . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... 229
OFDM EVM
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help iii
Table of Contents
OFDM EVM Display ........................ .................................. ............................ 229
OFDM EVM Settings .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... . 230
OFDM Mag Error
OFDM Magnitude Error Display ......................................................................... 231
OFDM Magnitude Error Settings ......................................................................... 232
OFDM Phase Error
OFDM Phase Error Disp
OFDM Phase Error Settings . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. 234
OFDM Power
OFDM Power Display ..................................................................................... 235
OFDM Power Settings . . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . . 236
OFDM Summary
OFDM Summary Display.................................... ................................ .............. 237
OFDM Summary Settings ................................................................................. 239
OFDM Symb Table
OFDM Symbol Table Display............................................................................. 240
OFDM Symbol Table Settings . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . 241
Common Controls for OFDM Analysis Displays
OFDM Analysis Shared Measurement Settings . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... .. . . 241
lay ......... ................................ .................................. .... 233
Pulsed RF
Overview ......................................................................................................... 249
Pulse Table Display
Pulse Table Display......................... ................................ ................................ 249
Pulse Table Settings .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... .. . .. . 250
Pulse Trace Display
Pulse Trace Display........................................... .................................. ............ 251
Pulse Trace Settings .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 253
Pulse Statistics
Pulse Statistics Display..................................................................................... 253
Pulse Statistics Settings .... ................................ .................................. .............. 255
Common Controls for Pulsed RF Displays
Pulsed RF Shared Measurement Settings . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . . 255
Audio Analysis
Overview ......................................................................................................... 267
Audio Spectrum
Audio Spectrum Display ................................................................................... 267
Audio Spectrum Settings. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 268
Audio Summary
Audio Summary Display..... .................................. ................................ ............ 269
Audio Summary Settings . . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. 270
iv RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Common Controls for Audio Analysis Displays
Audio Analysis Measurement Settings................................................................... 271
GP Digital Modulation
Overview ......................................................................................................... 281
Constellation
Constellation Display....................................................................................... 282
Constellation Settings .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . 283
Demod I & Q vs Time
Demod I & Q vs Time Display............................................................................ 284
Demod I & Q vs Time Settings ........................................................................... 286
EVM vs Time
EVM vs Time Display...... ................................ .................................. .............. 286
EVM vs Time Settings . . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 287
Eye Diagram
Eye Diagram Display........................... ................................ ............................ 288
Eye Diagram Settings .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. 289
Frequency Deviation vs Time
Frequency Deviation vs Time Display ................................................................... 290
Frequency Deviation vs Time Settings . ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 292
Magnitude Error vs Time
Magnitude Error vs Time Display ...... .................................. ................................ 292
Magnitude Error vs Time Settings .. ................................ .................................. .... 294
Phase Error vs Time
Phase Error vs Time Display .................... .................................. ........................ 294
Phase Error vs. Time Settings . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. 296
Signal Quality
Signal Quality Display ................. ................................ ................................ .... 296
Signal Quality Settings . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . . 301
Symbol Table
Symbol Table Display.. .................................. ................................ .................. 302
Symbol Table Settings. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... 303
Trellis Diagram
Trellis Diagram Display.. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 303
Trellis Diagram Settings . . ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 305
Common Controls for GP Digital Modulation Displays
GP Digital Modulation Shared Measurement Settings ................................................. 305
Standard Settings Button........................................... .................................. ...... 306
Symbol Maps
Symbol Maps.............. ................................ .................................. ................ 322
User Filters
Overview: User Dened Measurement and Reference Filters. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... . 328
Table of Contents
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help v
Table of Contents
User Filter File Format . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... 329
Marker Measurements
Using Markers
Using Markers............................................................................................... 333
Controlling Markers with the Touchscreen Actions Menu ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... .. . . 333
Measuring Signal Density, Frequency and Power on a DPX Bitmap Trace.......................... 334
Measuring Frequency and Power in the Spectrum Display ...... ................................ ...... 336
Common Marker Actions
Marker Action Controls ..... .................................. ................................ ........ 337
Peak................................ ................................ .................................. .... 337
Next Peak ............................................................................................... 337
Marker to Center Frequency.......................................................................... 337
Define Markers Control Panel
Enabling Markers and Setting Marker Properties .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 337
Markers Toolbar
Using the Markers Toolbar.......................... ................................ .................. 339
Noise Markers in the Spectrum Display
Using Noise Markers in the Spectrum Display ................................. .................... 340
Search (Limits Testing)
The Search Tool (Limits Testing).............................. ................................ ................ 343
Search (Limits Te
Dene Tab (Search) ..... ................................ ................................ ........................ 343
Actions Tab......................... .................................. ................................ ............ 347
sting) Settings .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. 343
Analyzing Data
Analysis Settings
Analysis Settings.. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . 349
Analysis Time Tab.......................................................................................... 349
Spectrum Time Tab........... .................................. ................................ ............ 351
Frequency Tab............................................................................................... 351
Units Tab............................. ................................ .................................. ...... 355
Analyzing Data Using Replay
Replay Overview ........................................................................................... 355
Replay Menu .. ................................ ................................ .............................. 358
Acq Data......................... ................................ ................................ ............ 358
DPX Spectra................................................................................................. 358
Replay All Selected Records ........................ ................................ ...................... 359
Replay Current Record..................................................................................... 359
Replay from Selected....................................................................................... 359
Pause ............. ................................ .................................. .......................... 359
vi RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Stop........................................................................................................... 359
Select All .................................................................................................... 359
Select Records from History............................................................................... 360
Replay Toolbar .............................................................................................. 360
Amplitude Corrections
Amplitude Settings . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... .. . . 363
Internal Settings Tab .. ... . .. ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 363
External Gain/Loss Correction Tab.......................... ................................ .................. 366
External Gain Value ........................................................................................ 367
Apply External Corrections To........................ ................................ .................... 367
External Loss Tables ....................................................................................... 368
ernal Probe Correction Tab................................................................................. 370
Ext
Controlling the Acquisition of Data
Acquisition Controls in the Run Menu
Continuous Versus Single Sequence............................ ................................ .......... 371
Run ................. ................................ ................................ .......................... 371
Resume....................................................................................................... 371
Abort ............. ................................ .................................. .......................... 371
Acquisition Controls in the Acquire Control Panel
The Acquire Control Panel ........ ................................ ................................ ........ 372
Sampling Parameters Tab ............ ................................ .................................. .... 373
Advanced Tab (Acquire)................................................................................... 374
FastSave ..................................................................................................... 375
FastSave Tab ................................................................................................ 378
UsingTriggerstoCaptureJustWhatYouWant
Triggering
Triggering............................................................................................... 378
Frequency Mask Trigger .................. ................................ ............................ 382
Mask Editor (Frequency Mask Trigger) ........................... ................................ .. 382
Trigger Settings ............ .................................. ................................ .......... 386
Event Tab ............................................................................................... 386
Time Qualied Tab .................................................................................... 396
Advanced Tab (Triggering). ................................ ................................ .......... 397
Actions Tab (Triggering).............................................................................. 398
Table of Contents
Managing Data, Settings, and Pictures
Saving and Recalling Data, Settings, and Pictures. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 399
Data, Settings, and Picture File Formats .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. 401
Printing Screen Shots ........................... .................................. .............................. 405
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help vii
Table of Contents
Reference
Online Help ...................................................................................................... 407
About the Tektronix RTSA..................................................................................... 407
Connecting Signals
Congure In/Out Settings.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 408
Connecting an RF Signal .................................................................................. 408
Connecting a Signal Using a TekConnect Probe ................ ................................ ........ 411
Connecting External Trigger Signals ..................................................................... 412
Digital I/Q Output ............ .................................. ................................ ............ 412
IQ Outputs ..................... ................................ ................................ .............. 412
Analog IF Output ........................................................................................... 413
Other Outputs ............................................................................................... 414
Menus
Menu Overview............................................................................................. 414
File Menu
View Menu
Run Menu
Replay
Markers Menu
Setup Menu
Tools Menu
Window Menu
Help Menu
Troubleshooting
Error and Information Messages............ ................................ .............................. 426
Displaying the Windows Event Viewer .................................................................. 435
Dealing with Sluggish Instrument Operation ............................................................ 436
On/Standby Switch
On/Standby Switch ..................... .................................. ................................ .. 436
Upgrading the Instrument Software
How to Find Out If Instrument Software Upgrades Are Available.................................... 437
Changing Settings
File Menu ............................................................................................... 415
More Presets............................................................................................ 419
View Menu ............................................................................................. 419
Run Menu......................................... ................................ ...................... 421
Replay Menu ........................................................................................... 422
Markers Menu.......................................................................................... 422
Setup Menu................. ................................ ................................ ............ 422
Tools Menu ....................... ................................ ................................ ...... 423
Arranging Displays .................................................................................... 425
Help Menu............ ................................ ................................ .................. 426
viii RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Remote Login
Glossary
Index
Table of Contents
Settings. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . 437
Remote Login ............... ................................ .................................. .............. 4
39
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help ix
Table of Contents
x RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Welcome Welco m e
Welcome
This help provides in-depth information on how to use the RSA6100B Series Real-Time Spectrum Analyzers and RSA5100A Series Real-Time Signal Analyzers. This help contains the most complete description the RSA6100B Series Real Time Signal Analyzer and RSA5100A Series Real-Time Signal Analyzer Quick Start User Manual. To see tutorial examples of how to use your analyzer to take measurements in different application areas, refer to the RSA6100B Series Real Time Signal Analyzer and RSA5100A Series Real-Time Signal Analyzer Application Examples Reference.
s of how to use the analyzer. For a shorter introduction to the Signal Analyzer, refer to
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 1
Welcome Welcome
2 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
About Tektronix Analyzer Product Software
Product Software
The instrument includes the following software:
RSA6100B Series System Software: The RSA6100B Series product software runs on a specially
congured version of Windows 7. As with standard Windows 7 installations, you can install other
compatible applications, but the installation and use of non-Tektronix software is not supported by
Tektronix.
Operating System chapter in the RSA6100B Series Real-Time Signal Analyzer & RSA5100A Series
Real-Time Signal Analyzer Quick Start User Manual (Tektronix part number 071-2838-XX, English).
The operating system restore procedure is also provided in Operating System Restore
Do not substitute any version of Windows that is not specically provided by Tektronix for use with
your instrument.
RSA5100A Series System Software: The RSA5100A Series product software runs on a specially
congured version of Windows 7. As with standard Windows 7 installations, you can install other
compati
Tektronix. If you need to reinstall the operating system, follow the procedure in the Restoring the
Operating System chapter in the RSA6100B Series Real-Time Signal Analyzer & RSA5100A Series
Real-Time Signal Analyzer Quick Start User Manual (Tektronix part number 071-2838-XX, English).
The operating system restore procedure is also provided in Operating System Restore
Do not substitute any version of Windows that is not specically provided by Tektronix for use with
your i
If you need to reinstall the operating system, follow the procedure in the Restoring the
(see page 29).
ble applications, but the installation and use of non-Tektronix software is not supported by
(see page 29).
nstrument.
Product Software: The product software is the instrument application. It provides the user interface
and all other instrument control functions. You can minimize or even exit/restart the instrument
(UI)
application as your needs dictate.
asionally new versions of software for your instrument may become available at our Web site. Visit
Occ
www.tektronix.com/software
Software and Hardware Upgrades
Tektronix may offer software or hardware upgrade kits for this instrument. Contact your local Tektronix distributor or sales ofce for more information.
Standard Accessories
The standard accessories for the RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series instruments are shown below. For the latest information on available accessories, see the Tektronix Web site
Quick Start User Manual
English - Option L0, Tektronix part number 071-2838-XX
Japanese - Option L5, Tektronix part number 071-2840-XX
for information.
.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 3
About Tektronix Analyzer Standard Accessories
Russian, Option L10, Tektronix part number 071-2841-XX
Simplied Chinese - Option L7, Tektronix part number 071-2839-XX
Applications Instructions
English – Tektronix part number 071-2834-XX
Simplied Chinese - Option L7, Tektronix part number 071-2835-XX
Japanese - Option L5, Tektronix part number 071-2836-XX
Russian, Option L10, Tektronix part number 071-2837-XX
Product Documentation CD-ROM
The Product Documentation CD-ROM contains a collection documentation available for your product, in PDF format. Following is a partial list of the types of documents included on the CD-ROM.
RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series Real-Time Signal Analyzers Declassication and Security Instructions manual PDF, Tektronix part number 077-0521-XX
RSA6100B Series Service Manual PDF, Tektronix part number 077-0648-XX
RSA5100A Series Service Manual PDF, Tektronix part number 077-0522-XX
RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series Programmer Manual PDF, Tektronix part number 077-0523-XX
RSA6100B Series Specications and Performance Verication PDF, Tektronix part number 077-0647-XX
RSA5100A Series Specications and Performance Verication PDF, Tektronix part number 077-0520-XX
Other related materials
NOTE. To c and search by your instrument's model number.
heck for updates to the instrument documentation, browse to www.tektronix.com/manuals
Important Documents Folder
Certicate of Calibration documenting NIST traceability, 2540-1 compliance, and ISO9001 registration
Power Cords
North America - Option A0, Tektronix part number 161-0104-00
Universal Euro - Option A1, Tektronix part number 161-0104-06
United Kingdom - Option A2, Tektronix part number 161-0104-07
4 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
About Tektronix Analyzer Recommended Accessories
Australia - Option A3, Tektronix part number 161-0104-05
240V North America - Option A4, Tektronix part number 161-0104-08
Switzerland - Option A5, Tektronix part number 161-0167-00
Japan - Option A6, Tektronix part number 161-A005-00
China - Opti
on A10, Tektronix part number 161-0306-00
India - Option A11, Tektronix part number 161-0324-00
No power cord or AC adapter - Option A99
Optical W
heel Mouse
Product Software CD
RF Input Connectors (RSA6100B Series)
Planar Crown® RF input connector - Type N (RSA6106B, RSA6114B), Tektronix part number
131-4329-00
Planar Crown® RF input connector - 3.5 mm female (RSA6120B), Tektronix part number 131-9062-00
Recommended Accessories
The recommended accessories for the RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series instruments are shown in the following table. For the latest information on available accessories, see the Tektronix Web site
.
Item
Additional Removable Hard Drive for use with RSA6100B Series Option 56 (Windows 7 and instrument software installed)
Additional Removable Hard Drive for use with RSA5100A Series Option 56 (Windows 7 and instrument software installed)
Transit Case
Rackmount Installation Kit
Additional Quick Start User Manual (paper)
Additional Documents CD (all manuals in PDF format)
xxx
Ordering part number
065-0751-XX
065-0852-00
016-2026-XX
RSA56KR
071-2838-XX
063-4314-XX
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 5
About Tektronix Analyzer Options
Options
To view a listing of the software options installed on your instrument, select Help > About Your Tektronix Real-Time Analyzer. There is a label on the rear-panel of the instrument that lists installed
hardware opt
Options can be added to your instrument. For the latest information on available option upgrades, see the Tektron
ions.
ix Web site
.
Documentation
In addition to the help, the following documents are available:
Quick Start User Manual (071-2838-XX - English). The Quick Start User Manual has information about installing and operating your instrument. The Quick Start User Manual is also available in Simplied Chinese (071-2839-XX), Japanese (071-2840-XX), and Russian (071-2841-XX).
Application Examples Reference (071-2834-XX). The Application Examples Reference provides examples of specic application problems and how to solve those problems using an RSA6100B
Signal Analyzer. The Application Examples Reference is also available in Simplied Chinese
Series (071-2835-XX), Japanese (071-2836-XX), and Russian (071-2837-XX).
Progra
which is located on the Documents CD. See the Documents CD-ROM for installation information.
Servi
manual is provided as a printable PDF le, which is located on the Documents CD. See the Documents CD-ROM for installation information. The Service manual includes procedures to service the instrument to the module level and restore the operating system.
Specications and Performance Verication Technical Reference Manual (RSA6100B Series: 077-0647-XX, RSA5100A Series: 077-0520-XX). This is a PDF-only manual that includes both the specications and the performance verication procedure. It is located on the Documents CD.
Declassication and Security Instructions (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series: 077-0521-XX) This document helps customers with data security concerns to sanitize or remove memory devices from the instrument. It is located on the Documents CD.
The most recent versions of the product documentation, in PDF format, can be downloaded from
www.tektronix.com/manuals
mmer Manual (077-0523-XX). The Programmer Manual is provided as a printable PDF le,
ce Manual (RSA6100B Series: 077-0648-XX, RSA5100A Series: 077-0522-XX). The Service
.Youcanfind the manuals by searching on the product name.
Other Documentation
Your instrument includes supplemental information on CD-ROM:
Documents CD (Tektronix part number 063-4314-XX)
6 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Orientation Front Panel Connectors
Front Panel Connectors
Fron
Item
1
2TrigIn
3
4
5
xxx
Connector
Trig Out Trigger output connector. 50 , BNC, High > 2.0 V, Low < 0.4 V, (output
USB 2.0 USB 2.0 connector.
USB 2.0 USB 2.0 connector.
RF Input
t-Panel Controls
Descripti
current 1 mA).
External Trigger input connector, –2.5 V to +2.5 V (user settable).
RF input connector 50 Ω.
on
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 7
Orientation Front-Panel Controls
Reference
Item Function Menu Equivalent
1 Media DVD-RW or removable hard disk
drive.
2 Displays
Opens the Disp
lays dialog box enabling you to select which displays to open.
3
4 Trigger
Settings Opens/closes the Settings control
panel for th
Opens/clos
e selected display.
es the Trigger control panel. On the RSA5100A Series, this button lights when the trigger mode is set
5
Acquire
Opens/cl
to Triggered.
oses the Acquire control
panel.
6 Analysis
Opens/closes the Analysis control panel.
7
Freq Press to adjust the measurement
frequency.
8
Span (Spectrum)
Press to adjust the span or press and hold to display the Freq & Span
l panel for the General Signal
contro Viewing displays.
9Amplit
ude
Opens/closes the Amplitude control panel.
10
BW (Spectrum)
Press to adjust the bandwidth or press and hold to display the BW
rol panel for the General Signal
cont Viewing displays.
xxx
Setup > Displa
ys
Setup > Settings
Setup > Trig
Setup > Ac
ger
quire
Setup > Analysis
Setup > Analysis > Frequency
Setup > Amplitude
8 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Orientation Front-Panel Controls
Reference
11
12
Item Function Menu Equivalent
Run/Stop Starts and sto
Peak (Markers section)
Moves the active marker to the maximum peak o
ps acquisitions.
f the trace in the selected display. If markers are turned off, the marker reference (MR)
t the maximum peak.
next marker. If markers
13
Select (Mar section)
kers
will appear a
Selects the are turned off, the MR marker (marker reference) will appear.
14
Dene (Markers section)
Opens the Markers control panel. If markers
are turned off, the MR
marker (reference) will appear.
15
Control knob Changes values in numeric and list
controls. Pressing the knob (clicking it) is the
same as pressing the Enter
key on a k eyboard.
16 Arrow ke
ys
Move the
Markers. TheUparrow moves the selected marker to the next highest peak. The down arrow moves th
e selected marker to the next lower peak value. The right and left arrows move the selected marker
ext peak.
to the n
17
18
ment/decre-
Incre ment keys
Delete, (Markers
Increments or decrements the
ted value
selec
es the selected marker
Delet
section)
19
Add, (Markers
ion)
sect
Add a marker to the selected trace
20 Replay Replays the cu rrent acquisition record
21
xxx
Single Sets the Run mode to Single
uence
Seq
Run > Start Run
Markers > Peak
>Stop
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 9
Orientation Front-Panel Controls
Reference
Item Function Menu Equivalent
22 Keypad Enters values in numeric controls.
23 Enter
Completes data entry in controls. Same as pressi
ng the Enter key on
an external keyboard.
xxx
Reference
24 Recall
25
26
Item Function Menu Equivalent
Opens the Recall dialog box.
Save Opens the Save As dialog box. File > Save As
Touch Screen Off Turns the touch screen on and off. It
is off when lighted.
27 Help Displays the help.
28 Applic
Sets the instrum ent to the selected Application Preset values.
29 DPX
Sets the instrum ent to the selected DPX Preset values.
30 User
Sets the instrum ent to the selected User Preset values.
31 Preset
Returns the instrument to the default or preset values.
xxx
File > Recall
Help > Online Manual
Setup > More Presets > Application
Setup > More Presets > DPX
Setup > More Presets > User
Setup > Preset
10 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Orientation Touc h Screen
Touch Screen
You can use touch to control the instrument in addition to the front-panel controls, mouse, or extended keyboard. Generally, touch can be used anywhere that click is mentioned in this help.
To disable the touch screen, push the front-panel TouchScreenOffbutton. When the touch screen is off, the button is lighted. You can still access the on-screen controls with a mouse or keyboard.
You can adjust the touch screen oper ation to your personal preferences. To adjust the touch screen settings, from Windows, select Start > Control Panel > Touch Screen Calibrator.
NOTE. If th need to use a mouse or keyboard to restore normal operation.
Touch-S
You can u Touch-screen Actions menu.
e instrument is powered on in Windows Safe Mode, the touch screen is inoperative. You will
creen Actions
se the touch screen to change marker settings and how waveforms are displayed by using the
To use the Touch-screen Actions menu, touch the display in a graph area and hold for one second, then remove your nger. You can also use a mouse to display the Touch-screen Action menu by clicking the right mouse button.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 11
Orientation Touch-Screen Actions
Icon Menu Description
Select Selects markers and adjusts their position.
Span Zoom
CF Pan Adjusts the Center Frequency according to horizontal movement.
Zoom
Pan
-
-
-
-
-
-
xxx
ch-Screen Menu for Spurious Display
Tou
Reset Scale
Marker to peak
Next Peak
Add marker
Delete marker Removes the last added marker.
All markers off
Trigger On This Use to visually dene trigger parameters in the DPX display
Zooms the graph area about the selected point. Touch the graph display at a point of interest and drag to increase or decrease the span about the point of interest. Span Zoom adjusts the span control and can affect the acquisition bandwidth.
Adjusts horizontal and vertical scale of the graph. The rst direction with enough movement becomes the primary scale of adjustment. Adjustment in the secondary d irection does not occur until a threshold of 30 pixels of movement is crossed.
Dragging to the left or down zooms out and displays a smaller waveform (increases the scale value). Dragging to the right or up zooms in and displays a larger waveform (decreases the scale value).
Adjusts horizontal and vertical position of the waveform. The rst direction with enough movement becomes the primary direction of movement. Movement in the secondary direction does not occur until a threshold of 30 pixels of movement is crossed.
Returns the horizontal and vertical scale and position settings to their default values.
Moves the selected marker to the highest peak. If no marker is turned on, this control automatically adds a marker.
Moves the selected marker to the next peak. Choices are Next left, Next right, Next lower (absolute), and Next higher (absolute).
Denes a new marker located at the horizontal center of the graph.
Removes all markers.
(present only in the DPX Spectrum display).
The Touch-screen actions menu in the Spurious display has some minor changes compared to the standard
rsion used in other displays.
ve
12 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Orientation Elements of the Display
Icon Menu Description
-
-
-
xxx
Single-range Changes the current multi-range display to a single range display.
The displayed range is the range in which y ou display the touchscreen-actions menu. Selecting Single-range from the m enu is equivalent to selecting Single on the Settings > Parameters tab.
Multi-range
Marker -> Sel Spur
Changes the current single-range display to a multi-range display. Selecting Multi-range from the menu is equivalent to selecting Multi on the Settings > Parameters tab.
Moves the selected marker to the selected spur.
Elements of the Display
The m ain areas of the application window are shown in the following gure.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 13
Orientation Elements of the Display
Specific
elements of the display are shown in the following gure.
14 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Orientation Elements of the Display
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 15
Orientation Elements of the Display
Ref
Setting
number
1 Displays
2Markers
3
Settings Opens the Settings control panel for the selected display. Each display has
4 Trigger
5
Acquire
6 Analysis
7
8
Frequenc
Reference Level Displays the reference level. To change the value, click the text and enter a
y
9 Amplitude
10 Repla
y
11 Ru n
12
13 Re
14
5
1
xxx
ck mark indicator
Che
call
Save Opens the Save As dialog in order to save setup les, pictures (screen
reset
P
Description
Opens the Select Displays dialog box so that you can select measurement displays.
Opens or closes the Marker toolbar at the bottom o f the window.
its own cont
Opens the Tr
Opens the A
Opens the
rol panel.
igger control panel so that you can dene the trigger settings.
cquire control panel so that you can dene the acquisition settings.
Analysis control panel so that you can de ne the analysis settings
such as frequency, analysis time, and units.
Displays the frequency at which measurements are made. For spectrum displays, this is called “Center Frequency”. To change the value, click the text and
use the front panel knob to dial in a frequency. You can also enter a frequency with the front panel keypad or use the front panel up and down buttons.
number
Opens
from the keypad or use the front panel up and down buttons.
the Amplitude control panel so that you can dene the Reference Level,
congure internal attenuation, and enable/disable the (optional) Preamplier.
new measurement cycle on the last acquisition data record using any
Runs a new settings.
Starts and stops data acquisitions. When the instrument is acquiring data, the button label has green lettering. When stopped, the label has black lettering.
an specify the run conditions in the Run menu. For example, if you
You c select Single Sequence in the Run menu, when you click the Run button, the instrument will run a single m easur ement cycle and stop. If you select
tinuous, the instrument will run continuously until you stop the acquisitions.
Con
check mark indicator in the upper, left-hand corner of the display indicates
The the display for which the acquisition hardware is optimized.
Displays the Open window in order to recall setup les, acquisition data les, or trace les.
aptures), acquisition data les, or export measurement settings or acquisition
c data.
Recalls the Preset (Main)
(see page 423) preset.
16 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Orientation Rear-Panel Connectors
Rear-Panel Connectors
Left: RSA6
Item Description
1
2
3
4,5
6
7
8 External Trigger 2 lnput
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 LAN, Ethernet network connector
xxx
100B Series; Right: RSA5100A Series
AC Input, main power connector
GPIB
IF Output (Option 55, RSA6100B only)
Real Time IQ Output (Option 05)
+28 V DC Output, switched
Microphone in; Headphone, audio output; and Line In connectors
COM 2, serial port for connecting peripherals
VGA external monitor output (resolution not limited to VGA)
PS2 keyboard input
USB 2.0 ports for mouse and other peripherals (printers, external hard disks)
Ref Out, reference frequency output
Ref In, reference frequency input
Setting Up Network Connections
Because the instrument is based on Windows, you congure network connections for the instrument the samewayyouwouldforanyPCbasedonWindows.SeeHelp and Support in the Windows Start menu to access the Windows Help System for information on setting up network connections.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 17
Orientation Setting Up Network Connections
18 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Operating Your Instrument Restoring Default Settings
Restoring Default Settings
To restore the instrument to its factory d efault settings:
Select File > Preset (Main) to return the analyzer to its default settings.
Preset resets all settings and clears all acquisition data. Settings and acquisition data that have not been saved will be lost.
Running Alignments
Alignments are adjustment procedures. Alignments are run by the instrument using internal reference signals and measurements and do not require any external equipment or connections.
There are two settings for Alignments:
Automatically align as needed
Run alignments only when the Align Now button is pressed
If Automatically align as needed is selected, alignments run whenever the signal analyzer detects a sufcient change in ambient conditions to warrant an alignment.
If Run alignments only when "Align Now" button is pressed is selected, the signal analyzer never runs an alignment unless you manually initiate an alignment using the Align Now button.
NOTE. There are a few critical adjustments that must run occasionally even if Automatically align is not enabled.
Alignment Status
When the signal analyzer needs to run an alignment, it displays a message on screen. If no message is displayed, you can assume that the signal analyzer is properly aligned.
NOTE. If you must use the instrument before it has completed its 20-minute warm-up period, you should perform an alignment to ensure accurate measurements.
Initiating an Alignment
1. Select Setup > Alignments.
2. Select the Align Now button.
The signal analyzer will run an alignment procedure. Status messages are displayed while the alignment procedure is running. If the instrument fails the alignment procedure, an error message will be displayed.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 19
Operating Your Instrument Presets
If the instrument fails an alignment, run Diagnostics (Tools > Diagnostics) to see if you can determine why the alignment failed.
NOTE. While an
Alignments during warm-up. During the 20-minute warm-up period, the signal analyzer will use the
alignment d (if Auto mode is selected). During the specied period for warm-up, the instrument performance is not warranted.
Alignments during normal operation. Once the signal analyzer reaches ope rating temperature ±3 degrees C
(as detected inside the instrument), an alignment will be run. If an alignment becomes necessary during a measurem run. Once an alignment procedure is completed, the measurement cycle restarts.
NOTE. The rst time the instrument runs after a software upgrade (or reinstall), the instrument will perform a full alignment after the 20–minute warm-up period. This alignment cannot be aborted and it occurs even if alignments are set to run only when manually initiated.
Align
Alignments are adjustment procedures run by the instrument using internal reference signals and meas traceable test equipment (signal sources and measuringequipment)toverifytheperformanceofthe instrument.
ent cycle (if Auto mode is selected), the measurement is aborted and an alignment procedure is
ments Are Not Calibrations
urements. Calibrations can only be performed at a Tektronix service center and require the use of
alignment is running, both the IF and IQ outputs are disabled.
ata generated during the previous use of the instrument as it warms to operating temperature
Presets
Menu Bar: File > More presets > Preset options
e analyzer includes a set of congurations or presets that are tailored to specic applications. These
Th congurations, referred to as Presets, open selected displays and load settings that are optimized to address specic application requirements. There are three types of factory Presets: Main, Application, and DPX. In addition to these factory dened Presets, you can create your own Presets, called User Presets, you can recall to congure your analyzer.
20 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Operating Your Instrument Presets
Application Preset Description
Modulation Analysis The Modulation Analysis setup application preset provides you with the most common
displays used during modulation analysis. Only present when Option 21 is installed.
Phase Noise The Phase Noise application preset opens the Phase Noise display, and makes changes
to the default parameters to settings better optimized for phase noise analysis. Only present when O
Pulse Analysis The Pulse Analysis application preset provides you with the most common displays used
during pulse optimized for pulsed signal analysis. Only present when Option 20 is installed.
Spectrum Analysis The Spectrum Analysis application preset provide you with the settings commonly used
for general purpose spectrum analysis.
Spur Search Multi Zone 9k-1GHz
Time-Frequency Analysis
The Spur Search application preset congures the instrument to show the Spurious display wi
The Time­signal behavior over time.
DPX Prese
Open the
Real Time
t
DPX display
Descript
The Open
The DPX R set to 1.5 GHz and the span set to the maximum available real-time bandwidth.
Swept The DPX Swept Preset displays the DPX Spectrum display with the center frequency
setto1.5GHzandthespansetto3GHz.
Zero Span (RSA6100B Series
A5100A with Option
and RS
The DPX Zero Span Preset displays the DPX Zero Span display with the center
ency set to 1.5 GHz and the sweep set to 1 ms.
frequ
200)
Presets
Main
Presets are the only Presets that can be recalled using the front-panel Preset button, the Preset button in the icon bar,
Main
Desc
ription
the File > Preset (Main) menu selection, or the *RST remote command. For an explanation of how to specify which Preset is recalled by pressing a Preset button, see Conguring How Presets Are Recalled
Current This Preset sets the instrument to display a Spectrum display w ith settings matched
how a Spectrum display with settings appropriate for typical spectrum analysis
to s tasks. This preset was updated from the original factory preset with version 2.4 of the instrument software.
Original This Preset is the original factory preset used with software versions 1.0 through 2.3.
is version of the factory preset is included to allow users to maintain compatibility with
Th existing remote control software.
Full Spectrum (RSA5100A series only)
This Preset sets the instrument to display a Spectrum display with the center frequency set to 1/2 the instrument frequency range and the acquisition bandwidth set to the
aximum real-time bandwidth, which depends on the installed option. For example, if
m the instrument has Option 110 installed, the acquisition bandwidth is set to 110 MHz.
User Description
User Preset 1
This Preset is provided as a example for you to create your own Presets. This preset displays the Spectrum, Spectrogram, Frequency vs Time, and Time Overview displays.
User Preset 2
This Preset is provided as a example for you to create your own Presets. This preset displays the Spurious display congured to test for Spurious signals across four ranges.
xxx
ption 11 is installed.
analysis, and makes changes to the default parameters to settings better
th the frequency range set to 9 kHz to 1 GHz.
Frequency preset congures the instrument with settings suited to analyzing
ion
the DPX display opens the DPX display without closing existing displays.
eal Time Preset displays the DPX Spectrum display with the center frequency
(see page 25).
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 21
Operating Your Instrument Presets
Modulation Analysis
The Modulation Analysis application preset opens the following displays:
DPX display: Shows you a continuous spectrum monitoring of the specied carrier frequency.
Signal Quality: Shows a summary of modulation quality measurements (EVM, rho, Magnitude Error, Phase Error, and others)
Constellation: Shows the I and Q information of the signal analyzed in an I vs. Q format.
Symbol Table: Shows the demodulated symbols of the signal.
To use the Modulation Analysis preset (assuming that Modulation Analysis is the selected preset on the list of Application Presets and Preset action is set to Recall selected preset):
1. Select File > More presets > Application.
2. Set the measurement frequency using the front-panel knob or keypad. Your signal should appear in
the DPX display.
3. Set the reference level so that the peak of your signal is about 10 dB below the top of the DPX display.
4. Set the modulation parameters for your signal. This includes the Modulation Type, Symbol Rate,
Measurement Filter, Reference Filter and Filter Parameter. All of these settings are accessed by pressing the Settings button.
.
For most modulated signals, the Modulation Analysis application preset should present a stable display of modulation quality. Additional displays can be added by using the Displays button, and other settings can be modied to better align with your signal requirements.
Phase Noise
The Phase Noise application preset opens the Phase Noise display.
Pulse Analysis
The Pulse Analysis application preset opens the following displays:
DPX: The DPX display is opened with the maximum available span.
Time Overview: Shows amplitude vs. time over the analysis period.
Pulse Trace: Shows the trace of the selected pulse and a readout of the selected measurement from the pulse table.
Pulse Measurement Table: This shows a full report for the user-selected pulse measurements.
You can make a selected pulse and measurement appear in the Pulse Trace display by highlighting it in the Pulse Measurement Table. Key pulse-related parameters that are set by the Pulse Analysis application preset are:
Measurement Filter: No Filter.
Measurement Bandwidth (RSA6100B Serie s): This is set to the maximum real-time bandwidth of the instrument (40 MHz in a base instrument or 110 MHz with instruments with Option 110). Note:
22 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Operating Your Instrument Presets
The label on the “Measurement Bandwidth” setting is just “Bandwidth”. Like the main instrument Preset command and the other application presets, the Pulse Analysis application preset also sets most other ins
Measurement Bandwidth (RSA5100A Series): This is set to the maximum real-time bandwidth of the instrume instruments with Option 85, or 110 MHz in instruments with Option 110). Note: The label on the “Measurement Bandwidth” setting is just “Bandwidth”. Like the main instrument Preset command and the other application presets, the Pulse Analysis application preset also sets most other instrument controls to default values.
Analysis Period: This is set to 2 ms to ensure a good probability of catching several pulses for typical signals.
To use the Pulse Analysis preset (assuming that Pulse Analysis is the selected preset on the list of Application Presets and Preset action is set to Recall selected preset):
1. Select File > More presets > Application.ClickOK.
2. Set the Center Frequency control to the carrier frequency of your pulsed signal.
3. Set the Reference Level to place the peak of the pulse signal approximately 0-10 dB down from
the top of the Time Overview display.
trument controls to default values.
nt (25 MHz in a base instrument, 40 MHz in instruments with Option 40, 85 MHz in
You may need to trigger on the signal to get a more stable display. This is set up in the Trigger control panel. (“Trig” button). Using the Power trigger type with the RF Input source works well for many pulsed signals.
4. Set the Analysis Period to cover the number of pulses in your signal that you want to analyze. To do this, click in the data entry eld of the Time Overview window and set the analysis length as needed.
Spectrum Analysis
The Spectrum Analysis application preset opens a Spectrum display and sets several parameters. The Spectrum Analysis preset sets the analyzer a s follows.
Spectrum Analysis : Sets the frequency range to maximum for the analyzer, and sets the RF/IF
optimization to Minimize Sweep Time.
To use the Spectrum Analysis preset (assuming that Spectrum Analysis i s the selected preset on the list of Application Presets and Preset action is set to Recall selected preset):
1. Select File > More Presets > Application.
2. Set the measurement frequency using the front-panel knob or keypad.
3. Adjust the span to show the necessary detail.
Time-Frequency Analysis
The Time-Frequency Analysis application preset opens the following displays:
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 23
Operating Your Instrument Presets
Time Overview: Shows a time-domain view of the analysis time ‘window’.
Spectrogram: Shows a three-dimensional view of the signal where the X-axis represents frequency, the Y-axis represents time, and color represents amplitude.
Frequency vs. Time: This display's graph plots changes in frequency over time and allows you to make marker measurements of settling times, frequency hops, and other frequency transients.
Spectrum: Shows a spectrum view of the signal. The only trace showing in the Spectrum graph after selecting the Time-Frequency Analysis preset is the Spectrogram trace. This is the trace from the Spectrogram display that is selected by the active marker. Stop acquisitions with the Run button because it to see the spectrum trace at various points in time.
s easier to work with stable results. In the Spectrogram display, move a marker up or down
The analy
To use the Time-Frequency Analysis preset (assuming that Time-Frequency Analysis is the selected preset on the li
1. Select File > More presets > Application.
2. When the preset's displays and settings have all been recalled and acquisitions are running, adjust the
3. Set the Reference Level to place the peak of the signal approximately 0-10 dB down from the top of
4. If the signal is transient in nature, you might need to set a trigger to capture it. For more information
When the signal has been captured, the spectrogram shows an overview of frequency and amplitude changes over time. To see frequency transients in greater detail, use the Frequency vs. Time display.
The Time-Frequency Analysis preset sets the analysis period to 5 ms. The Spectrum Span is 40 MHz. T he RBW automatically selected for this Span is 300 kHz. For a 300 kHz RBW, the amount of data needed for
ingle spectrum transform is 7.46 μs. A 5 ms Analysis Length yields 671 individual spectrum transforms,
as each one forming one trace for the Spectrogram to display as horizontal colored lines. This preset scales the Spectrogram time axis (vertical axis) to -2, which means that the Spectrogram has done two levels of time compression, resulting in one visible line for each four transforms. This results in 167 lines in the Spectrogram for each acquisition, each covering 29.84 μs.
sis period is set to 5 ms.
st of Application Presets and Preset action is set to Recall selected preset):
center frequency and span to capture the signal of interest.
the Spectrum graph.
on triggering in the time and frequency domain, see Triggering
(see page 378).
Creating User Presets
You can add your own presets to the list that appears in the User Presets dialog box. Congure the analyzer as needed for your application and create a Setup le in C:\RSA6100B Files\User Presets or C:\RSA5100A Files\User Presets. The name you give the file will be shown in the User Presets list on the Presets tab of the Options control panel. For instructions on how to s ave a Setup le, see Saving Data
(see page 399).
24 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Operating Your Instrument Presets
NOTE. Prior versions of the analyzer software on RSA6100A Series instruments saved user-created presets in the C:\RSA6100A Files\Application Presets folder. If you had any user- created setups in the Application P User Presets folder during the upgrade process. There is no longer an Application Presets folder.
resets folder before upgrading to this release, those les were automatically moved to the
Conguring How Presets Are Recalled
Recalling Presets results in either of two actions. One action is to immediately execute a Preset. The second action displays a list of Presets from which you select the Preset you want to recall. You specify which action occurs when you recall a preset using the Presets tab on the Options control panel.
Congurin
1. Select File > More presets > Preset options This displays the Presets tab of the Options control panel.
2. Select the Preset type from the drop-down list that you want to congure. For each type listed there
NOTE. The only Presets recalled by the front-panel Preset button, the Preset icon in the icon bar, by File > Preset (Main) and the *RST remote command are the Main Preset type (Current, Original, and Full Spectrum Sweep (RSA5100A series only)). Application, DPX, and User Presets can only be recalled using
ections in the File > More Presets submenu.
sel
3. Select the Preset action from the drop-down list.
4. If you select Recall selected preset from the Preset action list, click in the Presets list box on the
g how a preset is recalled. To congure how a preset is recalled:
are unique presets that appear in the Presets box.
preset you wish to recall.
The selected preset, indicated by a tan background highlight, is the Preset that is recalled; you can also press one of the Preset buttons on the front panel.
5. Set the measurement frequency using the front-panel knob or keypad.
6. Adjust the span to show the necessary detail.
Recalling a Preset
To recall the factory defaults Preset:
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 25
Operating Your Instrument Setting Options
Press the Preset button on the front panel, select the Preset icon in the menu bar, or select File > Preset (Main).
To recall a named preset (an Application, DPX, or User Preset) from a menu:
Select File > More presets > “Preset type”. The Preset at the top of the Presets list for the selected Preset type will be recalled (if Preset action is set to Recall named preset).
To recall a named preset from the front panel:
Press the button on the front panel matching the preset type you want to recall. For example, to recall a DPX preset type, press the DPX button.
Setting Options
Menu Bar: Tools > Options
There are several settings you can change that are not related to measurement functions. The Option settings control panel is used to change these settings.
Settings tab
Presets
Analysis Time
Save and Export Use this tab to specify whether or not save les are named automatically and what
GPIB Use this tab to set the primary GPIB address for the instrument.
Security Selecting the Hide Sensitive readouts check box causes the instrument to replace
Prefs Use this tab to select different color schemes for the measurement graphs and specify
xxx
Description
Use this tab to congure Presets. You can specify the action to take when a preset is recalled and which preset to recall when the Preset button is selected.
Use this tab to specify the method used to automatically set the analysis and spectrum offsets when the Time Zero Reference
information is saved in acquisition data les.
measurement readouts with a string of asterisks.
how markers should react when dragged.
(see page 349) is set to Trigger.
Presets
The Presets tab allows you to specify actions taken when you press the Preset button.
Preset type. You can choose from the following preset types:
26 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Operating Your Instrument Setting Options
Main – There are two choices: Current: 2.4 and later and Original: V1.0-V2.3. Choose Current unless
you have existing tests or procedures that depend on values set by the older version of Preset.
Application – There are several application presets, depending on installed options. Each preset
selects a group of displays suited to the selected application type.
DPX – There are three DPX preset types: Swept, Real Time, and Zero Span.
User – These are setup les that have been saved by users in the folder C:\RSA6100B Files\User
Presets or C:\RSA5100A Files\User Presets.
Preset action. The Preset action list allows you to specify what the instrument should do when you
request a preset. The choices are:
Recall selected preset – This action sets up the instrument to immediately recall the preset selected in
the Preset box without any further input from the user.
Show list – This action sets up the instrument to display a list box from which the user can select a
preset to recall.
Presets. This list box displays the available presets for the selected Preset type. The preset highlighted in
the list is the preset that will be recalled when Preset action is set to Recall selected preset.
Arrange. Use the Arrange buttons to change the order in which presets appear in the Presets dialog box
when Preset action is set to Show list.
Analysis Time
The Analysis Time tab in the Options control panel is used to specify the method used to automa tically set the analysis and spectrum offsets when the Time Zero Reference available settings are:
Include trigger point – Selects an algorithm that uses the measurements to determine how far in advance of the trigger to set the analysis offset. The analyzer tries to ensure that data about the trigger point is included in the ana
Start at trigger point (legacy) – The method used by the instrument in prior versions, which sets the Analysis Offset to zero when possible. The analyzer tries to ensure that data following the trigger point is included in the analyses. Use this method if your measurements or procedures depend on past behavior of the Auto Analysis Offset function.
lyses.
(see page 349) is set to Trigger. The
Save and Export
The Save and Export tab allows you to specify whether or not les are saved with an automatically generated n ame, and how much data is saved in an acquisition data le.
All les. The Automatically increment lename/number function can automatically name saved les by
appending a number to a base le name. Use this tab to enable/disable automatic naming of les. For example, if Automatically Increment Filename Number is disabled, when you select Save from the File menu, you will have to enter a name for the le.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 27
Operating Your Instrument Setting Options
Acquisition data les. This setting species whether saved data les include the entire acquisition record
or only the data for the analysis length (a subset of the acquisition record).
TIQ acquisition data les. Species which data records to save. You can choose from the following:
Current acqu
Current frame: If Fast Frame is enabled, saves only the current frame. The current frame is the one most rec
Selected frames: If Fast Frame is enabled, saves the specied frames.
All in history: Saves all acquisition records in the history.
Save TIQ le now: Invokes the Save As dialog box with the Save as type drop-down list set to TIQ.
isition: Saves the current acquisition.
ently analyzed.
Prefs
The Prefs tab enables you to set properties that apply to all displays.
Color s
color scheme setting does not change the overall instrument application or Windows color scheme.
cheme. The Color scheme setting provides three color schemes for the measurement graphs. The
erstorm – This scheme displays graphs in shades of blue. This provides a less vibrant color
Thund scheme than the default setting.
zard – This scheme displays graphs with a white background to save ink when printing.
Bliz
Classic – The default setting. This scheme displays the graph area with a black background.
Markers snap to peaks when dragged. When selected, this setting causes makers to automatically jump
to the next peak marker to any point on the trace.
(see page 338) when you drag them. When this setting is deselected, you can drag a
28 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Operating Your Instrument Operating System Restore
Operating System Restore
The instrument contains an operating system restore le on a separate partition of the hard drive.
The preferred method to restore the instrument operating system is to use the hard disk restore le.
CAUTION. Using the restore process reformats the hard drive and reinstalls the operating system. All saved data is lost. If possible, save important les to external media before performing a system restore.
1. Restart the instrument. During the boot-up process you will see the following mes sage at the top of the screen: Starting Acronis Loader... press F5 for Acronis Startup Recovery Manager.
NOTE. To s software. Using a generic Macintosh keyboard starts the DOS version of the Acronis software. Do not use a Macintosh keyboard.
2. Repeatedly press the F5 key until the Acronis True Image Tool opens. There is a 5-second time period from when the message appears until the instrument proceeds with the normal instrument startup. If the instrument does not open the Acronis application, power off the instrument, then power on the instrument and try again.
3. Click Restore.
4. In the Conrmation dialog box, click Yes to restore the instrument operating system, or No to exit
the restore process. The restore process takes approximately 30 minutes; the actual time depends on the instrument conguration.
uccessfully complete the system restore, you must use the Windows version of the Acronis
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 29
Operating Your Instrument Operating System Restore
30 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Using the Measurement Displays Selecting Displays
Selecting Displays
Menu Bar: Setup > Displays
Application Toolbar:
Use the Select Displays dialog to choose the displays that appear on the screen.
To select displays:
1. Press the Displays button or s elect Setup > Displays.
2. Select one of the choices under Folders. The folder chosen determines the choices available in Available displays.
3. Double-click the desired display in the Available displays box or select the desired display and click Add.
4. Click OK.
Interactions Between Displays
Different displays can require different settings, for example acquisition b andwidth, analysis length, or resolution bandwidth, to achieve optimum results. The application automatically adjusts some settings to optimize them for the selected display. The check mark indicator in the upper, left-hand corner of the
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 31
Using the Measurement Displays Selecting Displays
display indicates the display for which the application is optimized. Depending on application settings, some displays might stop displaying results if they are not the selected display.
32 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Available Measurements
The automatic measurements available include RF power measurements, analog modulation measurements, digital modulation measurements, and pulse measurements.
Power Measurements
Measurement Description
Channel Power The total RF power in the selected channel (located in the ACPR display).
Adjacent Channel Power Ratio Measure of the signal power leaking from the main channel into adjacent channels.
Multi-Carrier Power Ratio The ratio of the signal power in the reference channel or group of channels to the power
in adjacent channels.
Peak/Avg Ratio Ratio of the peak power in the transmitted signal to the average power in the transmitted
signal (located in the CCDF display).
CCDF The Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF). CCDF shows how much
time a signal spends at or above a given power level relative to the average power of a measured signal.
xxx
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 33
Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Digital Modulation Measurements
Measurements for all modulation types except nFSK, C4FM, OQPSK and SOQPSK
Measurement Description
EVM
Phase Error
Mag Error
MER (RMS) The MER is dened as the ratio of I/Q signal power to I/Q noise power; the result is
IQ Origin Offset The magnitude of the DC offset of the signal measured at the symbol times. It indicates
Frequency Error
Gain Imbalance The gain difference between the I and Q channels in the signal generation path.
Quadrature Error The orthogonal error between the I and Q channels. The error shows the phase
Rho
xxx
The normalized RMS value of the error vector between the measured signal and the ideal reference signal over the analysis length. The EVM is generally measured on symbol or chip instants and is reported in units of percent and dB. EVM is usually measured after best-t estimates of the frequency error and a xed phase offset have been removed. These estimates are made over the analysis length. Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
The RMS phase difference between the measured signal and the ideal reference signal. Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
The RMS magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal magnitude. Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
indicated in dB.
the magnitude of the carrier feed-through signal.
The frequency difference between the measured carrier frequency of the signal and the user-selected center frequency of the instrument.
Constellations with gain imbalance show a pattern with a w idth that is different form height.
difference between I and Q channels away from the ideal 90 degrees expected from the perfect I/Q modulation. Not valid for BPSK modulation type.
The normalized correlated power of the measured signal and the ideal reference signal. Like EVM, Rho is a measure of modulation quality. The value of Rho is less than 1 in all practical cases and is equal to 1 for a perfect signal measured in a perfect receiver.
34 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Measurements for OQPSK and SOQPSK modulation types
Measurement Description
EVM
Offset EVM Offset EVM is like EVM except for a difference in the time alignment of the I and Q
Phase Error
Mag Error
MER (RMS) The MER is dened as the ratio of I/Q signal power to I/Q noise power; the result is
in Offset
IQ Orig
ncy Error
Freque
Gain Imbalance The gain difference between the I and Q channels in the signal generation path.
Quadrature Error The orthogonal error between the I and Q channels. The error shows the phase
Rho
xxx
The normalized RMS value of the error vector between the measured signal and the ideal reference sig
nal over the analysis length. The EVM is generally measured on symbol or chip instants and is reported in units of percent and dB. EVM is usually measured after best-t estimates of the frequency error and a xed phase offset have been removed. These estima
tes are made over the analysis length. Displays RMS and Peak values with
location of Peak value.
samples. For EVM, I and Q samples are collected at the same time, for every symbol decision po
int (twice the symbol rate for offset modulations). For Offset EVM, the I and Q symbol decision points are time-aligned before collecting the I and Q samples. In this case, one I and one Q sample is collected for each symbol (half as many samples as the same numbe
The RMS pha
r of symbols for (non-offset) EVM.
se difference between the measured signal and the ideal reference signal.
Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
The RMS magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal magnitude. Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value.
ed in dB.
indicat
The mag
nitude of the DC offset of the signal measured at the symbol times. It indicates
the magnitude of the carrier feed-through signal.
The frequency difference between the measured carrier frequency of the signal and the user-selected center frequency of the instrument.
ellations with gain imbalance show a pattern with a width that is different form
Const height.
difference between I and Q channels away from the ideal 90 degrees expected from the
fect I/Q modulation. Not valid for BPSK modulation type.
per
normalized correlated power of the measured signal and the ideal reference signal.
The Like EVM, Rho is a measure of modulation quality. The value of Rho is less than 1 in all practical cases and is equal to 1 for a perfect signal measured in a perfect receiver.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 35
Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Measurements for nFSK modulation types
Measurement Description
Peak FSK err Peak value of the frequency deviation error at the symbol point.
RMS FSK Err RMS value of the frequency deviation error at the symbol point.
Peak Mag Err
The Peak magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal magnitude.
RMS Mag Err The RMS magn
itude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal
magnitude.
Freq Error
The frequency difference between the measured carrier frequency of the signal and the user-selected center frequency of the instrument.
Freq Deviation
Frequency distance from the center frequency at the symbol point.
Symbol Rate Error This compares the user-entered symbol rate to the instrument calculated symbol rate of
yzed signal.
the anal
Symbol R
ate
When in A
uto-symbol rate, the instrument calculates the symbol rate of the signal and the instrument calculates the error between the user entered value and the instrument calculated value.
xxx
Measurements for C4FM modulation type
Measurement Description
RMS Error Magnitude RMS value of the frequency deviation error at the symbol point.
Carrier Frequency Error Frequency difference between averaged signal frequency and the center frequency.
Deviation
Length
xxx
Frequency distance from the center frequency at the symbol point.
Number of symbols in the analysis area.
Analog Modulation Measurements
asurements for AM modulation
Me
asurement
Me
+AM Positive peak AM value.
-AM Negative peak AM value.
otal AM
T
xxx
Measurements for FM modulation
Measurement Description
+Pk
–Pk
RMS RMS value of the frequency deviation.
Pk-Pk/2 Peak-to-peak frequency deviation divided by 2.
Pk-Pk
xxx
scription
De
otal AM value, which is equal to the peak-peak AM value divided by 2.
T
Positive peak frequency deviation.
Negative peak frequency deviation.
Peak-to-peak frequency deviation.
36 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Measurements for PM modulation
Measurement Description
+Pk Positive peak phase deviation.
–Pk Negative peak
RMS RMS value of t
phase deviation.
he phase deviation.
Pk-Pk Peak-to-peak phase deviation.
xxx
Pulse Measurements
Measurement Description
Average ON Power
Peak Power Maximum power during pulse on.
Average Transmitted Power The average power transmitted, including both the time the pulse is on and the time
Pulse Width
Rise Time
Fall Time
Repetition Interval
Repetition Rate
Duty Factor (%) The ratio of the width to the pulse period, expressed as a percentage.
Duty Factor (Ratio) The ratio of the pulse width to the pulse period.
Ripple Ripple is the peak-to-peak ripple on the pulse top. It does not include any preshoot,
Ripple dB The Ripple measurement expressed in dB.
Droop
Droop dB The Droop measurement expressed in dB.
Overshoot The amount by which the signal exceeds the 100% level on the pulse rising edge. Units
Overshoot dB The Overshoot measurement expressed in dB.
Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference The phase difference between the selected pulse and the rst pulse in the analysis
The average power transmitted during pulse on.
it is off, and all transition times.
The time from the rising edge to the falling edge at the –3 dB / –6 dB level (50%) of the user selected 100% level. Level is user selectable for Volts or Watts.
The time required for a signal to rise from 10% to 90% (or 20% to 80%) of the user selected 100% level.
The time required for a signal to fall from 90% to 10% (or 80% to 20%) of the user selected 100% level.
The time from a pulse rising edge to the next pulse rising edge.
The inverse of repetition interval.
overshoot, or undershoot. By default, the rst 25% and the last 25% of the pulse top is excluded from this measurement to eliminate distortions caused by these portions of the pulse.
If the Amplitude units selected in the Amplitude panel (affects all amplitude measurements for the analyzer) are linear, the Ripple results will be in %Volts. For log units, the Ripple results will be in %Watts. The default for the general Units control is dBm, so the Ripple results default is %Watts.
See also Ripple
(see page 453).
Droop is the power difference between the beginning and the end of the pulse On time. A straight-line best t is used to represent the top of the pulse. T he result is a percentage referenced to the Average ON Power.
are %Watts or %Volts.
window. The instantaneous phase is measured at a user-adjustable time following the rising edge of each pulse.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 37
Taking Measurements Available Measurements
Measurement Description
Pulse-Pulse Freq Difference The difference between the frequency of the current pulse and frequency of the previous
pulse. The ins rising edge of each pulse.
RMS Freq Error The RMS Frequency Error measurement is the RMS average of the Freq Error vs. Time
trace, computed over the Measurement Time.
Max Freq Error
The maximum frequency error is the difference between the measured carrier frequency of the signa
RMS Phase Er
ror
The RMS Phas computed over the Measurement Time.
Max Phase E
rror
The phase is measured at each point during the pulse's ON time. The phase error for each point is the difference between the measured phase value and the calculated ideal phase val the largest error in the positive direction and the largest in the negative direction are determined. Whichever of these two values has the greater absolute value is designated the Max Ph
Freq Deviation
The Freq minimum measured values of the signal frequency during the Measurement Time.
Delta Frequency (Non-chirped pulse)
The Delta Frequency measurement is the difference from the measurement frequency to each pulse frequency. Pulse frequency is calculated across the time dened by the Freque
The measurement is available for modulation types CW (Constant Phase), CW (Changing phase). and Other (manual) setting in the Freq Estimation tab.
The me when frequency estimation is set to Chirp.
If frequency estimation is set to Other, then Frequency Offset must be set to 0 Hz and the Range
A least-square t of slope of phase vs. time over the measurement period is used for the measurement of the individual pulse frequency. Frequency difference is calculated as the
erence between the reference frequency and the calculated frequency of the pulse.
diff
Phase Deviation
Phase Deviation is the difference between the maximum and minimum Phase values
The measured during the ON time of a pulse.
ulse Response Amplitude
Imp
pulse Response Time
Im
me
Ti
The difference in dB between the levels of the main lobe and highest side lobe.
The difference in time between the main lobe and highest side lobe.
This is the time in seconds relative to the time reference point in the rst acquisition record in the data set.
xxx
tantaneous frequency is measured at a user-adjustable time following the
l and the user-selected center frequency of the analyzer.
e Error measurement is the RMS average of the Phase vs Time trace,
ue. After the phase error is calculated for all points in the acquisition record,
ase Error.
uency Deviation measurement is the difference between the maximum and
ncy Domain Linearity setting in the Dene tab.
asurement is not specied for chirp or other signals and no answer is returned
can be set to ±40% of the acquisition bandwidth.
38 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing Overview
Overview
The displays in the General Signal Viewing folder (Displays > Folders > General Signal Viewing) are:
Amplitude vs Time
DPX Spectrum
Frequency vs Time
Phase vs Tim
RF I & Q vs Time
Spectrogram
Spectrum
Time Overview
These displays provide extensive time-correlated multi-domain views that connect problems in time, frequency, phase and amplitude for enabling you to more quickly understand cause and effect when troubleshooting.
DPX Primer
With the DPX display (which displays only DPX waveforms saved by RSA5000/RSA6000/SPECMON Real-Time Signal Analyzers), you can detect and accurately measure transients as brief as 3.7 µs (RSA6100B Series with Option 09 and RSA5100A Series with Option 200 plus Option 09). The instrument computes up to 292,000 spectrums per second (up to 48,833 without Option 200) of the digitized input signal. Then it displays all these spectrums as a color-graded bitmap that reveals
-amplitude signals beneath stronger signals sharing the same frequency at different times.
low
The strong signal in the DPX spectrum graph, showninFigure1,isarepeatingpulseataxed frequency.
ere is also a lower-power CW signal that steps very quickly through the same span. During the pulse's
Th on time, the power of the two signals is additive, resulting in nearly undetectable differences in the pulse envelope shape. But during the time the pulse is off, the sweeping signal is detected and shown in its true form. Both signals are visible in the bitmap because at least one full cycle of their activities occurs within a single DPX display update.
e
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 39
General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
Figure 1
Compare the display of a traditional swept spectrum analyzer (Figure 2) and that of a real-time signal analyzer with a DPX display (Figure 3). The signal captured is a typical WLAN interchange between a nearby PC and a more-distant network access point (AP). The laptop signal is nearly 30 dB stronger than the AP's signal because it is closer to the measuring antenna.
Figure 2
40 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
Figure 3
The traditional swept spectrum analyzer display, Figure 2, uses line traces that can show only one level f or each frequency point, representing the largest, the smallest or the average power. After many sweeps, the Max Hold trace shows a rough envelope of the stronger laptop signal. +Peak detection was selected for the other trace in an attempt to capture the weaker but more frequent AP signal, but the bursts are very brief, so the likelihood of seeing one in any particular sweep is small. It will also take a long time to statistically capture
the entire spectrum of a bursted signal due to the architecture of the swept spectrum analysis.
The DPX display, Figure 3, reveals much more insight on the same signal. Since it is a bitmap image
d o f a line trace, you can distinguish many different signals occurring within each update period
instea and/or different version of the same signal varying over time. The heavy band running straight across the lower third of the graph is the noise background when neither the laptop nor the AP is transmitting. The red lump of energy in the middle is the ON shape of the AP signal. Finally, the more delicate spectrum above the others is the laptop transmissions. In the color scheme used for this demonstration (“Temperature”), the hot red color indicates a signal that is m uch more frequent than signals shown in cooler colors. The
op signal, in yellow, green and blue, has higher amplitude but doesn't occur n early as often as the AP
lapt transmissions because the laptop was downloading a le when this screen capture was taken.
How DPX Works
This section explains how DPX displays are created. The input RF signal is conditioned and down-converted as usual for a signal analyzer, then d igitized. The digitized data is sent through an FPGA that computes very fast spectral transforms, and the resulting frequency-domain waveforms are rasterized to create the bitmaps.
The DPX bitmap that you see on screen is composed of pixels representing x, y, and z values for frequency, amplitude, and Density (RSA5100A Series instruments without Option 200 provide hit count as the z-axis value in place of Density). A multi-stage process, shown in Figures 4a - 4d, creates this bitmap, starting with analog-to-digital conversion of the input signal.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 41
General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
Simplied Flow of Multi-stage Processing from RF Input Through to Spectrum Processing:
Figure 4a. RF signals are downconverted and sampled into a continuous data stream.
Figure 4b. Samples are segmented into data records for FFT processing based on the selected resolution bandwidth.
Figure 4c. Data records are processed in the DPX transform engine
Figure 4d. Overlapping the FFTs shortens the minimum event duration required for 100% probability of intercept.
Collecting spectral d ata. Sampling and digitization is continuous. The digitized data stream is chopped
into data records whose length is based on the desired resolution bandwidth (RBW). An additional requirement is placed on FFT length by the desired number of points in a trace (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series wit
h Option 200). Table 1 shows this relationship and the FFT length is reported in the display if desired. Then the DPX transform engine performs a discrete Fourier transform on each record, continually producing spectral waveforms.
Table 1: Minimum FFT length versus trace length – independent of span and RBW
RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200
Trace length (points) Minimum FFT length
801 1,024
2,401 4,096
4,001 8,192
10,401 16,384
xxx
As long as spectral transforms are pe rformed faster than the acquisition data records arrive, the transforms can overlap each other in time, so no events are missed in between. Minimum event length for guaranteed capture depends on the length of the data records being transformed. An event must last through two consecutive data records in order for its amplitude to be accurately measured. Shorter events are detected and visible on screen, but may be attenuated. The DPX Spectrum RBW setting determines the data
42 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
record length; narrow RBW lters have a longer time constant than wide RBW lters. This longer time constant requires longer FFTs, reducing the transform rate. Additional detail on m inimum signal duration is provided in
The spectral waveforms are plotted onto a grid of counting cells called the “bitmap database”. The number held by each d is 11x10, so our spectral waveforms will each contain 11 points. A waveform contains one (y) amplitude value f or each (x) frequency. As waveforms are plotted to the grid, the cells increment their values each time they receive a waveform point.
Figure 5. Example 3-D Bitmap Database after 1 (left) and 9 (right) updates. Note that each column contains the same total number of “hits”.
Guaranteed Capture of Fast Events
atabase cell is the z-axis count. For simplicity, the small example g rid used here in Figure 6
(see page 48).
The grid on the left shows what the database cells might contain after a single spectrum is plotted into it.
cells contain the value zero, meaning that no points from a spectrum have fallen into them yet.
Blank
The grid on the right shows values that our simplied database might contain after an additional eight
tral transforms have been performed and their results stored in the cells. One of the nine spectrums
spec happened to be computed as a time during which the signal was absent, as you can see by the string of “1” occurrence counts at the noise oor.
Frame updates. The maximum rate for performing the variable-length frequency transforms that produce
those waveforms can be g reater than 292,000 per second. Measurement settings that slow this transform
te include narrowing the RBW and increasing the number of points for the line traces available in the
ra DPX display along with the bitmap. Even at their slowest, spectral transforms are performed orders of magnitude faster than a physical display can respond, and also too fast for humans to see, so there's no need to update the screen or measurements at this rate. Instead, the grid collects thousands of waveforms into “frames”, each covering about 50 milliseconds (ms). A 50 ms frame contains the counts from up to 14,600 waveforms. After each frame's waveforms have been mapped into the grid, the cell occurrence counts are converted to colors and written to the DPX bitmap, resulting in a bitmap update rate of around 20 per second.
Frame length sets the time resolution for DPX measurements. If the bitmap shows that a -10 dBm signal at 72.3 MHz was present for 10% of one frame's duration (5 ms out of 50 ms), it isn't possible to determine just from the DPX display whether the actual signal contained a single 5 ms pulse, one hundred 50 microsecond (μs) pulses, or something in between. For this information, you need to examine the spectral details of the signal or use another display with ner time resolution, such as Frequency vs. Time or Amplitude vs. Time.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 43
General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
Converting occurrence counts to color. About 20 times per second, the grid values are transferred to the
next process step, in which the z-axis values are mapped to pixel colors in the visible bitmap, turning data into info
rmation (Figure 6). In this example, warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) indicate more occurrences. The color palette is user-selectable, but for now we will assume the default “temperature” palette.
Number of Occurrences Color
0black
1blue
2 light blue
3
4 green blue
5
6 yellow
7
8 red orange
9red
Figure 6. Example Color-mapping algorithm
xxx
cyan
green
orange
The result of coloring the database cells, Figure 7, according to the number of times they were written into by the nine spectrums, one per pixel on the screen, creates the DPX displays.
Figure 7. Color-coded low-resolution example (left) and a real DPX display (right).
In addition to the choice of palette, there are z-axis scaling adjustments for Maximum, Minimum, a nd Curve. Maximum sets the occurrence value that will be mapped to the highest color in the palette. Minimum sets the occurrence value for the lowest color. In the “temperature” palette, the highest color is deep red and the lowest is dark blue. Occurrence values less than the selected Minimum are represented with black pixels, while pixels that exceed the selected Maximum are red in hue but somewhat transparent. Values between Maximum and Minimum are represented by the other colors of the palette.
44 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
Adjusting the Minimum above the black default allows you to concentrate most of your color resolution over a small range of medium or higher occurrence rates to visually discriminate between different signals that have near
To see why adjustable color scaling is useful compare Figures 8 and 9. On the Scale tab, the Max control is set to 100% in The signals used to create this bitmap are fairly diffused in both frequency and amplitude, so most pixels have low occurrence counts or density values and the upper half of the color palette is unused.
ly equal probability values.
Figure 8. The range of colors now covers the full z-axis range of densities from 0 to 100%.
Figure 8. DPX spectrum bitmap with default color scale settings.
When the Auto Color button is se lected, the Maximum control's value is set to the highest pixel value in the current bitmap, shown in Figure 9. Now none of the available colors remain unused. The entire palette is mapped to the occurrence values present at the time the button is selected, providing better visual resolution for low densities. Selecting the Autoscale button in the DPX display scales all three axes based on current results.
Figure 9. The Auto Color function optimizes the color scale settings.
Color Mapping Curves
The mapping between z-axis values and color does not have to be linear. The Curve control lets you choose the s hape of the mapping equation. A Curve setting of 1 selects the straight-line relationship. Higher Curve numbers pull the curve upwards and to the left, concentrating color resolution on lower
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 45
General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
densities. Settings less than 1 invert the curve, moving the focus of the color range towards higher density values. Figure 10 shows the mapping curves.
Figure 10. Representative color mapping curves for the “Temperature” palette.
Using the same signal shown in Figures 8 and 9, the impact of the Curve control can be observed. With the Curve control set to 1 in the Scale tab, shown in Figure 11, the mapping between color and density is linear, so the colors spread evenly across the full density range. The color distribution is visible in the colored palette illustration to the left of the Curve control in the Settings panel.
ure 11. Over a narrow Signal Density range, the color curve is set to 1.
Fig
en the Curve control is set to 0.5, as shown in Figure 12, the best color resolution is in the upper half of
Wh the density range, and only the dark blues are assigned to densities below 50%. Note the difference in the palette illustration.
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Figure 12. Ad density range.
In Figure 13, the Curve control is increased to 3. The majority of colors shifts to the lower half of the density scale, but various shades of orange and red are still available for densities above 50%.
Figure 13. For color curve settings greater than 1, better contrast is provided for events near the low end of the density range.
justing to values less than 1, increases the contrast for viewing events in the top half of the selected
Swept DPX
DPX Spectrum is not limited in span by its real-time bandwidth. Like the regular Spectrum display, DPX Spectrum steps through multiple real-time frequency segments, building a wide-span display with line traces and the bitmap (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200). See Figure 14.
Figure 14. Off-air ambient signals over a 1 GHz span in the swept DPX display.
The analyzer “dwells” in each frequency segment for one or more DPX frames, each containing the results of up to 14,600 spectral transforms. Dwell time is adjustable, so you can monitor each segment of the sweep for up to 100 seconds before moving to the next step. While dwelling in a segment, the probability
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General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
of intercept for signals within that frequency band is the same as in normal, real-time spans: 100% capture of events as short as 10.3 μsec.
A full pixel bitmap is created for every segment and compressed horizontally to the number of columns needed for displaying the frequency segment. Compression is done by averaging pixel densities o f the points being combined together. The nal swept bitmap contains a representation of the same pixel bitmap resolution, just like the non-swept bitmaps. Line traces are also created in full for each segment, and then horizontally compressed to the user-selected number of trace points for the full span.
A complex algorithm f implemented. The variables in the equation include user-adjustable control settings like Span, RBW, and number of trace points, RF and IF optimization, and Acquisition BW. Installed hardware options also can affect the span segmentation. The number of segments ranges from 10 to 50 for each 1 GHz in a sweep.
A helpful piece of information for operators is the actual Acquisition Bandwidth used for capturing each segment. “Acq BW” is shown in the Acquire control panel on the Sampling Parameters tab. Acq BW is typically set automatically by the instrument, based on the needs of all the open displays, but can also be set manually. In either case, the displayed bandwidth is used for every frequency segment in the swept DPX display, though in practice, the displayed portion of the segment is somewhat narrower than the actual Acquisition BW, for performance reasons.
The entire instrument frequency range of many GHz can be covered in a DPX sweep. The Dwell Time control sets the amount o set between 50 ms and 100 seconds.
Figure 15. During swept DPX operation, t segment used to construct the composite DPX display.
or determining the number and width of each frequency segment has been
f time DPX spends in each segment. This control, circled in Figure 15, can be
he Dwell time control adjusts the observation time of each frequency
Guaranteed Capture of Fast Events
The main reason that swept-tuned and step-tuned spectrum analyzers can't provide 100% Probability of Intercept, POI, for a signal that isn't continuously present is that they spend only a short period of time tuned to each segment of their frequency span during each sweep. If something happens in any part of the span other than where it is tuned at that instant, that event will not be detected or displayed. There is also a period of time between sweeps, retrace time, during which the analyzer is not paying attention to the input signal. FFT-based analyzers, including vector signal analyzers, also miss signals during the time between acquisitions. Their POI depends on a combination of factors including span, number of FFT points, acquisition time, memory read/write time, and signal processing speed. Vector analyzers process information sequentially, so when read/write from data and processing is occurring, data is not being acquired.
RSAs, on the other hand, capture data across all frequencies within their real-time span during every acquisition. With Tektronix' exclusive Frequency Mask trigger and DPX Density trigger, POI increases to
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100%, insuring capture of any spectral event matching the trigger denition. When operating in free run as a simple signal analyzer, the RSA has a POI similar to other FFT-based analyzers, with gaps between each acquisit
ion. Processing is done concurrent with the acquisitions.
Guaranteed Capture in DPX Real-Time Spans
The DPX display captures any signal that is at least 3.7 microseconds long (RSA6100B Series with Option 09 and RSA5100A Series with Option 200 plus Option 09) and within the real-time bandwidth. This performance is possible because the instrument computes up to 292,000 spectrum transforms per second. The faster the spectrum updates, the shorter the time between acquisitions and the greater the probability that any signal will be detected.
Table 2 shows the specied minimum signal duration (MSD) for 100% probability of intercept under various combinations of Span and RBW in DPX for a representative signal analyzer. As you can see, MSD is aff
Table 2: Minimum signal duration specications for RSA6100B series signal analyzers
110 MHz
40 MHz
xxx
To demonstrate the POI in action, a challenging bi-stable signal is used. A CW sinusoid sits at 2.4453 GHz most of the time, but every 1.28 seconds, its frequency changes for about 100 μs before returning to normal. The duty factor of this transient is less than 0.01%.
ected by multiple factors.
Span
(MHz)
RBW (kHz)
10000 1024 292,969 17.3 3.7
1000 1024 292,969 19.5 5.8
300 2048 146,484 28.5 14.8 100 4096 73,242 37.6 37.6
5000 1024 292,969 17.5 3.9 1000 1024 292,969 19.4 5.8
300 1024 146,484 25 11.4 100 2048 73,242 37.6 30.8
Minimum Event Duration 100% POI (μs)
FFT
Length
30 16384 18,311 134.6 134.6 20 32768 18,311 229.2 229.2
30 4096 36,621 93.6 93.6 20 8192 18,311 147.3 147.3 10 16384 18,311 194.5 294.5 20 4096 73,242 133.9 133.9 10 8192 36,621 267.8 267.8
Spectr
um/sec
Base unit
Opt. 09
Figure 16 shows a swept analyzer set up for a 5-second sweep of its MaxHold trace. It shows that there is something occurring around the signal. This sweep rate was empirically determined to be the optimum rate for reliable capture of this signal in the shortest time. Faster sweep times can reduce the probability of intercept and result in fewer intersections of the sweep with the signal transient.
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Figure 16. Swept spectrum display of the infrequent transient.
The DPX display shown in F lot more information can be discovered about the transient. It is obvious at rst glance that the signal is hopping by about 3 MHz, with 1.2 MHz of frequency overshoot on transitions
Figure 17. The DPX spectrum display after 5 seconds. The MaxHold trace is cyan.
igure 17 shows the exact same event, also captured over a 5 second period. A
Guaranteed Capture in DPX Swept Spans
Probability of intercept (POI) for signals within a single segment, while DPX is dwelling in that segment, is the same as for non-swept DPX operation. 100% POI for events as brief as 3.7 microseconds long (RSA6100B Series with Option 09 and RSA5100A Series with Option 200 plus Option 09). But just as in traditional swept analyzers, during the time the acquisition is tuned to any one segment, the analyzer is
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not monitoring signals in any of the other segments, so probability of capture in segments other than the current one is zero. Because of the wide real-time bandwidth, the number of segments needed to cover thespanismuc better for DPX sweeps.
h less than for swept analyzers, so the overall probability of intercept is signicantly
Another fact line traces allow user selection for number of points. 801 is the default and the other choices are 2401, 4001, and 10401. Frequency transforms for traces containing more than 801 points take longer, and this lower waveform update rate increases the minimum signal duration proportionally. This caution applies for swept and non-swept operation. The trace length control is on the Prefs tab in the DPX control panel.
DPX Densit
“Density” is a measure of the a mount of time during a dened measurement period during which signals are prese while a pulse that is on for one microsecond out of every millisecond reads 0.1%. This section describes how density is computed from hit counts.
If we plot 41 more waveforms into the example grid we used previously in Figure 6 (in addition to the nine we already plotted), each column ends with a total of 50 hits (Figure 18). The density for any one cell in a column is its own count value d ivided by 50, expressed in percent as shown in Figure 19. The math is very simple: a cell with 24 counts has a 48% density. In practice, instead of batches of 50 waveforms, we collect a frame of thousands of waveforms before each update to the density bitmap.
or affecting POI is number of trace points. The bitmap is always 801 points wide, but the
y Measurements
nt within a particular area of the DPX Spectrum bitmap. A clean CW tone gives a 100% reading,
igure 18. Grid showing cell counts after 50 waveforms. For each column, the sum of z-axis values is 50.
F
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General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
Figure 19. Grid after converting occurrence counts to percent density values. The sums of the cell density measurements within each column are all 100%.
Measuri
Hit counts are cleared after every frame update, as long as Persistence is not turned on. The density value fo Markers can be used to see the Density value for one or more individual points on the screen, enabling measurements of the signal density at any interesting point in the DPX display.
In Figure 20, Wireless LAN signals are analyzed in the presence of a Bluetooth radio signal in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
Figure 20. DPX display of WLAN and Bluetooth signals, with a marker on the highest signal.
ng Density with Markers
r any pixel is simply the percent of time it was occupied during the most recent 50 ms frame.
The “Marker to Peak” function was used to nd the peak signal recorded in the display. The marker readout in the upper left corner of Figure 20 shows the Density, Amplitude, and Frequency for the pixel you selected with the marker. By adding additional markers, you can measure the signal density differences between multiple signals of interest.
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Marker Peak Search in the DPX Bitmap
Markers on the DPX bitmap can search for peaks, similar to marker peak searching on spectrum line traces. For a human, it is pretty easy to discern “signals” in the bitmap picture. Your brain intuitively identies strings of contiguous bright pixels. This isn't so easy for a computer. The rst thing the RSA must do for an through these density peaks for the amplitude peaks you want to nd.
y peak search is analyze pixel density values to identify apparent signals. Then it can sift
Z-axis dens
ity values for the pixels in each column of the bitmap are internally converted into histograms to nd density peaks indicating the presence of signals. Table 2 shows the ve middle columns from the example grid we used to illustrate density measurements in a previous section (Figure 19). The density values for each pixel in the middle, highlighted column are plotted on the y axis in the bar chart in Figure 21. The bar chart x axis is bitmap row number, numbering from the top of the table.
Table 3: Bitmap section showing density values.
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 8% 0% 0%
0% 0% 12% 0% 0%
0% 0% 26% 0% 0%
0% 0% 36% 0% 0%
0% 2% 6% 2% 0%
4% 8% 0% 8% 0%
86% 82% 4% 76% 12%
10% 8% 6% 14% 86%
0% 0% 2% 0% 2%
xxx
Figure 21. Bar chart of the density values in the bolded column of Table 2.
Assume that Density Threshold is set to 5% and Density Excursion to 5% also. Starting with x=1 in the bar chart, test each bar against the threshold. The threshold criteria is met at x=2. Keep testing until you
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nd a bar that is shorter than the previous bar by at least the Excursion setting. In this case it is x=6. This tells us that a “signal” covers rows 2 through 5. Its density peak is at row 5.
Now you can look for another peak. Continue looking at bars to the right and you will nd a density value at row 9 that meets the threshold criteria, but since there are no bars to the right of it that meet the excursion cr had1%density,thenrow9wouldbeadensitypeak.
iteria, we can't declare row 9 a signal because it fails to meet the excursion criteria. If row 1
Once densit When the Peak button is selected, the analyzer checks the histograms of every column in the bitmap and nds the density peak with the highest amplitude. The amplitude search has its own versions of Threshold and Excursion settings, but in dBm and dB units. When Next Peak Down command is given, the search will scan inside the current column for the next density peak. Next Peak Right examines each column to the right of the current marker location to locate density peaks that also meet the amplitude peak criteria.
To demonstrate the value of marker peak search in the DPX bitmap, we will use the time-multiplexed signals showing multiple amplitude levels from an example earlier in this manual. The Peak button and its m density peak of highest amplitude in the bitmap.
Figure 22. The marker was positioned by selecting the Peak button. Density, frequency, and amplitude measurements at the marker are displayed in the upper left corner of the graph.
y peaks are found for all columns in the bitmap, we can start looking for the amplitude peaks.
enu equivalent place the active marker on the peak signal in Figure 22. The peak signal is the
The Marker Toolbar, at the bottom of Figure 22, allows easy navigation of peak signals (Peak Left, Peak Right, Next Peak Up,orNext Peak Down). Selecting the arrow keys enables the marker to search for amplitude/density peaks at other frequencies, while the Next Peak Up and Next Peak Down arrows
nable the marker to search for other high-density points at the same frequency.
e
In the Dene Peaks tab of the Dene Markers control panel, Figure 24, you can adjust the density threshold
nd excursion controls to modify search behavior. The amplitude threshold and excursion controls also
a apply to DPX marker searches. Smoothing keeps the marker from nding multiple peaks within the same apparent signal by averaging an adjustable number of pixel densities together, but it does not affect the single-pixel measurement readout displayed by the marker.
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Figure 24. Amplitude and Signal Density controls can be adjusted to dene Peak search behavior.
Density Measurements over an Adjustable Area (“The Box”)
The density for a single pixel is its ratio of actual hits vs. possible hits over a dened time period, and markers display these density values. For measuring density over an area larger than one pixel, the DPX display ( resize and drag around in the DPX display with your mouse or nger.
RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200) includes a measurement box you can
If you co density of this area would be the sum of the included pixels' density values. For example, if the box was three pixels tall and the density values for these pixels were 4, 2, and 7% respectively, the overall density for the three-pixel area would be 13%. Imagine a box one pixel wide and as tall as the graph. Assume that the input signal's amplitude was such that all hits fell at or near the vertical center of the screen. Since 100% of the waveforms written to the bitmap passed through the box, the density for the box is 100%.
When you widen the box to cover a broader range of frequencies, software computes the density sum for the included pixels in each column inside the box. The aggregate density value for this box is the average den result, there must not be any hits above the top edge of the box or below its bottom edge. In other words, every waveform drawn across the graph entere d the box through its left side and exited the box through its right side, with no excursions out the top or bottom. Figure 24 demonstrates this principle on a CW signal. As you can see on the left-hand side, no amplitudes exist above or below the box; the density of the signal is 100%. On the right hand side, there are signals below the box, therefore the density is less than 100%.
uld make the box so narrow that it contained only points within a single column of pixels, the
sity, calculated by adding the column density sums then dividing by the number of columns. For a 100%
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Figure 24. Density of signals dened within an area. Left: Correct measurement of a CW signal. All columns in the box inclu expected. Some columns in the box contain no hits, so they contribute zeros to the calculation of average density.
The density measurement box' vertical size and location are always set in dB and dBm, no matter what units you have selected for measurements. (Amplitude control panel > Units tab.) The box is not draggable when the selected units are linear (such as Amps, Volts, Watts…), though you can still adjust its size and location using the Frequency and Amplitude controls in both the DPX Settings > Density and Trigger > Event ta bs. Since the vertical scale is non-linear, a box of constant amplitude changes visual height as it chang
de the signal. Right: Incorrect measurement area. The measurement is accurate, but probably not what you
es vertical position, a disconcerting effect if you are trying to drag it.
Figure 25. DPX Density control panel is used to dene the area of interest for DPX density measurements.
A readout will appear somewhere in the graph. If the box is off-screen, the readout will be accompanied by an arrow pointing towards the invisible box. Grab this readout with your mouse or nger and drag the density readout to the area you want to measure.
To adjust the box size, a mouse is the easiest way to drag the sides and corners of the rectangle. For precise settings, use the knob, arrow keys, or keyboard to adjust frequency and amplitude values for the rectangle. These controls are located in the right half of the Density tab in the control panel.
Persistence
Previous sections of this topic have assumed that persistence was not applied to the DPX bitmap. Without persistence, hit counts in the grid are cleared after each frame update. Now we will describe how
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persistence modies this behavior, starting with innite persistence because it is simpler than variable persistence.
Hit counts are not cleared between frames if innite persistence is enabled. When the instrument is set up for continuous acquisitions, hits keep collecting until you stop acquisitions or click the Clear button above the DPX display. Software keeps track of the total number of waveforms computed during the entire collection period. Density equals the total number of hits to a cell divided by the total number of waveforms.
Variable persistence is trickier. A single-occurrence signal shown in the bitmap does not disappear suddenly upon the next frame update, nor does it linger forever. It fades gradually away. The user sets a time constant for the Dot Persistence control which determines how long it takes for signals to fade. Fading is accomplished by reducing the hit count in every cell, after each frame update, by a factor based on the persistence time constant. The longer the time constant, the less the hit counts are reduced.
Figure 26. Example of fast transient discovery with and without variable persistence turned on. In the display on the left, with variable persistence of 10 seconds, the occasional sub-second transient that spikes up above the normal signals is held in the display rather than disappearing as soon as the signal goes away. The display on the right, with persistence turned off, requires watching the display continually to see the brief signal.
Not only are single-occurrence signals allowed to remain in the display for awhile by variable persistence, additional hits keep piling on. The result is that cell values are no longer pure hit counts; they include counts due to new hits from waveforms plus proportionally reduced counts from prior frames. As part of translating hit counts into density values, a new software algorithm uses a nite-series equation to discriminate between the effects of persist ence and the arrival of new hits. The inationary effects of persistence on cell counts are removed, so density readings represent the true ratio of actual hits to possible hits over the persistence interval.
The density computation for variable persistence is a very good estimate of true signal density, with errors of less than 0.01%. For exact density measurements, use either no persistence or innite persistence.
Another subtlety of persistence is its smoothing effect on the density measurement of intermittent signals. Consider a pulse that is on for 10 ms and off for 90 ms of each 100 ms cycle. We'll make the simplifying assumption that the pulse ON time always falls entirely within a single DPX frame update (50 ms). If persistence is not applied, the density measurement is computed on each individual frame. The results will be 20% for each frame containing the ON time and 0% for the other frames. If innite persistence
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is enabled, however, the density measurement will settle to 10% after the second frame, and remain at this value for as long as the pulsing continues. With persistence, the density is effectively computed over many fram
es.
Persistence Effects on Density
Persistence does not alter colors in a density-based bitmap. Its effect is to extend the amount of time over which densities are calculated, leaving signal events visible for the persistence duration.
Before the introduction of density measurements and extra-long hit counters, persistence caused colors to “bloom”, becoming more and more intense over time as the hit counts increased. Longer persistence intervals caused increased blooming, turning crisp signals into fat red stripes. When hit counts are converted to density values (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200), the display is not subject to this effect. As long as the input signals maintain reasonably stable repetition rates and duty ratios, their den
If you are accustomed to the original hit-count-based persistence displays, it may seem counter-intuitive that rep persistence. A quick review of the density algorithm explains why: the hit count is divided by the total number of waveforms over the persistence interval. For example, if a signal occupies a pixel 50% of the time over a period of 15 minutes, the density reading will be 50% throughout the entire 15 minutes, though the underlying hit count is steadily increasing.
sity values will also remain stable despite ever-increasing hit counts in the underlying grid cells.
eating signals in a density-based bitmap will not get brighter and redder over time with innite
is Resolution
Z-Ax
Another factor that can cause color bloom is overow of the hit counters. If a pixel could only count up to
0 hits, its density and color values would clip at 100% after just 1000 hits, even if waveform points
100 continue to arrive in the same pixel location. With waveform points being written to the bitmap at rates approaching 300k/sec, counts add up really fast for highly-repetitive signals. Deeper counters permit higher hit counts, so overow happens much later, as shown in Table 4.
ble 4: Comparison of DPX z-axis resolution and its effect on saturation.
Ta
RSA6100B Series RSA5100A Series with Option 200
Hit Count 36-bit custom oat (equivalent to 33-bit integer)
Maximum Hit Count
Minimum Time until Overow (for pixels with 100% density)
xxx
8.1 hours
Clipping due to overow of the counters in one or more cells will not occur until hours have passed, or even days.
Onemorebenefit to having deeper hit counters is better visual resolution of density. RSAs with the highest-performance DPX hardware installed use oating-point numbers to count hits, allowing us to count billions of waveforms while retaining one-hit resolution, providing better than 99 dB of dynamic range for density measurements. Density measurements in μ%, n%, and even f% ranges are quite possible for extremely rare signals captured with innite persistence.
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With straight-line mapping between density and color (Curve setting of 1), resolution is xed by the number of colors in the palette. For non-linear mappings (Curve settings higher or lower than 1), most of the colors a discriminate ner differences between density values in that range.
re concentrated at either the low or high end of the density scale, so you can visually
Persistence Adjustments
Dot Persistence can be enabled for the “Bitmap” trace using the Settings control panel. The Persistence can be displayed as Innite or Variable. For Variable Persistence, you can select the time constant for fading in seconds as shown in Figure 27.
Figure 27. The trace settings control panel allows user control of persistence p
Figure 28 demonstrates the observed behavior of variable persistence when a CW signal, represented in the rst frame, is turned off. Even if the event was instantaneous and was conned within a single frame, you will observe the color changing to indicate lower and lower density values, until the signal nally disappears entirely.
Figure 28. With variable persistence, a brief CW signal captured by DPX remains in the display for an adjustable periodoftimebeforefadingaway.
arameters.
DPX Density Trigger
The standard DPX display shows you a clear picture of transients and other hard-to-nd signals. The version of DPX in the RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with option 200 goes well beyond helping you discover these difcult to nd signals by actually triggering on their appearance to capture them into acquisition memory for in-depth analysis. If you can see it in the DPX bitmap, you can trigger on it.
Other trigger methods can detect signals that e amplitude-vs-frequency m ask, but they can't nd a signal a t a particular frequency if another signal of higher amplitude is sometimes present at that same frequency. The Runt trigger addresses some of these signal-under-signal cases, but not all. As shown in Figure 29, the DPX Density trigger can discriminate signals within a precise amplitude-frequency range without the operator having to know any characteristics of the target signal besides where it might show up in the D PX Spectrum graph.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 59
xceed an amplitude threshold, or even a sophisticated
General Signal Viewing DPX Primer
Figure 29. Example of Density Trigger. Left: A free-run DPX display showing pulses with varying frequency. Occasionally, a short pulse in the middle appears for a split instant, but it is hard to capture it with just a Run/Stop button. Right: The triggered DPX displays shows the low-amplitude pulse that was not apparent in the untriggered display. The analyzer was set to trigger whenever the average density in the user-drawn box measured 50% or higher.
The DPX Density trigger uses the same screen-based measurement box as the DPX Density measurement. While the box. When the target signal nally appears, the density value increases. The trigger system m onitors the density measurement and activates a trigger whenever the density value exceeds the adjustable density threshold. The only thinking you have to do is to set this threshold to a level somewhere between the normal density readings and the density due to the trouble-making signal. However, the instrument software can compute the threshold value automatically.
target signal is absent, the density measurement characterizes the “normal” signals within the
Trigger On This™
igger On This™ function allows you to point and click to set up the DPX Density trigger. By
The Tr right-clicking on a spot within the DPX display, or pressing and holding your nger on the touchscreen display for about a second, a menu selection will appear. Selecting Trigger On This causes a DPX Density box to appear and automatically adjusts the threshold. The DPX display will now only update whenever the automatic threshold is exceeded. Subsequently, if needed for your signal, open the Trigger control panel to adjust the density threshold or the size of the measurement box until the event is reliably captured.
Automatic Threshold Adjustment by Trigger On This™
e trigger density threshold automatically set by Trigger On This is 80% of the measured value. If the
Th signal wa s present at the moment you selected Trigger On This, the threshold will be 20% less than the signal density, so the next time the signal is present long enough (or present enough times) to exceed the threshold density, it will cause a trigger. If the signal happened to be missing when you selected Trigger On This, the threshold value will be even lower. If you clicked in a part of the display with no signal activity at all, the threshold will be set to zero. Any signal that shows up here will re the trigger, as shown in Figure 32.
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Figure 30. The analyzer triggered when the density in the DPX measurement box exceeded the threshold set by Trigger On This. You can see in the Spectrogram and Frequency-vs-Time displays that the signal event which caused the trigger was a quick frequency hop. The Time Overview shows that the signal amplitude never changed, so a power level trigger would not have worked.
DPX Density Trigger Timing
The time resolution for DPX density measurements is the frame length, around 50 ms. A basic implementation of the DPX Density trigger concept is also frame-based, so a trigger event that occurs anywhere within a frame will not be recognized until the end of the frame. Therefore, the worst case trigger uncertainty is 50 ms.
DPX Density trigger doesn't always have to wait until the end of a frame before ring. For the common conguration of triggering when the measured density is higher than the threshold, the density measurement in the trigger can be computed many times within each frame and it can re the trigger
soon as the threshold is exceeded.
as
Consider the case where the threshold is zero. As soon as a single waveform causes a hit within the
easurement box, we know that the density is greater than zero. It takes a little longer to test for a 5 or
m 10% density, and even more time for thresholds at or near 100%.
The DPX Density trigger can also be set to re when the measured density is below the threshold value. This is useful when you suspect that your signal is missing some of the time. For a signal that is supposed to be CW, you can set the trigger controls to acquire when the density measurement of the signal peak drops below 100%. When using the “lower than” form of the DPX Density trigger, the time resolution is
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General Signal Viewing DPX Display Overview
one frame because of the following logic: We can't be sure the actual density is less than, say, 15% until at least 85% of the full test time has elapsed. In order to keep things simple and fast in the trigger module, the RSA just waits
until the end of each 50 ms frame to do the “lower than” comparisons.
Persistence and DPX Density Trigger
The smoothing effect of persistence on density measurements can help in d etermining a good threshold value. With persistence turned off, an infrequent signal's density reading jumps between higher and lower values as it turns on and off, and it can be hard to read these ashing numbers. By turning persistence on, you instruct the instrument to average the density over a longer time period. This density result is somewhere between the ON and OFF density values - the very denition of a good trigger threshold.
Unlike the DPX Density measurement, the DPX Density trigger is not affected in any way by persistence. Density calculations in the trigger system are made with hit count data received from each individual DPX frame, before any persistence is a pplied. Even when the density measurement reading in the display is averaged over many frames due to persistence, the trigger is computing density for each frame and comparing these quick snapshots against the threshold setting.
DPX Display Overview
The DPX display enables you to see how traces change over time and thus displays signal events that cannot be seen on a swept spectrum analyzer. A DPX Spectrum indicates how traces change in two ways. First, it uses color shading to show how consistent the shape of a trace is. Second, it uses persistence to hold signals on the screen so you can see them longer.
DPX Display
The DPX display works by using a two-dimensional array to represent trace writes to a point on the display, a counter in the array is incremented. A color is assigned to each point in the display based on the value of its counter. Thus, as acquisitions occur over time, a colored waveform, the Bitmap, develops on the display that shows how frequently each display point has been written to.
An important feature of the DPX display is dot persistence. Dot persistence sets how long a point on the display will be visible. You can set the Dot Persistence to be Variable or Infinite. In variable persistence mode, you specify a decay period that limits how long a point will be displayed. In innite persistence mode, once a point in the display has been written to, it will remain visible indenitely.
The DPX display can plot the trace in the following views:
Spectrum – This view p lots power on the vertical axis versus frequency on the horizontal axis. This display is similar to a standard Spectrum display.
points on the display. Each time a
Zero Span (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200) – This view plots power on the vertical axis versus time on the horizontal axis. This display shows how the power level at the center frequency changes with time.
62 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing DPX Display
Frequency (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200) - This view plots frequency on the vertical axis versus time on the horizontal axis. This displays how frequency changes over time, where th also available in the Frequency plot.
e center frequency is displayed at the center of the vertical axis. Tx BER testing is
Phase (RSA61 vertical axis versus time on the horizontal axis. This displays how phase changes over time, where the zero degree phase position is displayed at the center of the vertical axis.
DPXogram (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200) - This view is a spectrogram version (time plotted along the vertical axis versus frequency on the horizontal axis) of the DPX Spectrum trace. DPX spectrogram creates the spectrogram in real time, and does not require an acquisition to be transferred into memory and analyzed. Because of this real time processing, there are no gaps in the spectral lines, even for monitoring periods that can last for several days.
The DPXogram has the following limitations:
DPXogram cannot sweep a range greater than the maximum real-time bandwidth. When the instrument is sweeping, the DPXogram display shows the Disabled - data is from swept acquisition message.
No overlap, however, DPXogram can display multiple Spectrums/line.
The DPXogram monitors in real time and can be used as a monitor while triggers are occurring. It cannot be set to display only triggered lines.
Split (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200) - This view consists of two DPX views. A DPXogram view appears on the top half of the display and a DPX Spectrum view appears on the bottom half of the display.
To display a DPX view:
00B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200) - This view plots phase on the
1. Select Freq and use the front panel knob or number keys to set the measurement frequency.
2. Select the Displays button or Setup > Displays. This displays the Select Displays dialog box.
3. From the Folders box, select General Signal Viewing.
elect DPX from the Available displays box.
4.S
5. Click the Add button. This will add the DPX icon to the Selected Displays box (and remove it from
the Available displays box).
6. Click the OK button. This displays the DPX Spectrum view.
7. Select the desired view from the drop-down list on the left side of the graph.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 63
General Signal Viewing DPX Display
DPX Zero Span view
DPX Split View
64 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing DPX Display
Elements of the DPX Display
Item Display element Description
1 Vert Position
2
3RBW
4 DPX view
5
6
7
8
9 Function
dB/div Sets the vertical scale value. The maximum value is 20.00 dB/division.
Autoscale Adjusts the Vertical and Horizontal scaling to display the entire trace on screen.
Pos/CF Spectrum: Center Frequency - Adjusts the analyzer center frequency. For Zero
Span/Scale, Sweep/Scale Spectrum display: Span - Adjusts frequency range of the measurement. Scale - If
Clear Erases the bitmap and traces in the graph and restarts multi-trace functions
Sets the top of graph value. This is only a visual control for panning the graph. The Reference Level is adjusted in the Toolbar and the Ampl control panel. By default, Vert Position = Ref Level.
Sets the resolution bandwidth. Note that when the RBW is set to Auto, its value is italicized.
Selects the DPX view. Choices are Spectrum, Zero Span, Frequency, Phase, DPXogram, and Split.
Span, Frequency, or Phase the Position is in seconds.
Horizontal scale has been manually adjusted in Settings > Scale, then this control adjusts the visual graph scaling without affecting the Span. Zero Span, Frequency, Phase displays: Sweep - adjusts the trace duration in seconds. Scale - adjusts the visual graph scaling without affecting the Sweep time.
(Avg, Hold).
Readout of the Detection and Function selections for the selected trace.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 65
General Signal Viewing DPX Display
Item Display element Description
10
Show Controls whether the selected Trace is visible or not. When trace is Off, the box is
not checked.
11 Trace
Selects a trac
e. Touching here pops up a context menu listing the available traces, whether they are enabled or not. If user selects a trace that is not currently enabled, it will be made enabled.
xxx
Additional Elements of the DPXogram Split Display
Item Display element Description
1
Spectrums/line Appears only when the display is stopped. Readout of the number of spectrum
lines represented by each line of the DPXOgram display. This value changes when the Time/div or Time resolution settings are changed.
2
Color scale Legend at the right side of the DPX Spectrum display. This element illustrates the
relationship between the colors in the DPXogram plot and the amplitude axis of the DPX Spectrum plot. This scale changes with Color (DPXogram) palette selection and Max and Min settings on the Ampl Scale tab.
3 DPXogram trace
The selected line in the DPXogram graph can be shown in the DPX Spectrum graph of the Split view. The most recent DPXogram line, usually at the bottom of the graph, is selected by default. If any markers are on, the selected marker determines the selected line.
xxx
Time Reso lution of DPXogram Display
Due to the large amount of data produced by the DPX hardware during acquisitions, a compressed version of the plot is shown while running. This plot is limited to 500 lines, with each line having 267 points. However, a much longer record, with higher frequency resolution is being collected. As soon as the instrument is stopped, this underlying data is shown, replacing the temporary version. There are 50 lines in each vertical division of the 2-D DPXogram plot, so the time resolution of the graph is Time/div
66 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing DPX Display
divided by 50. However, you can set the instrument to collect multiple spectra per line, allowing you to zoom in later on this high-time-resolution data.
When the DPXogram display is stopped, the analyzer can display the full resolution of the captured data. The Time Resolution readout applies only when the DPXogram is running.
Effects of Changing Time Resolution. The Time Resolution control affects acquisition parameters for the
DPX hardware. This means that if you change the Time Resolution value while the instrument is stopped, the new value applies to the NEXT acquisition, and might not represent the results currently shown in the display.
Time resolution can be changed either directly, by manually adjusting the Time Resolution control, or automatically, by changing the Time/div control. Auto is the default, yielding one spectrum per line in the display. When the Time Resolution is decreased below its auto value, multiple spectra are collected to create each line in the DPXogram graph. Once you stop the instrument, you can decrease the Time/div value or use Zoom to see increased time resolution.
If the time resolution is set to a very small number while the Time/div is set to a large value, you might notice that there is a limit to the number of spectra that can be collected. This limit depends on the number of trace points selected. For 801-point spectra, 60,000 underlying spectra can be collected. The number of 2401-point spectra collected is 20,000, and for 4001-point spectra the number is 12,000. When the limit is reached, the oldest spectra are discarded as newer spectra are captured.
Touchscreen Actions on Markers in the Graph Area
Action Description
Mouse click within 1/2 div. of amarker
Touch marker to select and then use knob, or arrow keys
Touch and drag a marker
xxx
Selects the marker and updates the marker display to show the selected marker's values.
Adjust the setting associated with the Marker.
Changes marker position to the "drop point". You can use Tools > Options > Prefs to change whether markers jump from one peak to the next while dragging or move smoothly along the trace.
Available Traces for Disp lay – Standard Instrument
Five traces can be shown in the DPX display– one bitmap and four line traces. The default traces are Bitmap and +Peak detection. The other three traces are –Peak detection, average detection, and math.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 67
General Signal Viewing DPX Display
Trace Description
Bitmap
+Peak detecte
–Peak detected
Average detected
Math Trace
xxx
d
Displays the density of acquired data. The number of data points acquired at each pixel (representin by color.
Line trace. Displays the maximum values acquired in each update. Normal and Hold functions are available for this trace.
Line trace. Displays the minimum values acquired in each update. Normal and Hold functions are availab
Line trace. functions are available for this trace.
Line trace. Displays the difference between two traces. The two traces used are set in the Traces tab of the Settings panel.
g a particular amplitude level at a specic frequency at a point in time) is indicated
le for this trace.
Displays the average of all the values acquired in each update. Normal and Hold
Determining Which Trace Types Are Displayed
You can see the status of all the traces by selecting the Trace drop-down list. Traces that are not displayed are preceded by "Enable". In the following gure, you can tell that the Bitmap and -Peak Trace traces are displayed but the +Peak, Average, and Math Traces are not displayed.
Selecting Enable -Peak Trace from the Trace list displays the -Peak detected values trace.
an see whether a trace is enabled by looking at its Show check box. The "selected trace" is selected
You c in the Trace list. The Show check box is checked when the selected trace is e nabled. To the right of the show box are readouts for detection of the selected trace (+Pk, Avg (VRMS), ) and its function (Hold, Normal,). You can enable/disable the selected trace by checking or unchecking Show.
Selecting Traces for Display – Standard Instrument
To select a trace for display:
68 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing DPX Display
1. Use the Settings control panel:
Select Setup > Settings or click the Settings button.
Select the Traces tab.
Select the trace from the drop-down menu.
Select the S
2. Select a trace from the Trace drop-down list.
Specify
You control how the +Peak, –Peak and Average (Avg (VRMS)) traces are displayed from the Traces tab of the Set from single updates or results collected over multiple updates.
To cha
1. Select Setup > Settings or click the Settings button.
2. Select the Traces tab.
ing How +Peak, –Peak, and Average Traces Are Displayed
tings control panel. From the Traces tab, you can also specify whether these traces display results
nge how the traces are displayed:
how check box.
3. Select the trace type from the drop-down list.
4. If you select +Peak Trace or -Peak Trace, use the Function drop-down list to select either Normal or Hold.
a. Select Normal to set the trace to display the maximum/minimum values acquired in each
individual update.
b. Select Hold to set the trace to display the maximum/minimum values acquired over time. The
trace values are updated only if they exceed the existing values.
5. If you select Avg (VRMS) or Avg (of logs), use the Function drop-down list to select either Normal, Average (V RMS),orAvg (of logs).
a. Select N ormal to set the trace to display the average values acquired in each update.
b. Select Average (VRMS) or Avg (of logs) to set the trace to display an average of the average
values. Use the Count box to enter the number of times the trace is averaged.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 69
General Signal Viewing DPX Display
Available Traces for Display (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200)
Five traces can be shown in the DPX Spectrum, Zero Span, Frequency, and Phase displays– one bitmap and four line traces. The default traces are Bitmap and Trace 1. The other three traces are 2, 3, and Math. Line traces 1, 2, and 3 have user-selectable Detection and Function settings. The nal line trace is Math, allowing you
For the DPXogram display, only one trace is available — the DPXogram trace.
For the Split display, which consists of a DPXogram display on the top half and a DPX Spectrum display on the bottom half, you can display the Bitmap trace, Trace 1, Trace 2, Trace 3, Math trace, and Ogram Line (the s
to subtract one line trace from another.
elected line from the DPXogram display) on the bottom half of the display.
Selecting Traces for Display (RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200)
This is done almost the same as with the standard instrument, except that the choices available for Trace are different. Instead of +Pk, –Pk, and Avg traces, you select Trace 1, 2, and 3 and independently set the Detection method for each of these traces to +Pk, -Pk, Avg (VRMS), or Avg (of logs).
Reference. Changing the DPX Spectrum Display Settings
(see page 268)
Tx BER Testing in the DPX Frequency View
ansmit Bit Error Rate Testing (Tx BER) function measures the bit error rate in a data stream
The Tr modulated on a carrier. The modulation type supported is a 2-level FSK signal (2FSK) with a symbol rate of 16 kHz. Tx BER is available only in the DPX Frequency plot.
The Ce nte r Frequency must be set to the carrier frequency. The RBW or Meas urement BW must be set high enough to pass the full frequency deviation of the modulated signal. The vertical scaling on the display does not affect the measurement. The measurement is also unaffected by trigger settings.
The 16k symbol/second rate has a tolerance of ±10ppm. The data patterns supported are PRBS-9, PRBS-11, PRBS-15, and User.
The User pattern is a user-dened xed pattern of arbitrary length up to 30 seconds in duration. The synchronization pattern (of length “n”) can be specied to be up to 32 bits, and is the rst "n" bits of the user's pattern. The test duration with User pattern can be one time through or repeating. If PRBS lengths other than the three listed above are needed, the User pattern can be used in repeating mode to get any PRBS length up to PRBS-18.
When a test is started, the incoming data is sampled to seed the PRBS receiver or nd the starting pattern for User pattern. If errors are occurring in the signal, it is possible to get a spurious match at test start time, resulting in an invalid measurement. In this case, for a PRBS pattern the error rate will be 50%, and for User pattern the rate will be pattern-dependent. If this happens, the test can be restarted with the Clear results function. The symbol count, error count, and error rate (BER) are displayed on the screen. For a User pattern, the measurement starts after the synchronization pattern has been seen, so the synchronization pattern symbols are not included as part of the symbol count, although they are included in the pattern length.
To measure Tx BER, see Tx BER Tab
70 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
(see page 84).
General Signal Viewing DPX Settings
DPX Settings
Menu Bar: Setup > Settings
Front Panel / Application Toolbar: Settings
The measurement settings for the DPX display are shown in the following table.
Settings tab
Freq & Span (see page 114) Sets frequency and span parameters for the DPX display. This tab appears for the
Params (see page 72) Sets sweep time and scroll settings. This tab appears only for the DPX Zero Span,
Freq & BW (
BW (see page 119) Sets Resolution Bandwidth.
Traces (Bitmap) Tab (see page 73)
Traces Tab (see page 76) Allows you to select the number and types of traces to display and their functions.
Traces (Math) Tab (see page 118)
Horiz page 79)
Bitmap Scale Tab (see page 80)
Amplitude Scale Tab (s ee
e
pag
me & Freq Scale Tab
Ti page 82)
Prefs (see page 121) Species whether certain display elements are visible.
Density (see page 83) Species location and size for the DPX Density measurement box. (Spectrum display
Tx BER Tab (see page 84) Species BER testing parameters. (Frequency plot only.)
Audio Demod (see page 87) Enables and sets parameters for audio demodulation function.
xxx
see page
&VertScaleTab
81)
73)
(see
(see
Description
Spectrum and DPXogram displays.
DPX Freque
TheFreq& Span, DPX Frequency, and DPX Phase views.
Allows you to congure the Bitmap Trace.
Allows you to congure the Math Trace.
Sets t
Sets the DPX Bitmap display parameters.
The Amplitude Scale tab allows you to change the vertical scale and offset, enable the
Waterfall display, and set the color scheme used for the DPXogram trace.
3-D
e Time and Freq Scale tab allows you to change the v ertical and horizontal scale
Th settings, number of points in the trace, and Time resolution.
only; RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200.)
ncy and DPX Phase displays.
BW tab species frequency and bandwidth parameters for the DPX Zero
he vertical and horizontal scale parameters for all the DPX views.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 71
General Signal Viewing Params Tab - DPX Zero Span, DPX Frequency and DPX Phase Views
Params Tab - DPX Zero Span, DPX Frequency and DPX Phase Views
The Params tab sets the sweep time for the DPX Zero Span, Frequency and Phase views. Use the Params tab to set the scroll mode settings for the DPX Zero Span, Frequency and Phase views. In Scroll mode, points of the an acquisition is completed.
Params tab settings Zero Span, Frequency and Phase views
trace are plotted as they occur, as opposed to normal mode where the trace is plotted after
Setting
Sweep time Sets the time period for the measurement. By default, the Horizontal Scale is equal to
Trace motion for Sweep 1sec
Normal
Roll
None
xxx
Description
Sweep ti sweep time extends beyond the left and/or right edges of the graph. Range: 100 ns – 2000 s. Default: 1 ms.
Species how the trace is displayed when the sweep time is equal to or greater than 1seco
Selec mode, a caret (^) moves below the graph to indicate the latest position.
Select Roll to scroll the trace as points are added at the right side of the graph. When Roll is selected, the trace moves to the left as points are added to the trace at the right side
Sel
me and the sweep covers 10 divisions. When the graph is zoomed in, the
nd.
t Normal to scroll the position at which data points are added to the trace. In this
of the graph.
ect None to display the trace without motion.
72 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing Freq & BW Tab - DPX Zero Span, DPX Frequency and DPX Phase Views
Freq & BW Tab - DPX Zero Span, DPX Frequency and DPX Phase Views
The Fre q & BW tab species frequency parameters for some of the DPX display views.
Freq & BW tab settings for the bitmap trace (Standard and option 200)
Setting
Center Frequency Sets the frequency at the center of the measurement bandwidth.
Step Size Sets the increment size when changing the Frequency using the knob or mouse wheel.
Auto
Measurement BW, no lter Species the measurement bandwidth.
RBW (Time-domain BW) lter RBW (Time-domain BW) is a lter used to process the input signal before the system
Actual BW
xxx
Traces Tab - Bitmap
The Traces Tab allows you to set the display characteristics of displayed traces in the DPX display. The Traces tab for the DPX display has two versions: one for the DPX Bitmap trace (described in this topic) and one for line traces
Description
Arrow keys have an increment 10 times this setting.
When Auto is enabled, the step size is adjusted automatically based on Spectrum's span setting.
analyzes the signal. The lter value determines the acquisition bandwidth that the view requires. Range: 1 HZ to 60 MHz.
Shows the actual bandwidth being used for the display.
(see page 76).
Traces tab – Bitmap trace (RSA6100B and RSA5100A with Option 200)
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 73
General Signal Viewing Traces Tab - Bitmap
Traces tab – D
PXogram trace (RSA6100B and RSA5100A with Option 200)
Traces tab settings for the bitmap trace (RSA6100B and RSA5100A with Option 200)
Setting
Trace
Show Species
n (DPXogram trace
Detectio only)
Intensity (standard instrument only)
sistence
Dot Per
Variable The Variable dot persistence setting controls how long a point in the display is visible
Innite The Innite dot persistence setting prevents a point in the display from fading (not
Freeze Halts updates to the selected trace.
Save Trace As Saves the selected trace to a le for later recall and analysis.
Show Recalled Trace Displays a saved trace instead of a live trace (not available for the DPXogram trace).
xxx
Description
Select Bit
Sets the D methods are +Peak, -Peak, and Avg (VRMS).
Use Intensity to control the visibility of events. An increased intensity level allows a single, short event to be seen. This also makes such an event subject to the persistence contro events. Range is 1-100%. Resolution: 1.
Allows a dot to remain visible if it is not updated with new data. Choices for this setting are Variable and Innite. (Not available for the DPXogram trace.)
before fading (not available for the DPXogram trace). This setting has no units assoc
Range: 1–1000. Resolution 0.1.
RSA6100B Series and RSA5100A Series with Option 200 Range: 50 ms–100 s.
ava
map or DPXogram to set the parameters of the DPX Bitmap or DPXogram trace.
whether or not the selected trace is displayed.
etection method
ls. This allows you to see the effect of the Persistence controls on infrequent
iated with it.
ilable for the DPXogram trace).
(see page 115) used for the trace. Available detection
Dot Persistence
Dot Persistence is the characteristic of the DPX display that determines how long a pixel in the display remains visible.
To set the Persistence:
1. Select Setup > Settings.
2. Select the Traces tab.
3. Select Dot Persistence.
74 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing Traces Tab - Bitmap
4. Select either Innite or Var i ab l e.
5. If you select Variable, enter a value in the text box. The Variable persistence value can be s et from
0.05 to 100 seconds (RSA6100B and RSA5100A with Option 200) and 1 to 1000 in the RSA5100A instruments without Option 200.
Saving Traces
Tosaveatra
1. Select the Save Trace As button. This displays the Save As dialog box.
2. Navigate to the location where you want to save the le.
ce for later analysis:
3. Type a name for the saved trace and click Save.
Show Recalled Trace
You can recall a previously saved trace for comparison to a live trace. First, specify a trace for recall and second, enable Show Recalled Trace.
To select a trace for recall:
1. Select the ... button to display the Open dialog box.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 75
General Signal Viewing Traces Tab
2. In the O pen dialog, navigate to the location of the saved trace.
3. Select the desired trace le.
4. Select OK to complete your selection.
5. Select the S
6. Verify that the trace's Show check box is selected (either on this tab or next to the drop-down list
located at t
Traces Tab
The Traces Tab allows you to set the display characteristics of displayed traces in the DPX display. The Traces tab for the DPX display has two versions. One for non-Bitmap traces (described in this topic) and one for the DPX Bitmap trace
Traces tab (RSA6100B and RSA5100A with Option 200)
how recalled trace check box.
he top-left corner of the graph).
(see page 73).
Setting
Trace drop-down list
Show Species whether or not the trace shown in the Trace setting is displayed.
Freeze Halts updates to the selected trace.
Detection (RSA6100B and RSA5100A with Option 200)
Function
Save Trace As Saves the selected trace to a le for later recall and analysis.
Show Recalled Trace Displays a saved trace instead of a live trace.
Count Enables user adjustable number of averages. This setting is only present when Function
xxx
Description
Selects which trace to congure. The available traces are Bitmap, Trace 1, Trace 2, Trace 3, and Math (RSA6100B series and RSA5100A series with Option 200). For RSA5100A series instruments without Option 200, the available traces are Bitmap, +Peak detected, -Peak detected, Average, and Math.
Sets the Detection method used for the trace. Available detection methods are +Peak,
-Peak, and Avg (VRMS). Not all detection methods are available in all displays.
Selects the trace processing method. Available settings are: Normal, Average, and Hold.
= Average.
76 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing Traces Tab
Detection
Trace Detection occurs when the trace is being decimated by the measurement. For example, if the maximum number of trace points is 100,000, and the selected analysis region is 200,000 samples, the measurement must decimate the 200,000 resulting trace points by 2 to prevent exceeding the 100,000 trace point limit. (detect) the appropriate value to use.
Since only one value can be selected for each trace point, an algorithm must be used to select
The availab
le detection methods are:
+Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the positive peak value present in the set of
IQ samples
available to that trace point.
-Peak – Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the negative peak value present in the set of
IQ sample
Avg ( VRMS) [Average V
value fo
s available to that trace point.
] – Each point on the trace is the result of determining the RMS Voltage
RMS
r all of the IQ samples available to the trace point. When displayed in either linear (Volts, Watts) or Log (dB, dBm), the correct RMS value resu lts. When the averaging function is applied to a trace, the averaging is performed on the linear (Voltage) values, resulting in the correct average for RMS values.
NOTE. The Detection setting does not affect the trace until the spectrum length is longer than the Auto setting.
DPX Trace Process ing
Peak, -Peak, and Average traces can be processed to display in different ways. The Function setting
The + controls trace processing.
d - Displays the value in the trace record for each display point. Each new trace display point is
Hol
compared to the previous maximum value and the greater value is retained for display and subsequent comparisons. Available for traces using +Peak or -Peak detection.
Normal - Displays the trace record for each display point without additional processing. Available
for all detection selections.
Average - Default setting for the Average. Multiple traces are averaged together to generate the displayed trace. There is one vertical value for each underlying frequency data point. Once the specied number of traces have been acquired and averaged to generate the displayed trace, each new trace takes the place of the oldest trace in the calculation. The Count setting species how many traces are averaged. Available for traces using Average detection.
Trace averaging uses the exponential method. If Count = 10, the newest trace's contribution to the averaged trace is 10%. When Count is not checked, the algorithm assumes the maximum number of traces contributing to the average is
.
Saving Traces
To save a trace for late r analysis:
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 77
General Signal Viewing Traces Tab
1. Select the Save Trace As button. This displays the Save As dialog box.
2. Type a name for the saved trace and click Save.
Recalling Traces
You can recall a previously saved trace for comparison to a live trace. First, specify a trace for recall and second, enable Show Recalled Trace.
To select a trace for recall:
1. Click the ... button to display the Open dialog box.
2. Navigate to the desired le and click Open.
3. Check the Show Recalled Trace check box.
4. Verify that the trace's Show check box is selected (either on this tab or next to the drop-down list
located at the top-left corner of the graph).
78 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing Horiz & Vert Scale Tab
Horiz & Vert Scale Tab
The Horiz & Vert Scale tab allows you to change the vertical scale settings used for the Bitmap trace. Changing the scale settings changes how the trace appears on the display but does not change control settings suc
h as Measurement Frequency.
Setting
Vertical
Description
Controls the vertical position and scale of the trace display.
Scale Changes the vertical scale.
Offset Adjusts the Reference Level away from the top of the trace display.
Reset Scale Sets Scale to its default value and Offset to zero. Disabled when Units (Setup > Analysis
> Units) is set to Watts or Volts.
Autoscale
Resets the scale of the vertical axis to contain the complete trace. Disabled when Units (Setup > Analysis > Units) is set to Watts or Volts.
Horizontal
Controls the horizontal position and scale of the trace display.
Scale Changes the horizontal scale.
x
xx
Position
Autoscale
Adjusts the horizontal position of the signal. This does not change the center frequency.
Resets the scale of the horizontal ax is to contain the complete trace.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 79
General Signal Viewing Bitmap Scale Tab
Bitmap Scale Tab
The Bitmap Scale tab allows you to set the color sc heme used for the Bitmap trace. Changing the DPX bitmap Color, Max and Min scale settings changes how the trace appears o n the display but does not change contr
ol settings such as Measurement Frequency.
Setting
DPX Bitma
Curve Adjus
Auto
xxx
p (Signal Density)
Color Allows y
Max
Min
Color
Description
Controls
Sets the densities greater than this value.
Range: 1p% - 100%; Default: 100%.
Sets the hit density represented by the bottom of the color range. Range: 0 - 80%; Defau
= 1), or it can be set to concentrate the resolution on the lower level of the range (Curve >
1) or the mapping can be set to show the best resolution on the upper range of density or hi
Adju
the appearance and scale of the DPX Bitmap trace.
ou to select the color palette used for the DPX Bitmap trace.
hit density represented by the top of the color scale. "Clipping" occurs for
lt: 0.
ts how colors are mapped to the signal density. The mapping can be linear (Curve
t count (Curve < 1).
sts the Max and Min settings to display the broadest range of colors.
80 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing Amplitude Scale Tab
Amplitude Scale Tab
The Amplitude Scale tab allows you to change the vertical and horizontal scale settings, enable the 3-D Waterfall display, and set the color scheme used for the DPXogram trace.
Setting
Height
Description
Height controls apply only to the 3-D Waterfall display.
Scale Changes the vertical scale for trace Amplitude in the graph (not the vertical scale for
Time).
Position
Species the level displayed at the bottom edge of the graph. (Bottom front edge in the 3-D view).
Autoscale
Adjusts the vertical position bottom for linear units like Amps and Volts. Adjust the vertical position top for log units like dBm. dBm is the default.
3-D Waterfall Displays the DPXogram in a 3-D format.
Northeast
Shifts the perspective of the 3-D graph so that the oldest traces move back and to the right.
Northwest
Shifts the perspective of the 3-D graph so that the oldest traces move back and to the left.
Reset Scale Resets the Height and Color settings to their default values.
Color (DPXogram)
Color Displays a drop-down list that allows you to set the color scheme used for the DPXogram
trace.
Max
Min
xx x
Sets the power level represented by the top of the color scale.
Sets the power level represented by the bottom of the color scale.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 81
General Signal Viewing Time & Freq Scale Tab
Time & Freq Scale Tab
The Time and Freq Scale tab allows you to change the vertical and horizontal scale settings, set the time resolution and number of trace points of the DPXogram display.
Setting
Vertical (time)
Time/div For most Spectrogram applications. Primary time scale control is Time/div. Time
Position
Time at position
Reset Scale Sets the Time/div and Position settings to their default values.
Trace Points
Time resolution
Auto
Capacity Readout of the total length of time that can be captured. This readout is provided
Horizontal (frequency)
Scale Sets the displayed frequency range of the graph. This control affects only visual
Position
Autoscale
xxx
Description
scale can be zoomed in or out when acquisitions are stopped.
The position of the DPXOgram record at the bottom of the display. Position cannot be changed while acquisitions are active, and is reset to zero when acquisitions are started again.
Displays the time of the DPXogram line shown at the bottom of the graph. This time is relative to the Time Zero Reference of the current acquisition. If Position is set to a negative value, the Time at position readout will be blanked.
Sets the number of trace points computed for each DPXogram line. These are the points used for marker measurements and for results export.
Species the length of time represented by each line in the graph.
Sets the time represented by each line in the graph to be adjusted by the analyzer checked) or manually (when unchecked). W hen Auto is enabled, Time Resolution change based on Time/div.
so that you can see how changing the Trace Points and Time resolution affects the amount of data that can be captured. Capacity is represented in the format dd:hh:mm:ss.
scaling, and does not change the acquisition or analysis parameters.
Sets the frequency displayed at the center of the graph. Changing this value does not change the Frequency setting.
Sets the frequency scale to the Spectrogram Span value.
82 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing Density Tab - (RSA6100B and RSA5100A with Option 200)
Density Tab - (RSA6100B and RSA5100A with Option 200)
The Density tab species the parameters of the measurement box used for measuring average signal density of an area in the bitmap. The measurement box is also used by DPX Density triggering.
To measure the average signal density over a rectangular portion of the DPX bitmap, you c
an adjust the size and location of the measurement area using these controls, or by dragging the measurement box in the g raph. You move the box by dragging the readout. You adjust the size of the box by dragging the corners or edges.
Setting
Show Measurement Shows or hides the measurement box in the graph when Triggering is not set to DPX
Frequency
Amplitude
xxx
Description
Density. If Triggering is set to DPX Density, the measurement box is always visible.
Species the frequency at the center of the measurement box. The +/- value species the width of the measurement box.
Species the amplitude of the center of the measurement box. The +/- value species the height of the measurement box.
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 83
General Signal Viewing Tx BER Tab
Tx BER Tab
The Transmit Bit Error Rate Testing (Tx BER) function enables you to perform bit error rate testing on a modulated carrier. Tx B ER testing is accessed from the Tx BER tab of the DPX Frequency plot
page 70) displa
To measure Tx BER:
1. Select Freq and use the front panel knob or number keys to set the measurement frequency to the carrier frequency.
2. Select the Displays button or Setup > Displays.
3. From the Folders box in the Select Displays window, select General Signal Viewing.
4. Select DPX from the Available displays box.
5. Click the Add button. This will move the DPX icon to the Selected Displays box from the Available
displays box.
6. Click the OK button. This displays the DPX Spectrum view.
y settings.
(see
7. Select
8. Click the Settings icon or select Setup >Settings from the menu bar.
9. Set the Data Pattern as needed. Select User if you want specify a data pattern that is not shown
10. Set the RBW, at the left side of the display, so that it is high enough to pass the full frequency
11. Click the Enable BER checkbox so that it is checked.
the Frequency view from the Plot drop-down list on the left side of the graph.
in the Data Pattern drop-down list.
deviation of the modulated signal.
When you enable BER testing, the Tx BER readout will appear.
84 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
General Signal Viewing Tx BER Tab
Readout Description
Tx BER
BER
Bits
Error
xxx
Displays status of BER test. Status is either Sync or Active. Sync indicates the instrument is is in progress.
Readout of the Bit Error Rate.
Readout of the number of symbols counted.
Readout of the number of errors counted.
in the process of syncing with the data pattern. Active indicates that testing
Elements of the Tx BER Tab
Setting
Enable BER
Data pattern
Invert
Reverse (PRBS pattern only) Species whether or not the data pattern is in normal order or reversed.
Repeat (user pattern only) Select to specify the test duration for a User Pattern. A User Pattern test duration can be
...
xxx
Creating a User
A User Pattern le is a CSV le that denes the data pattern used in a signal. Use a User Pattern when your signal does not use one of the predened data patterns.
A User pattern is a user-dened xed pattern of arbitrary length up to 30 seconds in duration. The synchronization pattern (of length “n”) can be specied to be up to 32 bits, a nd is the rst " n" bits of the user's pattern. The test duration with User pattern can be one time through or repeating. If PRBS lengths other than PRBS-9, PRBS-11, or PRBS-15 are needed, the User pattern can be used in repeating mode to get any PRBS length up to PRBS-18.
The following table contains the keywords required in the User Pattern le. The keywords are specied in the listed order. The keywords are case insensitive.
Description
Starts and stops BER testing.
Species the data pattern as PRBS-9, PRBS-11, PRBS-15, or User dened.
Species whether the data pattern is normal or inverted.
one time through or it can repeat.
Use the ellipsis button to select a User Pattern le to specify a custom data pattern.
Pattern File
Keyword Value Description
[parameters]
Radix Hex, binary
[Trace]
Parameters group
Specify if the symbols are in hex or binary format. For example, the symbol data is: 4A (Hex), 01001010 (Binary)
Symbol group
RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help 85
General Signal Viewing Tx BER Tab
Keyword Value Description
NumberSymbols
16 – 491520
Total number of symbols including User and Sync symbols in the le.
NumberSyncSy
xxx
mbols
1–32
Number of Sync
symbols
The Sync symbols are specied immediately after the NumberSyncSymbols line, followed by the User symbols. Blank line is not allowed within the symbol data. The Tx BER measurement only supports 2FSK modulation, so the symbol data should be either 0 or 1.
When a user pattern is started, the circuit stays in the Sync state until the synchronization symbols are seen, it then enters the Active state. If the pattern is repeating, the circuit stays in the Active state. If the pattern is not repeating, after one time through the symbols, the Done state is entered.
The following text is an example of the content of a User Pattern le.
[Parameters]
Radix,Hex
[Trace]
NumberSymbols,16
NumberSyncSymbols,1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
86 RSA6100B Series & RSA5100A Series Printable Help
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