User Manual
MTD200
MPEG Test Decoder
070-9951-00
Copyright T ektronix, Inc. All rights reserved.
T ektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this publication supercedes
that in all previously published material. Specifications and price change privileges reserved.
Printed in the U.S.A.
T ektronix, Inc., P.O. Box 1000, Wilsonville, OR 97070–1000
TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of T ektronix, Inc.
WARRANTY
T ektronix warrants that the products that it manufactures and sells will be free from defects in materials and
workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the date of shipment. If a product proves defective during this
warranty period, T ektronix, at its option, either will repair the defective product without charge for parts and labor,
or will provide a replacement in exchange for the defective product.
In order to obtain service under this warranty, Customer must notify Tektronix of the defect before the expiration
of the warranty period and make suitable arrangements for the performance of service. Customer shall be
responsible for packaging and shipping the defective product to the service center designated by T ektronix, with
shipping charges prepaid. Tektronix shall pay for the return of the product to Customer if the shipment is to a
location within the country in which the T ektronix service center is located. Customer shall be responsible for
paying all shipping charges, duties, taxes, and any other charges for products returned to any other locations.
This warranty shall not apply to any defect, failure or damage caused by improper use or improper or inadequate
maintenance and care. T ektronix shall not be obligated to furnish service under this warranty a) to repair damage
resulting from attempts by personnel other than T ektronix representatives to install, repair or service the product;
b) to repair damage resulting from improper use or connection to incompatible equipment; c) to repair any
damage or malfunction caused by the use of non-T ektronix supplies; or d) to service a product that has been
modified or integrated with other products when the effect of such modification or integration increases the time
or difficulty of servicing the product.
THIS WARRANTY IS GIVEN BY TEKTRONIX IN LIEU OF ANY OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED. TEKTRONIX AND ITS VENDORS DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. TEKTRONIX’
RESPONSIBILITY TO REPAIR OR REPLACE DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS IS THE SOLE AND
EXCLUSIVE REMEDY PROVIDED TO THE CUST OMER FOR BREACH OF THIS WARRANTY.
TEKTRONIX AND ITS VENDORS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT , SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER TEKTRONIX OR
THE VENDOR HAS ADVANCE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
Table of Contents
General Safety Summary vii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preface ix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
Definitions and Standards 1–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transmission Scenario for DVB 1–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MPEG-2 Systems 1–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement Functions
Elements of Transport Stream Syntax 2–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of All Measurement Functions 2–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TS_Sync_Loss (1st priority) 2–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sync_byte_error (1st priority) 2–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAT_error (1st priority) 2–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PMT_error (1st priority) 2–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuity_count_error (1st priority) 2–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PID_error (1st priority) 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transport_error (2nd priority) 2–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CRC_error (2nd priority) 2–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PCR_error, PCR_accuracy_error (2nd priority) 2–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PTS_error (2nd priority) 2–15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CAT_error (2nd priority) 2–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SI_repetition_error (3rd priority) 2–17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT_error (3rd priority) 2–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unreferenced PID (3rd priority) 2–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preparation for Use
Legend for Front and Rear View 3–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Front Panel 3–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rear Panel 3–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 3–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Function T est (Power-on Test) 3–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manual Operation
Control Elements 4–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Operating Procedures 4–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Menus 4–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Remote Control
Brief Instructions 5–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Starting Remote Control 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Device-Dependent Messages (Commands and Responses) 5–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure and Syntax of Device-Dependent Messages 5–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Description of Commands 5–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
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Table of Contents
Measurement Parameters 5–42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrument Model and Command Processing 5–47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Status Reporting System 5–49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Set of Commands 5–60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Error Messages of Remote-Control Interface 5–63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Program Example 5–68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maintenance and Checking
Maintenance 6–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Checking 6–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix A: Interfaces
Synchronous Parallel Transport Stream Input – TS Parallel (LVDS) A–1. . . . . . . . .
Asynchronous Serial Transport Stream Input – TS ASI A–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Video Outputs A–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Audio Outputs A–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RS232 Interface – COM1 A–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interfaces for Descrambling and Flash ROM card A–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix B: Specifications Glossary Index
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MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
List of Figures
Table of Contents
Figure 1–1: Scenario for a DVB distribution network 1–4. . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1–2: Functions of a transport stream demultiplexer 1–5. . . . . . . .
Figure 1–3: PAT and PMT describe the contents
of a transport stream 1–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1–4: Transport packet 1–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1–5: Adaptation field 1–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1–6: PES header 1–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1–7: Program association section 1–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1–8: Program map section 1–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1–9: Conditional access section 1–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 1–10: Private section 1–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 2–1: Elements of the transport stream syntax 2–2. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 3–1: Slot for key card 3–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 3–2: Setting the audio level 3–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–1: Overview of control elements 4–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–2: Keypad 4–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–3: LC display 4–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–4: On screen display 4–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–5: Menu selection 4–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–6: 1-out-of-N selection 4–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–7: M-out-of-N selection 4–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–8: Entering numerals 4–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–9: Entering text 4–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–10: STATUS menu 4–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–11: MAIN menu 4–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–12: Overview of MAIN menu 4–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–13: Functions of MONITORING menu 4–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–14: Front-panel LEDs indicating parameters 4–11. . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–15: MONITORING/STATISTICS Menu 4–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–16: MONITORING/REPORT Menu 4–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–17: MONITORING/CONTROL menu 4–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–18: MONITORING/PARAMETER GROUP menu 4–15. . . . . .
Figure 4–19: MONITORING/LIMITS menu 4–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
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Table of Contents
Figure 4–20: MONITORING/DEFAULT LIMITS menu 4–17. . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–21: MONITORING/SELECT PROGRAM Menu 4–18. . . . . . . .
Figure 4–22: MONITORING/SELECTED PROGRAMS Menu 4–19. . . .
Figure 4–23: Interaction of DECODER functions 4–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–24: DECODER/SELECT PROGRAM menu:
Selecting a program via its name 4–21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–25: DECODER/SELECT PROGRAM
ELEMENT menu 4–23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–26: DECODER/VIDEO OUTPUT menu 4–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–27: DECODER/AUDIO OUTPUT menu 4–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–28: DECODER/MONITOR TYPE menu 4–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–29: Interaction of functions in the TS INPUT menu 4–27. . . . . .
Figure 4–30: TS INPUT/ROUTE menu 4–27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–31: TS INPUT/SYNC CONDITION menu 4–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–32: PRINT menu 4–29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–33: STORE CONFIG and RECALL CONFIG menu 4–31. . . . .
Figure 4–34: SETUP/ON SCREEN DISPLAY menu 4–32. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–35: SETUP/RS-232 menu 4–33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 4–36: SETUP/DATE+TIME menu 4–34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 5–1: Tree structure of SCPI command systems
(SYSTem shown as an example) 5–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 5–2: Instrument model with remote control
via RS-232 interface 5–47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 5–3: Status Register model 5–49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 5–4: Overview of Status Registers 5–52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 6–1: Removing covers 6–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 6–2: Front–panel screws 6–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 6–3: Withdrawing the module (Decoder board) 6–3. . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 6–4: Fixing RF cover 6–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 6–5: Location and poles of battery 6–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure A–1: Wiring diagram for software handshake A–8. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure A–2: Wiring diagram for hardware handshake A–9. . . . . . . . . . . .
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MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
List of Tables
Table of Contents
Table 1–1: PID and Table_ID for PSI / SI 1–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 2–1: Overview of measurement functions 2–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 2–2: Repetition rates for service information
according to DVB 2–17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 2–3: Overview of service information according to DVB guideline
ETS 300468 2–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 3–1: Legend for front view 3–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 3–2: Legend for rear view 3–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 3–3: LED-Codes during booting of equipment 3–9. . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 4–1: Limit values for parameters 4–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 4–2: Selectable video standards 4–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–1: Parameter Names of 1st Priority 5–42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–2: Parameter Names of 2nd Priority 5–43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–3: Parameter Names of 3rd Priority 5–44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–4: Error Numbers for Device-Internal Actions 5–45. . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–5: Parameter Names for Monitor Limits 5–46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–6: Synchronization with *OPC and *OPC? 5–48. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–7: Definition of bits in the Status Byte Register 5–53. . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–8: Definition of bits used in the Event Status Register 5–54. . . . .
Table 5–9: Definition of bits used in the
STATus:OPERation Register 5–55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–10: Definition of bits used in the
STATus:QUEStionable Register 5–56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–11: Definition of bits used in the
STATus:QUEStionable:DVMD Register 5–56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–12: Resetting the device functions 5–59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–13: Set of commands 5–60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–14: No error 5–63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–15: Command errors 5–63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–16: Execution error 5–65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–17: Device-Specific error 5–66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–18: Query error 5–67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5–19: Definitions of Library Calls 5–68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
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Table of Contents
Table A–1: Pin assignment of TS PARALLEL connector
(corresponding to DVB Document A010) A–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A–2: Pin assignment COM1 A–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A–3: Transmission speed settings COM1 A–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A–4: Parity settings COM1 A–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A–5: Data bit setting COM1 (fixed) A–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A–6: Stop bit setting COM1 (fixed) A–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A–7: Pace settings COM1 A–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A–8: Control characters of the RS-232 interface A–7. . . . . . . . . . .
Table A–9: Pin assignment of flash ROM card A–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A–10: Pin assignment of Descrambling card A–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table B–1: Input Signals B–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table B–2: Signal Inputs B–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table B–3: Signal Outputs B–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table B–4: Environmental Characteristics B–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table B–5: Certifications and compliances B–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table B–6: Power Characteristics B–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table B–7: Physical Characteristics B–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
General Safety Summary
Review the following safety precautions to avoid injury and prevent damage to
this product or any products connected to it. To avoid potential hazards, use this
product only as specified.
Only qualified personnel should perform service procedures.
To Avoid Fire or
Personal Injury
Use Proper Power Cord. Use only the power cord specified for this product and
certified for the country of use.
Use Proper V oltage Setting. Before applying power, ensure that the line selector is
in the proper position for the power source being used.
Connect and Disconnect Properly . Do not connect or disconnect probes or test
leads while they are connected to a voltage source.
Ground the Product. This product is grounded through the grounding conductor
of the power cord. To avoid electric shock, the grounding conductor must be
connected to earth ground. Before making connections to the input or output
terminals of the product, ensure that the product is properly grounded.
Observe All Terminal Ratings. To avoid fire or shock hazard, observe all ratings
and markings on the product. Consult the product manual for further ratings
information before making connections to the product.
Do not apply a potential to any terminal, including the common terminal, that
exceeds the maximum rating of that terminal.
Replace Batteries Properly. Replace batteries only with the proper type and rating
specified.
Do Not Operate Without Covers. Do not operate this product with covers or panels
removed.
Use Proper Fuse. Use only the fuse type and rating specified for this product.
Avoid Exposed Circuitry. Do not touch exposed connections and components
when power is present.
Wear Eye Protection. Wear eye protection if exposure to high-intensity rays or
laser radiation exists.
Do Not Operate With Suspected Failures. If you suspect there is damage to this
product, have it inspected by qualified service personnel.
Do Not Operate in Wet/Damp Conditions.
Do Not Operate in an Explosive Atmosphere.
Keep Product Surfaces Clean and Dry .
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
vii
General Safety Summary
Provide Proper Ventilation. Refer to the manual’s installation instructions for
details on installing the product so it has proper ventilation.
Symbols and Terms
T erms in this Manual. These terms may appear in this manual:
WARNING. Warning statements identify conditions or practices that could result
in injury or loss of life.
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damage to this product or other property.
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marking.
WARNING indicates an injury hazard not immediately accessible as you read the
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Symbols on the Product. The following symbols may appear on the product:
viii
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High Voltage
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CAUTION
Refer to Manual
Double
Insulated
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
Preface
This manual provides operating information for the MTD200 MPEG Test
Decoder and supports firmware version 2.02 and up. The manual is divided into
nine sections, containing the following information:
Section 1 contains introductory information about the digital TV transmis-
sion technique. It discusses definitions and standards pertinent to using the
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder.
Section 2 contains comprehensive descriptions of the measurement functions
available with the MPEG test decoder. Also discussed is using the lightemitting diodes (LEDs), the liquid crystal display (LCD), and an external,
on-screen display to view detected transport stream errors.
Section 3 discusses preparing the MPEG test decoder for use. This section
provides information about the front- and rear-panel controls and connectors.
It also contains information, such as setting up the unit, connecting a
monitor, configuring the unit, and a functional check.
Section 4 describes the basic functions of MPEG test decoder. The section
provides explanations of the controls in the cursor block and the menus.
Section 5 provides the information you need to remotely control the MPEG
test decoder. This section discusses topics such as the RS-232 interface and
the command set, switching between manual and remote operation, and
measurement parameters. The section also provides a sample program.
Section 6 lists the basic maintenance procedures that an operator can perform
and describes how to replace the battery.
Section 7 contains the following appendices:
Appendix A, additional information about interfaces.
Appendix B, specifications, compliances, and certifications for the
MPEG test decoder.
Section 8 is the glossary.
Section 9 is the index.
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
ix
Preface
Contacting Tektronix
Product
Support
Service
Support
For other
information
To write us Tektronix, Inc.
For application-oriented questions about a Tektronix measurement product, call toll free in North America:
1-800-TEK-WIDE (1-800-835-9433 ext. 2400)
6:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Pacific time
Or contact us by e-mail:
tm_app_supp@tek.com
For product support outside of North America, contact your
local Tektronix distributor or sales office.
Contact your local Tektronix distributor or sales office. Or visit
our web site for a listing of worldwide service locations.
http://www.tek.com
In North America:
1-800-TEK-WIDE (1-800-835-9433)
An operator will direct your call.
P.O. Box 1000
Wilsonville, OR 97070-1000
x
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
The MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder and the MTG200 MPEG Test Generator are
based on a completely new transmission technique that is currently being phased
in and has become known as the digital TV transmission technique. Not many
users of the above units will have sufficient knowledge about this new technique.
Therefore, this introductory chapter preceding the other sections of the manual is
provided to give an outline of the subject matter and to inform in detail about the
aspects relevant to the MPEG test generator and the MPEG test decoder.
The first section gives an overview of the relevant definitions and standards. The
keywords MPEG and DVB are focused upon.
The second section presents a possible transmission scenario. The fields of
application of the MPEG test generator and the MPEG test decoder are considered in particular.
The third section provides information about a special aspect of MPEG-2 (Part 1
/ Systems), which is of special interest with regard to the operation of MPEG test
generator and the MPEG test decoder.
Definitions and Standards
Digital TV transmission is understood to mean the transmission of moving
pictures, sound and data from the source to the destination using digital methods.
The goal is essentially to multiply the transmission capacity by minimizing the
redundancy as well as to obtain flexibility in quality (transmission standards) and
contents (any combination of vision, sound, and data).
Implementation is made in two steps: source coding and channel coding.
Source coding and multiplexing: First, data reduction for vision and sound is
performed. Next, compressed data streams together with additional data (for
example, teletext) have to be coded to a multiplex stream. Such multiplex
streams are generated by the MPEG test generator and evaluated by the MPEG
test decoder. The required methods are defined by MPEG-2. As for additional
data, MPEG only defines the basic syntax. The European DVB project stipulates
the additional data to be integrated into the multiplex stream and their form.
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
1–1
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
Channel coding and transmission: The transmission of compressed, almost
redundancy-free data streams, requires a high transmission quality or a bit error
rate approaching zero to ensure decoding. That is why a channel coding is
performed before the digital modulation methods QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying for satellite transmission) and QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
for transmission via cable). A certain number of bit errors can then be corrected
at the end of the transmission link. The methods for channel coding and
transmission are defined by the European DVB project.
MPEG-2
MPEG stands for Moving Pictures Experts Group. This standard committee
works on the coding of moving pictures and the associated sound. MPEG-2
(ISO/IEC 13818) defines a corresponding standard documentation describing the
compression of vision and sound data. Moreover, there is MPEG-1, which
describes the recording of video on CD, or MPEG-4 for the transmission of
pictures by means of very narrow band transmission channels. MPEG-3, which
was to define the distribution of high-resolution TV pictures, has finally become
a part of MPEG-2.
MPEG-2, which is subdivided into many sections, is exclusively relevant for this
manual. The following MPEG-2 sections are applicable to the MPEG test
generator and MPEG test decoder:
Part 1 / Systems
ISO/IEC 13818–1
Part 2 / Video
ISO/IEC 13818–2
Part 3 / Audio
ISO/IEC 13818–3
Part 4 / Conformance
ISO/IEC 13818–4
Multiplexing of several compressed vision and sound data
streams as well as of additional data streams to a transport
multiplex
Compression of vision data
Compression of sound data
Test procedure for compressed streams (encoder) and decoder
1–2
Part 9 / Real-Time Interface
Specification for Low Jitter
Applications
Elucidation regarding system-clock jitter during the distribution
of transport streams
The interface for the MPEG test generator and the MPEG test decoder is the
Transport Stream (TS). The composition and structure of this multiplex stream is
described in MPEG-2 Systems on page 1–5.
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
DVB
In addition to transmission methods based on the MPEG results, the European
DVB project (Digital Video Broadcast) established a number of additional
definitions that were stipulated as a standard by ETSI / CENELEC for standardization. The following standards are relevant for the MPEG test generator and
the MPEG test decoder:
ETS 300 468: Specification for Service Information (SI) in Digital Video Broadcast (DVB)
Systems
ETS 300 472: Specification for conveying ITU-R System B Teletext in Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB) Bit Streams
ETR 162: Allocation of Service Information (SI) codes for Digital Video Broadcasting
(DVB) Systems
ETR 211: Guidelines on implementation and usage of service information
ETR 290: Measurement Guidelines for DVB-Systems
DVB Technical Module:
Document A010: Interfaces for CATV / SMATV Headends and similar Professional Equipment
TM 1341 Common Interface Specification for Conditional Access and other Digital
Video Broadcasting Decoder Applications
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
1–3
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
Transmission Scenario for DVB
Figure 1–1 illustrates a possible transmission scenario for DVB. ‘TS’ indicates
the interfaces for the transport stream. The transport stream is the output and
input interface of the MPEG test generator and the MPEG test decoder. At any of
these interfaces, signals from the MPEG test generator can be fed in or applied to
the MPEG test decoder for analysis and decoding. A TS analysis is of vital
importance after every TS multiplexer. A program can run through several
multiplexers if, for example, programs from different transmission paths are
combined and sent on a new path.
Feed of terrestrial
transmitter
Programs
Video
Audio
Data
Video
Audio
Data
Transport
stream
multiplexer
TS = Transport stream interface
TS
Modulator
Receiver
TS
Transmultiplexer
TS Data
Video on
demand
server
Figure 1–1: Scenario for a DVB distribution network
Receiver
TS
Data
services
Processing
similar to
cable head
station
Cable head station
TS
Modulator
Terrestrial
reception
Direct satellite
reception
Broadband
cable (BK)
1–4
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
MPEG-2 Systems
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
This section describes the structure of a transport stream starting with decoding.
The individual steps required for decoding a program are illustrated and the
relevant elements of the data stream required are explained. Figure 1–2 presents
an overview of the steps involved. The following subsections describe the
decoding steps. The most important syntax elements are given in Figure 1–4
through Figure 1–10 starting on page 1–11.
Procedure
Transport stream
synchronization
Read-out of transport stream
contents
Accessing a program
Descrambling, if required
Synchronization
of a program
Required elements
of the data stream
Sync Byte 0x47
Program Specific Information (PSI)
(PAT + PMTs)
Packet IDentification
(PID)
transport_scrambling_control,
Conditional Access Table
(CAT)
Program Clock Reference (PCR),
time stamps of elementary streams
(PTS + DTS)
Decoding additional data
Figure 1–2: Functions of a transport stream demultiplexer
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
Service Information (SI)
1–5
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
Transport Stream
Synchronization and
Packet Identification
The transport stream as a multiplex stream has to receive data from different
elementary streams. The beginning of a new packet is marked by a sync byte
0x47. The packets of a transport stream have a fixed length of 188 bytes. The
value 0x47 is not exclusively reserved for the beginning of a packet. Thus, this
value does not always indicate a packet start.
To ensure stable synchronization, however, the repetitive occurrence of a sync
byte at 188-byte intervals must be checked. The hysteresis parameters define
how often the value 0x47 must occur at 188-byte intervals for the packet
synchronization to be considered locked or how often the sync byte must be
missing or the wrong for the packet synchronization to be declared lost.
The sync byte interval can also be 204 bytes (188 + 16 bytes). In this case, the
last 16 bytes originate from the channel coding (Reed-Solomon error protection).
Channel decoding has already taken place at the transport stream level so that the
16 bytes at the end of each packet do not carry any useful information. Only the
clock conversion from 204 to 188 bytes per packet duration has not been
performed.
A header with a length of four bytes precedes each transport stream packet. The
first byte of the header is the sync byte, as described above. If not all the bit
errors caused by transmission can be eliminated during channel decoding, the
Transport Error Indicator is set in the header of the packet concerned.
Contents of the Transport
Stream
Critical information for identifying a packet is the PID (Packet IDentification).
The PID is a field of 13 bits. It can thus have 8196 different values. A PID is
assigned to each substream such as a video or audio stream (not to a program).
Some PID values are fixed, such as value 0x000 for the PAT (see Contents of the
Transport Stream on page 1–6), value 0x0001 for the CAT (see Descrambling
on page 1–8), and value 0x1FFF for the so-called zero packets that do not
contain useful data but only dummy bytes.
The transport stream normally contains several programs consisting of several
elementary streams. The contents of the transport stream is described in the
Program Specific Information (PSI). Each transport stream contains a Program
Association Table (PAT) as well as one or several Program Map Tables (PMTs).
The PAT is contained in the transport stream packets with the PID 0x0000. It
refers to all the programs contained in the transport stream. The PAT indicates
the program number and the corresponding PID for the Program Map
Table (PMT).
The elementary streams (vision, sound, data) that belong to the individual
programs are described in a PMT. A PMT consists of one or several sections,
each describing a program.
1–6
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
TS
Header
TS Packet
PID 0x0000
Program
Association
Table
Program Number
program_map_PID
Program Number
program_map_PID
TS
Header
TS
Header
TS Packet
program_map_PID
Program
Map
Table
elementary_PID
elementary_PID
TS Packet
program_map_PID
Program
Map
Table
TS
Header
TS
Header
TS Packet
elementary_PID
Payload
elementary
stream
TS Packet
elementary_PID
Payload
elementary
stream
Access to a Program
elementary_PID
elementary_PID
Figure 1–3: PAT and PMT describe the contents of a transport stream
If the programs contain contending elementary streams, such as several audio
streams, a selection must be made. The packets of the selected elementary
streams identified by PID now must be conveyed from the demultiplexer to the
associated decoders.
Analyzing the Continuity Counter in the packet header permits checking whether
individual packets belonging to an elementary stream arrive completely and in
the correct order. The Continuity Counter is represented by the four least
significant bits of the last header bytes (bit 29 to bit 32 of each packet). The
value (0–15) is incremented with each new packet. Value 15 is followed by
a zero.
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
1–7
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
Two exceptions are permissible:
The Discontinuity Indicator is set in the Adaptation Field (for example,
during a program step). See Figure 1–5 on page 1–11. The Continuity
Counter can then have any value.
A packet may be transferred twice. The Continuity Counter must not be
incremented.
Descrambling
The received data can be scrambled. Scrambling is performed at the level of the
transport stream (TS) or of the packetized elementary stream (PES).
The corresponding header information (PES header or TS header) remains
unscrambled. If scrambling is required at the transport stream level, this also
includes the PES header, whereas the TS headers remain unscrambled in all
cases.
If a packet (TS packet or PES packet) is scrambled, this is indicated by the first
bit of the scrambling control field of the associated header (TS header or PES
header). The second bit in the scrambling control field is required, since the
scrambling code changes from time to time. This bit is set if a new scrambling
code is valid for the packet in question.
To be able to perform descrambling, the decoder requires specific control data
that are transmitted with the entitlement control messages (ECM) and the
entitlement management messages (EMM). The ECM contain the scrambling
codes and the EMM distribute the access authorizations for the receivers. ECM
and EMM are included and referred to in the program specific information (CAT
or PMT).
Descrambling is performed in a supplier-specific hardware, which can be
connected to the decoder via a DVB-defined interface.
Program Synchronization
1–8
In general, a program comprises several elementary streams. A common clock
reference is required to synchronize the decoding and display (or output) of the
individual elementary streams. This clock reference for each program comes as
Program Clock Reference (PCR) and is carried along in an elementary stream of
the program. To this effect, every 40 ms at maximum, the 4-byte header of a
transport packet is extended by an Adaptation Field (see Figure 1–5 on
page 1–11) which contains not only a variety of other signaling information that
cannot be dealt with here, but also the PCR. The Adaptation Field is always
unscrambled.
The PCR value (42 bits long) corresponds to the state of a counter with a
27 MHz clock at the time of arrival of the first TS-packet byte containing the
PCR value. It is used in the decoder for controlling the 27 MHz system clock
PLL. Thus, the synchronization of the multiplexer at the transmitter end and of
the demultiplexer at the receiver end is ensured.
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
The individual elementary streams contain time stamps, such as the Decoding
Time Stamps (DTS) and the Presentation Time Stamps (PTS), for synchronizing
the decoding and display of the individual elementary streams. The Packetized
Elementary streams (PES) are transmitted in packets with up to a length of
64 kBytes (more for video streams), which define a certain display length (e.g., a
picture in case of video streams). A header precedes each packet of an elementary stream (PES). The header also contains the DTS and PTS. If a transport
packet contains the beginning of a PES packet, the 10th bit (Payload Unit Start
Indicator) is set in the header of the transport packet.
The PTS / DTS value (33 bit) corresponds to the state of a 90 kHz counter and
refers to the 33 most significant bits of the PCR. The ratio of 27 MHz (PCR) to
90 kHz (PTS / DTS) is 300 and is attained by the fact that the 9 least significant
bits of PCR only count to 300 (instead of 512).
Two different time stamps (DTS and PTS) are provided, since the order of arrival
of the PES packets and their decoding does not always correspond to the order of
display (for instance during the transmission of difference pictures in video
streams). In many cases, only one PTS is available.
Service Information
The tables defined by the DVB project (see ETS 300 468) are to be seen as
service information. The information contained in these tables is not required for
decoding, but provides convenient access for the end user: it might be program
information for the viewer or control information for the decoder and units
connected to it.
In many cases, PSI (Program Specific Information) is also mentioned in
connection with SI (Service Information). PSI is already defined in MPEG-2 and
contains the above-mentioned tables PAT (Program Association Table), PMT
(Program Map Table), CAT (Conditional Access Table), and NIT (Network
Information Table). The latter contains data provided by the network operator for
tuning the receivers (for example, orbit positions or transponder numbers). The
CAT and NIT contents are specified by the DVB project (and not by MPEG).
Tables additionally defined by the DVB project are as follows:
BAT (Bouquet Association Table) contains information about the different
programs of a broadcaster irrespective of their propagation paths.
SDT (Service Description Table) describes the programs offered.
EIT (Event Information table) supplies the data base for an electronic TV
guide with information about the type of program and age classification for
the viewer.
RST (Running Status Table) contains status information about the individual
programs and especially serves for controlling video recorders.
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
1–9
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
TDT (Time and Date Table) provides information about date and current
time (UTC).
TOT (Time Offset Table) provides information about the local time offset in
addition to date and time.
ST (Stuffing Table) has no relevant contents. It is generated when invalid
tables are overwritten during transmission (for example, at cable headends).
The PIDs for the tables are predefined. The PMTs whose PIDs are defined in the
PAT are an exception. Each table has a table_id at the beginning of each table.
This table_id is required to transmit different tables with a single PID. The
interrelation of table type, PID and table_id is shown in Table 1–1.
T able 1–1: PID and Table_ID for PSI / SI
Table PID Table_ID
PAT 0x0000 0x00
PMT 0x0020 to 0x1FFE 0x02
CA T 0x0001 0x01
NIT 0x0010 0x40 to 0x41
BA T 0x0011 0x4A
SDT 0x0011 0x42, 0x46
EIT 0x0012 0x4E to 0x6F
RST 0x0013 0x71
TDT 0x0014 0x70
TOT 0x0014 0x73
ST 0x0010 to 0x0014 0x72
1–10
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
Syntax Diagrams
Transport packets
188 bytes
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
transport
priority
header
payload
PID transport
scrambling
control
header
sync
transport
byte
error
indicator
8 1 1 1 13 2 2 4
payload
payload
unit start
indicator
header
adaptation
field
control
Figure 1–4: Transport packet
adaptation
field
length
811
PCR
42 8 8 8
OPCR
42
discontinuity
indicator
splice
countdown
random
access
indicator
transport
private
data
length
elementary
stream
priority
indicator
1
transport
private
data
5 flags optional
5
adaptation
field
extension
length
fields
3 flags optional
payload
continuity
counter
3
adaptation
field
to Figure 1-5
stuffing
bytes
fields
ltw_valid
flag
1
Figure 1–5: Adaptation field
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
ltw
offset
15 2
piecewise
rate
22 33
splice
type
4
DTS_next_au
1–11
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
packet
start
code
prefix
’10’
scrambling
control
211
2 m*8
PES
priority
data
alignment
indicator
copyright original
ESCR
PTS
DTS
33
33
PES
private
data
128 8 16 7
stream
id
1
ES
rate
42
pack
header
field
8
PES
packet
length
824 16
7 flagsPES
or copy
1
DMS trick
mode
22 8 7
program
packer
seq cntr
optional
PES
HEADER
8 8
additional
copy info
P-STD
buffer
PES
header
data
length
PES packet data bytes
optional
fields
previous
PES
CRC
16
5 flags
PES
extension
field
length
PES
extension
PES
extension
field data
stuffing
bytes
(0xFF)
optional
fields
Figure 1–6: PES header
table
id
section
syntax
indicator
81 16
’0’
1 12
section
length
2
transport
stream
id
program
number 0
Figure 1–7: Program association section
1–12
version
number
2
16 16
current
next
indicator
5 32
network
PID
813
section
number
1
progrm
... ...
number i
last
section
number
88
313
N
loop
program
map
PID_i
CRC
32
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
table
section
id
syntax
indicator
81 16
1 12
section
’0’
length
2
program
number
2
Figure 1–8: Program map section
table
section
id
syntax
indicator
81 16
1 12
section
’0’
length
2
Figure 1–9: Conditional access section
version
number
version
number
5 8 32
current
next
indicator
5 8 13
current
next
indicator
1
section
number
1
section
number
last
section
number
8 4
last
section
number
8
PCR
PID
stream
type
812
N
loop
descriptors
program
info
length
elementary
PID
3
CRC
32
N loop
descriptorsNloop
ES info
length
413
CRC_32
32
N
loop
descriptors
table
section
id
syntax
indicator
81
table
id
extensions
private
indicator
1122
N private data bytes
version
number
16 1
288
532
Figure 1–10: Private section
private
section
length
current
next
indicator
section
number
last
section
number
N
private
data
CRC
32
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
1–13
Introduction to Digital TV Transmission Technique
1–14
MTD200 MPEG Test Decoder User Manual
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