Tektronix KPCI-3108 Primary User

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KPCI-3108 Series PCI Bus Data Acquisition Board

User’s Manual

A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE

WARRANTY

Hardware

Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants that, for a period of three (3) years from the date of shipment, the Keithley Hardware product will be free from defects in materials or workmanship. This warranty will be honored provided the defect has not been caused by use of the Keithley Hardware not in accordance with the instructions for the product. This warranty shall be null and void upon: (1) any modiﬁcation of Keithley Hardware that is made by other than Keithley and not approved in writing by Keithley or (2) operation of the Keithley Hardware outside of the environmental speciﬁcations therefore.

Upon receiving notiﬁcation of a defect in the Keithley Hardware during the warranty period, Keithley will, at its option, either repair or replace such Keithley Hardware. During the ﬁrst ninety days of the warranty period, Keithley will, at its option, supply the necessary on site labor to return the product to the condition prior to the notiﬁcation of a defect. Failure to notify Keithley of a defect during the warranty shall relieve Keithley of its obligations and liabilities under this warranty.

Other Hardware

The portion of the product that is not manufactured by Keithley (Other Hardware) shall not be covered by this warranty, and Keithley shall have no duty of obligation to enforce any manufacturers' warranties on behalf of the customer. On those other manufacturers’ products that Keithley purchases for resale, Keithley shall have no duty of obligation to enforce any manufacturers’ warranties on behalf of the customer.

Software

Keithley warrants that for a period of one (1) year from date of shipment, the Keithley produced portion of the software or ﬁrmware (Keithley Software) will conform in all material respects with the published speciﬁcations provided such Keithley Software is used on the product for which it is intended and otherwise in accordance with the instructions therefore. Keithley does not warrant that operation of the Keithley Software will be uninterrupted or error-free and/or that the Keithley Software will be adequate for the customer's intended application and/or use. This warranty shall be null and void upon any modiﬁcation of the Keithley Software that is made by other than Keithley and not approved in writing by Keithley.

If Keithley receives notiﬁcation of a Keithley Software nonconformity that is covered by this warranty during the warranty period, Keithley will review the conditions described in such notice. Such notice must state the published speciﬁcation(s) to which the Keithley Software fails to conform and the manner in which the Keithley Software fails to conform to such published speciﬁcation(s) with sufﬁcient speciﬁcity to permit Keithley to correct such nonconformity. If Keithley determines that the Keithley Software does not conform with the published speciﬁcations, Keithley will, at its option, provide either the programming services necessary to correct such nonconformity or develop a program change to bypass such nonconformity in the Keithley Software. Failure to notify Keithley of a nonconformity during the warranty shall relieve Keithley of its obligations and liabilities under this warranty.

Other Software

OEM software that is not produced by Keithley (Other Software) shall not be covered by this warranty, and Keithley shall have no duty or obligation to enforce any OEM's warranties on behalf of the customer.

Other Items

Keithley warrants the following items for 90 days from the date of shipment: probes, cables, rechargeable batteries, diskettes, and documentation.

Items not Covered under Warranty

This warranty does not apply to fuses, non-rechargeable batteries, damage from battery leakage, or problems arising from normal wear or failure to follow instructions.

Limitation of Warranty

This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from product modiﬁcation made by Purchaser without Keithley's express written consent, or by misuse of any product or part.

Disclaimer of Warranties

EXCEPT FOR THE EXPRESS WARRANTIES ABOVE KEITHLEY DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. KEITHLEY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE OTHER HARDWARE AND OTHER SOFTWARE.

Limitation of Liability

KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS SHALL IN NO EVENT, REGARDLESS OF CAUSE, ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR OR BE LIABLE FOR: (1) ECONOMICAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES, WHETHER CLAIMED UNDER CONTRACT, TORT OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY, (2) LOSS OF OR DAMAGE TO THE CUSTOMER'S DATA OR PROGRAMMING, OR (3) PENALTIES OR PENALTY CLAUSES OF ANY DESCRIPTION OR INDEMNIFICATION OF THE CUSTOMER OR OTHERS FOR COSTS, DAMAGES, OR EXPENSES RELATED TO THE GOODS OR SERVICES PROVIDED UNDER THIS WARRANTY.

Keithley Instruments, Inc. 28775 Aurora Road • Cleveland, Ohio 44139 • 440-248-0400 • Fax: 440-248-6168

1-888-KEITHLEY (534-8453) • www.keithley.com

Sales Ofﬁces:BELGIUM: Bergensesteenweg 709 • B-1600 Sint-Pieters-Leeuw • 02-363 00 40 • Fax: 02/363 00 64

CHINA: Yuan Chen Xin Building, Room 705 • 12 Yumin Road, Dewai, Madian • Beijing 100029 • 8610-6202-2886 • Fax: 8610-6202-2892 FINLAND: Tietäjäntie 2 • 02130 Espoo • Phone: 09-54 75 08 10 • Fax: 09-25 10 51 00 FRANCE: 3, allée des Garays • 91127 Palaiseau Cédex • 01-64 53 20 20 • Fax: 01-60 11 77 26 GERMANY: Landsberger Strasse 65 • 82110 Germering • 089/84 93 07-40 • Fax: 089/84 93 07-34 GREAT BRITAIN: Unit 2 Commerce Park, Brunel Road • Theale • Berkshire RG7 4AB • 0118 929 7500 • Fax: 0118 929 7519 INDIA: Flat 2B, Willocrissa • 14, Rest House Crescent • Bangalore 560 001 • 91-80-509-1320/21 • Fax: 91-80-509-1322 ITALY: Viale San Gimignano, 38 • 20146 Milano • 02-48 39 16 01 • Fax: 02-48 30 22 74 JAPAN: New Pier Takeshiba North Tower 13F • 11-1, Kaigan 1-chome • Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0022 • 81-3-5733-7555 • Fax: 81-3-5733-7556 KOREA: 2FL., URI Building • 2-14 Yangjae-Dong • Seocho-Gu, Seoul 137-888 • 82-2-574-7778 • Fax: 82-2-574-7838 NETHERLANDS: Postbus 559 • 4200 AN Gorinchem • 0183-635333 • Fax: 0183-630821 SWEDEN: c/o Regus Business Centre • Frosundaviks Allé 15, 4tr • 169 70 Solna • 08-509 04 679 • Fax: 08-655 26 10 SWITZERLAND: Kriesbachstrasse 4 • 8600 Dübendorf • 01-821 94 44 • Fax: 01-820 30 81 TAIWAN: 1FL., 85 Po Ai Street • Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. • 886-3-572-9077• Fax: 886-3-572-9031

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KPCI-3108 Series

PCI Bus Data Acquisition Boards

User’s Manual

Windows and WindowsNT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

DriverLINX is a registered trademark of Scientiﬁc Software Tools, Inc.

Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Fifth Printing, November 2001

Document Number: 98080 Rev. E

Manual Print History

The print history shown below lists the printing dates of all Revisions and Addenda created for this manual. The Revision Level letter increases alphabetically as the manual undergoes subsequent updates. Addenda, which are released between Revisions, contain important change information that the user should incorporate immediately into the manual. Addenda are numbered sequentially. When a new Revision is created, all Addenda associated with the previous Revision of the manual are incorporated into the new Revision of the manual. Each new Revision includes a revised copy of this print history page.

Revision A (Document Number 98080)....................................................................................................July 1999

Revision B (Document Number 98080) ...............................................................................................August 1999

Revision C (Document Number 98080) ..........................................................................................November 1999

Revision D (Document Number 98080)..............................................................................................October 2000

Revision E (Document Number 98080)...........................................................................................November 2001

All Keithley product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

Safety Precautions

The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions may be present.

This product is intended for use by qualiﬁed personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance information carefully before using the product. Refer to the manual for complete product speciﬁcations.

If the product is used in a manner not speciﬁed, the protection provided by the product may be impaired.

The types of product users are:

Responsible body is the individual or group responsible for the use

and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring that the equipment is operated within its speciﬁcations and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained.

Operators use the product for its intended function. They must be

trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the instrument. They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.

Maintenance personnel perform routine procedures on the product

to keep it operating properly, for example, setting the line voltage or replacing consumable materials. Maintenance procedures are described in the manual. The procedures explicitly state if the operator may perform them. Otherwise, they should be performed only by service personnel.

Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, and perform

safe installations and repairs of products. Only properly trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures.

Keithley products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Installation Category I and Installation Category II, as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 60664. Most measurement, control, and data I/O signals are Installation Category I and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high transient over-voltages. Installation Category II connections require protection for high transient over-voltages often associated with local AC mains connections. Assume all measurement, control, and data I/O connections are for connection to Category I sources unless otherwise marked or described in the Manual.

Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present. Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test ﬁxtures. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than 30V RMS, 42.4V peak, or 60VDC are present. A good safety practice is to expect

that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown circuit before measuring.

Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that operators are prevented access and/or insulated from every connection point. In some cases, connections must be exposed to potential human contact. Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock. If the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000 volts, no conductive part of

the circuit may be exposed.

Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits. They are intended to be used with impedance limited sources. NEVER connect switching cards directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to switching cards, install protective devices to limit fault current and voltage to the card.

Before operating an instrument, make sure the line cord is connected to a properly grounded power receptacle. Inspect the connecting cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.

When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted, such as rack mounting, a separate main input power disconnect device must be provided, in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator.

For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under test. ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before: connecting or disconnecting cables or jumpers, installing or removing switching cards, or making internal changes, such as installing or removing jumpers.

Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line (earth) ground. Always make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry, insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being measured.

The instrument and accessories must be used in accordance with its speciﬁcations and operating instructions or the safety of the equipment may be impaired.

Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories, as deﬁned in the speciﬁcations and operating information, and as shown on the instrument or test ﬁxture panels, or switching card.

When fuses are used in a product, replace with same type and rating for continued protection against ﬁre hazard.

Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground connections.

If you are using a test ﬁxture, keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation requires the use of a lid interlock.

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If or is present, connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation.

The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating instructions located in the manual.

The symbol on an instrument shows that it can source or measure 1000 volts or more, including the combined effect of normal and common mode voltages. Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.

The WARNING heading in a manual explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death. Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

The CAUTION heading in a manual explains hazards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may invalidate the warranty.

Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans. Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and

all test cables.

To maintain protection from electric shock and ﬁre, replacement components in mains circuits, including the power transformer, test leads, and input jacks, must be purchased from Keithley Instruments. Standard fuses, with applicable national safety approvals, may be used if the rating and type are the same. Other components that are not safety related may be purchased from other suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component. (Note that selected parts should be purchased only through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and functionality of the product.) If you are unsure about the applicability of a replacement component, call a Keithley Instruments ofﬁce for information.

To clean an instrument, use a damp cloth or mild, water based cleaner. Clean the exterior of the instrument only. Do not apply cleaner directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument. Products that consist of a circuit board with no case or chassis (e.g., data acquisition board for installation into a computer) should never require cleaning if handled according to instructions. If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected, the board should be returned to the factory for proper cleaning/servicing.

1 Overview

Preface ................................................................................................................................................................ 1-2

How the manual is organized ..................................................................................................................... 1-2

How to distinguish special text items ........................................................................................................ 1-3

How to move around the electronic version of the manual ....................................................................... 1-3

Hardware characteristics .................................................................................................................................... 1-4

Specifications ..................................................................................................................................................... 1-5

System requirements .......................................................................................................................................... 1-6

Software ............................................................................................................................................................. 1-6

Accessories ......................................................................................................................................................... 1-7

2 Functional Description

Analog input features ......................................................................................................................................... 2-3

Understanding and choosing analog input modes ...................................................................................... 2-3

Throughput ................................................................................................................................................. 2-8

Data conversion modes ............................................................................................................................ 2-12

Clock sources ........................................................................................................................................... 2-13

Triggers .................................................................................................................................................... 2-14

Gates ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-19

Analog output features ..................................................................................................................................... 2-21

Digital input and output features ...................................................................................................................... 2-22

General-purpose digital inputs and outputs .............................................................................................. 2-22

Multi-function digital inputs and outputs ................................................................................................. 2-23

Counter/timer features ...................................................................................................................................... 2-28

Counter/timer general discussion ............................................................................................................. 2-28

Counter/timer operational modes ............................................................................................................. 2-30

Power ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-33

3 lnstallation

Installing the software ........................................................................................................................................ 3-2

Software options ......................................................................................................................................... 3-2

Installing DriverLINX ................................................................................................................................ 3-4

Installing application software and drivers ................................................................................................. 3-4

Installing and wiring to the KPCI-3108 board ................................................................................................... 3-5

Installing the board ..................................................................................................................................... 3-6

Checking the combined board and DriverLINX installations .................................................................... 3-7

Identifying I/O connector pin assignments for KPCI-3108 ....................................................................... 3-8

Connecting interface accessories to a KPCI-3108 board ......................................................................... 3-12

Wiring analog input signals ...................................................................................................................... 3-28

Wiring analog output signals (KPCI-3108 board only) ........................................................................... 3-34

Wiring digital input and output signals .................................................................................................... 3-35

Synchronizing multiple boards ................................................................................................................. 3-42

Wiring +5V power to external circuits ..................................................................................................... 3-43

4 DriverLINX Test Panels

DriverLINX Analog I/O Panel ........................................................................................................................... 4-2

Starting the Analog I/O Panel ..................................................................................................................... 4-5

Using the Analog I/O panel ........................................................................................................................ 4-6

DriverLINX Calibration Utility .......................................................................................................................... 4-6

5 Calibration

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 5-2

Objectives ................................................................................................................................................... 5-2

Calibration summary .................................................................................................................................. 5-2

Equipment ................................................................................................................................................... 5-2

Calibration procedure ......................................................................................................................................... 5-3

Preparing for the calibrations ..................................................................................................................... 5-3

Calibrating the analog inputs ...................................................................................................................... 5-5

Calibrating the analog outputs .................................................................................................................... 5-6

6 Troubleshooting

Identifying symptoms and possible causes ......................................................................................................... 6-2

Systematic problem isolation ............................................................................................................................. 6-3

Problem isolation Scheme A: basic system ................................................................................................ 6-4

Problem isolation Scheme B: installation ................................................................................................... 6-8

Problem isolation Scheme C: application software .................................................................................. 6-20

Problem isolation Scheme D: expansion slot connectors ......................................................................... 6-23

Problem isolation Scheme E: user wiring ................................................................................................ 6-24

Problem isolation Scheme F: the board .................................................................................................... 6-25

Problem isolation Scheme G: verification of problem solution ............................................................... 6-26

Specified hardware I/O tests ............................................................................................................................. 6-27

Analog input hardware test ....................................................................................................................... 6-27

Analog output hardware test ..................................................................................................................... 6-32

General-purpose digital I/O hardware test ............................................................................................... 6-36

Specified software I/O tests ............................................................................................................................. 6-44

Analog input software test ....................................................................................................................... 6-44

Analog output software test ..................................................................................................................... 6-46

General-purpose digital I/O software test ................................................................................................ 6-49

Technical support ............................................................................................................................................. 6-55

A Speciﬁcations

Analog inputs .................................................................................................................................................... A-2

Analog outputs .................................................................................................................................................. A-5

Clock/Timer ...................................................................................................................................................... A-6

Digital I/O ......................................................................................................................................................... A-6

Auxiliary High-Current Digital I/O .................................................................................................................. A-7

Power ................................................................................................................................................................ A-7

Environment ...................................................................................................................................................... A-7

Accessories ........................................................................................................................................................ A-8

B Glossary

iii

List of Illustrations

2 Functional Description

Figure 2-1 Block diagram of KPCI-3108 board .......................................................................................................... 2-2

Figure 2-2 Multiplexing of 16 input terminals in mixed differential and single-ended termination modes ............... 2-5

Figure 2-3 Channel-gain queue example ..................................................................................................................... 2-8

Figure 2-4 Paced mode and burst mode timing for a queue of channels 4 to 7 ......................................................... 2-12

Figure 2-5 Examples of analog trigger conditions ..................................................................................................... 2-15

Figure 2-6 Enabling conversions with software triggers ........................................................................................... 2-16

Figure 2-7 Enabling conversions with hardware triggers .......................................................................................... 2-17

Figure 2-8 Trigger acquisition modes ........................................................................................................................ 2-19

Figure 2-9 Enabling conversions with gates .............................................................................................................. 2-20

Figure 2-10 Timing for the generation of TGOUT ...................................................................................................... 2-26

Figure 2-11 Counter/timer I/O available on KPCI-3108 boards ................................................................................. 2-28

Figure 2-12 Using counter/timers for internal pacer-clock .......................................................................................... 2-29

Figure 2-13 Pulse-on-terminal-count counter/timer mode .......................................................................................... 2-30

Figure 2-14 Programmable one-shot counter/timer mode ........................................................................................... 2-31

Figure 2-15 Rate-generator counter/timer mode .......................................................................................................... 2-31

Figure 2-16 Square-wave generator counter/timer mode ............................................................................................ 2-32

Figure 2-17 Software-triggered strobe counter/timer mode ........................................................................................ 2-32

Figure 2-18 Hardware-triggered strobe counter/timer mode ....................................................................................... 2-33

3 lnstallation

Figure 3-1 Connectors on the KPCI-3108 board ......................................................................................................... 3-5

Figure 3-2 Pin assignments for KPCI-3108 upper “Analog” I/O connector pin ......................................................... 3-8

Figure 3-3 Pin assignments for KPCI-3108 lower “Digital” I/O connector pins ...................................................... 3-10

Figure 3-4 Connecting STP-36 screw terminal accessories ...................................................................................... 3-14

Figure 3-5 Upper “Analog” screw terminal assignments .......................................................................................... 3-15

Figure 3-6 Lower “Digital” screw terminal assignments .......................................................................................... 3-16

Figure 3-7 Connecting STP-36CJC screw terminal accessories ................................................................................ 3-17

Figure 3-8 Connecting an EXP-1800 channel-expansion accessory and an STA-3108-A1 accessory ..................... 3-18

Figure 3-9 Connecting an MB-01 or MB-05 signal-conditioning accessory and an STA-3108-A2 accessory ........ 3-20

Figure 3-10 Connecting an STA-MB signal-conditioning accessory and an STA-3108-A2 accessory ...................... 3-20

Figure 3-11 Connecting MB-02 signal-conditioning/channel-expansion accessories and

an STA-3108-A3 accessory ............................................................................................................... 3-23

Figure 3-12 Connecting digital I/O accessories and an STA-3108-D1 accessory ....................................................... 3-25

Figure 3-13 Analog and digital ground path ................................................................................................................ 3-28

Figure 3-14 Wiring a signal source to a board configured for single-ended inputs .................................................... 3-29

Figure 3-15 Wiring a floating signal source to differential inputs: three common examples ..................................... 3-30

Figure 3-16 Satisfactory differential input connections that avoid a ground loop with ground-referenced signals .... 3-32

Figure 3-17 Improper differential input connection, which creates a ground loop error ............................................ 3-33

Figure 3-18 Analog and digital ground path ................................................................................................................ 3-34

Figure 3-19 Analog and digital ground path ................................................................................................................ 3-36

Figure 3-20 Contact de-bounce circuit ......................................................................................................................... 3-36

Figure 3-21 Two connection schemes for synchronizing multiple boards .................................................................. 3-42

Figure 3-22 Analog and digital ground path ................................................................................................................ 3-44

4 DriverLINX Test Panels

Figure 4-1 Analog I/O Panel oscilloscope utility ......................................................................................................... 4-2

Figure 4-2 Analog I/O Panel digital voltmeter utility .................................................................................................. 4-3

Figure 4-3 Analog I/O Panel function generator utility ............................................................................................... 4-3

Figure 4-4 Analog I/O Panel output level control utility ............................................................................................. 4-4

Figure 4-5 The Analog I/O Panel digital I/O utility ..................................................................................................... 4-4

Figure 4-6 Analog I/O Panel setup screen similar to the screen that appears when only a KPCI-3108 board is

installed under DriverLINX ................................................................................................................. 4-5

5 Calibration

Figure 5-1 The Select DriverLINX Device dialog box ................................................................................................ 5-3

Figure 5-2 KPCI-3108 calibration utility ..................................................................................................................... 5-4

Figure 5-3 A/D calibration dialog box ......................................................................................................................... 5-5

Figure 5-4 D/A Calibration dialog box ........................................................................................................................ 5-6

6 Troubleshooting

Figure 6-1 Problem isolation Scheme A: basic system ................................................................................................ 6-5

Figure 6-2 Problem isolation Scheme B: installation ................................................................................................... 6-9

Figure 6-3 Analog I/O Panel setup screen example with only KPCI-3108 boards installed ..................................... 6-10

Figure 6-4 Analog I/O Panel example setup screen with multiple board types installed .......................................... 6-11

Figure 6-5 Listing of improperly configured/installed KPCI-3108 board ................................................................. 6-12

Figure 6-6 Appearance of device manager listing when KPCI-3108 board is properly configured/installed ........... 6-13

Figure 6-7 Example of a DriverLINX Configuration Panel before a KPCI-3108 board is configured ..................... 6-14

Figure 6-8 Example of a DriverLINX Configuration Panel after a KPCI-3108 board is configured ........................ 6-14

Figure 6-9 Selecting the logical device number ......................................................................................................... 6-16

Figure 6-10 Configure DriverLINX Device dialog box example ................................................................................ 6-16

Figure 6-11 Device Change message ........................................................................................................................... 6-17

Figure 6-12 Problem isolation Scheme C: application software .................................................................................. 6-20

Figure 6-13 Problem isolation Scheme D: expansion slot connectors ......................................................................... 6-23

Figure 6-14 Problem isolation Scheme E: user wiring ................................................................................................ 6-24

Figure 6-15 Problem isolation Scheme F: the board .................................................................................................... 6-25

Figure 6-16 Problem isolation Scheme G: verification of problem solution ............................................................... 6-26

Figure 6-17 Analog I/O Panel setup screen example ................................................................................................... 6-29

Figure 6-18 On-screen digital voltmeter display example: channel 0 connected to ground ........................................ 6-30

Figure 6-19 On-screen digital voltmeter display example: channel 1 connected to flashlight battery ........................ 6-31

Figure 6-20 Analog I/O Panel setup screen example when only a KPCI-3108 board is installed

under DriverLINX ............................................................................................................................. 6-33

Figure 6-21 On-screen analog-output level control ..................................................................................................... 6-34

Figure 6-22 Channel and bit numbers for STP-36 screw terminal accessory .............................................................. 6-36

Figure 6-23 Loop-back wiring for general-purpose digital I/O hardware and software test ....................................... 6-37

Figure 6-24 Analog I/O Panel setup screen when only a KPCI-3108 board is installed under DriverLINX .............. 6-39

Figure 6-25 The on-screen digital I/O controller ......................................................................................................... 6-39

Figure 6-26 Configuring the digital I/O channels as inputs and outputs ..................................................................... 6-41

Figure 6-27 Configuring channel 1 for output bit pattern A ........................................................................................ 6-41

Figure 6-28 Proper response of channel 4 input bits when channel 1 output bits are set to bit pattern A ................... 6-41

Figure 6-29 Configuring channel 2 for output bit pattern A ........................................................................................ 6-42

Figure 6-30 Proper response of channel 3 input bits when channel 2 output bits are set to bit pattern A ................... 6-42

Figure 6-31 Configuring channel 1 for output bit pattern B ........................................................................................ 6-43

Figure 6-32 Proper response of channel 4 bits when channel 1 output bits are set to bit pattern B ............................ 6-43

Figure 6-33 Configuring channel 2 for output bit pattern B ........................................................................................ 6-43

Figure 6-34 Proper response of channel 3 bits when channel 2 output bits are set to bit pattern B ............................ 6-44

Figure 6-35 Channel and bit numbers for STP-36 screw terminal accessories ........................................................... 6-49

Figure 6-36 Loop-back wiring for general-purpose digital I/O hardware and software test ....................................... 6-50

Figure 6-37 Configuring channel 1 for output bit pattern A ........................................................................................ 6-52

Figure 6-38 Proper response of channel 4 bits when channel 1 output bits are set to bit pattern A ............................ 6-52

Figure 6-39 Configuring channel 2 for output bit pattern A ........................................................................................ 6-52

Figure 6-40 Proper response of channel 3 bits when channel 2 output bits are set to bit pattern A ............................ 6-53

Figure 6-41 Configuring channel 1 for output bit pattern B ........................................................................................ 6-53

Figure 6-42 Proper response of channel 4 bits when channel 1 output bits are set to bit pattern B ............................ 6-53

Figure 6-43 Configuring channel 2 for output bit pattern B ........................................................................................ 6-54

Figure 6-44 Proper response of channel 3 bits when channel 2 output bits are set to bit pattern B ............................ 6-54

vii

List of Tables

1 Overview

Table 1-1 System requirements .................................................................................................................................. 1-6

Table 1-2 Channel-expansion, signal conditioning, and digital I/O accessories ........................................................ 1-7

Table 1-3 Screw-terminal accessories and adapter/screw-terminal accessories ........................................................ 1-8

Table 1-4 Cables used to interconnect the accessories ............................................................................................... 1-9

2 Functional Description

Table 2-1 Gains, ranges, and resolutions for a KPCI-3108 board .............................................................................. 2-7

Table 2-2 Maximum throughput for channel-to-channel sampling at fixed gain ..................................................... 2-11

Table 2-3 Analog output ranges and resolutions ...................................................................................................... 2-21

Table 2-4 Specific bit assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital inputs ............................................ 2-23

Table 2-5 Specific bit assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital outputs .......................................... 2-24

3 lnstallation

Table 3-1 Signal descriptions for “Analog” I/O connector pins and screw-terminals ............................................... 3-9

Table 3-2 Signal descriptions for “Digital” I/O connector pins and screw-terminals .............................................. 3-11

Table 3-3 CAB-1284CC Series cables ..................................................................................................................... 3-15

Table 3-4 Connections of EXP-1800 channel-expansion accessory and other accessories

needed to a KPCI-3108 board ........................................................................................................... 3-18

Table 3-5 Pin-to-pin correspondence between upper “Analog” connector and 50-pin accessory ........................... 3-19

Table 3-6 Connections of accessories to a KPCI-3108 board .................................................................................. 3-21

Table 3-7 Pin-to-pin correspondence between upper “Analog” connector and 37-pin connector ........................... 3-22

Table 3-8 Connections of the MB-02 signal-conditioning/channel-expansion accessory

and other accessories needed to a KPCI-3108 board ........................................................................ 3-24

Table 3-9 Digital I/O accessories and required connection accessories ................................................................... 3-26

Table 3-10 Pin-to-pin correspondence between lower “Digital” I/O connector and 50-pin accessory ..................... 3-27

Table 3-11 Screw terminals used to wire analog outputs of KPC-3108 board .......................................................... 3-35

Table 3-12 Screw terminals used to wire general-purpose digital I/O ....................................................................... 3-37

Table 3-13 Assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital I/O accessories ................................................ 3-38

Table 3-14 Bit assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital inputs ......................................................... 3-39

Table 3-15 Bit assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital outputs ....................................................... 3-40

Table 3-16 Power connections at the upper “Analog” I/O connector ........................................................................ 3-44

Table 3-17 Power connections at the lower “Digital” I/O connector ......................................................................... 3-44

6 Troubleshooting

Table 6-1 Basic troubleshooting information ............................................................................................................. 6-2

Table 6-2 Wiring for analog input hardware test ...................................................................................................... 6-28

Table 6-3 Terminals on accessory for connection during analog output hardware test ........................................... 6-32

Table 6-4 Test connections and readings for zero-voltage analog output connected to

upper “Analog” I/O connector ........................................................................................................... 6-34

Table 6-5 Test connections and readings for mid-range analog output connected to

upper “Analog” I/O connector ........................................................................................................... 6-35

Table 6-6 Bit numbering on Digital I/O Panel vs. “Digital” I/O connector ............................................................. 6-40

Table 6-7 Wiring for analog input software test ....................................................................................................... 6-45

Table 6-8 Connection terminals for analog output software test .............................................................................. 6-47

Table 6-9 Test connections and readings for zero-voltage analog output ................................................................ 6-48

Table 6-10 Test connections and readings for mid-range analog output .................................................................... 6-48

Overview

•

1-2 Overview KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Preface

This manual is provided for persons needing to understand the installation, interface requirements, functions, and operation of the KPCI-3108 Series boards. The KPCI-3108 provides two 16-bit analog outputs; the KPCI-3107 does not provide analog outputs.

NOTE

This manual focuses primarily on describing the KPCI-3108 Series boards and their capabilities, setting up the boards and their associated software, making typical hookups, and troubleshooting. There are also sections that discuss calibration and summarize characteristics of DriverLINX test panel software.

To follow the information and instructions contained in this manual, you must be familiar with the operation of Windows 95, 98, or NT, with basic data-acquisition principles, and with your application. However, if you ﬁnd unfamiliar terms in this manual, check the glossary in Appendix B. To locate topics discussed in this manual, search the index.

To use this manual effectively, review the remaining brief topics in this preface:

•

The organization of the manual

•

The special font/typeface conventions used in the manual

•

Moving quickly to cross-referenced parts of the manual (in the electronic [PDF] version).

The remainder of Section 1 summarizes general hardware characteristics of the KPCI-3108 board, computer system requirements to run the board, and software and accessories that can be used with the board.

Unless noted otherwise—in situations discussing analog outputs—this manual refers to both models collectively as KPCI-3108.

How the manual is organized

The KPCI-3108 User's Manual is organized as follows:

Section 1 describes general features and system requirements and summarizes supporting software and accessories for the KPCI-3108 boards.

Section 2 describes operating features of the boards in more detail. This section contains a block diagram and brief descriptions of the features as they relate to setting up and using the board.

Section 3 contains software descriptions and installation notes and instructions for the following: inspecting the board, installing the board, checking the board and software installation, installing accessories, and connecting signals.

Section 4 summarizes the test panels that are available in the DriverLINX software.

Section 5 discusses how to calibrate your board using the DriverLINX calibration utility.

Section 6 contains detailed procedures for isolating problems with your data acquisition system. This section also contains instructions for obtaining technical support.

Appendix A contains speciﬁcations for the KPCI-3108 boards.

Appendix B is a glossary that includes key terms used in this manual.

A detailed index completes this manual.

•

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Overview 1-3

•

How to distinguish special text items

Italic, bold, and upper-case letters, the Courier font, and quotation marks distinguish certain text items from the general text. The following text conventions are used (exclusive of headings):

10 point Times Bold distinguishes the following:

– All Windows 96/98/NT user-interaction items: commands, screen messages, menu

names, menu options, and dialog-box items—including captions, user selections, and typed user inputs (but not including dialog box names, which are in regular text)

– CAUTION statements

10 point Times Italic distinguishes the following:

– Emphasis in general

– Cross-references to other documents, such as other manuals or books

– NOTE statements

10 POINT TIMES UPPER CASE distinguishes the following

– Switches, such as ON and OFF

– Keyboard keys, such as ENTER

•

10 point Courier

“Double quote marks” distinguish the following:

– Cross references to other manual sections/chapters, such as “Troubleshooting”

– Literals, such as the “Analog” and “Digital” labels on I/O connectors.

distinguishes software code statements

How to move around the electronic version of the manual

When reading the electronic, PDF version of this manual, use Acrobat Reader View and Tools menu selections to move generally through the manual. Additionally, mouse-click on special links in the manual to jump directly to the page of a referenced item, as follows:

Mouse-click the top margin of any page to jump to the Table of Contents.

Mouse-click on any Index or Table of Contents (TOC) page number to jump to the page.

Mouse-click on any of these cross references to jump to the cross-referenced ﬁgure, table, section, or step (cross references are not framed in red — in contrast to the Index and Table of Contents page numbers):

– Figure number headings, such as Figure 2-3

– Table number headings, such as Table 1-2

– Section/chapter headings that are enclosed in quotes, such as “System requirements”

– Step or substep numbers/letters of a speciﬁc procedure, such as the “6” in “step 6” or

such as the “g” in “substep g” or “step 6g”

NOTE

To return from the referenced item to what you were reading before you jumped to the referenced item — the Index, TOC, top page margin, or cross reference — do either of the following:

For step numbers, click directly on the number or letter. For example, in a cross reference to “step 6g,” click on the “g” to go directly to substep 6g. Click on the “6” to go to the beginning of step 6 (for example, to see the context of substep g).

Hold down the CONTROL key and press the [ - ] key (i.e. press CONTROL + -)

In the Acrobat Reader View menu, click Go Back .

•

1-4 Overview KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Hardware characteristics

The KPCI-3108 series boards are high-performance PCI-bus data acquisition boards for PCcompatible computers running Windows 95, 98, or NT. PCI-bus data acquisition boards, such as the KPCI-3108, have two major advantages over ISA-bus data acquisition boards:

The PCI-bus Plug and Play feature allows a user to install the data acquisition board without making manual system conﬁgurations. Upon system power-up or reset, the PCI-bus Plug and Play feature automatically conﬁgures the board for your system, eliminating the need to set DIP switches on the board.

Cleaner, faster, direct data transfer to and from memory via bus mastering, bypassing the CPU.

– Data transfer occurs at speeds up to 132 MB/sec rate for the PCI bus, versus 8.33 MB/sec

maximum for the ISA bus, due to the 32 bit width and 33 MHz clock speed of the PCI bus.

– Data transfer causes minimal interruptions to normal processing.

Major features of KPCI-3108 boards include the following:

•

The following analog input characteristics:

– Software-conﬁgurable for 16 single-ended analog input channels, eight differential ana-

log input channels, or an intermediate number of mixed single-ended and differential analog input channels.

– Software-conﬁgurable individual gains for each analog input channel as follows: 1, 2, 4,

8, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 200, 400, and 800.

– Analog data conversion speeds up to 100 ksamples/s with 16-bit resolution.

– A 256-location scan queue that supports high-speed sampling of analog input channels in

any desired combination and sequence. The following properties may be speciﬁed for each channel in the queue: any of the available gains, either input polarity (bipolar or unipolar), and either single-ended or differential input.

– A 2048 sample FIFO (First In First Out) data buffer for the A/D converter that ensures

data integrity at high sampling rates.

– The capability to start and stop analog-to-digital data conversions with digital hardware

triggers and gates.

– An analog about-trigger acquisition mode—the capability to stop analog-to-digital con-

versions after a ﬁxed number of scans following an analog trigger.

– Software-selectable edge-polarity detection for hardware trigger and gate signals.

Two analog outputs from two independent 16-bit DACs (Digital-to-Analog Converters).

A total of 32 bits of general-purpose digital I/O having high-current output capabilities. This digital I/O is divided into four registers. The 8 bits of each register may be conﬁgured as all inputs or all outputs.

A total of 12 bits of multi-function digital I/O, six input bits and six output bits. The six multi-function input bits are user-conﬁgurable for different purposes, including the following:

– Counter/timer timebase and gate inputs

– External pacer for A/D or D/A conversion

– External digital trigger

– Target-mode digital input

•

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Overview 1-5

The six multi-function output bits are user-conﬁgurable for different purposes, including the following:

– Counter/timer outputs

– Trigger output

– Pacer-clock output

– Control and/or addressing for EXP-1800 expansion accessories or MB-02 signal condi-

tioning accessories

– Target-mode digital output

Three 16-bit counter/timers, each of which is user-accessible and user-conﬁgurable

Optional target-mode (pass-through) data transfer capability in addition to bus mastering. Both target-mode data transfer, which is sometimes referred to as pass-through operation, and bus mastering data transfer are software-conﬁgurable. To maximize the speed of analog I/O, the KPCI-3108 boards normally implement the bus mastering mode. The target mode provides a simple access port to the PCI bus for digital I/O.

Very fast board control via a ﬁeld-programmable gate array (FPGA) instead of a microprocessor. (Refer to the glossary in Appendix B for more information about FPGAs).

Software-only calibration of analog I/O; no potentiometers to adjust.

Two miniature 36-pin I/O connectors that require only one slot on the rear panel of the PC. These connect to other equipment via standard, readily available interface cables that are shielded and transmit signals through twisted pairs.

•

Speciﬁcations

For more detailed information on these features, refer to Section 2, “Functional Description.”

General speciﬁcations are listed in Appendix A. I/O connections are identiﬁed in Section 3 and Appendix B.

1-6 Overview KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

System requirements

The system capabilities required to run the KPCI-3108 board, and to use the DriverLINX software supplied with the board, are listed in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1

System requirements

•

Software

CPU Type

Operating system

Memory

Hard disk space

Other

*Any CD-ROM drive that came installed with the required computer should be satisfactory. However, if you have

post-installed an older CD-ROM drive or arrived at your present system by updating the microprocessor or replacing the motherboard, some early CD-ROM drives may not support the long ﬁle names often used in 32 bit Windows ﬁles.

The user can select a fully integrated data acquisition software package such as TestPoint or LabVIEW or write a custom program supported by DriverLINX.

Pentium or higher processor on motherboard with PCI bus version 2.1

Windows 95 or 98

Windows NT version 4.0 or higher

16 MB or greater RAM when running Windows 95 or 98

32 MB or greater RAM when running Windows NT

4 MB for minimum installation

50 MB for maximum installation

A CD-ROM drive*

A free PCI-bus expansion slot capable of bus mastering

Enough reserve computer power supply capacity to power the KPCI-3108 Series board, which draws 0.8A at 5VDC and 0.5A at +12VDC.

DriverLINX is the basic Application Programming Interface (API) for the KPCI-3108 boards:

It supports programmers who wish to create custom applications using Visual C/C++, Visual Basic, or Delphi.

It accomplishes foreground and background tasks to perform data acquisition.

•

It is the needed interface between TestPoint and LabVIEW and a KPCI-3108 board.

DriverLINX software and user’s documentation on a CD-ROM are included with your board.

TestPoint is an optional, fully featured, integrated application package with a graphical dragand-drop interface which can be used to create data acquisition applications without programming.

LabVIEW is an optional, fully featured graphical programming language used to create virtual instrumentation.

Refer to Section 3, “lnstallation,” for more information about DriverLINX, TestPoint, and LabView.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Overview 1-7

Accessories

Accessories available to interface your KPCI-3108 board to external circuits are listed in Table 1-2, Table 1-3, and Table 1-4.

Table 1-2

Channel-expansion, signal conditioning, and digital I/O accessories

Accessory* Description

EXP-1800 Expansion accessory. Expands one KPCI-3108 single-ended analog input

channel into 16 differential analog input channels.

MB-01 Signal-conditioning module rack. Accommodates up to 16 MB Series

modules. Each module is connected to one single-ended analog input channel of a KPCI-3108 board.

MB-05 Signal-conditioning module rack. Accommodates up to eight MB Series

modules. Each module is connected to one single-ended analog input channel of a KPCI-3108 board.

STA-MB Signal-conditioning module box/screw-terminal accessory. Accommodates

up to four MB Series modules. Each module is connected to one single-ended analog input channel of a KPCI-3108 board.

MB-02 Signal-conditioning module/channel-expansion rack. Accommodates up to

16 MB Series modules. All 16 modules are multiplexed to one single-ended analog input channel of a KPCI-3108 board.

PB-24 Industry-standard relay baseboard. Accommodates 24 standard-size solid-

state relay modules. Each module is connected to one general-purpose digital output bit of a KPCI-3108 board.

PB-24SM Industry-standard relay baseboard. Accommodates 24 miniature SM Series

solid-state relay modules. Each module is connected to one general-purpose digital output bit of a KPCI-3108 board.

SSIO-24 Module interface board that holds up to 24 miniature, optically-isolated solid-

state digital I/O modules. Each module is connected to one general-purpose digital output bit of a KPCI-3108 board.

ERB-24 Relay board with 24 double-pole, double-throw (dual Form C)

electromechanical relays. Each module is connected to one general-purpose digital output bit of a KPCI-3108 board.

SRA-01 Module interface board, in box, that holds up to eight industry-standard solid-

state digital I/O modules. Each module is connected to one general-purpose digital output bit of a KPCI-3108 board.

ERA-01 Relay board, in box, with eight single-pole, double-throw (Form C)

electromechanical relays. Each module is connected to one general-purpose digital output bit of a KPCI-3108 board.

*Connecting one of these accessories to a KPCI-3108 board requires an interface accessory and suitable cables.

Select the required accessories and cables using one of the following ﬁgure-table combinations in Section 3: Figure 3-8 and Table 3-4, Figure 3-9 or Figure 3-10 and Table 3-6, Figure 3-11 and Table 3-8, or Figure 3-12 and Table 3-9.

1-8 Overview KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Table 1-3

Screw-terminal accessories and adapter/screw-terminal accessories

Accessory* Description

STP-36 Screw-terminal accessory. Interfaces either the “Analog” or the “Digital”

KPCI-3108 Series I/O connector to screw-terminals that are numbered identically to the connector pins.

STP-36CJC Screw terminal accessory. Interfaces the “Analog” KPCI-3108 Series I/O

connector to the screw-terminals that are numbered identically to the connector pins. CH0 can only be conﬁgured for the CJC connection in either single-ended or differential mode.

STA-3108-A1 Adapter/screw-terminal accessory. Interfaces the “Analog” KPCI-3108 Series

I/O connector to an EXP-1800 channel-expansion accessory, as well as to screw-terminals that are numbered identically to the “Analog” connector pins. If needed, one STA-3108 accessory can interface the KPCI-3108 to an entire daisy chain of EXP-1800 accessories. The daisy chain may contain up to sixteen EXP-1800 accessories.

STA-3108-A2 Adapter/screw-terminal accessory. Interfaces the “Analog” KPCI-3108 Series

I/O connector to MB-01, MB-05, and STA-MB signal-conditioning accessories, as well as to screw-terminals that are numbered identically to the “Analog” connector pins.

STA-3108-A3 Adapter/screw-terminal accessory. Interfaces the “Analog” KPCI-3108 I/O

connector to as many as four MB-02 accessories, as well as to screwterminals that are numbered identically to the “Analog” connector pins. A daisy-chain of up to four STA-3108-A3 accessories interfaces the “Analog” KPCI-3108 I/O connector to as many as 16 MB-02 accessories.

STA-3108-D1 Adapter/screw-terminal accessory. Interfaces the “Digital” KPCI-3108 Series

I/O connector to a PB-24, PB-24SM, ERB-24, SSIO-24, SRA-01, or ERA-01 digital I/O accessory, as well as to screw-terminals that are numbered identically to the “Digital” connector pins.

*Using one of these accessories to interface a KPCI-3108 board to other accessories requires suitable cables. Select

the required cables using one of the following ﬁgure-table combinations in Section 3: Figure 3-8 and Table 3-4, Figure 3-9 or Figure 3-10 and Table 3-6, Figure 3-11 and Table 3-8, or Figure 3-12 and Table 3-9.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Overview 1-9

Table 1-4

Cables used to interconnect the accessories

Accessory Description

CAB-1284CC IEEE 1284 Type C-C shielded mini-Centronics cable, with 18 twisted pairs.

Connects a screw-terminal accessory or an adapter/screw-terminal accessory to either the “Analog” or “Digital” KPCI-3108 I/O connector, as appropriate. Also used to connect two STA-3108-A3 accessories together as part of a daisy-chain.

CAB-50/1 Ribbon cable, 18 inches long, with 50-pin headers on each end. Connects an

EXP-1800 accessory to an STA-3108-A1 accessory. Also used to connect two EXP-1800 accessories together as part of a daisy-chain.

C-16MB1 Cable with a 37-pin female D-type connector on one end and a 26-pin header

connector on the other end. Connects an MB-01 or MB-05 accessory to an STA-3108-A2 accessory.

C-1800 Cable with a 37-pin female D-type connector on each end. Connects an STA-

MB accessory to an STA-3108-A2 accessory.

C-2600 Ribbon cable, 18 inch, with a 26-pin header connector at each end (and one in

the middle, not used in KPCI-3108 conﬁgurations). Connects one MB-02 accessory to an STA-3108-A3 accessory.

CAB-SSR Ribbon cable, 3 feet. Connects a PB-24 or PB-24SM accessory to an

STA-3108-D1 accessory.

CACC-2000 Ribbon cable, 24 inches with 50-pin female connector on each end. Connects

an ERB-24 or SSIO-24 accessory to an STA-3108-D1 accessory.

ADP-5037 Conversion cable with a 50-pin connector at one end and a small box,

terminating in a 37-pin D-type connector, at the other end. Connects an ERA-01 or SRA-01 accessory to an STA-3108-D1 accessory.

Functional Description

2-2 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

This section describes features of the following KPCI-3108 board sections: the analog inputs, the analog outputs, the general-purpose digital I/O, the multi-function digital I/O, and the counter/timers. These descriptions help familiarize you with operating options and enable you to make the best use of your board.

NOTE

The block diagram in Figure 2-1 represents the KPCI-3108 Series boards.

Figure 2-1

Block diagram of KPCI-3108 board

AMCC S5933

PCI

Interface

PCI BUS

Boot

ROM

Circuitry

Control

Pass-

Through

Data

Pass-

Through

Address

FIFO

Timer

82C54

Decode Module

PCI/S5933

Handshake

Control

Prescaler

÷2, ÷10, ÷5

Boot

ROM

Timing

10MHz

Clock

Features described in this section are typically conﬁgured using custom or commercial application software which interfaces to your KPCI-3108 board via DriverLINX. For information on how to conﬁgure and apply these features, consult the appropriate manuals. Application software developers should consult your DriverLINX manuals located on the DriverLINX CD-ROM shipped with your board. Application software users should consult the manuals provided by the vendor or developer of your software.

Field Programmable

Gate Array

QRAM CALRAM

Analog to

Digital

Control

Digital

T o Analog

Control

Digital I/O

Control

Data

Control

Range Select

Data

Control

Data

FIFO

Data

Control

Buffer

DAC0

16 Bits

DAC1

16 Bits

Analog to

Digital

Converter

16 Bits

DO [5...0]

Data In

DI [5...0]

Data Out

Instrumentation

Amplifier

Calibration

Circuit

DAC Out 0

DAC Out 1

Multi-Function Digital I/O, Including:

• Counter/Timer I/O

• Expansion Multiplexer Control

• TGIN and TGOUT

Analog Inputs

8 Differential

16 Single-Ended

Input

Multiplexer

Input

Protection

Latch

Bi-Directional

General Purpose

Digital I/O

[31...0]

•

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-3

Analog input features

This section discusses the following:

Understanding and choosing the software-conﬁgurable analog input modes. Maximum data throughput speciﬁcations and tips on optimizing throughput. Signal conversion modes. Signal conversion clock sources. The use of triggers and gates to start and stop signal conversions.

Understanding and choosing analog input modes

Using software, you can select between various analog input options as follows:

The differential termination mode or the single-ended termination mode. The unipolar input mode or the bipolar input mode. The input channels to be scanned to the instrumentation ampliﬁer, in any order or

combination. The instrumentation ampliﬁer gain to be used.

These options may be freely mixed at each of the 256 possible steps in the scan sequence—as will be discussed in “Specifying channel number, channel gain, polarity mode, and termination mode for each position in the scan sequence.”

The next four subsections, as well as the subsequent section entitled “Optimizing throughput,” explain these options and provide guidance for choosing analog input modes.

Understanding the analog inputs

Each KPCI-3108 board provides 16 analog input terminals. The termination modes of these terminals—single-ended or differential—are conﬁgurable by software, as follows:

All conﬁgured for single-ended termination mode, providing 16 input channels All conﬁgured for differential termination mode, providing 8 input channels Some conﬁgured for single-ended termination mode and others conﬁgured for differential

termination mode, providing an intermediate number of input channels

NOTE

The characteristics of single-ended and differential inputs are as follows:

Hereafter in this manual, an input channel conﬁgured for single-ended termination mode is generally referred to as a single-ended input or single-ended channel; an input channel conﬁgured for differential termination mode is generally referred to as a differential input or differential channel.

A single-ended input measures the voltage at one input terminal relative to a common ground. A single-ended input does not reject noise and other unwanted voltages in a signal ground and does not reject a common power supply voltage, such as the excitation voltage of a bridge circuit.

When you conﬁgure the input terminals all to be used for single-ended channels, you can connect each of the 16 input terminals to 16 external signals, maximum.

•

2-4 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

A differential input measures the difference between the voltages at two input terminals, designated input-high and input-low. Signals at both the input-high and input-low terminals are referenced to a common ground. Differential inputs reject the common mode voltage, the voltage that each “sees” in common, except for a small fraction determined by the common mode rejection ratio (refer to the glossary in Appendix B). Differential inputs are commonly used to:

– Reject noise and other unwanted voltages in a signal ground. – Reject a common power supply voltage, such as the excitation voltage of a bridge circuit.

NOTE

When you conﬁgure the input terminals all to be used for differential channels, you can connect 8 external signals, maximum, because a pair of input terminals is needed for each differential input.

When you conﬁgure the input terminals to be used for a mixture of single-ended and differential channels, the number of available channels is less than 16 but more than 8. For example, the following conﬁguration results in 12 available channels, maximum—4 differential channels and 8 single-ended channels:

– You conﬁgure 4 channels as differential. Each differential channel uses 2 of the 16 input

terminals. Therefore, you use 8 of the 16 input terminals for differential channels: (4 differential channels) x (2 inputs required/ differential channel) = 8 input terminals.

– You conﬁgure 8 channels as single-ended. Each single-ended channel uses one of the 16

input terminals. Therefore, you use the other 8 of the 16 input terminals for single-ended (S.E).channels: (8 S.E. channels) x (1 input required/S.E. channel) = 8 input terminals.

Signals from all 16 input terminals are ampliﬁed by one instrumentation ampliﬁer — a type of high performance differential ampliﬁer — and are digitized by one 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (A/D converter or ADC). This is made possible by multiplexing, a time-sharing arrangement. Inputs are scanned and connected intermittently to the instrumentation ampliﬁer and A/D converter according to a user-deﬁned sequence. The inputs are connected through a pair of 8channel multiplexers, each of which is effectively a solid-state 8-pole, single-throw switch. Additional solid-state switches connect one or both multiplexers to the instrumentation ampliﬁer to determine whether inputs are conﬁgured for differential or single-ended termination mode.

Refer to “Wiring analog input signals” in Section 3 for important information about wiring differential inputs.

Figure 2-2 shows how a mixture of single-ended and differential channels are connected, one at a time, to the instrumentation ampliﬁer and A/D converter. All channels of the KPCI-3108 board are connected similarly.

NOTE

In Figure 2-2a, the board connects differential channel 00 to the ampliﬁer and A/D converter as follows:

The multiplexer at left and a solid-state switch connect the high-level voltage of the channel 00 signal to the input-high terminal of the instrumentation ampliﬁer.

The multiplexer at right and a solid-state switch connect the low-level voltage of the channel 00 signal to the input-low terminal of the instrumentation ampliﬁer.

The input terminal numbering in Figur e 2-2 results from the need to conﬁgure all input terminals in pairs. Each pair of input terminals may be conﬁgured either for one differ ential c hannel (for example, 00 HI and 00 LO) or for two single-ended channels (01 HI and 09 LO). For additional information about channel and terminal numbering, refer to Figure 3-2, Table 3-1, Figure 3-3, and Table 3-2 in Section 3 of this manual.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-5

Figure 2-2

Multiplexing of 16 input terminals in mixed differential and single-ended termination modes

a. Channel 00 connected to amplifier and A/D converter

Differential Channel 00**

Signal

00 HI

00 LO/08 HI

Single-Ended Channels 01 and 09

Signal Signal

01 HI

+ +

01 LO/09 HI

Differential Channel 07**

Signal

07 HI

07 LO/15 HI

Multiplexer Multiplexer

b. Channel 01 connected to amplifier and A/D converter

Differential Channel 00**

Signal

00 HI

Single-Ended Channels 01 and 09

Signal Signal

01 HI

+ +

00 LO/08 HI

01 LO/09 HI

To Analog-toDigital (A/D)

Converter

Instrumentation Amplifier

AGND

(Analog

Ground)

To Analog-toDigital (A/D)

Converter

Instrumentation Amplifier

AGND

(Analog

Ground)

Differential Channel 07**

Signal

07 HI

+ -

07 LO/15 HI

Multiplexer Multiplexer

c. Channel 09 connected to amplifier and A/D converter

Differential Channel 00**

Signal

00 HI

Single-Ended Channels 01 and 09

Signal Signal

01 HI

+ +

Differential Channel 07**

Signal

07 HI

+ -

Multiplexer Multiplexer

** Common-mode ground return connection required

for differential inputs is not shown for simplicity.

00 LO/08 HI

01 LO/09 HI

07 LO/15 HI

To Analog-toDigital (A/D)

Converter

Instrumentation Amplifier

AGND

(Analog

Ground)

•

2-6 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

In Figure 2-2b, the board connects differential channel 01 to the ampliﬁer and A/D converter as follows:

The multiplexer at left and a solid-state switch connect the high-level voltage of the Channel 01 signal to the input-high terminal of the instrumentation ampliﬁer.

Wiring connects the low-level voltage of the Channel 01 signal to the analog ground terminal (AGND).

A solid-state switch connects the analog ground terminal to the input-low terminal of the instrumentation ampliﬁer.

In Figure 2-2c, the board connects differential channel 09 to the ampliﬁer and A/D converter as follows:

The multiplexer at right and a solid-state switch connect the high-level voltage of the Channel 09 signal to the input-high terminal of the instrumentation ampliﬁer.

Wiring connects the low-level voltage of the Channel 09 signal to the analog ground terminal (AGND).

A solid-state switch connects the analog ground terminal to the input-low terminal of the instrumentation ampliﬁer.

In a mode not shown in Figure 2-2, solid state switches short both ampliﬁer inputs to ground.

NOTE

The connection sequence shown in Figure 2-2 was selected for illustration purposes only. Any channel can be connected at any point in the channel scan sequence. For more information about channel sequencing, refer to “Specifying channel number, channel gain, polarity mode, and termination mode for each position in the scan sequence” later in Section 2.

Choosing between the differential and single-ended termination modes

Generally, you should use a differential input for a low-level signal having a signiﬁcant noise component and/or for a signal having a non-zero common-mode voltage. You should use a single-ended input for a high-level signal having a relatively small noise component.

There is no absolute level at which one of these input conﬁgurations becomes more effective than the other. However, you should generally use a differential input for a voltage range of 100mV or below.

Choosing between the unipolar and bipolar input modes

Using software, you can conﬁgure any KPCI-3108 input channel to operate in either the unipolar or bipolar input mode. A unipolar signal is always positive (0 to +5V, for example). A bipolar signal can swing between positive and negative values (±5V maximum, for example). For example, an unbiased sinusoidal AC signal is bipolar.

Use the bipolar mode only if you must measure signals having both positive and negative polarity. A bipolar range provides only half as good resolution as a unipolar range of the same magnitude. If your signal will always be positive (at or above 0.0V), use the unipolar mode for maximum resolution.

•

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-7

Resolutions for unipolar and bipolar inputs are listed in Table 2-1.

Table 2-1

Gains, ranges, and resolutions for a KPCI-3108 board

Bipolar Unipolar

Gain

1 ±10.0 V 305 µV 0 to +10.0 V 153 µV 2 ±5.0 V 153 µV 0 to +5.0 V 76 µV 4 ±2.5 V 76 µV 0 to +2.5 V 38 µV 8 ±1.25 V 38 µV 0 to +1.25 V 19 µV 10 ±1.0 V 31 µV 0 to +1.0 V 15 µV 20 ±500 mV 15 µV 0 to +500 mV 7.6 µV 40 ±250 mV 7.6 µV 0 to +250 mV 3.8 µV 80 ±125 mV 3.8 µV 0 to +125 mV 1.9 µV 100 ±100 mV 3.1 µV 0 to +100 mV 1.5 µV 200 ±50 mV 1.5 µV 0 to +50 mV 0.8 µV 400 ±25 mV 0.8 µV 0 to +25 mV 0.4 µV 800 ±12.5 mV 0.4 µV 0 to +12.5 mV 0.2 µV

NOTE: Numbers are rounded for readability.

Range Resolution Range Resolution

CAUTION The board does not provide overrange detection. Each range listed

in Table 2-1 represents the measured value that will be reported to the computer if your input signal voltage equals or exceeds the range. Therefore, if the range is set at ±2.5V (gain = 4) and your signal voltage is +3.1V, the measured value will be reported at +2.5V.

Specifying channel number, channel gain, polarity mode, and termination mode for each position in the scan sequence

Using software, you can specify a list of up to 256 channel numbers, in any order or combination, to be measured sequentially each time a scan is initiated. For each position in the scan sequence you specify the following:

The number of the channel to be measured. The gain to be used for that measurement. The polarity mode—bipolar or unipolar—to be used for that measurement. The termination mode—single-ended or differential—to be used for that measurement.

The entire list of sequential scan speciﬁcations is sometimes referred to as a channel gain queue. However, it speciﬁes more than just channels and gains for a KPCI-3108 board.

•

2-8 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Channel numbers may be skipped or be repeated in the queue if desired. For example, by repeating a channel number in the queue, you can do the following:

Sample some channels more frequently than others. Provide extra settling time to wash out residual signals between gain changes. Provide extra samples for averaging.

Figure 2-3 illustrates a possible channel-gain queue.

Figure 2-3

Channel-gain queue example

Position in queue

Channel number

Channel gain

Polarity Mode*

Termination Mode**

* Note: ± = bipolar and + = uniploar

** Note: D = differential and SE = single ended

st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th

02 03 11 11 01 05 03 02 07 07 13 14 02

40 2 4 4 40 2 1 20 200 200 2 4 40

++ ±±+ ± ++±± + ±±

D SE SE SE D SE SE D D D SE SE D

All 256 combinations of channel, gain, polarity mode, and termination mode in the channel gain queue are held in a 256-position RAM. You need not specify combinations for all 256 positions, however.

Refer to Table 2-1 for available gains and corresponding input ranges.

Optimum selection and sequencing of channel gains may be affected by your required throughput and by noise and other stray signals. Refer to “Optimizing throughput” for general recommendations about channel-gain selection and sequencing. Refer to “Avoiding wiring problems at high gains” in Section 3 for recommendations to minimize signal errors at high gains.

254

255th256

Throughput

Throughput is the maximum rate at which the data acquisition board can perform repetitive conversions within a speciﬁed accuracy. Signal throughput depends on the gain settings for individual channels and for adjacent channels in the channel-gain queue. This section discusses general recommendations to optimize throughput and lists KPCI-3108 throughput for speciﬁc conditions.

Optimizing throughput

Though you can change input ranges on a per-channel basis, throughput is likely to drop if you group channels with varying gains in sequence. This throughput drop occurs for two reasons. Firstly, channels with low-level inputs (100mV or less) are inherently slower than channels with high-level inputs signals left by high-level inputs. Secondly, extra settling time is required for

•

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-9

low-level inputs to wash out residual signals. The best way to maximize throughput is to use a combination of sensible channel grouping and external signal conditioning. When using the channel-gain queue, consider the following suggestions:

Put all channels that use the same range in the same group, even if you must arrange the channels out of sequence.

To acquire low-level signals at high-speeds, preamplify the signal to the maximum input range of the board using external signal. External ampliﬁcation increases total system throughput and reduces noise.

If low-level inputs are relatively slow and high-level inputs are relatively fast, maintain two channel lists: one for slow inputs and the other for fast inputs.

If some channels are not used, you can provide extra settling time for a channel that is used, as follows:

– Assign two (or more) consecutive, identical channel-gain entries to this channel. – Ignore the measurement results from the ﬁrst channel-gain entry. This approach allows the input signal measured through the ﬁrst entry to largely wash out

residuals before the same input signal is measured through the second entry.

You must take special care when directly measuring low-level signals. When using ranges of ±100mV, 0 to 100mV, or smaller, the measurement throughput drops for two reasons:

The ampliﬁer settles more slowly. Noise in the measurements is higher and therefore requires post-acquisition ﬁltering (averag-

ing) to achieve accurate results.

Because the KPCI-3108 has a very high bandwidth — about 1MHz for low level signals, any noise is ampliﬁed and digitized. Therefore, you must measure low-level signals carefully to minimize noise effects.

Low-level transducers are best used with signal conditioning. Always use the differential termination mode when making measurements with the ±12.5 mV, 0 to 12.5 mV, ±25 mV, 0 to 25 mV, ±100 mV, and 0 to 100 mV ranges.

•

2-10 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Subsequent sections show throughput for various conﬁgurations. Note that these throughputs are based on driving an input with an ideal voltage source. The output impedance and drive capabilities of the source are far more critical when making large gain changes between two channels, especially when the gains are at opposite extremes of the input range. Consider the following:

Consider the measurement of a signal near -25 mV just after measurement of a signal near +5 V. You get better performance when driving adjacent channels at the same gain.

The source must be able to drive the input capacitance of the multiplexer and board. The input effective capacitance of a single channel of a KPCI-3108 board is 200pF, in series with approximately 1k

Ω

NOTE

The effective input capacitance, which must be charged by your signal sources, is 200pF. The series impedance between the input terminal and this capacitance is about 1k ampliﬁer slew rate, is a primary throughput-limiting factor. Therefore, advertised throughputs for the KPCI-3108 board are calculated assuming that the user’s source impedance is substantially less than 1k

Ω

. Consequently, if any of your signal sources have high impedance, test the throughput for those sources while scanning the inputs. If your tests indicate reduced throughput, insert extra entries into the channelgain queue for the high-impedance signal sources (refer to the recommendations earlier in this section). Extra scan queue entries allow extra settling time.

Ω

. This series RC combination, along with

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-11

Throughput for channel-to-channel sampling at ﬁxed gain

If you are sampling at only one channel at any gain, the maximum throughput is 100 ksamples/s.

If you are sampling multiple channels at a ﬁxed gain, the maximum throughput for channel-tochannel sampling is as listed in Table 2-2. In both cases, a 0.02% maximum error applies, assuming an ideal voltage source.

Table 2-2

Maximum throughput for channel-to-channel sampling at ﬁxed gain

Gain Bipolar throughput Unipolar throughput

001 100 ksamples/s 100 ksamples/s 002 100 ksamples/s 100 ksamples/s 004 100 ksamples/s 100 ksamples/s 008 100 ksamples/s 100 ksamples/s 010 100 ksamples/s 100 ksamples/s 020 100 ksamples/s 100 ksamples/s 040 100 ksamples/s 100 ksamples/s 080 100 ksamples/s 100 ksamples/s

100 50 ksamples/s 50 ksamples/s 200 50 ksamples/s 50 ksamples/s 400 50 ksamples/s 50 ksamples/s 800 50 ksamples/s 50 ksamples/s

2-12 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Data conversion modes

KPCI-3108 boards support two data-conversion modes: paced mode and burst mode. The conversion rate for each mode is controlled by an independent clock: the pacer clock for paced mode and the burst clock for burst mode.

Paced conversion mode

The paced mode, which is the default data-conversion mode, is the best mode for continuous, constant-rate scanning of each channel in a queue of channels. In the paced mode, one channel in the channel-gain queue is sampled and converted each time the pacer clock emits a pulse. The entire channel-gain queue is scanned at a rate equal to the pacer clock rate divided by the number of channels in the queue. Therefore, the sample rate — the rate at which an individual channel in the queue is repetitively sampled — is also equal to the pacer clock rate, divided by the number of channels in the queue. See Figure 2-4. The internal pacer clock is programmable via DriverLINX.

Burst conversion mode

The burst conversion mode is the best mode to use if you need to complete scans of the entire channel-gain queue quickly — close to simultaneously — and initiate scans of the entire queue at a signiﬁcantly lower rate. For example, you would use the burst mode if you wish to complete scans of the entire queue at 1000 conversions/sec but initiate scans of the entire queue only every second.

In the burst mode, each pulse from the pacer clock initiates a burst of pulses from the burst clock which are emitted at the burst clock rate. Each pulse from the burst clock causes one channel in the queue to be sampled and converted, and burst clock pulses continue until the entire queue is scanned. In summary, scans of the channel-gain queue are repetitively initiated at a rate equal to the pacer clock rate, and scans of the queue are completed at a rate equal to the burst clock rate. Therefore, the sample rate — the rate at which an individual channel in the queue is repetitively sampled — is also equal to the pacer clock rate. See Figure 2-4.

Figure 2-4

Paced mode and burst mode timing for a queue of channels 4 to 7

Pacer Clock

Paced Mode Conversions

Burst Mode Conversions

CH4

CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7

CH5

Burst Clock

•

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-13

Clock sources

KPCI-3108 boards provide two conversion clocks: a pacer clock and a burst mode clock. The use of these clocks in the paced and burst conversion modes is described in “Data conversion modes” and summarized in Figure 2-4. The clock sources themselves are described in the following subsections.

Pacer clock sources

The following clock sources may be used for paced mode conversions on KPCI-3108 boards:

Software clock source

KPCI-3108 boards allow you to acquire single samples under program control. In other words, conversions are controlled through the Windows interface rather than by hardware signals. When using a software conversion clock, the host computer issues a command to initiate a conversion. The host polls the board to determine if the conversion is complete. When the conversion is complete, the host reads the data from the A/D converter and returns the value.

Software-initiated conversions are suitable for measuring DC voltages. However, in applications where you must accurately control the sampling rate (as when measuring time-varying signals), using either an internal or external hardware clock source is recommended, as described below.

Hardware clock source, internal (Internal pacer clock source)

The internal, onboard pacer clock source creates a pacer-clock timing signal using one or more 82C54 counter/timers and a crystal-controlled time base. (Refer to “Counter/timer features,” near the end of Section 2, for an illustration.) The time base runs at 10MHz and provides divided frequencies of 5 MHz, 1 MHz, and 100 kHz. You can program the internal pacer clock rate via DriverLINX.

You can use the internal pacer clock source to pace events other than analog-to-digital conversions (digital-to-analog conversions, for example). However, all events timed by the internal pacer clock source are paced at the same rate.

Hardware clock source, external (External pacer clock source)

An external pacer clock source is an externally applied TTL-compatible signal attached to bit IP0— pin 21 of the upper, “Analog” I/O connector, J1. Bit IP0 is a multi-function digital input; therefore you must use software to conﬁgure it as the external pacer clock (XPCLK) input. Also use software to select the active edge of the signal to be recognized as a clock pulse — either a positive, rising edge or a negative, falling edge.

By using an external pacer clock source, you can sample at rates unavailable through the 82C54 counter/timer, at uneven intervals, or in response to external events. An external pacer clock source also allows you to synchronize multiple boards via a common timing signal.

You can use the external pacer clock source in the paced conversion mode to pace individual analog-to-digital and/or digital-to-analog conversions. You can use the external pacer clock source in the burst conversion mode to pace space bursts of conversions. Refer to Figure 2-4.

NOTE

The A/D converter converts samples at a maximum of 100 ksamples/s (one sample every 10.0µs), and the practical throughput is lower in some applications. (Refer to the previous section entitled “Throughput”). If you use an external clock, ensure that it does not initiate conversions more frequently than the maximum throughput for your data acquisition setup.

•

2-14 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Triggers

NOTE

Keep in mind that the maximum sample rate for an individual channel equals the maximum throughput divided by the number of channels in the channel-gain queue.

You cannot simultaneously use an external pacer clock source and the internal pacer clock source. However, you can simultaneously use a software trigger source to start analog input conversions while simultaneously using either an internal or external pacer clock sour ce for other I/O operations.

Burst clock source

In the burst mode, the burst clock sets the rate at which burst pulses are emitted and individual channels in the channel-gain queue are converted. The burst clock works with the pacer clock, which sets the rate at which groups of burst pulses are initiated. See Figure 2-4.

Burst clock and pacer clock frequencies are programmable, as follows:

The burst clock rate can be set via DriverLINX. The maximum acceptable burst mode conversion clock rate is gain-sensitive, as explained in “Throughput.”

The pacer clock rate should be set no higher than the burst clock rate divided by the number of channels in the channel-gain queue.

Triggers are external digital signals or, in some cases, threshold crossings of analog signals. Triggers act at a single instant in time, in contrast to gates, which start analog input operations when the gate is turned on and stop the input operations when the gate is turned off. (Refer also to “Gates” in this section.)

Trigger sources

Trigger sources may be internal or external, as follows:

Internal triggers

An internal trigger is a software command that starts or stops data acquisition.

External digital triggers

An external digital trigger is the rising or falling edge of a TTL-compatible signal that is connected to bit IP1—pin 3 of the upper, “Analog” I/O connector. Bit IP1 is a multi-function digital input; therefore you must use software to conﬁgure it as the trigger-in (TGIN) input. Also use software to program whether analog input operations start on either positive or negative triggering, which are deﬁned as follows:

– Positive-edge triggering — Triggering occurs on the rising edge of the trigger signal. – Negative-edge trigger ing — Triggering occurs on the falling edge of the trigger signal.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-15

•

Analog triggers

An analog trigger is an event that occurs at a rising or falling voltage level on an analog input signal. Two software-selectable voltages specify where the analog trigger occurs: the trigger level and the threshold level. As shown in Figure 2-5 , if the threshold level is greater than the trigger level, triggering occurs on a negative slope. If the threshold level is less than the trigger level, triggering occurs on a positive slope.

In the KPCI-3108, an analog trigger works speciﬁcally in the about-trigger acquisition mode. The acquisition is started by another internal or external trigger and continues after the analog trigger event until a speciﬁed number of samples has been acquired. For more information concerning about-trigger acquisition, refer to “Trigger acquisition modes” later in Section 2.

Refer to your DriverLINX documentation for information about programming and conﬁguring analog triggers.

Figure 2-5

Examples of analog trigger conditions

a. Negative-Slope Triggering b. Positive-Slope Triggering

Threshold level greater than trigger level

Trigger Level

+3V

Negative-slope trigger event occurs

Positive-slope trigger event occurs

Threshold level less than trigger level

2-16 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Trigger operation and clock source effects

The actual point at which conversions begin depends on whether the clock source is internal or external, as follows:

• Internal trigger operation with internal clock source

If conversions are triggered with an internal trigger and timed via an internal pacer clock source, then conversions begin virtually immediately after the trigger, as follows:

1. The 82C54 counter/timer is idle until the internal trigger occurs; after the trigger occurs, the ﬁrst conversion begins virtually immediately.

2. Subsequent conversions are synchronized to the internal clock.

See Figure 2-6.

• Internal trigger operation with external clock source

If conversions are triggered with an internal trigger and timed via an external clock source, then analog input operations are triggered as follows:

1. Conversions are armed when the trigger occurs.

2. Conversions begin with the next active edge of the external clock source.

3. Conversions continue with subsequent active edges of the external clock source.

See Figure 2-6.

Figure 2-6

Enabling conversions with software triggers

Software enables conversion process

External Clock Source

Internal Clock Source

Idle State

Conversions begin with internal clock source

Conversions begin with external source (programmed for negative edge)

CountCount Count Count

• External trigger operation with internal clock source

If conversions are triggered with an external trigger and timed via an internal pacer clock source, then analog input operations are triggered as follows:

1. Conversions begin virtually immediately after the internal trigger:

2. The 82C54 counter/timer is idle until the internal trigger occurs. However, after the trigger occurs, the ﬁrst conversion begins within 400ns.

3. Subsequent conversions are synchronized to the internal clock.

See Figure 2-7.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-17

• External trigger operation with external clock source

If conversions are triggered with an external trigger and timed via an external clock source, then analog input operations are triggered as follows:

1. Conversions are armed when the trigger occurs.

2. Conversions begin with the next active edge of the external clock source.

3. Conversions continue with subsequent active edges of the conversion clock. See Figure 2-7.

Figure 2-7

Enabling conversions with hardware triggers

Trigger occurs (on positive edge)

TGIN Input

TGOUT Output

External Clock Source

Internal Clock Source

Conversions begin with internal clock source

Idle State

Count Count Count Count

Conversions begin with external source (programmed for negative edge)

Figure 2-7 also shows that a pulse is initiated at the trigger out (TGOUT) digital output just following the external trigger pulse at the TGIN trigger input (the IP1 multi-function input conﬁgured as TGIN). For more information about TGOUT, refer to the section “The trigger-out (TGOUT) digital output function.”

2-18 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Trigger acquisition modes

Depending on your application, you may wish to use a trigger event to do one of the following: to start data collection, to halt data collection after a speciﬁed amount of additional data is collected, or to halt data collection abruptly. Three trigger modes are available in the KPCI-3108 to accomplish these objectives.

• Post-trigger acquisition mode

In post-trigger acquisition, the data to be acquired appears after the trigger event. Posttrigger acquisition, starts after an internal or external trigger event and continues until a speciﬁed number of samples has been acquired or until the operation is stopped by software. See Figure 2-8a. Post-trigger, the most common trigger acquisition mode, has many obvious applications.

• About-trigger acquisition mode

In about-trigger acquisition, the data to be acquired appears before and after the trigger event. About-trigger acquisition is started by an internal or external trigger and continues after an external trigger event until a speciﬁed number of samples has been acquired. See Figure 2-8b. For example, if you were performing a car crash safety test, you might wish to do the following:

1. Monitor speed and acceleration up to the point of impact.

2. Emit an accelerometer-based trigger pulse at impact.

3. Monitor crash-dummy impact forces and movement for a ﬁxed number of samples after impact.

• Pre-trigger acquisition mode

In the pre-trigger acquisition mode, the data to be acquired appears before the trigger event. A pre-trigger acquisition is started by an internal or external trigger and continues until an external trigger event occurs. See Figure 2-8c. For example, if you were monitoring an experimental process, you might wish to trigger process data acquisition to stop automatically at completion of the process.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-19

Figure 2-8

Trigger acquisition modes

a. Post-Trigger Acquisition

Conversions Occurring

Conversions Stopped

Gates

Conversions Occurring

Conversions Stopped

Conversions Occurring

Conversions Stopped

Internal or External Trigger

N Samples Done OR Software Halt

b. About-Trigger Acquisition

N Samples

External Digital TriggerInternal or External Trigger

c. Pre-Trigger Acquisition

External Digital TriggerInternal or External Trigger

A gate is a digital input that allows conversions to proceed as long as the gate signal is active (logic high) and causes conversions to be halted as long as the gate signal is inactive (logic low). In other words, conversions can be started and stopped at will by turning the gate input on and off. (By contrast, a trigger acts at a single instant in time. Refer also to “Triggers” in this section.)

The gate input signal is a logic-high or logic-low TTL-compatible signal that is connected to bit IP1—pin 3 of the upper, “Analog” I/O connector. Bit IP1 is a multi-function digital input bit. Therefore you must software-conﬁgure it for gate input. This same input bit is used as the external trigger-in (TGIN) bit. However, it must be conﬁgured differently for the board to recognize incoming signals as gate signals instead of as trigger signals.

2-20 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

The way conversions are synchronized with a gate signal depends on whether you are using an internal clock or external clock source, as follows:

• Gate operation with internal clock source

When using the gate input with an internal clock, conversions are synchronized with the internal gate signal. When the gate signal becomes active, the 82C54 counter is loaded (or reloaded) with an initial count value and starts counting, and data conversion starts (or resumes). When the gate signal becomes inactive, the 82C54 counter stops and data conversion stops. See Figure 2-9.

• Gate operation with external clock source

When using the gate input with an external clock signal, conversions are synchronized with the external gate signal. When the gate signal becomes inactive, the signal from the external clock continues uninterrupted. See Figure 2-9.

Figure 2-9

Enabling conversions with gates

Digital Trigger

and Gate

Source

External Clock

Source

Internal Clock

Source

Gate Active;

Conversions On

3rd Conversion

1st Conversion 2nd Conversion

2nd Conversion1st Conversion

No Conversion

Gate Inactive;

Conversions Off

4th Conversion

Gate Active

3rd Conversion

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-21

Analog output features

The analog output section of a KPCI-3108 board consists of two 16-bit DACs (digital-to-analog converters). Each DAC has four software-selectable ranges, as listed in Table 2-3.

Table 2-3

Analog output ranges and resolutions

Range Resolution

±10.0 V 305 µV ±5.0 V 153 µV 0 to +10.0 V 153 µV 0 to +5.0 V 76 µV

The two DACs have output current ratings of ±5mA maximum and can drive capacitive loads of up to 100mF. The DAC output always initiates to 0V at power-up or reset.

The digital-to-analog conversion options resemble the analog-to-digital conversion options. The range and update sequence for one or both of the analog output channels is speciﬁed in a twoposition, maximum, channel-gain queue. Both paced and burst conversion modes are available, as follows:

• In paced mode, one of the analog outputs speciﬁed in the channel gain queue is updated

every time a pacer clock signal occurs. The pacer clock signal can be any of the following: – An internal hardware clock signal: an output pulse from an 82C54 counter/timer, the

clock input of which is connected to a crystal-controlled time base.

– An external hardware clock signal: the negative (falling) or positive (rising) edge of an

external clock pulse.

– A software update command: a write of an individual voltage value to a DAC by soft-

ware. (This method is sometimes referred to as “level control.”)

• In burst mode, both of the analog outputs speciﬁed in the channel-gain queue are sequen-

tially updated every time that a hardware (only) pacer clock signal occurs. A burst clock determines the rate at which the updates occur. A typical user conﬁgures the burst clock rate to be much higher than the pacer clock rate. However, the burst clock rate must always be at least as large as the pacer clock rate times the number of positions (entries) in the channel gain queue. The maximum burst clock rate for digital-to-analog conversions is 500 kHz.

Refer also to the A/D paced and burst mode conversion discussions under “Data conversion modes” and “Clock sources” earlier in Section 2.

For information about wiring the analog outputs, refer to “Wiring analog output signals (KPCI3108 board only)” in Section 3. For information about conﬁguring and using the analog outputs, refer to your DriverLINX documentation and application software documentation.

2-22 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Digital input and output features

This section discusses the following:

• The 32 general-purpose digital inputs and outputs

• The six multi-function digital inputs and six multi-function digital outputs, including:

– Bit assignment options – Special functions

KPCI-3108 boards have 32 general-purpose digital inputs and outputs, six multi-function digital inputs, and six multi-function digital outputs. The general-purpose digital I/O and multi-function digital I/O are discussed in separate sections below

NOTE For all digital I/O, logic 1 on an I/O line indicates that the input/output

is high (greater than 2.0V); logic 0 on an I/O line indicates that the input/output is low (less than 0.8V). The digital inputs are compatible with TTL-level signals. Multi-function digital inputs (IPO-IP5 on the analog connector) are provided with 10kΩ pull-up resistors connected to +5V; therefore, multi-function digital inputs appear high (logic 1) if no signal is connected. The 32 general purpose inputs and outputs on the digital connector do not include any pull-up resistor.

General-purpose digital inputs and outputs

The lower, “Digital” I/0 connector provides 32 bits of high current I/O (15 mA max. source current at ≥2.0V, 64 mA max. sink output current at <0.55V). These general-purpose bits (the twelve multi-function digital I/O bits available at the upper “Analog” I/O connector may also be configured as general-purpose bits) are software-conﬁgurable as either inputs or outputs in groups of eight—each group of eight bits being handled by one of four eight-bit registers. These bits may be used for a variety of purposes, similarly to the bits of common digital I/O boards such as the PIO-24 and KPCI-PIO24. The output current capabilities of these bits are much higher than available from the industry-standard 8255 digital I/O chip.

Connector pin assignments for general-purpose digital I/O bits are summarized in Figure 3-3 of Section 3. Wiring of the general-purpose digital I/O is discussed in Section 3, speciﬁcally under “Wiring digital input and output signals” and generally under “Installing and wiring to the KPCI-3108 board.” The electrical characteristics of the general purpose digital I/O are listed in Appendix A. Programming/conﬁguring and using the general-purpose digital I/O is discussed in your DriverLINX documentation and/or your application software documentation.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-23

Multi-function digital inputs and outputs

The upper “Analog” I/O connector provides twelve multi-function TTL I/O bits. Six of the bits, IP0 through IP5, are ﬁxed as inputs (CMOS, as well as TTL, compatible). The other six bits, OP0 through OP5, are ﬁxed as outputs.

Each of the six multi-function input bits may be used as a general-purpose digital input bit, or as a counter/timer access or acquisition control bit. Refer to Table 2-4.

Table 2-4

Speciﬁc bit assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital inputs

Bit assignment Description

IP0 May be used as the following:

• XPCLK, external pacer clock input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP1 May be used as the following:

• TGIN, external trigger or gate input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP2 May be used as the following:

• Counter/timer C/T0 external clock input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP3 May be used as the following:

• Counter/timer C/T1 external clock input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP4 May be used as the following:

• Counter/timer C/T0 external gate input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP5 May be used as the following:

• Counter/timer C/T1 external gate input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

When a multi-function digital input bit is conﬁgured as general-purpose input bits, data is transferred via a DriverLINX target-mode-read service request. However, a multi-function digital input bit that is being used as a counter/timer access bit or acquisition control bit may also be read via a target-mode-read, without interfering with the counter/timer access or acquisition control function.

The functions of the ﬁrst ﬁve multi-function output bits (OP0 through OP4) are conﬁgured in ﬁxed groups rather than individually. Refer to Table 2-5. There are three group conﬁguration modes: mode 0, mode 1, and mode 2. In any given mode, the bit functions of OP0 through OP4 are ﬁxed; bit functions from the other two modes cannot be interlaced or overlapped.

• Mode 0 is the general-purpose output mode. In mode 0, outputs OP0 through OP4 can be

used as target-mode digital outputs. The bits are set and cleared via a DriverLINX service request.

• Mode 1 is the counter/timer and acquisition-control output mode. In mode 1, outputs OP0

through OP4 provide access to all three counter/timer outputs and to two key acquisitioncontrol outputs.

• Mode 2 is the multiplexer control mode. In mode 2, outputs OP0 through OP4 control

address and gain selection of external multiplexers, as used in channel-expansion accessories such as the EXP-1800 and MB-02.

2-24 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

However, the sixth multi-function output bit (OP5) is conﬁgured individually—independently of mode 0, mode 1, and mode 2—for any of a variety of special functions. This bit gives you access to TGOUT, an output that tracks the pacer-clock, or the output of one counter/timer, even when controlling external multiplexers. Refer to Table 2-5.

Table 2-5

Speciﬁc bit assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital outputs

Bit

Output

mode

0 OP0 General-purpose output bit, target-mode

assign-

ment Description

OP1 General-purpose output bit, target-mode OP2 General-purpose output bit, target-mode OP3 General-purpose output bit, target-mode OP4 General-purpose output bit, target-mode OP5 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• TGOUT (trigger-out output)

• Pacer clock output

• Counter/timer C/T0, CT1, or CT2 output

1 OP0 Frame sync

OP1 Counter/timer C/T0 output OP2 Counter/timer C/T1 output OP3 Counter/timer C/T2 output OP4 Pacer-clock output OP5 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• TGOUT (trigger-out) output

• Pacer clock output

• Counter/timer C/T0, CT1, or CT2 output

2 OP0 External address bit 0 for multiplexing of expansion-accessory channels

OP1 External address bit 1 for multiplexing of expansion-accessory channels OP2 External address bit 2 for multiplexing of expansion-accessory channels OP3 External address bit 3 for multiplexing of expansion-accessory channels OP4 External gain bit for some expansion accessories (e.g. EXP-1800) OP5 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• TGOUT (trigger-out output)

• Pacer clock output

• Counter/timer C/T0, CT1, or CT2 output

Connector pin assignments for the multi-function digital I/O bits are summarized in Figure 3-2. Wiring to the multi-function digital I/O is discussed in Section 3 under “Wiring digital input and output signals.” Electrical characteristics of the multi-function digital I/O are listed in Appendix A. Conﬁguring/programming and using the multi-function digital I/O is discussed in your DriverLINX documentation and/or your application software documentation.

Software-conﬁgurable special functions for the multi-function digital I/O are discussed brieﬂy in the subsections that follow.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-25

The external pacer clock (XPCLK) digital input function

You can conﬁgure multi-function bit IP0 as an external pacer-clock input (XPCLK). Then you can connect this input to an external hardware-clock source to time analog data conversions.

You cannot use the external pacer-clock source and the internal pacer-clock source simultaneously. However, you can simultaneously use the software-clock source to start analog data conversions while simultaneously using either an internal or external hardware-clock source.

For more information about the use of an external pacer clock, refer to the following headings earlier in Section 2: “Data conversion modes,” “Clock sources,” and “Analog output features.”

The trigger in (TGIN) digital input function

You can conﬁgure multi-function bit IP1as an external digital trigger input (TGIN) or gate input. Then you can connect this input to an external TTL-compatible trigger or gate signal for starting and/or stopping analog-to-digital conversions.

For more information about the use of an external trigger signal, refer to “Triggers” and “Gates” earlier in Section 2.

The counter/timer clock digital input functions

Your board includes an 82C54 circuit that provides three counter/timers. You can conﬁgure the following multi-function digital I/O bits on the upper “Analog” I/O connector as external counter/timer clock inputs for two of the three 82C54 counter/timers:

• Bit IP2 is the external clock input for counter/timer C/T0.

• Bit IP3 is the external clock input for counter/timer C/T1.

There is no external counter/timer clock input for counter/timer C/T2

You can connect these inputs to external event or time base signals to perform a variety of tasks. For more information about the use of the 82C54 counter/timers, refer to “Counter/timer features” later in Section 2.

The counter/timer gate digital input functions

Your board includes an 82C54 circuit that provides three counter/timers. You can conﬁgure the following multi-function digital I/O bits on the upper “Analog” I/O connector as external counter/timer gate inputs for two of the three 82C54 counter/timers.

• Bit IP4 is the external gate input for counter/timer C/T0.

• Bit IP5 is the external gate input for counter/timer C/T1.

There is no external counter/timer gate input for counter/timer C/T2

You can connect the C/T0 and C/T1 gate inputs to external TTL signals to enable or disable C/T0 and C/T1.

For more information about the use of the 82C54 counter/timers, refer to “Counter/timer features” later in Section 2.

2-26 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

The trigger-out (TGOUT) digital output function

You can conﬁgure bit OP5 as a trigger-out (TGOUT) digital output, which is synchronized with internal and external trigger and gate signals.

If you use only the internal pacer clock to trigger analog I/O operations, you can use the TGOUT signal to synchronize analog I/O operations at multiple KPCI-3108 boards. Alternatively, you can use the TGOUT signal to trigger or gate user-speciﬁc events. The TGOUT signal has the following properties:

• TGOUT signal with an external trigger input signal

When you start an analog input operation with an external trigger signal (at bit IP1 conﬁgured as the TGIN input), there is a delay of about 200ns between the active edge of the TGIN signal and the positive, rising edge of the TGOUT signal. See Figure 2-10a.

NOTE TGOUT cannot be used with about-trigger acquisitions.

• TGOUT signal with an external gate input signal

When you start an analog input operation via an external gate signal (at bit IP1 conﬁgured as a gate input), there is a delay of about 200ns between the active edge at IP1 and the positive, rising edge of TGOUT. See Figure 2-10b.

• TGOUT signal with an internal trigger or gate signal

When you start an analog input operation via an internal trigger/gate, there is a delay of less than 1µs between the active edge of the internal trigger/gate and the positive, rising edge of TGOUT. See Figure 2-10c.

You may conﬁgure bit OP5 for TGOUT individually, independently of the three output options that conﬁgure the other ﬁve multi-function digital output bits (OP0 through OP4). Refer to Table 2-5.

Figure 2-10

Timing for the generation of TGOUT

IP1, as Trigger

(TGIN)

TGOUT

IP1, as Gate

TGOUT

Software Enables Conversions

Internal Trigger/Gate

200ns Typical

a. External Trigger

200ns Typical

b. External Gate

< 1µs

Remains active until conversions are disabled by software

Software Disables Conversions

TGOUT

c. Internal Trigger/Gate

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-27

The pacer-clock output function

The KPCI-3108 boards provides a pacer-clock output that is synchronized with the internal or external pacer clock, whichever is being used for A/D and/or D/A conversions. The external pacer-clock output may be used to synchronize A/D and/or D/A conversions with the operation of external devices connected to the board I/O connectors.

Under multi-function digital output option 0, conﬁgure bit OP4 as a pacer-clock output bit. You may also individually conﬁgure bit OP5 as a pacer-clock output bit, independently of the three output options that conﬁgure the other ﬁve multi-function digital output bits (OP0 through OP4). Refer to Table 2-5.

Frame sync digital output signal

Frame sync is a digital output signal that goes low (logic 0) just after completion of a scan of the channel-gain queue. This may be useful in the future for track and hold applications.

The counter/timer digital output functions

Your board includes an 82C54 circuit that provides three counter/timers. You can conﬁgure the multi-function digital output bits on the upper “Analog” I/O connector as external counter/timer clock outputs for all three 82C54 counter/timers, as follows:

• Bit OP1 is the external output for counter/timer C/T0.

• Bit OP2 is the external output for counter/timer C/T1.

• Bit OP3 is the external output for counter/timer C/T2.

You can connect these outputs to perform a variety of tasks.

For more information about the use of the 82C54 counter/timers, refer to “Counter/timer features” later in Section 2.

All three counter/timer outputs are simultaneously available when the board is conﬁgured for multi-function digital output option 0. Additionally, you may individually conﬁgure bit OP5 as the output for any of the counter/timers, independently of the three output options that conﬁgure the other ﬁve multi-function digital output bits (OP0 through OP4). Refer to Table 2-5.

The expansion-channel digital output functions

When you connect EXP-1800 expansion accessories or MB-02 signal conditioning /expansion accessories to your KPCI-3108 board, you must conﬁgure multi-function output bits as addresses to sequence the expanded I/O channels. You conﬁgure bits OP0, OP1, OP2, and OP3 as expansion channel addresses when you select output option 1.You simultaneously conﬁgure OP4 as an expansion accessory gain bit (required by some expansion accessories) when you select output option 1.

Table 2-5 summarizes the bit assignments under multi-function digital output option 1.

2-28 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Counter/timer features

Each KPCI-3108 board includes an 82C54 circuit that contains three counter/timers: C/T0, C/T1, and C/T2. This section brieﬂy discusses:

• The purpose and use of the counter/timers in general

• The counter/timer operational modes available with the KPCI-3108 board

Counter/timer general discussion

Each of the three counter/timers may be used to count event pulses or timing pulses, such as pulses from a precision time base. When the number of pulses it counts at its clock input equals a preset number—set via software—the counter/timer emits an output signal that may be used for a variety of purposes. For example, the output may be used as an event trigger, as a dividedfrequency timing signal, or as the clock input for a second, cascaded counter/timer. Counting is either enabled continuously or is enabled or disabled through a gate input. Figure 2-11 illustrates the inputs and outputs of the three 82C54 counter/timers as implemented with the KPCI-3108 board.

Figure 2-11

Counter/timer I/O available on KPCI-3108 boards

Clock Input

Gate Input

Clock Input

Gate Input

Clock Input (Internal Only)

Gate Input (Internal Only,

Always Enabled)

C/T0

C/T1

C/T2

Output

The following summarizes the basic functions of the counter/timer inputs and outputs:

• The Clock input receives the event or time-base pulses that are counted.

• The Gate input receives a signal that enables or disables the counting process.

• The Output signals that the speciﬁed count has been achieved.

C/T2 accepts only internal clock signals and is enabled only internally and continuously. However, C/T2 may be used to extend the range of CT/0 or CT/1 by cascading—counting output pulses from CT/0 or CT/1.

A key application that illustrates use of the counter/timers is pacer-clock timing. When scanning input channels, your board can use pacer-clock timing signals to regularly space individual analog-to-digital and/or digital-to-analog conversions or bursts of conversions. (Refer to “Data conversion modes,” “Clock sources,” and “Analog output features” earlier in Section 2.) Any of the three counter/timers may be used for pacer-clock timing. Note, however, that 82C54 timer/ counters are not required for the burst-clock, which is generated by a different route. Production of internally-generated pacer-clock timing pulses is illustrated in Figure 2-12.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-29

Figure 2-12

Using counter/timers for internal pacer-clock

a. Using one counter/timer for pacer-clock timing

Pulses from internal

crystal-clock time base

Internal Enable

b. Using two counter/timers, cascaded, for pacer-clock timing

Pulses from internal

crystal-clock time base

Internal Enable

C/T0, CT1 or

CT2

C/T0, CT1 or

CT2

Pacer-Clock Timing Signal

Internal Enable

C/T0, CT1 or

CT2

Pacer-Clock Timing Signal

In this application, each counter acts as a frequency divider. For example, if in Figure 2-12a the crystal-clock time base is conﬁgured for 1 MHz (10, 5, 1, and 0.1 MHz are available) and the counter/timer is set for 100 counts, a pacer-clock timing pulse is emitted only once per 100 timebase pulses. Therefore, the time-base frequency is divided by 100, and the output frequency is 10 KHz. If in Figure 2-12b the crystal-clock time base is conﬁgured for 1 MHz, and both counter/timers are set for 100 counts, the time-base frequency is divided by a factor of (100 x 100), and the output frequency is 100 Hz.

Four of the multi-function digital input bits at the upper “Analog” I/O connector are indepen- dently software-conﬁgurable as counter/timer inputs for C/T0 and C/T1, as follows:

• The external clock input for counter/timer C/T0 is bit IP2 (pin 20).

• The external clock input for counter/timer C/T1 is bit IP3 (pin 2).

• The external gate input for counter/timer C/T0 is bit IP4 (pin 19).

• The external gate input for counter/timer C/T1 is bit IP5 (pin 1).

You can attach a 0 MHz to100 kHz external clock source to the clock inputs. Pull-up resistors of 10 kΩ are provided at the gate input pins; therefore, the gates appear enabled if no signal is attached to the gate inputs.

The following three multi-function digital output bits are conﬁgured as counter/timer outputs — together as a group — under output option 0:

• The output bit for counter/timer C/T0 is OP1 (pin 6 at the upper “Analog” I/O connector).

• The output bit for counter/timer C/T1 is OP2 (pin 23 at the upper “Analog” I/O connector).

• The output bit for counter/timer C/T2 is OP3 (pin 5 at the upper “Analog” I/O connector).

Additionally, multi-function digital output bit OP5 is independently conﬁgurable as C/T0, C/T1, or C/T2 (at pin 4 at the upper “Analog” I/O connector).

For more information about multi-function digital output options, refer to the section above, “Multi-function digital inputs and outputs.” Refer also to “Wiring counter/timer signals” in Section 3.

2-30 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Counter/timer operational modes

The 82C54 counter/timer circuit provides software-conﬁgurable operational modes to perform various functions. The following modes are available from the 82C54 counter/timer. All may not be available for use with the KPCI-3108 board. Refer to your DriverLINX documentation to determine which modes are available.

• Pulse on terminal count (Mode 0)

• Programmable one-shot (Mode 1)

• Rate generator (Mode 2)

• Square-wave generator (Mode 3)

• Software-triggered strobe (Mode 4)

• Hardware-triggered strobe (Mode 5)

Each of these modes is explained brieﬂy in the subsections that follow. Refer to the DriverLINX Counter/Timer Programming Guide for more details.

Pulse on terminal count (counter/timer mode 0)

The pulse-on-terminal-count mode is useful for event counting or for programming a time delay. Software is used to force the output low. On the next clock pulse after the software writes the initial count value, the counter is loaded. When the counter reaches zero, the output goes high and remains high until the software writes a new count value. Note that the output does not go high until n + 1 clock pulses after the initial count is written, where n indicates the loaded count.

A high gate input enables counting; a low gate input disables counting. The gate input has no effect on the output. Note that an initial count value written while the gate input is low is still loaded on the next clock pulse.

Figure 2-13 illustrates pulse-on-terminal-count mode.

Figure 2-13

Pulse-on-terminal-count counter/timer mode

Clock Pulse

Software forces

output low

Output

Software writes initial count value of 3

32 1

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-31

Programmable one-shot (counter/timer mode 1)

The programmable one-shot mode is useful for providing a hardware-triggered delay or oneshot pulse. The output is initially high. A trigger loads the initial count value into the counter. At the next clock pulse after the trigger, the output goes low and remains low until the counter reaches zero. (The one-shot pulse is n clock cycles in duration, where n indicates the loaded count.) After the counter reaches zero, the output goes high and remains high until the clock pulse after the next trigger; this makes the one-shot pulse retriggerable.

You do not have to reload the count into the counter. The gate input has no effect on the output. Writing a new count to the counter during a one-shot pulse does not affect the current one-shot pulse.

Figure 2-14 illustrates programmable one-shot mode.

Figure 2-14

Programmable one-shot counter/timer mode

Clock Pulse

Trigger loads initial count value of 3

Output

32 1

Rate generator (counter/timer mode 2)

The rate-generator mode is useful for generating a real-time clock interrupt. The output is initially high. A trigger loads the initial count value into the counter. At the next clock pulse after the trigger, the counter starts counting down. When the counter reaches one, the output goes low for one clock pulse and then goes high again. The counter is then reloaded with the initial count value and the process repeats.

A high gate input enables counting; a low gate input disables counting. If the gate goes low during an output pulse, the output is set high immediately; this allows you to use the gate input to synchronize the counter.

Writing a new count to the counter while counting does not affect the current counting sequence. In this mode, a count of 1 is illegal.

Figure 2-15 illustrates rate generator mode.

Figure 2-15

Rate-generator counter/timer mode

Clock Pulse

Output

Trigger loads initial count value of 3

3213 212

2-32 Functional Description KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Square-wave generator (counter/timer mode 3)

This mode is useful for square-wave generation. The output is initially high. A trigger loads the initial count value into the counter. At the next clock pulse after the trigger, the counter starts counting down. When half the initial count has elapsed, the output goes low for the remainder of the count. When the total count elapses, the counter is reloaded with the initial count value, the output goes high again, and the process repeats. If the initial count is odd, the output is high for (n + 1) / 2 counts and low for (n - 1) / 2 counts, where n indicates the loaded count.

A high gate input enables counting; a low gate input disables counting. If the gate goes low while the output is low, the output is set high immediately; this allows you to use the gate input to synchronize the counter.

Figure 2-16 illustrates square-wave generator mode.

Figure 2-16

Square-wave generator counter/timer mode

Clock Pulse

Trigger loads initial count value of 4

Output

43214321

Software-triggered strobe (counter/timer mode 4)

When the counter/timer is in the software-triggered strobe mode, the output is initially high. Writing the initial count through software loads the initial count value into the counter at the next clock pulse, but the counter does not start counting. At the next clock pulse, the counter starts counting down. When the counter reaches zero, the output goes low for one clock pulse and then goes high again. Note that the output does not go low until n + 1 clock pulses after the initial count is written, where n indicates the loaded count.

A high gate input enables counting; a low gate input disables counting. The gate input has no effect on the output.

Figure 2-17 illustrates software-triggered strobe mode.

Figure 2-17

Software-triggered strobe counter/timer mode

Clock Pulse Software writes intial

count value of 3

Output

Software loads counter with initial count

321

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual Functional Description 2-33

Hardware-triggered strobe (counter/timer mode 5)

When the counter/timer is in the software-triggered strobe mode, the output of the counter/timer is initially high. A rising edge of the gate input acts as a trigger. The counter is loaded with the initial count value on the next clock pulse after the trigger, but the counter does not start counting. At the next clock pulse, the counter starts counting down. When the counter reaches zero, the output goes low for one clock pulse and then goes high again. Note that the output does not go low until n + 1 clock pulses after the trigger event occurs, where n indicates the loaded count.

After the trigger event occurs, the gate input has no effect on the output. Writing a new value during counting does not affect the counting sequence.

Figure 2-18 illustrates hardware-triggered strobe mode.

Figure 2-18

Hardware-triggered strobe counter/timer mode

Clock Pulse

Power

Rising edge of gate input acts as trigger

Output

A KPCI-3108 board requires +5V at 0.8A from the host computer power bus and +12V at 0.5A from this power bus to operate onboard circuits.

Additionally, +5V power for light duty external circuits—at a maximum total current draw of 1A— may be drawn indirectly from the host computer power bus via the board I/O connectors. The +5V is available at pin 25 of the upper “Analog” I/O connector and pins 35 and 36 of the lower “Digital” I/O connector.

CAUTION Do not connect the +5V outputs to external power supplies. Con-

necting these outputs to external power supplies may damage the external supplies, the board, and the computer.

Do not draw more than 1.0A, total, from all +5V outputs combined. Drawing more than 1.0A, total, may damage the board. Also keep in mind that the 5V output comes from the computer power bus. Know the limits of the computer 5V power bus and the current drawn from it by other boards and devices. Other demands on the 5V power bus may limit the current drawn from your board to less than 1.0A.

Counter is loaded with initial count value of 3

32 1

lnstallation

•

3-2 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

This section describes system installation, in the following order:

Software options and installation guidelines. (Note: install the software before installing the hardware.)

Hardware installation, including the following: – Unwrapping and inspecting the board – Physically installing the board – Checking the combined board and DriverLINX installation – Identifying the I/O connector pins – Wiring your circuits to the I/O connector pins (via the wiring accessories) – Synchronizing multiple boards – Powering your circuits from the board

Installing the software

NOTE

Software options

Users of KPCI-3108 boards have the following two software options. In both cases, the software interfaces with your system via the DriverLINX software provided with your board:

The user can run a fully integrated data-acquisition software package such as TestPoint or LabVIEW.

The user can write and run a custom program in Visual C/C++, Visual Basic, or Delphi, using the programming support provided in the DriverLINX software.

A summary of the pros and cons of using integrated packages or writing custom programs is provided in the Keithley Full Line Catalog.

The KPCI-3108 has fully functional driver support for use under Windows 95/98/NT.

DriverLINX driver software for Windows 95/98/NT

DriverLINX software, supplied by Keithley with the KPCI-3108 board, provides convenient interfaces to conﬁgure analog and digital I/O modes without register-level programming.

Most importantly, however, DriverLINX supports those programmers who wish to create custom applications using Visual C/C++, Visual Basic, or Delphi. DriverLINX accomplishes foreground and background tasks to perform data acquisition. The software includes memory and data buffer management, event triggering, extensive error checking, and context sensitive online help.

Install the DriverLINX software befor e installing the KPCI-3108 board. Otherwise, the device drivers will be more difﬁcult to install.

•

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-3

DriverLINX provides application developers a standardized interface to over 100 services for creating foreground and background tasks for the following:

Analog input and output Digital input and output Time and frequency measurement Event counting Pulse output Period measurement

In addition to basic I/O support, DriverLINX also provides:

Built-in capabilities to handle memory and data buffer management. A selection of starting and stopping trigger events, including pre-triggering, mid-point trig-

gering and post-triggering protocols. Extensive error checking. Context-sensitive on-line help system DriverLINX is essentially hardware independent,

because its portable APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) work across various operating systems. This capability eliminates unnecessary programming when changing operating system platforms.

TestPoint

TestPoint is a fully featured, integrated application package that incorporates many commonly used math, analysis, report generation, and graphics functions. The TestPoint graphical dragand-drop interface can be used to create data acquisition applications, without programming, for IEEE-488 instruments, data acquisition boards, and RS232-485 instruments and devices.

TestPoint includes features for controlling external devices, responding to events, processing data, creating report ﬁles, and exchanging information with other Windows programs. It provides libraries for controlling most popular GPIB instruments. OCX and ActiveX controls plug directly into TestPoint, allowing additional features from third party suppliers.

TestPoint interfaces with your KPCI-3108 board through DriverLINX, using a driver that is provided by the manufacturer.

LabVIEW

LabVIEW is a fully featured graphical programming language used to create virtual instrumentation. It consists of an interactive user interface, complete with knobs, slide switches, graphs, strip charts, and other instrument panel controls. Its data-driven environment uses function blocks that are virtually wired together and pass data to each other. The function blocks, which are selected from palette menus, range from arithmetic functions to advanced acquisition, control, and analysis routines. Also included are debugging tools, help windows, execution highlighting, single stepping, probes, and breakpoints to trace and monitor the data ﬂow execution. LabVIEW can be used to create professional applications with minimal programming.

™

A Keithley VI palette provides standard virtual instruments (VIs) for LabVIEW that interface with your KPCI-3108 board through DriverLINX. The needed driver is provided on your DriverLINX CD-ROM.

3-4 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Installing DriverLINX

Refer to the instructions on the Read this ﬁrst sheet and the manuals on the DriverLINX CD-ROM, both shipped with your board, for information on installing and using DriverLINX.

Installing application software and drivers

Installing the TestPoint software and driver

The DriverLINX driver for TestPoint is provided as part of the TestPoint software. The driver therefore installs automatically when you install TestPoint.

You can install TestPoint application software, made by Capital Equipment Corporation (CEC), at any time — before or after installing DriverLINX and the KPCI-3108 board. For TestPoint installation instructions, consult the manual provided by CEC.

NOTE

Before using TestPoint with the KPCI-3108 version of DriverLINX, check with CEC to ensure that your version of TestPoint is compatible with DriverLINX.

Installing the LabVIEW software and driver

A DriverLINX driver for LabVIEW is provided on your DriverLINX CD-ROM. The LabVIEW driver does not install automatically when you install DriverLINX and your board. You must ﬁrst install the LabVIEW application program, then install the DriverLINX driver. Access the LabVIEW driver installation routine by starting setup.exe on the DriverLINX CD-ROM, then selecting LabVIEW

Consult the manual provided by National Instruments for LabVIEW installation instructions.

™

Support from the Install These DriverLINX components screen.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-5

Installing and wiring to the KPCI-3108 board

The remainder of this section describes physically installing the KPCI-3108 board, connecting interfaces to the board, and wiring circuits to the interfaces. KPCI-3108 board connectors involved in these operations are labeled in Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1

Connectors on the KPCI-3108 board

Connector for analog I/O and multi-function digital I/O (labeled “Analog”)

KPCI-3108 Board

Connector for general-purpose digital I/O (labeled “Digital”)

PCI-Bus Connector

The remainder of this section is ordered according to the following recommended installation sequence:

1. Install the board in your computer, as described in “Installing the board.”

2. Check the installation as described in “Checking the combined board and DriverLINX installations.”

3. Review the I/O connections for each pin on the two 36-pin I/O connectors of your board. Connector pin assignments for the KPCI-3108 boards are identiﬁed and described under “Identifying I/O connector pin assignments for KPCI-3108.”

4. Connect the appropriate screw terminal and other interface accessory(s) to your board, using an appropriate cable assembly(s). One or more accessories are required to wire the board to your circuits. These accessories range from basic screw terminal connectors (STP-36) to signal conditioning and expansion accessories. Use of interface accessories and cables is described under “Connecting interface accessories to a KPCI-3108 board.”

5. Wire your circuits to the interface accessories that you connected to the board in step 4. Refer to the sections “Wiring analog input signals,” “Wiring analog output signals (KPCI3108 board only),” “Wiring digital input and output signals,” and “Wiring counter/timer signals.”

6. If you wish to synchronize multiple KPCI-3108 boards, interconnect the trigger or gate signals as described under “Synchronizing multiple boards.”

7. If you desire to use KPCI-3108 board power for any of your circuits, be sure to read “Wiring +5V power to external circuits” before proceeding.

3-6 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Installing the board

CAUTION Ensure that the computer is turned OFF before installing or remov-

ing a board. Installing or removing a board while power is ON can damage your computer, the board, or both.

Handle the board in a static-controlled workstation; wear a grounded wrist strap. Discharge static voltage differences between the wrapped board and the handling environment before removing the board from its protective wrapper. Failure to discharge static electricity before and during handling may damage semiconductor circuits on the board.

Handle the board using the mounting bracket. Do not touch the circuit traces or connector contacts when handling the board.

Checking resources for the board

Ensure that your computer has sufﬁcient resources, particularly power resources, to run your KPCI-3108 board. Check the capacity of the computer power supply and the power requirements of your computer and presently installed boards. Adding a KPCI-3108 board requires an additional 0.8A at +5V, maximum, and an additional 0.5A at +12V, maximum. If necessary, free resources by uninstalling other boards.

Unwrapping and inspecting the KPCI-3108 board

NOTE

After you remove the wrapped board from its outer shipping carton, unwrap and inspect it as follows:

1. Your board is packaged at the factory in an anti-static wrapper. Do not remove the anti-static wrapper until you have discharged any static electricity voltage differences between the wrapped board and the environment. Wear a grounded wrist strap. A grounded wrist strap discharges static electricity from the wrapped board as soon as you hold it. Keep the wrist strap on until you have ﬁnished installing the board.

2. Remove the KPCI-3108 board from its anti-static wrapping material. (You may wish to store the wrapping material for future use.)

3. Inspect the board for damage. If damage is apparent, arrange to return the board to the factory. Refer to Section 6, “Technical support.”

4. Check the remaining contents of your package against the packing list and report any missing items immediately.

5. If the inspection is satisfactory, continue with “Installing the KPCI-3108 board.”

Install the DriverLINX software befor e installing the KPCI-3108 board. Otherwise, the device drivers will be more difﬁcult to install.

Installing the KPCI-3108 board

WARNING Be sure to reinstall the cover of your computer after installing the

board.

Install a KPCI-3108 board in a PCI expansion slot on your computer as follows:

1. Turn power OFF to the computer and to any external circuits attached to the board.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-7

2. Remove the computer chassis cover.

3. Select an unoccupied PCI expansion slot in the rear panel, and remove the corresponding dummy mounting plate.

4. Insert the PCI connector of the board into the selected PCI slot of the computer. Take care not to interfere with neighboring boards. Ensure that the board is properly seated in the slot.

5. Secure the mounting bracket of the board to the chassis, using the retaining screw that you removed when you removed the dummy mounting plate.

6. Continue with “Conﬁguring the board to work with DriverLINX.”

Conﬁguring the board to work with DriverLINX

After physically installing the board, do the following:

1. Turn on and reboot the computer. The DriverLINX Plug and Play Wizard screen appears.

2. Run the Wizard immediately by following the progressive instructions on the screen.

3. Continue with “Checking the combined board and DriverLINX installations.”

If you do not run the Wizard immediately, it will not appear the next time you reboot. You must then start the Wizard from a batch ﬁle, as follows:

1. Open the Windows Explorer.

2. Double click on X:\DrvLINX4\Help\kpci3108.bat, where X = the letter of the drive on which you installed DriverLINX.

The Wizard appears.

NOTE

3. Run the Wizard by following the progressive instructions on the screen.

4. Continue with “Checking the combined board and DriverLINX installations.”

You can also start this batch ﬁle directly from the CD-ROM by double clicking on Y:\DrvLINX4\Help\kpci3108.bat, where Y = the drive letter of your CD-ROM drive.

Checking the combined board and DriverLINX installations

Before making any connections to the board, check whether DriverLINX and your board are installed correctly and working together properly. Do this using the ﬁrst two steps of “Problem isolation Scheme B: installation” in Section 6. The ﬁrst two steps evaluate whether the DriverLINX Analog I/O Panel utility starts properly. If the Panel does not start properly at ﬁrst, remaining steps lead you through diagnostic and remedial efforts. If necessary, steps lead you to deinstall, then reinstall DriverLINX and the board.

Do the following:

1. Turn ON your computer and boot Windows 95, 98, or NT.

2. Perform the ﬁrst two steps of “Problem isolation Scheme B: installation” in Section 6.

3. If you cannot initially run the Analog I/O Panel, perform additional steps of “Problem isolation Scheme B: installation” as directed.

4. After DriverLINX and your board are installed properly and working together, continue with “Identifying I/O connector pin assignments for KPCI-3108,” and then “Connecting interface accessories to a KPCI-3108 board.”

•

3-8 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Identifying I/O connector pin assignments for KPCI-3108

You connect a KPCI-3108 board to your signals via two IEEE 1284 36-pin mini-D connectors, located at the rear of the board.

Figure 3-2 and Table 3-1 show and describe pin assignments and signal descriptions for the upper “Analog” I/O connector, through which analog I/O and multi-function digital I/O signals are connected. Identically numbered assignments and descriptions apply to the terminals on either of the following (described in the next section) if it is connected to the “Analog” I/O connector:

– An STP-36 Series screw-terminal accessory (STP-36) – An STA-3108-A Series adapter/screw-terminal accessory (STA-3108-A1, STA-3108-A2,

STA-3108-A3)

Figure 3-2

Pin assignments for KPCI-3108 upper “Analog” I/O connector pin

IP5 IP3

IP1 OP5 OP3 OP1

DGND CH07 LO/CH15 HI CH06 LO/CH14 HI CH05 LO/CH13 HI CH04 LO/CH12 HI CH03 LO/CH11 HI CH02 LO/CH10 HI CH01 LO/CH09 HI CH00 LO/CH08 HI

No connection

AGND AGND

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

IP4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

IP2

IP0

OP4

OP2

OP0

+5 V

CH07 HI

CH06 HI

CH05 HI

CH04 HI

CH03 HI

CH02 HI

CH01 HI

CH00 HI

+10 V Reference

DAC1 Output

DAC0 Output

•

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-9

Table 3-1

Signal descriptions for “Analog” I/O connector pins and screw-terminals

Pin or terminal

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 DGND Digital ground.

8 9 10 : 15

16 No connection 17, 18 AGND Analog ground. (Refer to “Wiring analog input signals.”) 19

20 21

22 23 24

25 +5 V + 5 VDC from computer bus. (Refer to “Wiring +5V power to

26 27 28 : 33

34 +10 V Reference Precision +10 VDC reference voltage source, which is designed to

35 DAC1 Output* Analog output from digital-to-analog converter number 1* 36 DAC0 Output* Analog output from digital-to-analog converter number 0*

*This feature is not included with the KPCI-3107.

Assignment Description

IP5 IP3 IP1

OP5 OP3 OP1

CH07 LO/CH15 HI CH06 LO/CH14 HI CH05 LO/CH13 HI : CH00 LO/CH08 HI

IP4 IP2 IP0

OP4 OP2 OP0

CH07 HI CH06 HI CH05 HI : CH00 HI

Multi-function digital input bits, user-conﬁgurable for:

Counter/timer timebase and/or gate inputs External pacer for A/D or D/A conversion External digital trigger Target-mode digital input

Multi-function digital output bits, user-conﬁgurable for:

Counter/timer outputs Trigger output Control/addressing for expansion and signal conditioning accessories Pacer clock output Target-mode digital output

Analog inputs, which function as follows for inputs conﬁgured as differential:

Channel 07 low-level input Channel 06 low-level input Channel 05 low-level input

Channel 00 low-level input

Multi-function digital input bits, user-conﬁgurable for:

Counter/timer timebase or gate inputs External pacer for A/D or D/A conversion External digital trigger Target-mode digital input

Multi-function digital output bits, user-conﬁgurable for:

Counter/timer outputs Trigger output Control/addressing for expansion and signal conditioning accessories Pacer clock output Target-mode digital output

external circuits.”) Channel 07 high-level input

Channel 06 high-level input Channel 05 high-level input : Channel 00 high -level input

be connected to a high-impedance reference input only (supplied through a 1 K

Ω

series resistor).

Analog inputs, which function as follows for inputs conﬁgured as single-ended:

Channel 15 high-level input Channel 14 high-level input Channel 13 high-level input

Channel 08 high-level input

•

3-10 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Likewise, Figure 3-3 and Table 3-2 show and describe pin assignments and signal descriptions for the lower “Digital” I/O connector, through which 32 bits of general-purpose, highcurrent digital I/O are connected. Identically numbered assignments and descriptions apply to the terminals on either of the following (described in the next section) if it is connected to the “Digital” I/O connector:

– An STP-36 screw-terminal accessory (STP-36) – An STA-3108-D1 Series adapter/screw-terminal accessory

Figure 3-3

Pin assignments for KPCI-3108 lower “Digital” I/O connector pins

Bit 16

Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8

Bit 9 Bit 10 Bit 11 Bit 12 Bit 13 Bit 14

Bit 15 DGND DGND

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14

16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Bit 17 Bit 18 Bit 19 Bit 20 Bit 21 Bit 22 Bit 23 Bit 24 Bit 25 Bit 26 Bit 27 Bit 28 Bit 29 Bit 30 Bit 31 +5 V +5 V

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-11

Table 3-2

Signal descriptions for “Digital” I/O connector pins and screw-terminals

“Digital” connector pin or STP-36 terminal

1 2 3 : 8

9 10 11 : 16

17, 18 DGND Digital grounds. (Refer to “Wiring general-purpose digital I/O

19 20 21 : 26

27 28 29 : 34

35, 36 +5V + 5 VDC from computer bus. (Refer to “Wiring +5V power to

Bit assignment Description

Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2 : Bit 7

Bit 8 Bit 9 Bit 10 : Bit 15

Bit 16 Bit 17 Bit 18 : Bit 23

Bit 24 Bit 25 Bit 26 : Bit 31

General-purpose digital I/O bits, channel 0. As a group, these 8 bits are user-conﬁgurable as either all inputs or all outputs. (The 8 bits comprise the register of a type 652 chip.)

General-purpose digital I/O bits, channel 1. As a group, these 8 bits are user-conﬁgurable as either all inputs or all outputs. (The 8 bits comprise the register of a type 652 chip.)

signals.”) General-purpose digital I/O bits, channel 2. As a group, these 8

bits are user-conﬁgurable as either all inputs or all outputs. (The 8 bits comprise the register of a type 652 chip.)

General-purpose digital I/O bits, channel 3. As a group, these 8 bits are user-conﬁgurable as either all inputs or all outputs. (The 8 bits comprise the register of a type 652 chip.)

external circuits.”)

•

3-12 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Connecting interface accessories to a KPCI-3108 board

CAUTION The two I/O connectors of KPCI-3108 board, labeled “Analog” and

“Digital,” are mechanically identical. Ensure that you connect interface accessories and, indirectly, external circuits to the correct I/O connector. Connecting interface accessories or external circuits to the wrong connector may result in damage to the KPCI-3108 board, the host computer, your external circuits, or all three.

Use combinations of the following interface accessories to wire your circuits to the KPCI-3108 I/O connectors

Basic screw-terminal accessories Channel-expansion, signal-conditioning, or digital I/O accessories, combined with adapter/

screw-terminal accessories Interconnection cables

Section 1 summarized the available interface accessories in Table 1-2, Table 1-3, and Table 1-4. This section describes how to interconnect these accessories, as follows:

The ﬁrst subsection describes the STP-36 (or STC-36/C) screw-terminal accessory and how to connect it to your board.

The second subsection through the ﬁfth subsection describe various channel expansion, signal conditioning, and digital I/O accessories and how to connect them to your KPCI-3108 board. Each of these accessories interfaces to your board through a specially-designed adapter/screw-terminal accessory. The following topics are covered:

– Connecting EXP-1800 channel-expansion accessories to the KPCI-3108 board via an

STA-3108-A1 accessory

– Connecting an MB-01, MB-05, or STA-MB signal conditioning accessory to the KPCI-

3108 board via an STA-3108-A2 accessory

– Connecting an MB-02 signal conditioning/expansion accessory to the KPCI-3108 board

via an STA-3108-A3 accessory

– Connecting digital I/O accessories to the KPCI-3108 board via an STA-3108-D1

accessory

•

–

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-13

NOTE

When using combination adapter/screw-terminal accessories (STA-3108-A1, STA-3108-A2, STA-3108-A3, or STA-3108-D1) as recommended in these subsections, wire to the screw terminals with caution. Be aware of the following:

All of the screw terminals are connected to the same-numbered pins of a KPCI-3108 “Analog” or “Digital” I/O connector.

When a channel-expansion, signal-conditioning, or digital I/O accessory(s) is connected to the adapter/screw-terminal accessory, some of KPCI-3108 I/O signals at these screw terminals are shared. In general, do not wire external circuits to screw terminals that are shared. However, which screw terminals are actually shared depends on the conﬁguration of the channel-expansion, signal-conditioning, or digital I/O accessory conﬁguration. For example:

Each EXP-1800 expansion accessory or MB-02 expansion/signalconditioning accessory is connected to only one single-ended analog input channel. Therefore, if the number of EXP-1800 or MB-02 accessories connected to your board is “n,” as many as (16- n) single-ended channels or (8 -n/2) differential channels, are not shared. Unshared channels may be wired to external circuits at the screw terminals. However, be aware that at least four multi-function digital outputs (ﬁve for the EXP-1800) are always used for multiplexing and are therefore always shared.

The MB-01 and MB-05 signal-conditioning accessory and the PB-24, PB24SM, SSI0-24, and ERB-24 digital I/O accessories each accommodate up to 24 plug-in modules. If you plug in fewer than 24 modules, the analog I/O channels or digital I/O bits not associated with modules are not shar ed and may be wired to external circuits at the screw terminals.

Even if ﬁlled with plug-in modules, an MB-05 signal-conditioning accessory never shares all analog I/O channels and none of the digital I/O accessories ever shares all digital I/O bits. The remaining channels/bits may be wired to external circuits at the screw terminals.

Before wiring external circuits, ﬁrst review your conﬁguration and the instructions for your accessories. Also review the pin-to-pin correspondence between the KPCI-3108 I/O connector and the adapter connector of your adapter/screw-terminal accessory, as it applies to your conﬁguration. Pin-to-pin data is listed in one of the following tables: Table 3-5, Table 3-7, or Table 3-10.

3-14 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Connecting an STP-36 screw terminal accessory to a KPCI-3108 board

The STP-36 accessory provides basic screw terminal wiring to the I/O connector of a KPCI-3108 board. All of the screw terminals are connected to the same-numbered pins of a KPCI-3108 “Analog” or “Digital” I/O connector. Figure 3-4 shows how the accessory connects to the board.

Figure 3-4

Connecting STP-36 screw terminal accessories

Analog I/O and Multi-Function Digital I/O

KPCI-3108 Board

General Purpose Digital I/O

STP-36

Accessory

STP-36

Accessory

CAB-1284CC Series Cable

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-15

As shown in Figure 3-4, use a CAB-1284CC Series cable to connect an STP-36 accessory to a KPCI-3108. Available CAB-1284CC Series cables are listed in Table 3-3.

Table 3-3

CAB-1284CC Series cables

Cable Description

CAB-1284CC-1 IEEE-1284 type C-C round cable with shielded, twisted-pair conductors

and molded, 36-pin mini-Centronics connectors on each end. Length is1m.

CAB-1284CC-2 Same as CAB-1284CC-1, except length is 2m.

The screw terminal numbers and assignments on an STP-36 accessory are identical to the pin numbers and assignments on the KPCI-3108 I/O connector to which it is connected. Therefore, when you connect an STP-36 to the upper “Analog” connector of a KPCI-3108 board, the screw terminal assignments are as shown in Figure 3-5. When you connect an STP-36 to the lower “Digital” connector of a KPCI-3108 board, the screw terminal assignments are as shown in Figure 3-6. For descriptions of these pins and assignments, refer to Table 3-1 and Table 3-2 under “Identifying I/O connector pin assignments for KPCI-3108.”

Figure 3-5

Upper “Analog” screw terminal assignments

IP5

IP4 IP2 IP0

OP4 OP2

OP0

+5 V

CH07 HI CH06 HI

CH05 HI CH04 HI CH03 HI

CH02 HI CH01 HI CH00 HI

+10 V Reference

DAC1 Output*

DAC0 Output*

19 2021

2223

2930

3233

3536

IP3 IP1

OP5 OP3 OP1

DGND

CH07 LO/CH15 HI CH06 LO/CH14 HI

CH05 LO/CH13 HI

1012131415161718 11 123546789

CH04 LO/CH12 HI CH03 LO/CH11 HI

CH02 LO/CH10 HI CH01 LO/CH09 HI

CH00 LO/CH08 HI No connection

AGND AGND

*Not available when connected to KPCI-3107.

3-16 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Figure 3-6

Lower “Digital” screw terminal assignments

Channel 3

Channel 4

Bit 16 Bit 17

Bit 18 Bit 19

Bit 20 Bit 21

Bit 22 Bit 23

Bit 24 Bit 25

Bit 26 Bit 27

Bit 28 Bit 29

Bit 30 Bit 31

+5 V +5 V

19 2021

2223

2930

3233

3536

Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2

Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5

Bit 6

Bit 7 Bit 8

Bit 9

1012131415161718 11 123546789

Bit 10 Bit 11

Bit 12 Bit 13

Bit 14 Bit 15

Digital Ground Digital Ground

Channel 1

Channel 2

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-17

Connecting an STP-36CJC accessory to a KPCI-3108 board

The STP-36CJC accessory provides basic screw terminal wiring to the I/O connector of a KPCI-3108 board. All of the screw terminals are connected to the same-numbered pins of a KPCI-3108 “Analog” connector. Figure 3-7 shows how the accessory connects to the board.

Figure 3-7

Connecting STP-36CJC screw terminal accessories

Analog I/O and Multi-Function

KPCI-3108 Board

Digital I/O

CAB-1284CC

STP-36CJC

Accessory

Series Cable

As shown in Figure 3-7, use a CAB-1284CC Series cable to connect an STP-36CJC accessory to a KPCI-3108. Available CAB-1284CC Series cables are listed in Table 3-3.

The screw terminals on the STP-36CJC screw terminal connector let you connect ﬁeld wiring to the analog connector on the KPCI-3108/7 board using a CAB-1284CC cable. The screw terminals are labeled from 1 to 36 and correspond directly to the functions of the pins on the main analog I/O connector on the KPCI-3108/7 board. For example, if pin 24 is assigned to the analog function OP0, use screw terminal 24 to attach hardware to output 0. Screw terminal assignments are shown in Figure 3-5. For descriptions of the pins and assignments shown in Figure 3-5, refer to Table 3-1.

3-18 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Connecting EXP-1800 channel-expansion accessories to the KPCI-3108 board via an STA-3108-A1 accessory

Using one or more EXP-1800 channel expansion accessories—in conjunction with an STA-3108-A1 adapter/screw-terminal accessory—allows you to connect groups of 16 analog inputs to each single-ended input of your KPCI-3108 board. Figure 3-8 and Table 3-4 provide the information you need to interconnect these accessories. Table 3-5 shows the pin-to-pin correspondence between the pins of the KPCI-3108 “Analog” I/O connector and the pins of the STA-3108-A1 50-pin header.

Figure 3-8

Connecting an EXP-1800 channel-expansion accessory and an STA-3108-A1 accessory

CAB-1284CC

Analog

KPCI-3108

Digital

CAB-50/1

STA-3108-A1

EXP-1800

CAB-50/1

EXP-1800

CAB-50/1

Table 3-4

Connections of EXP-1800 channel-expansion accessory and other accessories needed to a KPCI-3108 board

Channel expansion accessory and required adapter/screw terminal accessory

EXP-1800 Expansion accessory. Expands one KPCI-

3108 single-ended analog input channel into 16 differential analog input channels.

STA-3108-A1 Adapter/screw-terminal accessory. Interfaces

the “Analog” KPCI-3108 Series I/O connector to an EXP-1800 channel-expansion accessory, as well as to screw-terminals that are numbered identically to the “Analog” connector pins. A daisy-chain interfaces the “Analog” KPCI-3108 I/O connector to as many as sixteen EXP-1800 accessories.*

*NOTE: While up to sixteen EXP-1800 may be daisy-chained together, this severely degrades the noise and accuracy specs of these

inputs. A maximum of four EXP-1800 are recommended with one KPCI-3108. For systems requiring larger channel counts or better accuracy/noise performance, the 2700/2750 data acquisition systems are a preferred solution.

Required cables (in addition to CAB-1284CC Series)

CAB-50/1 Ribbon cable, 18

inches long, with 50-pin headers on each end.

CAB-1284CC Series

IEEE 1284 type CC cable; 36-pin mini-Centronics connectors on each end

Additional required accessoriesAccessory Description Cable Description

STA-3108-A1 accessory

External + 5V power supply for multiple EXP-1800s

None

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-19

Table 3-5

Pin-to-pin correspondence between upper “Analog” connector and 50-pin accessory

At “Analog” I/O connector At STA-3108-A1 50-pin header Pin number Assignment1 Pin number Assignment

1 2 3

4 5 6

IP5 IP3 IP1

OP5 OP3 OP1

Not mapped Not mapped Not mapped

Not mapped 45 43

MUX7 MUX5

3 3

7 DGND 49 GNDD 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

CH07 LO/CH15 HI CH06 LO/CH14 HI CH05 LO/CH13 HI CH04 LO/CH12 HI CH03 LO/CH11HI CH02 LO/CH10 HI CH01 LO/CH09 HI CH00 LO/CH08 HI

17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3

CH15/CH7 LO CH14/CH6 LO CH13/CH5 LO CH12/CH4 LO CH11/CH3 LO CH10/CH2 LO CH9/CH1 LO

CH8/CH0 LO 16 No connection Not mapped 17 AGND 25 GNDA 18 AGND 26 GNDA 19

20 21

22 23 24

IP4 IP2 IP0

OP4 OP2 OP0

Not mapped Not mapped Not mapped

28 46 44

GEXT

MUX6

MUX4

3 3

25 +5 V 47 +5V 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33

CH07 HI CH06 HI CH05 HI CH04 HI CH03 HI CH02 HI CH01 HI CH00 HI

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

CH7

CH6

CH5

CH4

CH3

CH2

CH1

CH0 34 +10V Reference Not mapped 35 DAC1 Output 36 DAC0 Output

Refer also to Table 3-1 for I/O descriptions.

Assignments are based on signal names at the EXP-1800 50-pin header.

The KPCI-3108 board does not output MUX signals from OP0 through OP-4 in all software modes. When using the EXP-1800, these outputs must be conﬁgured for MUX control.

This feature is not included with the KPCI-3107 board.

22 ODAC1 20 ODAC2

3-20 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Connecting an MB-01, MB-05, or STA-MB signal conditioning accessory to the KPCI-3108 board via an STA-3108-A2 accessory

Using an MB-01, MB-05, or STA-MB signal conditioning accessory—in conjunction with an STA-3108-A2 adapter/screw-terminal accessory—you can interface signals to your analog inputs through a variety of signal conditioning modules. These modules allow you to connect thermocouples, RTDs, strain gages, voltage-to-frequency converters, etc. to your KPCI-3108 board. Figure 3-9 and Table 3-6 provide the information you need to interconnect MB-01, MB-05, or STA-MB accessories. Figure 3-10 provides the information you need for connecting an STA-MB signal-conditioning accessory and an STA-3108-A2 accessory. Table 3-7 shows the pin-to-pin correspondence between the pins of the KPCI-3108 “Analog” I/O connector and the pins of the STA-3108-A2 37-pin connector.

Figure 3-9

Connecting an MB-01 or MB-05 signal-conditioning accessory and an STA-3108-A2 accessory

CAB-1284CC

Analog

KPCI-3108

Digital

STA-3108-A2

C-16MB1

MB-01 or MB-05

37-pin D-type

DAS-1600

compatible

Figure 3-10

Connecting an STA-MB signal-conditioning accessory and an STA-3108-A2 accessory

CAB-1284CC

Analog

KPCI-3108

Digital

STA-3108-A2

C-1800

37-pin D-type

DAS-1600

compatible

STA-MB

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-21

Table 3-6

Connections of accessories to a KPCI-3108 board

Signal-conditioning accessories and required adapter/screw-terminal accessory

MB-01 Signal-conditioning module

rack. Accommodates up to sixteen MB Series modules. Each module is connected to one single-ended analog input channel of a KPCI-3108 board.

MB-05 Signal-conditioning module

rack. Accommodates up to eight MB Series modules. Each module is connected to one single-ended analog input channel of a KPCI-3108 board.

Signal-conditioning

STA-MB Signal-conditioning module

box/screw-terminal accessory. Accommodates up to four MB Series modules. Each module is connected to one single-ended analog input channel of a KPCI-3108 board.

STA-3108-A2 Adapter/screw-terminal

accessory. Interfaces the “Analog” KPCI-3108 Series I/O connector to MB-01, MB-05, and STA-MB signalconditioning accessories, as well as to screw-terminals that are numbered identically to the

Adapter/screw-terminal

*Usable with analog input modules only.

“Analog” connector pins.

Required cables (in addition to CAB1284CC Series)

C-16MB1 Cable with a 37-pin

female D-type connector on one end and a 26-pin header connector on the other end

C-16MB1

C-1800 Ribbon cable, 18 in.

long, with a 37-pin female D-type connector on each end

CAB-1284CC Series IEEE 1284 type CC

cable with 36-pin mini-Centronics connectors on each end

Other required accessoriesAccessory Description Cable Description

STA-3108-A2 accessory

External + 5V power supply.

STA-3108-A2 accessory

None

3-22 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Table 3-7

Pin-to-pin correspondence between upper “Analog” connector and 37-pin connector

At “Analog” I/O connector At 37-pin connector Pin number Assignment1 Pin number Assignment

1 2 3

4 5 6

IP5 IP3 IP1

OP5 OP3 OP1

Not mapped 5 6

2 3 4

IP3 IP1/XTRIG

CTR0 OUT OP3 OP1

7 DGND 7 POWER GND 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

CH07 LO/CH15 HI CH06 LO/CH14 HI CH05 LO/CH13 HI CH04 LO/CH12 HI CH03 LO/CH11HI CH02 LO/CH10 HI CH01 LO/CH09 HI CH00 LO/CH08 HI

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

CH15/CH7 LO CH14/CH6 LO CH13/CH5 LO CH12/CH4 LO CH11/CH3 LO CH10/CH2 LO CH9/CH1 LO

CH8/CH0 LO 16 No connection Not mapped 17

18 19

20 21

22 23 24

AGND AGND

IP4 IP2 IP0

OP4 OP2 OP0

19 28, 29

24 21 25

Not mapped 22 23

LL GND

IP2/CTR0 GATE

CTR0 CLOCK IN

IP0/EXT CLK

OP2

OP0 25 +5 V 1 +5 PWR 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33

34 +10 V Reference 35

36 Not mapped 8 VREF (-5)

CH07 HI CH06 HI CH05 HI CH04 HI CH03 HI CH02 HI CH01 HI CH00 HI

DAC1Output DAC0 Output

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

Not mapped 27

CH7

CH6

CH5

CH4

CH3

CH2

CH1

CH0

DAC1 OUT

DAC0 OUT

Not mapped 10 DAC0 IN Not mapped 20 CTR 2 OUT Not mapped 26 DAC1 IN

Refer also to Table 3-1 for I/O descriptions.

Assignments, based on DAS-1600 signal names, are not meaningful in some software modes; the KPCI-3108 board does not necessarily fully emulate a DAS-1600.

The 37-pin connector VREF (-5) is not connected to +10V ref., due to voltage differences.

This feature is not included with the KPCI-3107 board.

A KPCI-3108 board does not use multiplying DACs, so it does not support DAC IN.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-23

Connecting an MB-02 signal conditioning/channel-expansion accessory to the KPCI-3108 board via an STA-3108-A3 accessory

Using one MB-02 signal conditioning/channel-expansion accessory—in conjunction with an STA-3108-A3 adapter/screw-terminal accessory—you can do the following:

• Signal-condition up to sixteen analog signals through a variety of signal conditioning

modules. The modules allow you to connect thermocouples, RTDs, strain gages, voltage-tofrequency converters, etc., to your KPCI-3108 board.

• Expand the input capacity of your board. The MB-02 multiplexes the sixteen conditioned

signals to one single-ended input of your KPCI-3108 board.

You can connect up to four MB-02 accessories to each STA-3108-A3 accessory. Further, you can daisy-chain up to four STA-3108-A3 accessories together. Therefore, it is possible to signal condition and connect up to 256 analog signals to one KPCI-3108 board.

Figure 3-11 and Table 3-8 provide the information you need to interconnect MB-02 accessories. Refer to the packing list included with your STA-3108-A3 accessory for pin-to-pin correspondence between the pins of the KPCI-3108 “Analog” I/O connector and the pins of the four STA3108-A3 26-pin headers.

Figure 3-11

Connecting MB-02 signal-conditioning/channel-expansion accessories and an STA-3108-A3 accessory

KPCI-3108

Analog

Digital

CAB-1284CC

MB-02

STA-3108-A3

CAB-1284CC

STA-3108-A3/A2/A1

C-2600

3-24 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Table 3-8

Connections of the MB-02 signal-conditioning/channel-expansion accessory and other accessories needed to a KPCI-3108 board

Signal-conditioning/channel-expansion accessory and required adapter/screw-terminal accessory

MB-02 Signal-conditioning-module/channel-expansion

rack. Accommodates up to sixteen MB Series modules. All sixteen modules are multiplexed to one single-ended analog input channel of a KPCI-3108 board.

STA-3108-A3 Adapter/screw-terminal accessory. Interfaces

the “Analog” KPCI-3108 I/O connector to as many as four MB-02 accessories, as well as to screw-terminals that are numbered identically to the “Analog” connector pins. A daisy-chain of up to four STA-3108-A3 accessories interfaces the “Analog” KPCI-3108 I/O connector to as many as sixteen MB-02 accessories.

Connecting digital I/O accessories to the KPCI-3108 board via an STA-3108-D1 accessory

Required cables (in addition to CAB-1284CC Series)

C-2600 One required for each MB-02 rack

CAB-1284CC Series

Ribbon cable, 18 inch, with a 26-pin header connector at each end (and one in the middle, not used in the recommended conﬁguration)

IEEE 1284 type CC cable; 36-pin mini-Centronics connectors on each end

Additional required accessoriesAccessory Description Cable Description

STA-3108-A3 accessory

External + 5V power supply.

None

Using one of the following digital I/O accessories—in conjunction with an STA-3108-D1 adapter/screw-terminal accessory—you can input and/or output optically-isolated AC and DC digital signals or output relay contact closures with your KPCI-3108 board.

• PB-24

• PB-24SM

• SSIO-24

• ERB-24

• SRA-01

• ERA-01

• STA-3108-D1

Figure 3-12 and Table 3-9 provide the information you need to connect these accessories to your board. Table 3-10 shows the pin-to-pin correspondence between the pins of the KPCI-3108 “Digital” I/O connector and the pins of the STA-3108-D1 50-pin header.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-25

Figure 3-12

Connecting digital I/O accessories and an STA-3108-D1 accessory

Analog

KPCI-3108

Digital

CAB-1284CC

CAB-SSR, CACC-2000,

or ADP-5037 cable

(See Table 3-10 for

a correct match.)

PB-24, PB-24SM, ERB-24,

SSIO-24, SRA-01, or ERA-01

STA-3108-D1

50-pin Header

PIO-SSR

compatible

3-26 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Table 3-9

Digital I/O accessories and required connection accessories

Digital I/O accessories and required adapter/screw-terminal accessory

PB-24 Industry-standard baseboard that accom-

modates 24 standard-size solid-state relay modules.

PB-24SM Industry-standard baseboard that accom-

modates 24 miniature SM Series solid-state relay modules.

SSIO-24 Module interface board that accommodates

up to 24 miniature, optically-isolated solidstate digital I/O modules

ERB-24 Relay board with 24 double-pole, double-

Digital I/O

SRA-01 Module interface board, in box, that

ERA-01 Relay board, in box, with eight single-pole,

STA-3108-D1 Adapter/screw-terminal accessory.

Adapter/screw-terminal

throw (dual Form C) electromechanical relays

accommodates up to eight industrystandard solid-state digital I/O modules

double-throw (Form C) electromechanical relays

Interfaces the “Digital” KPCI-3108 Series I/O connector to a PB-24, PB-24SM, ERB-24, SSIO-24, SRA-01, or ERA-01 digital I/O accessory, as well as to screwterminals that are numbered identically to the “Digital” connector pins.

Required cables (in addition to CAB-1284CC Series)

CAB-SSR Ribbon cable, 3 ft, that

connects PB-24 or PB-24SM to a 50-pin header

CACC-2000 Ribbon cable, 24 in,

with 50-pin female connector on each end

ADP-5037 Conversion cable with

a 50-pin connector at one end and a small box, terminating in a 37-pin D-type connector, at the other end

CAB-1284CC Series

IEEE 1284 type CC cable; 36-pin miniCentronics connectors on each end

Additional required accessoriesAccessory Description Cable Description

STA-3108-D1 accessory

None

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-27

Table 3-10

Pin-to-pin correspondence between lower “Digital” I/O connector and 50-pin accessory

At KPCI-3108 “Digital” I/O connector At STA-3108-D1 50-pin header

Assignment (Refer also to Table 3-2 for

Pin number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

35 36

I/O descriptions) Pin number Assignment

Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7

Bit 8 Bit 9 Bit 10 Bit 11 Bit 12 Bit 13 Bit 14 Bit 15

DGND DGND

Bit 16 Bit 17 Bit 18 Bit 19 Bit 20 Bit 21 Bit 22 Bit 23

Bit 24 Bit 25 Bit 26 Bit 27 Bit 28 Bit 29 Bit 30 Bit 31

+5V +5V

15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1

47 45 43 41 39 37 35 33

All even- numbered pins

31 29 27 25

23 21 19 17

49 +5V

PA 0 PA 1 PA 2 PA 3 PA 4 PA 5 PA 6 PA 7

PB0 PB1 PB2 PB3 PB4 PB5 PB6 PB7

Digital common Digital common

PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3

PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7

3-28 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Wiring analog input signals

This section provides general guidance on wiring your circuits to single-ended and differential inputs, as well as special precautions to avoid problems when wiring signals to a KPCI-3108 set for high gains.

WARNING Do NOT connect data acquisition inputs to the AC line. Keep data

acquisition cables and connections away from any AC line connections. Interconnections or shorting between data and power lines can result in personal injury or death or extensive damage to your computer. To prevent this problem, do the following:

• Avoid direct connections to the AC line by using safety approved

isolation transformers, isolation ampliﬁers, or both.

• Ensure that all connections are tight and sound, so that signal

wires are unlikely to come loose and short to hazardous voltages.

CAUTION Ensure that both the computer and the external circuits are turned

OFF before making any connections. Making connections while the computer and external circuits are powered can damage the computer, the board, and the external circuit.

Ensure that no analog-input signal exceeds ±15V, which is the maximum allowable rating for the board. Exceeding ±15V will damage the board.

NOTE KPCI-3108 boards contain separate ground connections for analo g and

digital signals. Use the analog ground (AGND) for analog signals and analog power; use the digital ground (DGND) for digital signals and other power-supply returns. Do this to avoid interference from digital switching noise currents on sensitive analog signals. Howe ver, be aware that both analog and digital grounds are tied together at the board PCI connector and are ultimately connected to the building system ground via the mains. See Figure 3-13. I/O connector pin assignments and descriptions for AGND and DGND are provided in Figure 3-2, Figure 3-3, Table 3-1, and Table 3-2.

Figure 3-13

Analog and digital ground path

KPCI-3108 Board

I/O Connector

AGND

PCI Connector

DGND

Host Computer

To Mains

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-29

NOTE Though the circuit diagrams show direct connections to channel input

pins of the main I/O connector, you must make actual connections through the corresponding screw terminals of an STP-36 Series accessory or through EXP-1800 or MB Series expansion/signal-conditioning accessories and unshared terminals of the required STA-3108-A Series accessory.

The circuit diagrams in this section represent wiring of a single signal source to a single channel (typically designated as “channel n”). Differential analog circuits can be used with any differential input. Single-ended analog circuits can be used with any single-ended input.

Wiring a signal to a single-ended analog input

NOTE Before wiring your signals to single-ended inputs, ensure that you

understand the limitations of single-ended inputs. Refer to Section 2, “Choosing between the differential and single-ended termination modes.”

Figure 3-14 shows the connections between a signal source and one channel of a KPCI-3108 board conﬁgured for single-ended input mode.

Figure 3-14

Wiring a signal source to a board conﬁgured for single-ended inputs

Signal Source

Channel

AGND

High

KPCI-3108 Board

Wiring a ﬂoating signal source to a differential analog input

NOTE If you are unclear about whether to use differential or single-ended

input mode, refer to Section 2, “Choosing between the differential and single-ended termination modes.”

Figure 3-15 shows three connection schemes for wiring a signal source to a KPCI-3108 channel when the board is conﬁgured for differential input and the input signal source is ﬂoating.

Floating signal sources are ideally either totally ungrounded (a battery, for example) or are otherwise not connected either directly or indirectly to the building ground or analog signal ground. (Real ﬂoating signal sources do have ﬁnite, though small, coupling to ground due to ﬁnite insulation resistance and other sources of current leakage, such as capacitive coupling in a transformer.) Examples of ﬂoating signal sources include devices powered by batteries, devices powered through isolation transformers, ungrounded thermocouples, and outputs of isolation ampliﬁers. Using ﬂoating signal source intrinsically avoids ground loops.

3-30 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

However, when your KPCI-3108 board is used in the differential input mode, a current path must be connected to the analog ground terminal. When the signal source ﬂoats, the lack of a ground reference point allows instrumentation ampliﬁer bias currents to raise the common-mode voltage of the signal to high values. Excessive common mode voltages result in excessive signal errors or, worse, ampliﬁer saturation and unusable data.

NOTE The bias current of the input instrumentation ampliﬁer is a very small

but ﬁnite current drawn from an input terminal to the ampliﬁer. The magnitude of the bias current depends on the ampliﬁer design and may range from a few femtoamperes to a few microamperes.

The common-mode voltage (Vcm) is a voltage that is common to both the input-high and input-low terminals of a differential input: it appears between each terminal and ground.

If your signal source is ﬂoating, you must provide the path to the analog ground. Use one or two bias return resistors, as discussed below and illustrated in Figure 3-15.

Figure 3-15

Wiring a ﬂoating signal source to differential inputs: three common examples

Signal Source

Where > 100Ω

Where < 100Ω

Bridge

= 10,000 but ≤ 100MΩ

= 0Ω to 10,000

Supply

Channel Channel n Low

Channel Channel

Where is a variable resistor for

balancing the bridge

High

AGND

High

Low

AGND

High

Low

AGND

KPCI-3108 Board

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-31

The minimum bias return resistance and the number of bias resistors (one or two) are determined by noise considerations. The maximum bias return resistance (Rb) is limited by the maximum acceptable common-mode voltage that occurs due to the bias current, as follows:

Common-mode voltage due to bias current = (Bias current) * (Bias return resistance, Rb)

The remaining discussions of this section guide you in selecting bias return resistors. Using a single bias return resistor (middle circuit of Figure 3-15). If the signal source resis-

tance (RS) is low, one bias return resistor connected between the input-low terminal and the analog ground is adequate.

The minimum bias return resistance is determined by the signal source resistance and the susceptibility and exposure of your circuit to noise pickup from the environment. If the source resistance (RS) is low, the bias resistance can generally be low. In some cases, the bias resistance (Rb) can be zero. That is, you can connect a lead directly between the analog ground and the negative terminal of the signal source. However, the following then occurs:

• Electrostatically-coupled noise in the negative signal lead is shunted directly to ground and

does not affect the negative signal input.

• Electrostatically-coupled noise in the positive signal lead is not shunted directly to ground

and causes a net noise voltage at the positive signal input.

The net voltage at the positive signal input cannot be rejected by the common-mode rejection capabilities of the KPCI-3108.

Therefore, depending on the source resistance (R

) and/or the electrostatic noise pickup, it is

frequently better to use a larger bias resistance (Rb) to help balance the ground return paths of the positive and negative signals. The higher resistance makes the ground paths and noise coupling in the positive and negative signals more similar. The noise that is common to both positive and negative signals can then be rejected as part of the common mode voltage. If the source resistance is less than 100 ohms, you may select the bias return resistance as follows:

Bias return resistance, R

= 10,000 * (Source resistance, RS) if R

< 100Ω

Using two bias return resistors (top circuit of Figure 3-15). You can slightly improve noise rejection by connecting identical bias return resistors to both the positive and negative signals. This balances the ground return paths. Use the following resistance value:

Bias return resistance, R

= 10,000 * (Source resistance, R

), 100MΩ max, if RS > 100Ω

However, be aware that the bias return resistor connected to the input-high terminal loads the signal, causing a proportional error.

Using no bias return resistors with a bridge circuit (bottom circuit of Figure 3-15). In the lower circuit of Figure 3-15, added bias return resistors are not needed. The bridge resistors at the signal source inherently provide the bias current return path. The common mode voltage at the input terminals is the voltage drop across RS of the bridge.

Wiring a ground-referenced signal source to a differential analog input

NOTE If you are unclear about whether to use differential or single-ended

input mode, refer to Section 2, “Choosing between the differential and single-ended termination modes.”

A ground-referenced signal source is a signal source that is connected directly or indirectly to the building system ground. The analog signal ground of the KPCI-3108 is ultimately connected to the building system ground via the power mains, as shown in Figure 3-13. Therefore, the ground-referenced signal source is also indirectly connected to the analog ground.

3-32 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

However, the quality of the ground connection between the signal source and analog ground of the KPCI-3108 may be poor. The signal-source ground and the KPCI-3108 board analog ground are typically not at the same voltage level. This voltage difference is due to the wiring between the data acquisition equipment and the building system ground, to which power-using and noisegenerating equipment is typically also connected. The voltage difference is seen at the KPCI3108 differential input terminals as a common-mode voltage (Vcm), so called because it is effectively common to both the input-high and input-low terminals. An ideal, properly connected differential input responds only to the difference in the signals at the input-high and input-low terminals. The common-mode voltage is rejected, leaving only the desired signal. Practically, the common-mode voltage always causes an error, typically small, that is limited by the commonmode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the differential input.

Figure 3-16 illustrates how to satisfactorily connect a ground-referenced signal source to a differential input. In the upper circuit of Figure 3-16, a separate ground return line is connected between the negative-terminal ground of the signal source and the analog ground of the KPCI-1800HC Series board. Because both the input-high and input-low terminals of the KPCI-1800HC have high input impedance, effectively all ground currents due to ground voltages ﬂow through the separate ground-return line. Because the separate ground return line is common to both the input-high and input-low terminals, the voltage drop across it is rejected as a common-mode voltage.

In the lower circuit of Figure 3-16, the grounding connection for a bridge circuit powered by a ground-referenced power supply is the same as for a ﬂoating bridge. When the bridge has a ground-referenced power supply, the common mode voltage is the sum of the voltage drop across the ground line and the voltage drop across RS of the bridge.

Figure 3-16

Satisfactory differential input connections that avoid a ground loop with ground-referenced signals

Signal Source

Ground

Bridge

Channel

wire

= -

High

Low

AGND

Low

Channel n High

Channel

KPCI-3108 Board

Do not join Low to AGND at the computer

KPCI-3108 Board

Supply

(Internally ground-coupled)

Where is a variable resistor for

balancing the bridge

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-33

Figure 3-17 illustrates how NOT to connect a differential input. If the analog ground and inputlow terminal of the KPCI-3108 board are joined near the board, a ground loop current ﬂows in the negative signal lead. The voltage difference across this signal lead is then a component of the measured signal, not a common-mode voltage. A differential ampliﬁer cannot reject this unwanted signal component.

Figure 3-17

Improper differential input connection, which creates a ground loop error

Signal Source

Signal Source Ground

Channel

wire

= -

High

Low

AGND

KPCI-3108 Board

NOTE This diagram is included only to illustrate an incorrectly wired input; do not use this configuration.

Avoiding wiring problems at high gains

Operating a KPCI-3108 board at a gain of 200 or more can lead to problems if your application is unable to cope with noise. If special precautions are not taken, the high gain, high speed, and large bandwidth of this board allow thermal emfs and noise to easily degrade performance. The following suggestions are provided to help you to minimize problems at high gain.

• Connect low-level signals to inputs conﬁgured as differential inputs. Inputting signals at high

gains in single-ended mode introduces enough ground-loop noise to produce large ﬂuctuations in readings.

• Minimize noise from crosstalk and induced-voltage pickup in cables and screw-terminal

accessories. Use shielded cables for low level signals whenever possible. Induced noise from radio frequency (RF) and magnetic ﬁelds can easily exceed tens of microvolts, even on onefoot or two-foot long cables. Shielded cable helps to avoid this problem.The CAB-1284CC Series cables (or standard IEEE 1284 Type C-C mini-Centronics cables) that are used to connect accessories directly to KPCI-3108 I/O connectors are shielded, and signals to differential inputs are conducted through twisted pairs. Nonetheless, minimize the length of CAB-1284CC Series cables to minimize interferences.Connect cable shields to the analog ground (AGND) and the inner conductors to the input low (LO) and input-high (HI) terminals. Channel LO and AGND should have a common DC return (or connection) at some point; this return should be as close to the signal source as possible.

• Avoid bimetallic junctions in the input circuitry. For example, the thermal emf of a Kovar-to-

copper junction, such as at the Kovar leads of reed relay, is typically 40µV/˚C. Thermal emfs at bimetallic junctions, combined with air currents and other sources of temperature variation, can introduce strange random signal variations.

• Consider ﬁltering, which can be accomplished with hardware (resistors, capacitors, and so

on) but is often accomplished more easily with software. Instead of reading the channel once, read it 10 or more times in quick succession and average the readings. If the noise is random and Gaussian, it will be reduced by the square root of the number of readings.

Refer also to Section 2, “Optimizing throughput,” for additional precautions about assigning high gains to channels in the channel-gain queue.

3-34 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Wiring analog output signals (KPCI-3108 board only)

This section provides a few guidelines on wiring the analog outputs from the two 16-bit DACs (digital-to-analog converters) that are available on a KPCI-3108 board. Each DAC can be software-conﬁgured to output a range of ±10V, ±5V, 0 to 10V, or 0 to 5V. Performance characteristics and drive capabilities for these DACs are listed in Appendix A.

WARNING Do NOT intersperse data acquisition connections with AC line con-

nections. Keep data acquisition cables and connections away from any AC line connections. Interconnections or shorting between data and power lines can result in personal injury or death or extensive damage to your computer. To prevent this problem, ensure that all connections are tight and sound, so that signal wires are unlikely to come loose and short to hazardous voltages.

CAUTION Ensure that both the computer and the external circuit are turned

OFF before making any connections. Making connections while the computer and external circuits are powered can damage the computer, the board, and the external circuit.

Ensure that connected loads do not draw more than 5 mA, the maximum allowable output current for the board.

NOTE Avoid large capacitive loads at the analog outputs. Capacitive loads

higher than 100µF destabilize the analog outputs and make them susceptible to ringing (transient oscillations).

KPCI-3108 boards contain separate ground connections for analog and digital signals. Use the analog ground (AGND) for analog signals and analog power; use the digital ground (DGND) for digital signals and other power-supply returns. Do this to avoid interference from digital switching noise currents on sensitive analog signals. Howe ver, be aware that both analog and digital grounds are tied together at the board PCI connector and are ultimately connected to the building system ground via the mains. See Figure 3-18. I/O connector pin assignments and descriptions for AGND and DGND are provided in Figure 3-2, Figure 3-3, Table 3-1, and Table 3-2.

Figure 3-18

Analog and digital ground path

KPCI-3108 Board

I/O Connector

AGND

PCI Connector

DGND

Host Computer

To Mains

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-35

You must make all analog output connections to the upper “Analog” I/O connector of the board through one of the following:

• The screw terminals of an STP-36 screw terminal accessory. To connect an STP-36 acces-

sory to your board, refer to “Connecting an STP-36 screw terminal accessory to a KPCI3108 board” earlier in Section 3.

• Terminals on an MB-02 signal-conditioning/channel-expansion accessory and unshared ter-

minals of the required STA-3108-A Series accessory. Refer to the manual for your MB-02 Series accessory and to “Connecting an MB-02 signal conditioning/channel-expansion accessory to the KPCI-3108 board via an STA-3108-A3 accessory” earlier in Section 3.

The appropriate STP-36 or STA-3108-A3 screw terminals are identiﬁed in Table 3-11.

Table 3-11

Screw terminals used to wire analog outputs of KPC-3108 board

Screw terminal Assignment Description

17, 18 AGND Analog ground 35 DAC1 Output Analog output from digital-to-analog converter number 1* 36 DAC0 Output Analog output from digital-to-analog converter number 0*

Wiring digital input and output signals

WARNING Do NOT connect data acquisition inputs to the AC line. Keep data

• Avoid direct connections to the AC line by using safety approved

isolation transformers, isolation ampliﬁers, or both.

• Ensure that all connections are tight and sound, so that signal

wires are unlikely to come loose and short to hazardous voltages.

CAUTION Ensure that both the computer and the external circuit are turned

OFF before making any connections. Making connections while the computer and external circuits are powered can damage the computer, the board, and the external circuit.

NOTE KPCI-3108 boards contain separate ground connections for analo g and

digital signals. Use the analog ground (AGND) for analog signals and analog power; use the digital ground (DGND) for digital signals and other power-supply returns. Do this to avoid interference from digital switching noise currents on sensitive analog signals. Howe ver, be aware that both analog and digital grounds are tied together at the board PCI connector and are ultimately connected to the building system ground via the mains. See Figure 3-19. I/O connector pin assignments and descriptions for AGND and DGND are provided in Figure 3-2, Figure 3-3, Table 3-1, and Table 3-2.

3-36 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Figure 3-19

Analog and digital ground path

KPCI-3108 Board

I/O Connector

AGND

PCI Connector

DGND

Host Computer

To Mains

A KPCI-3108 board has two types of digital I/O. The lower “Digital” I/O connector provides 32 high current general-purpose bits. The upper “Analog” I/O connector provides twelve multifunction TTL bits. Following “General wiring considerations for digital I/O,” these two types of digital I/O are discussed separately below.

General wiring considerations for digital I/O

For all digital I/O, logic 1 on an I/O line indicates that the input/output is high (greater than

2.0V); logic 0 on an I/O line indicates that the input/output is low (less than 0.8V). The digital inputs are compatible with TTL-level signals.

External circuits must properly match the input requirements of the board. Some applications may require you to eliminate contact bounce at the input. The effects of contact bounce may be eliminated by programming in your application software. However, it is often desirable to eliminate contact bounce from the signal, using a de-bounce circuit between the contacts and the KPCI-3108 input. Figure 3-20 shows a typical de-bounce circuit that can be used with Form C contacts.

Figure 3-20

Contact de-bounce circuit

+5V

10kΩ 10kΩ

Digital

Common

GND

Compatible

AND Gate

To Digital Input of a KPCI-3108 Board

TTL

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-37

Wiring general-purpose digital I/O signals

The lower “Digital” I/0 connector provides 32 bits of high current I/O (15 mA max. source, 64 mA max. sink output current). These general-purpose bits are software-conﬁgurable as either inputs or outputs in groups of eight—each group of eight bits being handled by one of four eight-bit registers. These bits may be used for a variety of purposes, as for the bits of common digital I/O boards such as the Keithley PIO-24 and KPCI-PIO24 boards. The output current capabilities of these bits are much higher than available from the industry-standard type-8255 digital I/O chip on many commercial digital I/O boards.

NOTE No pull-up resistor is provided on these lines. If used as an input for a

contact closure or similar signal, a pull-up resistor will need to be included in your circuitry.

Wire a general-purpose digital I/O signal between the appropriate digital I/O pin and a digital ground pin on your KPCI-3108 board. Make all connections to the lower “Digital” I/O connector of the board through one of the following:

• Connect all I/O through the screw terminals of an STP-36 screw terminal accessory. Refer to

“Connecting an STP-36 screw terminal accessory to a KPC-3108 board.

• Terminals on any of six compatible digital I/O accessories and unshared terminals of the

required STA-3108-D1 accessory. Refer to the manual for your digital I/O accessory and to “Connecting digital I/O accessories to the KPCI-3108 board via an STA-3108-D1 accessory” earlier in Section 3.

The appropriate STP-36, or STA-3108-D1 screw terminals are identiﬁed in Table 3-12.

Table 3-12

Screw terminals used to wire general-purpose digital I/O

Screw terminal Assignment Description

1 2 3 : 8

9 10 11 : 16

17, 18 DGND Digital grounds. 19

20 21 : 26

27 28 29 : 34

35, 36 +5V + 5 VDC from computer bus. (Refer to “Wiring +5V power to

Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2 : Bit 7

Bit 8 Bit 9 Bit 10 : Bit 15

Bit 16 Bit 17 Bit 18 : Bit 23

Bit 24 Bit 25 Bit 26 : Bit 31

General-purpose digital I/O bits, channel 0. As a group, these 8 bits are user-conﬁgurable as either all inputs or all outputs. (The 8 bits comprise the register of a type 652 chip.)

General-purpose digital I/O bits, channel 1. As a group, these 8 bits are user-conﬁgurable as either all inputs or all outputs. (The 8 bits comprise the register of a type 652 chip.)

General-purpose digital I/O bits, channel 2. As a group, these 8 bits are user-conﬁgurable as either all inputs or all outputs. (The 8 bits comprise the register of a type 652 chip.)

General-purpose digital I/O bits, channel 3. As a group, these 8 bits are user-conﬁgurable as either all inputs or all outputs. (The 8 bits comprise the register of a type 652 chip.)

external circuits.”)

3-38 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Wiring multi-function digital I/O signals

KPCI-3108 boards provide six digital inputs and six digital outputs at the upper “Analog” I/O connector. These I/O bits are software-conﬁgurable to preform a variety of functions, including control of external signal conditioning and expansion accessories.

NOTE Inputs IP0-IP5 include a 10kΩ pull-up resistor on the board.

You must wire all multi-function digital I/O connections to the upper “Analog” I/O connector of the board through one of the following:

• The screw terminals of an STP-36 screw terminal accessory. Wire a multi-function I/O signal

between the appropriate digital I/O terminal and a digital ground terminal. To connect an STP-36 accessory to your board, refer to “Connecting an STP-36 screw terminal accessory to a KPCI-3108 board” earlier in Section 3.

• Unshared digital I/O screw terminals of the required STA-3108-A Series accessory, when

using an analog signal-conditioning/expansion accessory. Refer to the manual for your signal-conditioning/expansion accessory and to one of the following sections earlier in Section 3:

– “Connecting EXP-1800 channel-expansion accessories to the KPCI-3108 board via an

STA-3108-A1 accessory”

– “Connecting an MB-01, MB-05, or STA-MB signal conditioning accessory to the

KPCI-3108 board via an STA-3108-A2 accessory”

– “Connecting an MB-02 signal conditioning/channel-expansion accessory to the KPCI-3108

board via an STA-3108-A3 accessory”

Table 3-13 summarizes general STP-36 or STA-3108-A Series screw terminals used to wire the multi-function digital I/O of the KPC-3108 board. The assignments are ordered numerically according to the identically-numbered pins of a KPCI-3108 upper “Analog” I/O connector.

Table 3-13 Assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital I/O accessories

Screw terminal Assignment Description

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 DGND Digital ground. 19

20 21

IP5 IP3 IP1

OP5 OP3 OP1

IP4 IP2 IP0

Multi-function digital input bits, user-conﬁgurable for:

• Counter/timer timebase or gate inputs

• External pacer input for A/D or D/A conversion

• External digital trigger

• Target-mode digital input

Multi-function digital output bits, user-conﬁgurable for:

• Counter/timer outputs

• Trigger output

• Control and/or addressing for EXP-1800 expansion accessories

or MB-02 signal conditioning accessories

• Pacer clock output

• Target-mode digital output

Multi-function digital input bits, user-conﬁgurable for:

• Counter/timer timebase or gate inputs

• External pacer for A/D or D/A conversion

• External digital trigger

• Target-mode digital input

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-39

Table 3-13 (cont.)

Assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital I/O accessories

Screw terminal Assignment Description

22 23 24

25 +5 V +5 VDC from computer bus. (Refer to “Wiring +5V power to

Table 3-14 summarizes speciﬁc pin/terminal assignments and descriptions for the multifunctional digital inputs at screw terminals of STP-36 and STA-3108-A Series accessories. The assignments are ordered numerically according to the assigned bits.

OP4 OP2 OP0

Multi-function digital output bits, user-conﬁgurable for:

• Counter/timer outputs

• Trigger output

• Control and/or addressing for EXP-1800 expansion accessories

or MB-02 signal conditioning accessories

• Pacer clock output

• Target-mode digital output

external circuits.”)

Table 3-14

Bit assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital inputs

Bit assignment Screw terminal Description

IP0 21 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• XPCLK, external pacer clock input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP1 3 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• TGIN, external trigger or gate input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP2 20 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• Counter/timer C/T0 external clock input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP3 2 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• Counter/timer C/T1 external clock input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP4 19 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• Counter/timer C/T0 external gate input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

IP5 1 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• Counter/timer C/T1 external gate input

• General-purpose input bit, target mode

3-40 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

At the multi-functional digital output terminals, three user-selectable options provide three different combinations of available functions. Table 3-15 summarizes speciﬁc bit assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital outputs at screw terminals of STP-36 and STA-3108-A Series accessories.

Table 3-15

Bit assignments and descriptions for multi-function digital outputs

Output

mode Bit assignment Screw terminal Description

0 OP0 24 General-purpose output bit, target-mode

OP1 6 General-purpose output bit, target-mode OP2 23 General-purpose output bit, target-mode OP3 5 General-purpose output bit, target-mode OP4 22 General-purpose output bit, target-mode OP5 4 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• TGOUT (trigger-out output)

• Pacer clock output

• Counter/timer C/T0, CT1, or CT2 output

1 OP0 24 Frame sync

OP1 6 Counter/timer C/T0 output OP2 23 Counter/timer C/T1 output OP3 5 Counter/timer C/T2 output OP4 22 Pacer-clock output OP5 4 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• TGOUT (trigger-out) output

• Pacer clock output

• Counter/timer C/T0, CT1, or CT2 output

2 OP0 24 External address bit 0 for multiplexing of expansion-accessory channels

OP1 6 External address bit 1 for multiplexing of expansion-accessory channels OP2 23 External address bit 2 for multiplexing of expansion-accessory channels OP3 5 External address bit 3 for multiplexing of expansion-accessory channels OP4 22 External gain bit for some expansion accessories (e.g. EXP-1800) OP5 4 Conﬁgurable as one of the following:

• TGOUT (trigger-out output)

• Pacer clock output

• Counter/timer C/T0, CT1, or CT2 output

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-41

More information about the conﬁgurable functions of the multi-function digital I/O is available as follows:

• The external pacer clock input function (XPCLK) is described in Section 2 in the following

sections: “Pacer clock sources,” “The external pacer clock (XPCLK) digital input function,” and, in context, “Triggers” and “Gates.”

• The external trigger or gate input function is described in Section 2 under “Triggers,”

“Gates,” and “The trigger in (TGIN) digital input function.” Use of a trigger input signal (TGIN) for multiple-board synchronization is described, in context, in the next section, “Synchronizing multiple boards.”

• The trigger output function (TGOUT) is described in Section 2 under “The trigger-out

(TGOUT) digital output function” and, in context, in the next section, “Synchronizing multiple boards.”

• The pacer clock output is discussed brieﬂy in Section 2 under “The pacer-clock output

function.”

• Information about the use of address and/or synchronization bits for expansion/signal condi-

tioning-accessories (e.g. for EXP-1800, MB-02) is provided in the instructions that accompany those accessories.

• The nature and use of counter/timer inputs and outputs is discussed in Section 2 under

“Counter/timer features” and “The counter/timer digital output functions.”

• The nature and use of the multi-function digital I/O for target-mode data transfer is discussed

in your DriverLINX documentation.

Wiring counter/timer signals

The multi-function digital I/O bits, after appropriate conﬁguration, are used for all counter/timer inputs and outputs. For information about wiring to these bits, refer to the subsection preceeding, “Wiring multi-function digital I/O signals.”

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Synchronizing multiple boards

You can synchronize up to three KPCI-3108 boards using trigger and gate signals from the main I/O connectors. A/D (analog-to-digital) conversions at synchronized boards can be started simultaneously by a single event, regardless of whether the boards have been programmed for the same conversion rate or for different conversion rates.

The onboard pacer clock of each board is designed to be tightly coupled with trigger or gate events. Within a short, deﬁned time lag, each synchronized board begins the ﬁrst analog conversion when the board receives a trigger or gate signal. (Refer to “Triggers” and “Gates” in Section 2). Each board then continues analog conversions at the rate previously set for that board via DriverLINX.

Figure 3-21 shows two connection schemes for synchronizing multiple boards. In both schemes, the conversion rate for each board is timed by the internal pacer clock for that board. When making terminal connections, refer to the preceeding subsection, “Wiring multi-function digital I/O signals.”

Figure 3-21

Two connection schemes for synchronizing multiple boards

Board 0 Rate a

Board 1 Rate b

Board 2 Rate c

TGIN

a. Scheme 1

Trigger or Gate

Board 0 Rate a

Board 1 Rate b

Board 2 Rate c

b. Scheme 2

TGIN

TGOUT

TGIN

Trigger or Gate (optional)

Board synchronization scheme 1

In Scheme 1, start conversions at synchronized boards with one external trigger/gate signal. Connect the trigger/gate inputs of the boards together such that each board receives the trigger or gate input simultaneously.

A/D conversions at each board start 400 ±100ns after the active edge of a trigger or gate input. Therefore, boards can be synchronized within 100 ±100ns. For example, one board could start conversions as soon as 300ns after the active edge of the trigger input, while another board could start conversions as late as 500ns after the active edge of the trigger input.

When using scheme 1, you can time subsequent A/D conversions using either the onboard pacer clock or an external pacer clock.

KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual lnstallation 3-43

Board synchronization scheme 2

In Scheme 2, start conversions in either of two ways: by an external trigger/gate signal or by software. The board connections are in a master/slave relationship; board 0 is the master, and the other boards are the slaves.

If using a hardware trigger for board 0 of scheme 2, board 0 triggers conversions in all boards immediately. Note that TGOUT is an active, high-going signal. Therefore, you must program the TGIN input of each slave board to respond to the positive (rising) edge of the TGOUT signal.

If you use software to enable board 0, the following sequence occurs:

1. The board-0 pacer clock ﬁrst triggers conversions in the slave boards.

2. Then, conversions start in board 0.

Conversions in board 0 are delayed by a protection feature, which is built into the register that creates software-triggered conversions. This protection feature prevents false conversions.

Wiring +5V power to external circuits

CAUTION Ensure that both the computer and the external circuit are turned

OFF before making any connections. Making connections while the computer and external circuits are powered can damage the computer, the board, and the external circuit.

Do not connect the +5V output pins to external power supplies. Connecting the +5V output pins to external power supplies may damage the external supplies, the board, and the computer.

Do not draw more than 1.0A, total, from all +5V output pins combined. Drawing more than 1.0A, total, may damage the board. Also, keep in mind that the 5V output comes from the computer power bus. Know the limits of the computer 5V power bus and the current drawn from it by other boards and devices. Other demands on the 5V power bus may limit the current drawn from your board to less than 1.0A.

NOTE KPCI-3108 boards contain separate ground connections for analo g and

digital signals. Use the analog ground (AGND) for analog signals and analog power; use the digital ground (DGND) for digital signals and other power-supply returns. Do this to avoid interference from digital switching noise currents on sensitive analog signals. Howe ver, be aware that both analog and digital grounds are tied together at the board PCI connector and are ultimately connected to the building system ground via the mains. See Figure 3-22. I/O connector pin assignments and descriptions for AGND and DGND are provided in Figure 3-2, Figure 3-3, Table 3-1, and Table 3-2.

3-44 lnstallation KPCI-3108 Series User’s Manual

Figure 3-22

Analog and digital ground path

KPCI-3108 Board

I/O Connector

AGND

PCI Connector

DGND

Host Computer

To Mains

Power at +5V for light external circuits, such as pull-up resistors, may be drawn indirectly from the host computer power bus via the KPCI-3108 I/O connectors. If you ensure that the following conditions are maintained, this power may also be used to energize external accessories:

• The maximum total current drawn from the +5V pins on both I/O connectors combined —

pin 25 on the upper “Analog” connector and pins 35 and 36 on the lower “Digital” I/O connector—must be less than 1.0A. The total current drawn to power the board and all external circuits must not overload the computer power bus.

• The total current drawn to power the board and all external circuits must not overload the

computer power bus.

Power connections at the upper “Analog” I/O connector and at screw terminals of STP-36 and STA-3108-A Series accessories connected to it are listed in Table 3-16.

Power connections at the lower “Digital” I/O connector and at screw terminals of STP-36 and STA-3108-D1 accessories connected to it are listed in Table 3-17.

The +5V power is available at screw terminal accessories as listed.

Table 3-16

Power connections at the upper “Analog” I/O connector

Screw terminal or “Analog” connector pin Assignment Description

7 DGND Digital ground 25 +5 V +5 VDC from computer bus

Table 3-17

Power connections at the lower “Digital” I/O connector

Screw terminal or “Digital” connector pin Assignment Description

17, 18 DGND Digital grounds 35, 36 +5V +5 VDC from computer bus

Tektronix KPCI-3108 Primary User

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Safety Precautions

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

Overview

Preface

Hardware characteristics

System requirements

Software

Accessories

Functional Description

Analog input features

Analog output features

Digital input and output features

Counter/timer features

Power

Installing the software

Installing and wiring to the KPCI-3108 board