x
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
ZZZ
*P077147303*
077-147-303
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator
User's Manual
tek.com
*P077147303*
077147303
Copyright © Tektronix. All rights reserved. Licensed software products are owned by
Tektronix or its subsidiaries or suppliers, and are protected by national copyright laws and
international treaty provisions.
Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information
in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specifications and
price change privileges reserved.
TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc.
Contacting Tektronix, Inc.
Tektronix, Inc.
14150 SW Karl Braun Drive
P.O. Box 500
Beaverton, OR 97077
USA
For product information, sales, service, and technical support:
- In North America, call 1-800-833-9200.
- Worldwide, visit tek.com to find contacts in your area.
Warranty
Tektronix warrants that the product will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a
period of three (3) years from the date of original purchase from an authorized Tektronix distributor. If
the product proves defective during this warranty period, Tektronix, at its option, either will repair the
defective product without charge for parts and labor, or will provide a replacement in exchange for the
defective product. Batteries are excluded from this warranty. Parts, modules and replacement
products used by Tektronix for warranty work may be new or reconditioned to like new performance.
All replaced parts, modules and products become the property of Tektronix.
In order to obtain service under this warranty, Customer must notify Tektronix of the defect before the
expiration of the warranty period and make suitable arrangements for the performance of service.
Customer shall be responsible for packaging and shipping the defective product to the service center
designated by Tektronix, shipping charges prepaid, and with a copy of customer proof of purchase.
Tektronix shall pay for the return of the product to Customer if the shipment is to a location within the
country in which the Tektronix service center is located. Customer shall be responsible for paying all
shipping charges, duties, taxes, and any other charges for products returned to any other locations.
This warranty shall not apply to any defect, failure or damage caused by improper use or improper or
inadequate maintenance and care. Tektronix shall not be obligated to furnish service under this
warranty a) to repair damage resulting from attempts by personnel other than Tektronix
representatives to install, repair or service the product; b) to repair damage resulting from improper
use or connection to incompatible equipment; c) to repair any damage or malfunction caused by the
use of non-Tektronix supplies; or d) to service a product that has been modified or integrated with
other products when the effect of such modification or integration increases the time or difficulty of
servicing the product.
THIS WARRANTY IS GIVEN BY TEKTRONIX WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCT IN LIEU OF
ANY OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. TEKTRONIX AND ITS VENDORS DISCLAIM
ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.
TEKTRONIX' RESPONSIBILITY TO REPAIR OR REPLACE DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS IS THE
SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY PROVIDED TO THE CUSTOMER FOR BREACH OF THIS
WARRANTY. TEKTRONIX AND ITS VENDORS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT,
SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER
TEKTRONIX OR THE VENDOR HAS ADVANCE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.
[W16 – 15AUG04]
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual v
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... 9
Table of Contents
Important safety information ................................................................................................. xv
Important safety information ............................................................................................................... xv
General safety summary ..................................................................................................................... xv
To avoid fire or personal injury .................................................................................................................. xv
Terms in this manual ......................................................................................................................... xvii
Service safety summary .................................................................................................................... xvii
Symbols and terms on the product ................................................................................................... xviii
Compliance information ........................................................................................................ xix
EMC compliance ................................................................................................................................ xix
EC Declaration of Conformity – EMC ....................................................................................................... xix
Australia / New Zealand Declaration of Conformity – EMC ....................................................................... xx
Safety compliance ............................................................................................................................... xx
EU declaration of conformity – low voltage ............................................................................................... xx
Equipment type ......................................................................................................................................... xx
Safety class ............................................................................................................................................... xx
Pollution degree descriptions .................................................................................................................... xx
Pollution degree rating ............................................................................................................................. xxi
IP rating .................................................................................................................................................... xxi
Measurement and overvoltage category descriptions .............................................................................. xxi
Mains overvoltage category rating ........................................................................................................... xxi
Environmental considerations ............................................................................................................ xxi
Product end-of-life handling ............................................................................................................... xxi
Preface.................................................................................................................................. xxiii
Getting started ................................................................................................................................... xxiii
General features and benefits ........................................................................................................... xxiii
Key performance specifications ........................................................................................................ xxiii
General model information ............................................................................................................... xxiv
Accessories ...................................................................................................................................... xxiv
Standard accessories ............................................................................................................................. xxiv
Optional accessories ............................................................................................................................... xxv
Contact information ........................................................................................................................... xxv
Extended warranty ............................................................................................................................ xxv
Getting started .......................................................................................................................... 1
Before installation .................................................................................................................................. 1
Operating requirements ........................................................................................................................ 1
Table of Contents
vi AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Check and protect connectors ..................................................................................................................... 2
Floating ground ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Protect your DUT ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Equivalent output circuits ............................................................................................................................ 5
Protection from overheating ........................................................................................................................ 5
Clean the instrument ................................................................................................................................... 6
Instrument interface .............................................................................................................................. 6
Front-panel overview ................................ ................................................................................................... 6
Shortcut keys (front panel) .......................................................................................................................... 7
Default setup ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Adjust waveform settings ............................................................................................................................ 9
Select waveform ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Basic function modes ................................................................................................................................ 13
Rear panel overview ................................................................................................................................. 14
USB interface ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Channel selection ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Output on and off ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Remote communications options .............................................................................................................. 15
Operating basics ..................................................................................................................... 17
Power the instrument .......................................................................................................................... 17
Touchscreen interface......................................................................................................................... 18
Basic mode default screen ........................................................................................................................ 18
Advanced mode default screen ................................................................................................................. 19
ArbBuilder settings .................................................................................................................................... 20
Add or remove an app ............................................................................................................................... 21
Utility menu ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Function introduction ............................................................................................................. 25
Basic mode ......................................................................................................................................... 25
Touchscreen swipe areas ......................................................................................................................... 25
Create a pulse waveform .......................................................................................................................... 27
Open or save arbitrary waveforms ............................................................................................................ 28
Create noise or DC ................................................................................................................................... 29
Create a burst waveform ........................................................................................................................... 29
Sweep a waveform ................................................................................................................................ .... 32
Modulate a waveform ................................................................................................................................ 34
Trigger out ................................................................................................................................................. 40
Align two-channel signals .......................................................................................................................... 41
Set up load impedance ............................................................................................................................. 42
Invert waveform polarity ............................................................................................................................ 43
Add noise .................................................................................................................................................. 45
Add an external signal ............................................................................................................................... 46
Create a differential signal......................................................................................................................... 48
External reference clock ............................................................................................................................ 49
Synchronize multiple instruments .............................................................................................................. 50
USB flash drive ......................................................................................................................................... 54
Save or recall instrument setup ................................................................................................................. 55
Save a screen image ................................................................................................................................ 55
Tutorials .............................................................................................................................................. 55
Tutorial: How to select a waveform and adjust settings ............................................................................ 56
Tutorial: How to create a sine waveform ................................................................................................... 56
InstaView overview ............................................................................................................................. 57
Using InstaView ........................................................................................................................................ 57
Change settings ........................................................................................................................................ 63
Table of Contents
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual vii
Advanced mode .................................................................................................................................. 65
Advanced output modes ........................................................................................................................... 66
Advanced sequence list ............................................................................................................................ 66
Advance waveform list .............................................................................................................................. 67
Advanced setting bar ................................................................................................................................ 68
Sequence table ......................................................................................................................................... 70
Sequence mode ........................................................................................................................................ 71
Tutorial: How to use advanced mode ........................................................................................................ 74
Making advanced mode connections ........................................................................................................ 74
Using advanced mode .............................................................................................................................. 75
Utility menu options ............................................................................................................................. 82
System menu settings ............................................................................................................................... 83
Diagnostics and calibration functions ........................................................................................................ 87
Input and output interface ......................................................................................................................... 90
Security menu settings .............................................................................................................................. 91
Firmware menu settings ............................................................................................................................ 92
License ...................................................................................................................................................... 94
Help ..................................................................................................................................................... 94
ArbBuilder ........................................................................................................................................... 95
Create an arbitrary waveform .................................................................................................................... 96
Create a standard waveform ..................................................................................................................... 96
Create a waveform using equations .......................................................................................................... 97
Open a waveform with ArbBuilder ........................................................................................................... 105
Draw a waveform with ArbBuilder ........................................................................................................... 106
Edit a waveform with ArbBuilder ............................................................................................................. 107
Send a waveform to CH1/CH2 ................................................................................................................ 112
Modify an arbitrary waveform .................................................................................................................. 112
ArbExpress information ....................................................................................................... 113
ArbExpress information ..................................................................................................................... 113
ArbExpress software ......................................................................................................................... 114
Basic operations ...................................................................................................................................... 116
Application examples ........................................................................................................... 119
Application examples ........................................................................................................................ 119
Lissajous patterns ............................................................................................................................. 119
Measurement of filter characteristics ................................................................................................ 122
Motor speed control by pulse-width modulation ............................................................................... 124
Carrier null (frequency modulation) ................................................................................................... 125
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual ix
Figure 1: AFG31000 Series two-channel front panel .................................................... 1
Figure 2: AFG31000 Series front-panel inputs and outputs ......................................... 2
Figure 3: AFG31000 Series floating ground ................................................................. 3
Figure 4: High and low voltage limits ............................................................................ 4
Figure 5: AFG output circuits ........................................................................................ 5
Figure 6: AFG31000 Series front-panel overview ......................................................... 6
Figure 7: Amplitude button active ................................................................................. 7
Figure 8: High button active .......................................................................................... 8
Figure 9: Default button message ................................................................................. 8
Figure 10: Touchscreen ..............................................................................................11
Figure 11: Select continuous function .........................................................................11
Figure 12: Sine waveform select .................................................................................12
Figure 13: Select Arb waveform ..................................................................................12
Figure 14: Sin(x)/x waveform select ............................................................................13
Figure 15: AFG31000 Series rear-panel connectors ..................................................14
Figure 16: Type A and B USB connectors ..................................................................15
Figure 17: TekVISA instrument selection, Talker Listener ..........................................16
Figure 18: AFG31000 Series two-channel front view .................................................17
Figure 19: Touchscreen main display .........................................................................18
Figure 20: One-channel AFG home screen ................................................................19
Figure 21: Two-channel advanced mode home screen ..............................................19
Figure 22: One-channel sequence screen ..................................................................20
Figure 23: ArbBuilder home screen ............................................................................20
Figure 24: Add Apps icon active .................................................................................21
Figure 25: Navigating to the downloaded app ............................................................22
Figure 26: New app available .....................................................................................22
Figure 27: Bottom swipe area .....................................................................................25
Figure 28: Bottom swipe area tabs .............................................................................26
Figure 29: Top swipe area ..........................................................................................26
Figure 30: Pulse period width .....................................................................................27
Figure 31: Bottom swipe area .....................................................................................28
Figure 32: ArbBuilder tab ............................................................................................29
Figure 33: Burst pulse waveform ................................................................................30
Figure 34: Gated burst waveform ...............................................................................31
List of Figures
List of Figures
x AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Figure 35: Sweep waveform settings ..........................................................................32
Figure 36: Oscilloscope sweep waveform ..................................................................33
Figure 37: Oscilloscope amplitude modulation waveform ..........................................34
Figure 38: Waveform-modulation equations ...............................................................35
Figure 39: Modulation type..........................................................................................36
Figure 40: Select pulse ...............................................................................................37
Figure 41: Select modulation ......................................................................................37
Figure 42: PWM source settings .................................................................................38
Figure 43: Deviation settings ......................................................................................38
Figure 44: Shape settings ...........................................................................................39
Figure 45: CH1 frequency 5 MHz ...............................................................................41
Figure 46: Align Phase CH1 and CH2 ........................................................................42
Figure 47: Copy channel 1 to channel 2 .....................................................................43
Figure 48: Invert channel 1 and channel 2 wave polarity ...........................................44
Figure 49: Inverted sine wave .....................................................................................44
Figure 50: No noise .....................................................................................................45
Figure 51: Waveform after noise is added ..................................................................46
Figure 52: External signal before noise ......................................................................47
Figure 53: External signal after noise .........................................................................47
Figure 54: Bottom swipe area .....................................................................................48
Figure 55: Ch2 tab and CH1 Complement button ......................................................48
Figure 56: MultiSync instruments tab 1 .......................................................................50
Figure 57: MultiSync instruments tab 2 .......................................................................51
Figure 58: MultiSnyc Units tab 3 .................................................................................51
Figure 59: MultiSync instruments tab 4 .......................................................................52
Figure 60: MultiSync instruments tab 5 .......................................................................52
Figure 61: Master instrument waveform .....................................................................53
Figure 62: Master and subordinate before sync .........................................................53
Figure 63: Master and subordinate after sync ............................................................54
Figure 64: Equipment for InstaView tutorial ................................................................58
Figure 65: AFG31000 InstaView setup with connections overview ............................59
Figure 66: Scope 1 MΩ ...............................................................................................60
Figure 67: Set up InstaView on the AFG31000 instrument ........................................61
Figure 68: Select channel one ....................................................................................61
Figure 69: BNC trigger connect - InstaView ................................................................62
Figure 70: Delay dialog ...............................................................................................62
Figure 71: CH1 oscilloscope 1 MΩ - InstaView ..........................................................63
List of Figures
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual xi
Figure 72: Frequency 5 MHz - InstaView ....................................................................63
Figure 73: Frequency 5 MHz - scope ..........................................................................64
Figure 74: Amplitude 2 VPP - Scope InstaView..........................................................64
Figure 75: Amplitude 2 Vpp - InstaView ......................................................................65
Figure 76: Advanced mode default screen .................................................................65
Figure 77: One-channel sequence screen ..................................................................66
Figure 78: Waveform list .............................................................................................67
Figure 79: Settings bar ................................................................................................68
Figure 80: Channel scale and offset ...........................................................................68
Figure 81: Timing ........................................................................................................69
Figure 82: Sequence table ..........................................................................................69
Figure 83: Sequence table ..........................................................................................70
Figure 84: Sequence mode .........................................................................................71
Figure 85: Continuous mode .......................................................................................72
Figure 86: Triggered mode..........................................................................................72
Figure 87: Gated mode ...............................................................................................73
Figure 88: Thumbnail ..................................................................................................73
Figure 89: Equipment setup ........................................................................................74
Figure 90: Advanced icon on the Home screen ..........................................................75
Figure 91: Empty Waveform list ..................................................................................75
Figure 92: Predefined button.......................................................................................76
Figure 93: Select from the Waveform List ...................................................................76
Figure 94: Drag and drop waveforms .........................................................................77
Figure 95: Go To field, change to 1 ............................................................................77
Figure 96: Change to results .......................................................................................78
Figure 97: Set repeat function .....................................................................................78
Figure 98: Swipe left-to-right to select the box............................................................79
Figure 99: Manual trigger ............................................................................................80
Figure 100: Manual trigger button ...............................................................................81
Figure 101: Single triggered waveforms .....................................................................81
Figure 102: Utility home screen ..................................................................................82
Figure 103: System settings........................................................................................83
Figure 104: Utility button .............................................................................................84
Figure 105: Erase instrument setups and waveforms ................................................85
Figure 106: Language selection ..................................................................................86
Figure 107: Diagnostics and calibration ......................................................................87
Figure 108: Diagnostics and calibration ......................................................................88
List of Figures
xii AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Figure 109: Run system diagnostics ...........................................................................89
Figure 110: Run self-calibration ..................................................................................90
Figure 111: I/O Interface options ................................................................................91
Figure 112: Security menu settings ............................................................................91
Figure 113: Update firmware menu ............................................................................92
Figure 114: Update firmware.......................................................................................93
Figure 115: License update.........................................................................................94
Figure 116: ArbBuilder home screen ..........................................................................95
Figure 117: ArbBuilder home tab ................................................................................96
Figure 118: ArbBuilder New Waveform ......................................................................96
Figure 119: ArbBuilder main screen ...........................................................................97
Figure 120: ArbBuilder equation file with soft keyboard .............................................98
Figure 121: ArbBuilder equation file ............................................................................98
Figure 122: ArbBuilder soft keyboard .........................................................................99
Figure 123: ArbBuilder equation editor ribbon ..........................................................103
Figure 124: ArbBuilder equation text editor ..............................................................103
Figure 125: ArbBuilder compile succesfully ..............................................................103
Figure 126: ArbBuilder Preview ................................................................................104
Figure 127: ArbBuilder log waveform ........................................................................104
Figure 128: ArbBuilder options..................................................................................105
Figure 129: ArbBuilder freehand ...............................................................................106
Figure 130: ArbBuilder open a waveform .................................................................107
Figure 131: ArbBuilder edit toolbar ...........................................................................107
Figure 132: ArbBuilder highlight waveform data to cut .............................................107
Figure 133: ArbBuilder invert ....................................................................................108
Figure 134: ArbBuilder invert final .............................................................................108
Figure 135: ArbBuilder mirror ....................................................................................109
Figure 136: ArbBuilder mirror final ............................................................................109
Figure 137: ArbBuilder waveform display zone ........................................................110
Figure 138: ArbBuilder shift rotate ............................................................................111
Figure 139: ArbBuilder Waveform to CH1/CH2 ........................................................112
Figure 140: ArbBuilder successfull send message ...................................................112
Figure 141: ArbExpress menu bar ............................................................................114
Figure 142: ArbExpress toolbar ................................................................................114
Figure 143: ArbExpress shortcut view ......................................................................115
Figure 144: ArbExpress status bar ...........................................................................115
Figure 145: ArbExpress waveform display ...............................................................115
List of Figures
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual xiii
Figure 146: ArbExpress marker area ........................................................................115
Figure 147: ArbExpress blank sheet .........................................................................116
Figure 148: ArbExpress standard waveform.............................................................116
Figure 149: ArbExpress equation editor ...................................................................117
Figure 150: ArbExpress math application .................................................................117
Figure 151: ArbExpress Transfer ..............................................................................118
Figure 152: Set the waveform pattern .......................................................................119
Figure 153: Lissajous Pattern Displayed ..................................................................120
Figure 154: Lissajous pattern change displayed ......................................................120
Figure 155: Change the phase CH1 to -19 ...............................................................121
Figure 156: Lissajous pattern changes .....................................................................121
Figure 157: AFG31000 Series connected to an oscilloscope ...................................122
Figure 158: Measure frequency characteristics ........................................................123
Figure 159: Duty rate changes motor speed.............................................................124
Figure 160: PWM ......................................................................................................125
Figure 161: Carrier waveform frequencies ................................................................126
Figure 162: Carrier waveform null .............................................................................126
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual xv
Important safety information
This manual contains information and warnings that must be followed by the user for safe operation
and to keep the product in a safe condition.
To safely perform service on this product, additional information is provided at the end of this section.
See Service safety summary (on page xvii).
General safety summary
Use the product only as specified. Review the following safety precautions to avoid injury and prevent
damage to this product or any products connected to it. Carefully read all instructions. Retain these
instructions for future reference.
Comply with local and national safety codes.
For correct and safe operation of the product, it is essential that you follow generally accepted safety
procedures in addition to the safety precautions specified in this manual.
The product is designed to be used by trained personnel only.
Only qualified personnel who are aware of the hazards involved should remove the cover for repair,
maintenance, or adjustment.
Before use, always check the product with a known source to be sure it is operating correctly.
This product is not intended for detection of hazardous voltages.
Use personal protective equipment to prevent shock and arc blast injury where hazardous live
conductors are exposed.
While using this product, you may need to access other parts of a larger system. Read the safety
sections of the other component manuals for warnings and cautions related to operating the system.
When incorporating this equipment into a system, the safety of that system is the responsibility of the
assembler of the system.
To avoid fire or personal injury
Use proper power cord. Use only the power cord specified for this product and certified for the
country of use.
Do not use the provided power cord for other products.
Use proper voltage setting. Before applying power, make sure that the line selector is in the proper
position for the source being used or make sure the line voltage is corrected based on the published
specifications.
Ground the product. This product is grounded through the grounding conductor of the power cord.
To avoid electric shock, the grounding conductor must be connected to earth ground. Before making
connections to the input or output terminals of the product, make sure that the product is properly
grounded.
Important safety information
Important safety information
xvi AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Do not disable the power cord grounding connection.
Power disconnect. The power cord disconnects the product from the power source. See
instructions for the location. Do not position the equipment so that it is difficult to operate the power
cord; it must remain accessible to the user at all times to allow for quick disconnection if needed.
Connect and disconnect properly. Do not connect or disconnect instruments while they are
connected to a voltage source.
Use only connectors and adapters supplied with the product, or indicated by Tektronix to be suitable
for the product.
Observe all terminal ratings. To avoid fire or shock hazard, observe all ratings and markings on the
product. Consult the product manual for further ratings information before making connections to the
product. Do not exceed the Measurement Category (CAT) rating and voltage or current rating of the
lowest rated individual component.
Do not apply a potential to any terminal, including the common terminal, that exceeds the maximum
rating of that terminal.
Do not float the common terminal above the rated voltage for that terminal.
Do not operate without covers. Do not operate this product with covers or panels removed, or with
the case open. Hazardous voltage exposure is possible.
Avoid exposed circuitry. Do not touch exposed connections and components when power is
present.
Do not operate with suspected failures. If you suspect that there is damage to this product, have it
inspected by qualified service personnel.
Disable the product if it is damaged. Do not use the product if it is damaged or operates incorrectly. If
in doubt about safety of the product, turn it off and disconnect the power cord. Clearly mark the
product to prevent its further operation.
Examine the exterior of the product before you use it. Look for cracks or missing pieces.
Use only specified replacement parts.
Wear eye protection. Wear eye protection if exposure to high-intensity rays or laser radiation exists.
Do not operate in wet/damp conditions. Be aware that condensation may occur if a unit is moved
from a cold to a warm environment.
Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
Provide proper ventilation. Refer to the installation instructions in the manual for details on
installing the product so it has proper ventilation.
Slots and openings are provided for ventilation and should never be covered or otherwise obstructed.
Do not push objects into any of the openings.
Provide a safe working environment. Always place the product in a location convenient for viewing
the display and indicators.
Important safety information
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual xvii
Avoid improper or prolonged use of keyboards, pointers, and button pads. Improper or prolonged
keyboard or pointer use may result in serious injury.
Be sure your work area meets applicable ergonomic standards. Consult with an ergonomics
professional to avoid stress injuries.
Use care when lifting and carrying the product. This product is provided with handles for lifting and
carrying.
Use only the Tektronix rack-mount hardware specified for this product.
Keep product surfaces clean and dry. Remove the input signals before you clean the product.
Inspect the instrument as often as operating conditions require. To clean the exterior surface, perform
the following steps:
1. Remove loose dust on the outside of the instrument with a lint-free cloth. Use care to avoid
scratching the clear glass display filter.
2. Use a soft cloth dampened with water to clean the instrument. Use an aqueous solution of 75%
isopropyl alcohol for more efficient cleaning.
CAUTION. Avoid getting moisture inside the unit during external cleaning. Use only enough cleaning solution to
dampen the cloth or swab. To avoid damage to the instrument, do not expose it to sprays, liquids, or solvents,
and do not use any abrasive or chemical cleaning agents.
Terms in this manual
These terms may appear in this manual:
WARNING. Warning statements identify conditions or practices that could result in injury or loss of life.
CAUTION. Caution statements identify conditions or practices that could result in damage to this product or
other property.
Service safety summary
This section contains additional information required to safely perform service on the product. Only
qualified personnel should perform service procedures. Read this Service safety summary and the
General safety summary before performing any service procedures.
To avoid electric shock. Do not touch exposed connections.
Do not service alone. Do not perform internal service or adjustments of this product unless another
person capable of rendering first aid and resuscitation is present.
Important safety information
xviii AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Disconnect power. To avoid electric shock, switch off the product power and disconnect the power
cord from the mains power before removing any covers or panels, or opening the case for servicing.
Use care when servicing with power on. Dangerous voltages or currents may exist in this product.
Disconnect power, remove battery (if applicable), and disconnect test leads before removing
protective panels, soldering, or replacing components.
Verify safety after repair. Always recheck ground continuity and mains dielectric strength after
performing a repair.
Symbols and terms on the product
These terms may appear on the product:
▪ DANGER indicates an injury hazard immediately accessible as you read the marking.
▪ WARNING indicates an injury hazard not immediately accessible as you read the marking.
▪ CAUTION indicates a hazard to property including the product.
When this symbol is marked on the product, be sure to consult the manual
to find out the nature of the potential hazards and any actions which have
to be taken to avoid them. (This symbol may also be used to refer the user
to ratings in the manual.)
The following symbol(s) may appear on the product:
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual xix
This section lists the EMC (electromagnetic compliance), safety, and environmental standards with
Compliance information
which the instrument complies.
EMC compliance
EC Declaration of Conformity – EMC
Meets intent of Directive 2014/30/EU for Electromagnetic Compatibility. Compliance was
demonstrated to the following specifications as listed in the Official Journal of the European
Communities:
EN61326-1：2013，EN61326-2-1：2013 EMC requirements for electrical equipment for
measurement, control, and laboratory use
NOTE. Equipment may not meet the immunity requirements of applicable listed standards when test
leads and/or test probes are connected due to coupling of electromagnetic interference onto those
leads/probes. To minimize the influence of electromagnetic interference, minimize the loop area between
the unshielded portions of signal and associated return leads, and keep leads as far away as possible
from electromagnetic disturbance sources. Twisting unshielded test leads together is an effective way to
reduce loop area. For probes, keep the ground return lead as short as possible and close to the probe
body. Some probes have accessory probe tip adapters to accomplish this most effectively. In all cases,
observe all safety instructions for the probes or leads used.
1,2,3
.
▪ CISPR 11:2009+A1 2010. Radiated and conducted emissions, Group 1, Class A
▪ IEC 61000-4-2:2008. Electrostatic discharge immunity
▪ IEC 61000-4-3:2006+A1:2007+A2:2010. RF electromagnetic field immunity
▪ IEC 61000-4-4:2012. Electrical fast transient/burst immunity
▪ IEC 61000-4-5:2014+A1:2017. Power line surge immunity
▪ IEC 61000-4-6:2013. Conducted RF immunity
▪ IEC 61000-4-11:2004+A1:2017. Voltage dips and interruptions immunity
EN 61000-3-2:2014. AC power line harmonic emissions
EN 61000-3-3:2013. Voltage changes, fluctuations, and flicker
1
This product is intended for use in nonresidential areas only. Use in residential areas may cause
electromagnetic interference.
2
Emissions which exceed the levels required by this standard may occur when this equipment is connected to a
test object.
3
For compliance with the EMC standards listed here, high quality shielded interface cables should be used.
Compliance information
xx AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Australia / New Zealand Declaration of Conformity – EMC
Complies with the EMC provision of the Radiocommunications Act per the following standard, in
accordance with ACMA:
CISPR 11:2009. Radiated and Conducted Emissions, Group 1, Class A, in accordance with
EN 61326-1:2013.
Safety compliance
This section lists the safety standards with which the product complies and other safety compliance
information.
EU declaration of conformity – low voltage
Compliance was demonstrated to the following specification as listed in the Official Journal of the
European Union:
Low Voltage Directive
▪ EN 61010-1-2010. Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control,
and Laboratory Use – Part 1: General Requirements.
▪ EN 61010-2-030-2010. Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement,
Control, and Laboratory Use – Part 2-030: Particular requirements for testing and measuring
circuits.
Equipment type
Test and measuring equipment.
Safety class
Class 1 – grounded product.
Pollution degree descriptions
A measure of the contaminants that could occur in the environment around and within a product.
Typically the internal environment inside a product is considered to be the same as the external.
Products should be used only in the environment for which they are rated.
▪ Pollution degree 1. No pollution or only dry, nonconductive pollution occurs. Products in this
category are generally encapsulated, hermetically sealed, or located in clean rooms.
▪ Pollution degree 2. Normally only dry, nonconductive pollution occurs. Occasionally a
temporary conductivity that is caused by condensation must be expected. This location is a
typical office/home environment. Temporary condensation occurs only when the product is
out of service.
▪ Pollution degree 3. Conductive pollution, or dry, nonconductive pollution that becomes
conductive due to condensation. These are sheltered locations where neither temperature
nor humidity is controlled. The area is protected from direct sunshine, rain, or direct wind.
▪ Pollution degree 4. Pollution that generates persistent conductivity through conductive dust,
rain, or snow. Typical outdoor locations.
Compliance information
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual xxi
Pollution degree rating
Pollution degree 2 (as defined in IEC 61010-1). Rated for indoor, dry location use only.
IP rating
IP20 (as defined in IEC 60529).
Measurement and overvoltage category descriptions
Measurement terminals on this product may be rated for measuring mains voltages from one or more
of the following categories (see specific ratings marked on the product and in the manual).
▪ Category II. Circuits directly connected to the building wiring at utilization points (socket
outlets and similar points).
▪ Category III. In the building wiring and distribution system.
▪ Category IV. At the source of the electrical supply to the building.
NOTE. Only mains power supply circuits have an overvoltage category rating. Only measurement
circuits have a measurement category rating. Other circuits within the product do not have either rating.
Mains overvoltage category rating
Overvoltage category II (as defined in IEC 61010-1).
Environmental considerations
This section provides information about the environmental impact of the product.
Product end-of-life handling
Observe the following guidelines when recycling an instrument or component:
Equipment recycling. Production of this equipment required the extraction and use of natural
resources. The equipment may contain substances that could be harmful to the environment or
human health if improperly handled at the product’s end of life. To avoid release of such substances
into the environment and to reduce the use of natural resources, we encourage you to recycle this
product in an appropriate system that will ensure that most of the materials are reused or recycled
appropriately.
This symbol indicates that this product complies with the
applicable European Union requirements according to
Directives 2012/19/EUand 2006/66/EC on waste
electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and
batteries. For information about recycling options, check
the Support/Service section of the Tektronix Web site
(www.tek.com (tek.com)).
Compliance information
xxii AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Battery recycling. This product contains a small installed lithium metal button cell. Please properly
dispose of or recycle the cell at its end of life according to local government regulations.
Perchlorate materials. This product contains one or more type CR lithium batteries. According to the
state of California, CR lithium batteries are classified as perchlorate materials and require special
handling. See www.dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlorate for additional information.
Transporting batteries. The small lithium primary button cell contained in this equipment does not
exceed 1 gram of lithium metal content per cell, and the cell type has been shown by the
manufacturer to comply with the applicable requirements of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria Part
III, Sub-section 38.3. Consult your carrier to determine which lithium battery transportation
requirements are applicable to your configuration, including to its re-packaging and re-labeling, prior
to reshipment of the product by any mode of transport
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual xxiii
Getting started
Thank you for choosing a Tektronix product. The AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator
(AFG) instruments are high-performance instruments with built-in waveform generation applications,
real-time waveform monitoring called InstaViewTM, and an improved user interface for higher test
efficiency.
General features and benefits
The AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generators (AFG) provide pulse and function generation
with arbitrary waveform capability.
These instruments provide the following features and benefits:
▪ Dual operation, either using a nine-inch capacitive touchscreen or front-panel keys with
navigation wheel, ensure usability and flexibility.
▪ InstaView
TM
technology allows you to see the actual waveform of the device under test (DUT)
in real time, without the need for an oscilloscope and probe. This eliminates the uncertainty
caused by unmatched impedance.
▪ Shallow menu tree ensures fast and easy browsing, locating, and changing settings.
▪ Built-in ArbBuilder for arbitrary waveform creation and editing eliminates the need to connect
to a PC or use a USB flash drive to load arbitrary waveforms.
▪ Instrument output is protected from overvoltage and overcurrent, minimizing the possibility of
damaging the instrument.
Key performance specifications
The AFG31000 Series instruments provide pulse and function generation with arbitrary waveform
capability. The instruments include the following key performance specifications:
▪ One or two-channel models.
▪ Output amplitude range: 1 mV
pp
to 10 Vpp with 50 Ω loads.
▪ Basic Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) mode.
▪ 25 MHz, 50 MHz, 100 MHz, 150 MHz, or 250 MHz sine waveforms (AFG model-dependent).
▪ 250 MS/s, 500 MS/s (Advanced mode only), 1 GS/s, or 2 GS/s sampling rate.
▪ 14-bit DAC vertical resolution.
▪ AFG mode supports continuous, modulation, sweep, and burst run modes.
▪ AFG mode supports 128K points of arbitrary waveform memory per channel.
▪ Advanced mode supports continuous, sequence, gated, and trigger modes.
▪ Advanced mode supports 16M points of arbitrary waveform memory per channel (you have
the option to get 128M points based on your license).
▪ Up to 256 steps in sequence mode with loop, jump, and wait events.
▪ Variable sampling clock: 1 µS/s up to 2 GS/s.
▪ Minimum waveform length: 168 points with granularity of one point.
Preface
Preface
xxiv AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
General model information
This manual provides operation information for the following products. Unless otherwise noted,
"AFG31000 Series" refers to the models in the following table.
Table 1: AFG31000 models
Model
Bandwidth
Sample rate
Channel
Waveform
memory size
Optional
AFG31021
25 MHz
250 MS/s
1
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
AFG31022
25 MHz
250 MS/s
2
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
AFG31051
50 MHz
1 GS/s
1
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
AFG31052
50 MHz
1 GS/s
2
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
AFG31101
100 MHz
1 GS/s
1
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
AFG31102
100 MHz
1 GS/s
2
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
AFG31151
150 MHz
2 GS/s
1
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
AFG31152
150 MHz
2 GS/s
2
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
AFG31251
250 MHz
2 GS/s
1
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
AFG31252
250 MHz
2 GS/s
2
16 MS/CH
128 MS/CH
Each AFG31000 Series provides a:
▪ 25 MHz to 250 MHz function signal generator
▪ 20 MHz to 160 MHz pulse generator
The AFG31000 Series also provides 14-bit vertical resolution.
Accessories
Standard accessories
Unpack the instrument and verify that you received all items listed as standard accessories. Check
the www.tek.com (tek.com) for the most current information.
Available power cords are listed in the following table.
Table 2: Available power cords
Option
Location
Attributes
Part number
A0
North America
120 V, 60 Hz
161-0066-00
A1
Universal European
220 V, 50 Hz
161-0066-09
A2
United Kingdom
240 V, 50 Hz
161-0066-10
A3
Australia
240 V, 50 Hz
161-0066-13
A5
Switzerland
220 V, 50 Hz
161-0154-00
A6
Japan
100 V, 50/60 Hz
161-0298-00
A10
China
50 Hz
161-0304-00
A11
India
50 Hz
161-0400-00
A12
Brazil
60 Hz
161-0357-00
A99
N/A
no power cord
N/A
Preface
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual xxv
Optional accessories
The following optional accessories are recommended for your instrument.
Table 3: Optional accessories
Description
Part number
50 Ω BNC cable, double-shielded, 250 cm (98 in)
012-1256-XX
GPIB interface cable, double-shielded, 200 cm (79 in)
012-0991-XX
NOTE. To ensure the EMC compliance listed in the specifications, connect only high-quality shielded
cables to this instrument. High-quality shielded cables are typically braid and foil types that have
low-impedance connections to shielded connectors at both ends.
Contact information
If you have any questions after you review the information in this documentation, please contact your
local Tektronix office, sales partner, or distributor. You can also call the corporate headquarters of
Tektronix in North America at 1-800-833-9200. Visit tek.com to find contacts in your area.
Extended warranty
Additional years of warranty coverage are available on many products. These valuable contracts
protect you from unbudgeted service expenses and provide additional years of protection at a fraction
of the price of a repair. Extended warranties are available on new and existing products. Contact your
local Tektronix office, sales partner, or distributor for details (refer to Contact information (on page
xxv) for details).
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 1
Before installation
Inspect the instrument carton for external damage. If the carton is damaged, notify the carrier.
Remove the instrument from its package and make sure that it has not been damaged in transit.
Verify that the carton contains the instrument and its standard accessories.
Operating requirements
Place the instrument on a cart or bench, observing the following clearance requirements:
▪ Sides: 50 mm (2 in)
▪ Rear: 50 mm (2 in)
Before operating the instrument, make sure that the ambient temperature is between 0 °C to 50 °C.
Figure 1: AFG31000 Series two-channel front panel
CAUTION. To ensure proper cooling, keep both sides of the instrument clear of obstructions.
Getting started
Getting started
2 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Check and protect connectors
The source voltage and frequency should be between 100 V to 240 V and 47 Hz to 63 Hz.
The instrument will also support 115V, 360-440Hz.
WARNING. To reduce the risk of fire and shock that may cause personal injury or death, make sure that the
mains supply voltage fluctuations do not exceed 10% of the operating voltage range.
To check input and output connectors:
1. Locate the output connectors on the front panel.
2. Locate the input connectors on the front panel.
NOTE. When connecting a cable, make sure to distinguish the input connector from the output
connectors to avoid making the wrong connection.
Figure 2: AFG31000 Series front-panel inputs and outputs
The instrument input and output connectors are floating inputs and outputs (see Floating ground (on
page 3) for more information).
WARNING. To avoid personal injury or death due to electric shock, do not apply voltages in excess of 42 Vpk to
any BNC connector ground or to the chassis ground.
CAUTION. Do not short output pins or apply external voltages to output connectors, because this will cause
damage to your instrument. Also, do not apply more than +5 V to the Trigger Input connector, which may cause
damage to your instrument.
Getting started
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 3
Floating ground
Because the common ground (input and output channel common) of the AFG31000 Series is
electrically isolated from the chassis ground (the instrument chassis and ground line of the AC
connector), you can make a floating connection between the instrument and other equipment.
All the signal output connectors are connected to the common ground, and the remote interface
connector is connected to the chassis ground.
WARNING. To avoid personal injury due to electric shock, use this product so that the sum of the floating
voltage and the output voltage of the instrument does not exceed 42 Vpk. Do not touch the center of the BNC
connector while the equipment and instrument are in use.
CAUTION. The maximum rated voltage between the chassis ground and common ground is 42 Vpp (DC + peak
AC). When the potential voltage between the chassis ground and common ground goes over 42 Vpp, the
internal protective circuit is activated to protect the circuits. However, voltages continuously exceeding 42 Vpp
may cause the internal circuits in the instrument to be damaged.
When a potential voltage exists between the chassis ground and common ground, a short circuit from output to
ground causes the instrument internal fuse to open and the output is stopped. If the fuse opens, you need to
contact your local Tektronix Service Support. When a potential voltage exists between the common ground and
chassis ground, short-circuiting between them may lead to excessive current flow and the internal or external
circuits may be damaged.
Figure 3: AFG31000 Series floating ground
Getting started
4 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Protect your DUT
Use caution when you connect the instrument channel output to your device under test (DUT). To
avoid damage to your DUT, follow the steps below to set the limit values for high level and low level.
To protect your DUT:
1. Make note of the CH1 or CH2 high voltage and low voltage.
2. Swipe the bottom area up and select Ch1 or Ch2.
3. Make sure that the limits are set appropriately for the device under test (DUT).
▪ Default high limit: 500 mV
▪ Default low limit: –500 mV
Figure 4: High and low voltage limits
Getting started
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 5
Equivalent output circuits
The following figure shows the equivalent output circuits for the AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function
Generator instruments.
Figure 5: AFG output circuits
The following table shows the output window (minimum and maximum levels) for a sine waveform
when you change the load impedance (L). Load impedance affects the output window.
Table 4: Output window for a sine waveform
Instruments
Minimum amplitude
Maximum amplitude
31021
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
10 V to –10 V (20 Vpp)
31022
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
10 V to –10 V (20 Vpp)
31051
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
10 V to –10 V (20 Vpp)
31052
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
10 V to –10 V (20 Vpp)
31101
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
10 V to –10 V (20 Vpp)
31102
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
10 V to –10 V (20 Vpp)
31151
2.5 to –2.5 (5 Vpp)
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
31152
2.5 to –2.5 (5 Vpp)
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
31251
2.5 to –2.5 (5 Vpp)
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
31252
2.5 to –2.5 (5 Vpp)
5 V to –5 V (10 Vpp)
Protection from overheating
The internal temperature of the AFG31000 Series instrument is monitored. A warning message is
displayed if the internal temperature reaches a specified level and signal output is automatically
turned off.
If the warning message appears, check for the following conditions:
▪ The ambient temperature requirement is correct.
▪ The required cooling clearance has been provided.
▪ The instrument fan is working properly.
Getting started
6 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Clean the instrument
Inspect the instrument as often as operating conditions require. To clean the exterior surface:
1. Remove the power cord from the rear of the instrument before cleaning.
2. Remove loose dust from the outside of the instrument with a lint-free cloth. Use care to avoid
scratching the display.
3. Use a soft cloth, dampened with isopropyl alcohol, to clean the instrument.
NOTE. Use 70% isopropyl alcohol for more efficient cleaning. To avoid damaging the instrument, do not
use any abrasive or chemical cleaning agents. Do not allow the instrument to get wet inside. Use only
enough alcohol to dampen the cleaning cloth.
Instrument interface
The following topics present an overview of the AFG31000 Series instrument interface.
Front-panel overview
The following figure shows the front panel of a dual-channel model.
Figure 6: AFG31000 Series front-panel overview
1. Power switch
2. Touchscreen
3. Shortcut buttons: Frequency/Period, Amplitude/High, Phase/Delay, Offset/Low
4. Waveform function keys: Sine, Ramp, Arb, Square, Pulse, and More
5. Basic Mode buttons: Continuous, Sweep, Modulation, and Burst
6. Advanced Mode keys: Sample, Rate, and Run
7. Setup buttons: Default, Save/Recall, Touch Off, Utility, and Help
8. InstaView (real-time waveform measurement) button
Getting started
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 7
9. Navigation area: Navigation control (turn the control to change the number of parameter that is
selected); Home key (takes you to the initial power on screen); Back key (use to switch between
AFG, Advanced Mode, ArbBuilder, Help, and Utility); left and right arrow keys (when editing a
setting, moves the cursor to the left or the right)
10. Cancel, Bksp (backspace), Delete, and Enter buttons (use with the numeric keypad)
11. Settings edit buttons: G/n, M/μ, k/m, and x1 buttons (use when editing a setting)
12. Numeric keypad
13. Trigger button, LEDs, and connectors
14. Channel buttons and connectors
15. USB input (Type A connector)
NOTE. Shortcut keys are provided for advanced users. The shortcut keys allow you to select a setting
and enter a numeric value using the front-panel controls or the touchscreen.
Shortcut keys (front panel)
The shortcut keys allow you to select a setup parameter and enter a numeric value using the
front-panel controls. By using the shortcut buttons, you can toggle between functions and select a
waveform setting without using the touchscreen menus.
Shortcut buttons are located below the Basic Mode buttons on the front panel:
▪ Frequency/Period
▪ Amplitude/High
▪ Phase/Delay
▪ Offset/Low
In the following example, use sine waveform.
To use the Amplitude/High button:
1. Select Basic on the touchscreen.
2. Press the Amplitude/High shortcut button to activate Amplitude.
3. Press the Amplitude/High shortcut button again to activate High.
Figure 7: Amplitude button active
Getting started
8 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Figure 8: High button active
Default setup
When you want to restore the default instrument settings, press the front-panel Default button.
NOTE. The front-panel Default button does not reset the following settings: Language option; power-on
settings; system-related settings (display contrast, screen saver, click tone, and beeper); saved setups
and arbitrary waveform data; calibration data; GPIB and ethernet settings; and access protection.
To restore the default settings:
1. Press the Default button. A confirmation pop-up message is displayed.
2. Press OK to recall the default settings, or Cancel the recall.
Figure 9: Default button message
Getting started
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 9
Adjust waveform settings
When you power on your instrument, the default output signal is a 1 MHz sine wave with an
amplitude of 1 Vpp. In the following example, you can change the frequency and amplitude of the
original output signal.
To adjust waveform settings:
1. Press the front-panel Default button to display the default output signal.
2. When you are prompted with Recall default setup?, select OK or Cancel.
3. Make sure that Frequency is selected. If it is not, select Period on the CH1 touchscreen and
change the parameter to Frequency or press the front-panel Frequency/Period shortcut button.
Frequency is now active. You can change the value using the keypad or navigation control.
4. Press the Frequency/Period shortcut button again to toggle the parameter to Period.
5. Next, change the amplitude. Press the Amplitude/High shortcut button. Amplitude is now active.
You can change the value using the keypad or navigation control.
6. Press the Amplitude/High shortcut button again to toggle the parameter to High Level. You can
change the value using the keypad or navigation control.
7. To change the amplitude units, press the down arrow next to Units.
NOTE. The default unit is volts Vpp.
The following table shows the relationship between Vpp, V
rms
, and dBm, assuming a sine wave with a
50 Ω load.
Table 5: Relationship between Vpp, V
rms
, and dBm, assuming a 50 Ω load
Vpp
V
rms
dBm
20.00 Vpp
7.07 V
rms
+30.00 dBm
10.00 Vpp
3.54 V
rms
+23.98 dBm
2.828 Vpp
1.00 V
rms
+13.01 dBm
2.000 Vpp
707 V
rms
+10.00 dBm
1.414 Vpp
500 V
rms
+6.99 dBm
632 mVpp
224 mV
rms
+0.00 dBm
283 mVpp
100 mV
rms
–6.99 dBm
200 mVpp
70.7 mV
rms
–10.00 dBm
10.0 mVpp
3.54 mV
rms
–36.02 dBm
Getting started
10 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Select waveform
The instrument provides 12 standard waveforms (Sine, Square, Ramp, Pulse, Sin(x)/x, Noise, DC,
Gaussian, Lorentz, Exponential Rise, Exponential Decay, and Haversine). The instrument also stores
and recalls user-defined arbitrary waveforms. You can create, edit, and save your custom waveforms
(see ArbBuilder settings (on page 20) for more information).
You can also create modulated waveforms using the Run Mode Modulation menus. The following
table shows the combination of modulation type and the shape of the output waveform.
Table 6: Modulation type and output waveform shape.
Run mode
Sine, Square, Ramp, Arb, Sin(x)/x,
Gaussian, Lorentz, Exponential rise,
Exponential decay, Haversine
Pulse
Noise, DC
Continuous
•
•
•
Modulation
AM
•
FM
•
PM
•
FSK
•
PWM •
Sweep
•
Burst • •
NOTE. When the instrument outputs an arbitrary waveform, the volts peak-to-peak (Vpp) instrument
setup indicates the Vpp value of normalized waveform data. When the instrument outputs Sin(x)/x,
Gaussian, Lorentz, Exponential Rise, Exponential Decay, or Haversine, Vpp is defined as twice the value
of 0 to peak value.
Getting started
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 11
To select an output waveform:
1. Select the Basic icon. You can directly select one of four standard waveforms on the touchscreen
menu or use the front-panel button.
Figure 10: Touchscreen
2. Select the Continuous function using the touchscreen menu or the front-panel button.
Figure 11: Select continuous function
Getting started
12 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
3. Select the Sine waveform using the touchscreen drop-down menu or the front-panel button.
Figure 12: Sine waveform select
4. To change the waveform, select the waveform menu and select Arb or use the front-panel button.
To select one of the other waveforms available, such as Sin(x)/x, Noise, DC, or Gaussian, select
the waveform drop-down menu and choose a waveform.
Figure 13: Select Arb waveform
Getting started
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 13
Figure 14: Sin(x)/x waveform select
Basic function modes
The Basic Mode area on the front panel contains the following buttons:
▪ Continuous
▪ Modulation
▪ Sweep
▪ Burst
You can use these buttons to select the instrument signal output method. See Select waveform (on
page 10) and Front-panel overview (on page 6) for more information.
Getting started
14 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Rear panel overview
The following figure shows the connectors for the instrument, and descriptions of the connections
follow the figure.
Figure 15: AFG31000 Series rear-panel connectors
1. Add In: This is a BNC input connector where you can add an external signal to the CH1 output
signal.
2. Ext Mod Input: There are two (channel 1 and channel 2) BNC external modulation inputs. The
signal input level of these connectors controls modulation settings. The channel 1 and channel 2
inputs are independent.
3. Ext Ref Input: This is a BNC external reference input connector. When you want to synchronize
multiple arbitrary function generators, or synchronize your AFG31000 Series and another
instrument, use the external reference input connector.
4. Ext Ref Output: This is a BNC external reference output connector. When you want to
synchronize multiple arbitrary function generators, or synchronize your AFG31000 Series and
another instrument, use the external reference output connector.
5. LAN: Connects the instrument to a network. Connect a 10 BASE-T or 100 BASE-T cable here.
6. USB (Type B): Connects to a USB controller.
NOTE. The USB connector on the front panel is a USB Type A connector.
7. GPIB: Controls the instrument through GPIB commands.
8. Chassis ground screw: The chassis ground screw is used to ground the instrument (#6-32,
6.35 mm (0.25 in.) length or less).
9. Power receptacle: This is where you insert the AC power cord that is connected to an AC power
source.
10. Security slot: Use a standard (Kensington) laptop computer security cable to secure the
instrument to your location.
Getting started
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 15
USB interface
You can use a USB cable to connect your instrument to a computer. To connect an instrument to
your computer, you will need to use a USB Type A connector connected to the computer and a Type
B connector connected to the instrument. This interface allows you to communicate with your
instrument.
NOTE. There is a USB Type A connector on the instrument front panel for use with a flash drive; the
USB Type B connector is on the rear panel.
Figure 16: Type A and B USB connectors
Channel selection
Press the front-panel CH1/CH2 (channel selection) button to control the screen display. You can
toggle between the two channels.
Output on and off
For dual-channel models, you can turn on or off the signal output for channel one and channel two
independently. You can enable one of the two channels or enable both of the channels at any time.
To enable signal output:
1. Press the front-panel Ch1 Output button. The button is illuminated when it is on.
2. For dual-channel models only, press the front-panel Ch2 Output button. The button is illuminated
when it is on.
NOTE. You can configure the signal with the outputs off. This minimizes the chance of sending a
problematic signal to a device under test (DUT).
Remote communications options
There are USB, GPIB, and LAN communications interfaces on the rear panel of the instrument. Use
TekVISA, which can be downloaded from www.tek.com (tek.com) to communicate with the
instrument. Only one interface can be used at a time. You can use the interface to send remote
commands to the instrument.
NOTE. You can find more information and a detailed description of the command list in the AFG31000
Series Arbitrary Function Generator Series Programmer's Manual (07714880x).
Getting started
16 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Here is an example of how you implement a typical remote command. This command locks the front
panel and prevents local front-panel operation. It is intended for system integration or mass
production customers who typically use a computer to control the instrument.
The remote command to lock the instrument:
SYSTem:KLOCk[:STATe]
The remote command to unlock the instrument:
SYSTem:KUNLOCk[:STATe]
To lock the instrument using a remote command:
1. Connect a USB or LAN cable between the AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator and
the computer.
2. Install TekVISA on your computer (you can download it from www.tek.com (tek.com)).
3. Launch OpenChoice Talker Listener after TekVISA is installed and select your instrument. If your
instrument is not in the Instruments list, verify the cable connection and check the IP address if
you are using LAN.
Figure 17: TekVISA instrument selection, Talker Listener
4. Select your instrument from the Instrument list.
5. The command *IDN? has already been populated in the command field.
6. Select Query to display the result in the Talker Listener Readout area.
7. Input SYSTem:KLOCK:STATe ON in the command field.
8. Select Write. The command is written to the AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator.
9. Press any button on the front panel to confirm that the front panel is locked.
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 17
Power the instrument
The following procedure shows you how to connect the instrument to power and turn it on and off.
Connect the power cord:
1. Make sure the front-panel power switch is in the off position
2. Connect the female end of the supplied power cord to the AC receptacle on the rear panel.
3. Connect the male end of the power cord to a grounded AC outlet.
To power on the instrument:
Press the front-panel power switch to turn on the instrument.
Figure 18: AFG31000 Series two-channel front view
NOTE. Wait until the front-panel display shows that the instrument has passed all power-on self-tests
before using the instrument.
Operating basics
Operating basics
18 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Touchscreen interface
The following figures describe the touchscreen main display.
Figure 19: Touchscreen main display
Basic mode default screen
The AFG default screen allows you to change the following parameters:
▪ Waveform
▪ Basic function (continuous, modulation, sweep, or burst)
▪ Frequency
▪ Voltage limits
▪ Phase
▪ Units (V
pp
, V
rms
, or dBm)
Operating basics
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 19
Figure 20: One-channel AFG home screen
Advanced mode default screen
The Advanced mode default screen allows you to:
▪ Choose from available waveforms.
▪ Open a saved waveform sequence by selecting Sequence. Waveforms can be shown in the
Waveform List with waveform name and length. The waveforms can be inserted in the
sequence table as one step. Each step can be defined as loop or branch (wait, jump, or go
to) triggered by a variety of events. The sequencer can include up to 256 steps, and up to 16
MB of waveforms for each channel (128 MB optional).
▪ Create a new waveform sequence and save.
Figure 21: Two-channel advanced mode home screen
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20 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Figure 22: One-channel sequence screen
ArbBuilder settings
You can open previously created waveforms or create a new waveform using the ArbBuilder tool.
When you select the ArbBuilder icon to open ArbBuilder, the following selections are visible at the
bottom of the interface:
▪ File: Open, save, resample, or create a new standard waveform or a new equation.
▪ Draw: Create freehand waveforms, draw horizontally and vertically. You can also draw by
points.
▪ Edit: Edit a waveform.
▪ Send: Send to the channel that you want to use.
▪ Exit: Exit ArbBuilder.
Figure 23: ArbBuilder home screen
Operating basics
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 21
Add or remove an app
You can install apps (software applications) from a USB flash drive onto the AFG31000 Series. Visit
www.tek.com (tek.com) to search or browse apps available for your AFG31000 Series.
To install an app:
1. Download an app from the www.tek.com (tek.com) website.
2. Save the app to a USB flash drive.
3. Insert the flash drive into the USB input on the front panel of the AFG31000 Series. The Add
Apps icon becomes available.
Figure 24: Add Apps icon active
4. Select the Add Apps icon.
5. Navigate to your downloaded app and select it. Apps have a *.tfa file extension.
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22 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Figure 25: Navigating to the downloaded app
6. Select OK to begin installing the app.
7. Power on and then power off the instrument when prompted.
8. The new app is available on the main screen.
Figure 26: New app available
To remove an app:
1. Select and hold the app icon for two seconds, then release. You are prompted to confirm the
removal.
2. Select OK to continue or Cancel.
3. Power on and then power off the instrument when prompted.
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 23
Utility menu
Select the front-panel Utility icon (gear) to see the Utility menu on the instrument touchscreen. The
Utility menu provides access to the following options:
▪ System
▪ Diagnostics/Calibration
▪ I/O Interface
▪ Security Menu
▪ Firmware
▪ License
See Utility menu options (on page 82) for more information.
AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 25
Basic mode
The AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator provides both Basic and Advanced (Sequence)
modes.
▪ Basic mode has a dedicated user interface similar to a traditional arbitrary function generator.
The generating function and arbitrary waveforms are controlled with a minimum number of
button clicks and a shallow menu hierarchy. You can switch from one frequency to another
without worrying about waveform length and sampling rate. This is particularly valuable when
working with analog designs like filter/amplifier frequency response characterization or digital
designs where the clock rate needs to change frequently.
▪ Advanced mode (on page 65) allows you to generate long waveforms or waveforms with
complex timing.
Touchscreen swipe areas
The touchscreen swipe areas are available on multiple screens, including Basic, Advanced, and
ArbBuilder.
NOTE. You cannot access the swipe areas while on the Home screen or Utility screen.
See the following figures to see where you can swipe to gain access to additional features and
information.
Figure 27: Bottom swipe area
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26 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Figure 28: Bottom swipe area tabs
Figure 29: Top swipe area
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 27
Create a pulse waveform
To create a pulse waveform:
1. Select Basic.
2. Select the drop-down arrow for the waveform options.
3. Select Pulse.
4. Select Frequency on the touchscreen to toggle between Period and Frequency.
5. On the touchscreen, select Duty and enter the settings using the touchscreen keypad.
6. Select Duty again to toggle between Duty and Width. Enter the settings for Width.
7. Select Leading and Trailing and enter the settings for the leading and trailing edge.
Pulse waveform formulas
The following figure and formula help to explain the correlation between pulse period, duty cycle,
pulse width, and the leading and trailing edge times.
Figure 30: Pulse period width
The following pulse waveform formulas are applied to leading edge time, trailing edge time, pulse
period, and pulse width.
lEdge = Leading edge time
tEdge = Trailing edge time
Maximum leading edge time. This value is the minimum of the three calculations in each instance.
If runMode = Continuous:
Temp1 = 0.8 * 2.0 * width – tEdge
Temp2 = ( period – width ) * 0.8 * 2.0 – tEdge
Temp3 = 0.625 * period
If runMode is not Continuous:
Temp1 = 0.8 * 2.0 * width – tEdge
Temp2 = ( period – leadDelay – width ) * 0.8 * 2.0 – tEdge
Temp3 = 0.625 * period
Maximum trailing edge time. This value is the minimum of the three calculations in each instance.
If runMode = Continuous:
Temp1 = 0.8 * 2.0 * width – lEdge
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Temp2 = ( period – width ) * 0.8 * 2.0 – lEdge
Temp3 = 0.625 * period
If runMode is not Continuous:
Temp1 = 0.8 * 2.0 * width – lEdge
Temp2 = ( period – leadDelay – width ) * 0.8 * 2.0 – lEdge
Temp3 = 0.625 * period
Open or save arbitrary waveforms
You can save arbitrary waveforms in the instrument internal memory or USB memory. If you need to
save more waveforms, use a USB flash drive that is inserted in the USB port.
To open a waveform:
1. Select the Basic icon on the touchscreen.
2. On the touchscreen, swipe the white arrow at the bottom of the screen up and go to the
ArbBuilder tab (see touchscreen swipe areas (on page 25) for more information).
Figure 31: Bottom swipe area
3. Select Open.
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 29
Figure 32: ArbBuilder tab
To save a waveform:
1. When you have a waveform opened, select File.
2. If you do not see File on the menu, you will see Save and Save As. Select Save As if you want to
change the name and location of where the file is saved. If you want to save the file with the
same name, select Save.
Create noise or DC
To create noise:
1. Select Basic.
2. Select the waveform name on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
3. Select Noise.
To create a DC waveform:
1. Select Basic.
2. Select the waveform name on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
3. Select DC.
NOTE. You cannot modulate or sweep noise.
Create a burst waveform
The instrument can output a burst using standard waveforms such as sine, square, ramp, pulse, or
arbitrary waveforms. The instrument allows you to use the following types of burst modes.
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30 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Create a triggered burst waveform
A specified number (burst count) of waveform cycles are output when the instrument receives a
trigger input from the internal trigger source, an external trigger source, a remote command, or the
Manual trigger button.
The following example describes how to create a double pulse using the burst mode.
To create a triggered burst waveform:
1. Select Basic.
2. Select Continuous on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
3. Select Burst.
4. For the Mode setting, confirm that 1 Cycle, n Cycles, or Inf. Cycles is selected, which means
triggered burst mode is enabled.
5. To create a double pulse, set the Cycle setting (N-Cycles) to 2. The following figure shows that
this waveform is a trigger output signal.
Figure 33: Burst pulse waveform
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 31
Create a gated burst waveform
The instrument outputs a continuous waveform when an effective gate signal is applied externally,
when the Manual trigger button is pressed, when a remote command is applied, or during 50% of the
selected internal trigger interval.
In the gated burst mode, the output is enabled or disabled based on the internal gate signal or an
external signal applied to the front-panel trigger input connector. While the gate signal is true or the
front-panel Manual trigger button is pushed in, the instrument outputs a continuous waveform.
To create a gated-burst waveform:
1. Select Basic.
2. Select Sine on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
3. Select Burst.
4. Confirm that Gate mode is selected, which enables gated-burst mode.
The following figure is an oscilloscope screen. The top waveform is a trigger output signal. The
bottom waveform is a gated waveform.
Figure 34: Gated burst waveform
NOTE. The instrument provides the following trigger sources for burst mode: Internal or external trigger
signal, manual trigger, or remote command. If you select Gate, burst count settings are ignored.
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Sweep a waveform
The sweep outputs a waveform with the output signal frequency varying linearly or logarithmically.
You can set the following settings for Sweep (scroll down to reveal all of the options):
▪ Start frequency
▪ Stop frequency
▪ Amplitude
▪ Offset
▪ Units
▪ Sweep time
▪ Return time
▪ Center frequency
▪ Frequency span
▪ Hold time
Figure 35: Sweep waveform settings
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 33
To sweep a waveform:
1. Select Basic.
2. Make sure that Sine is selected for CH1 on the touchscreen. For this example, a sine waveform
is used as an output waveform (carrier waveform).
3. Select Continuous mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
4. Select Sweep. You can specify the start frequency, stop frequency, sweep time, and return time
from the sweep menu. Return Time represents the amount of time from Stop Frequency to Start
Frequency.
The following figure is a sample oscilloscope screen. The top waveform is a sample sweep waveform.
The bottom waveform is a trigger output signal.
Figure 36: Oscilloscope sweep waveform
NOTE. For frequency sweeps, you can select a sine, square, ramp, or arbitrary waveform. Pulse, DC,
and Noise waveforms cannot be selected. Once the sweep is selected, the frequency is swept from the
sweep start to the sweep stop frequencies. If a start frequency is lower than a stop frequency, the
instrument sweeps from the low frequency to the high frequency. If a start frequency is higher than a
stop frequency, the instrument sweeps from the high frequency to the low frequency.
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Modulate a waveform
The following example describes how to modulate a waveform using the Modulation button.
To output an AM waveform:
1. Select Basic.
2. Make sure that Sine is selected for CH1 on the touchscreen. For this example, a sine waveform
is used as an output waveform (carrier waveform).
3. Select Continuous mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
4. Select Modulation.
5. Scroll down to find the Mod Type and change it to AM.
6. Select Internal for the AM Source setting.
7. Scroll down to find the AM Freq setting.
8. Select the Depth setting to adjust the depth percentage.
The following figure is an example amplitude modulation waveform displayed on an oscilloscope.
Figure 37: Oscilloscope amplitude modulation waveform
NOTE. You can output frequency modulation or phase modulation waveforms using the same steps
above. You cannot choose Pulse, Noise, or DC carrier waveform. You can select an internal or external
signal as an AM source. If you select an external source and set the modulation depth to 120%, the
output is at the maximum amplitude when a ±1 Vpp signal is applied to the rear panel EXT MODULATION
INPUT connector. You can select a modulation shape from the internal memory or USB flash drive.
The following equations show the output amplitude of AM, FM, and PM modulation (in this example,
sine waveform is used for carrier waveform and modulation waveform):
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 35
Figure 38: Waveform-modulation equations
The following table indicates what the symbols in the previous equations represent.
Table 7: Output amplitude equation symbols
Carrier amplitude
A (V
p-p
)
Carrier frequency
fc (Hz)
Modulation frequency
fm (Hz)
Time
t (sec)
AM modulation depth
m (%)
FM deviation
D (Hz)
PM deviation
P (degree)
The following table indicates the relationships between modulation depth and maximum amplitude for
AM modulation waveform (internal modulation source is selected).
Table 8: Depth and maximum amplitude relationships
Depth
Maximum amplitude
120%
A (Vpp)
100%
A (Vpp) * 0.909
50%
A (Vpp) * 0.682
0%
A (Vpp) * 0.455
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FSK waveform
Frequency-shift keying modulation is a modulation technique that shifts the output signal frequency
between the carrier frequency and the hop frequency. The following example describes how to output
an FSK waveform.
To output an FSK waveform:
1. Select Basic.
2. Make sure that Sine is selected for CH1 on the touchscreen. For this example, a sine waveform
is used as an output waveform (carrier waveform).
3. Select Continuous mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
4. Select Modulation.
5. Scroll down to find the Mod Type and change it to FSK.
6. For FSK Source, choose either Internal or External. If you choose External, the FSK Rate is
ignored.
7. Select Hop Frequency to adjust its value. Note that the carrier waveform frequency shifts to the
hop frequency with the specified FSK rate, and then returns to the original frequency.
NOTE. The AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator instruments create a phase continuous FSK
signal.
Figure 39: Modulation type
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 37
PWM waveform
To output a PWM waveform:
1. Select Basic.
2. Select Pulse on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
Figure 40: Select pulse
3. Select Continuous mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
4. Select Modulation.
Figure 41: Select modulation
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5. For the PWM Source settings, choose either Internal or External.
Figure 42: PWM source settings
6. Select Deviation to adjust the deviation percentage (pulse-width deviation).
Figure 43: Deviation settings
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 39
7. Set the Modulation Shape.
Figure 44: Shape settings
NOTE. For more specific information about this application example, see Motor speed control by
pulse-width modulation (on page 124).
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Trigger out
If your instrument is a two-channel model, the trigger output connector and signal of the instrument
are linked to the run mode and function selected in CH1.
To set up trigger out:
1. Connect the AFG31000 Series front-panel Ch 1 TRIGGER output connector to the external
TRIGGER input connector of the oscilloscopes. The TRIGGER output connector provides the
trigger signal for oscilloscopes.
2. Select Basic.
3. Select Continuous mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
4. Select Square waveform on the drop-down menu of the touchscreen. The output is a square
waveform with the rising edge at the start of each waveform period. When an output frequency is
higher than 4.9 MHz, some restrictions are applied.
5. Select Sweep mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen. When the Repeat or
Trigger sweep mode and internal trigger source are selected, the trigger output is a square
waveform with the rising edge at the start of each sweep.
6. Select Modulation mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen. When an internal
modulation source is selected, the trigger output is a square waveform with the same frequency
as the modulating signal. When an external modulation source is selected, the trigger output is
disabled.
7. Select Burst mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen. When an internal trigger
source is selected, the trigger output is a square waveform with the rising edge at the start of
each burst period. When an external trigger source is selected, the trigger output is high during
the time the trigger input is high.
NOTE. When a frequency setting of an output waveform is higher than 4.9 MHz, a divided frequency that
is lower than 4.9 MHz is output from the Trigger Out (see the following table).
Table 9: Set waveform output frequency
Set frequency of output waveform (MHz)
Trigger output frequency (F, in MHz)
~ 4.900 000 000 00
Fs
4.900 000 000 01 to 14.700 000 000 0
Fs/3
14.700 000 000 1 to 24.500 000 000 0
Fs/5
24.500 000 000 1 to 34.300 000 000 0
Fs/7
34.300 000 000 1 to 44.100 000 000 0
Fs/9
44.100 000 000 1 to 50.000 000 000 0
Fs/11
50.000 000 000 1 ~
No signal
NOTE. The Trigger Out signal cannot be output when the instrument outputs a continuous signal higher
than 50 MHz. When the instrument outputs a modulation waveform, the Trigger Output signal cannot be
output if you select External as the modulation source.
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 41
Align two-channel signals
NOTE. This topic applies to two-channel AFG31000 Series instruments.
The AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator uses a phase continuous method to change
frequency. When you change the frequency of a channel, it affects the phase relationship between
the two channels.
For example, if the instrument is generating a 5 MHz sine waveform for both CH1 and CH2, the
phase is adjusted between the two channels. If you change the CH2 frequency to 10 MHz and then
return it to 5 MHz, the CH2 phase does not return to its initial condition. To adjust the phase
relationship between the two channels, you must stop and restart signal generation. The instrument
provides a function called Align Phase to adjust the phase relationship.
The following example describes how to adjust settings for a two-channel instrument. In this example,
a 5 MHz continuous sine waveform is used. Confirm that both phases are set to 0 degrees.
To align settings of two-channel signals:
1. Select Basic.
2. On the touchscreen, change the CH1 Freq settings to 10 MHz, and then to 5 MHz. Note that the
CH2 frequency or phase does not change frequencies.
Figure 45: CH1 frequency 5 MHz
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42 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
3. Swipe the arrow at the bottom of the screen up and select the InterChannel tab.
4. To align the phases of CH1 and CH2, select Align Phase.
Figure 46: Align Phase CH1 and CH2
When channels one and two are aligned, the instrument stops the signal generation, adjusts the
phases of both channels, and automatically restarts the signal generation.
Amplitude
To set the CH1 and CH2 amplitude to the same level, select the Level CH1=CH2 button.
Frequency/Period
To set the CH1 and CH2 frequency to the same level, select the Frequency CH1=CH2 button.
Set up load impedance
The output impedance of the AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator is 50 Ω. If you connect a
load with an impedance other than 50 Ω, the displayed Amplitude, Offset, and High/Low values are
different from the output voltage. To make the displayed values the same as output voltage, you need
to set load impedance. To set the load impedance, use the swipe area on the bottom of the
touchscreen.
To set up load impedance:
1. Select Basic.
2. Swipe the arrow at the bottom of the screen up and go to the CH1 tab.
3. Select the Load option and choose Load, High Z, or 50/100.
4. Set the load impedance to any value from 1 Ω to 50 Ω.
When the load impedance is set to a value other than 50 Ω, the set value is displayed in the output
status.
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 43
NOTE. The load impedance is applied to the amplitude, offset, and high/low level settings.
When dBm is specified for output amplitude units, the amplitude units setting is automatically changed to
Vpp if you select high impedance.
Invert waveform polarity
To invert a waveform polarity, use the swipe area on the bottom of the touchscreen. The following
example shows how to get a differential signal using the invert function of the two-channel model.
To invert waveform polarity:
1. Select Basic.
2. Select Sine wave.
3. Select Continuous mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
4. On the touchscreen, swipe the arrow at the bottom up.
5. On the InterChannel tab, select the Copy CH1 to CH2 button.
6. Select OK when prompted to copy the settings.
Figure 47: Copy channel 1 to channel 2
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44 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
7. On the CH2 tab, select Invert. Swipe the menu down to view the settings of both channels.
Figure 48: Invert channel 1 and channel 2 wave polarity
Notice that the image at the bottom of CH1 and CH2 shows inverted sine waves. You can accomplish
this inversion with all of the waveforms, depending on your requirements.
Figure 49: Inverted sine wave
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 45
Add noise
To add the internal noise signal to a waveform, use the swipe area on the bottom of the touchscreen.
To add noise:
1. Select Basic.
2. Select Sine wave on the touchscreen.
3. Select Continuous mode on the CH1 drop-down menu on the touchscreen.
4. On the touchscreen, swipe the arrow at the bottom up.
5. On the CH1 tab, select the On option for Noise.
6. Select the value next to Noise to adjust the noise level.
The following figure shows a waveform before adding noise.
Figure 50: No noise
The following figure shows a waveform after adding noise.
NOTE. To avoid noise overflow, the amplitude of the output signal is automatically halved.
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46 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Figure 51: Waveform after noise is added
NOTE. An internal noise generator (digital) is used to add noise. CH1 and CH2 noise signals are
non-correlating. The output status is changed from Output Off to Noise when you press the front-panel
Channel Output button to enable the output. When the Noise option is set to On, the amplitude of the
output signal is reduced to 50%.
Add an external signal
The AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator instruments have a rear-panel Add In connector
that allows you to add an external signal to the CH1 output signal.
To add an external signal:
1. Connect an external signal source to the rear-panel Add In connector.
2. Select Basic.
3. On the touchscreen, swipe the arrow at the bottom up.
4. On the CH1 tab, select the External Add option.
5. Press the front-panel CH1 Output button.
The following figures are examples of external signals before and after noise is added as an external
signal. The waveform in the first figure is the external signal. The waveform in the second figure is a
square waveform after the external noise was added.
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 47
Figure 52: External signal before noise
The following figure shows a square waveform after adding noise.
Figure 53: External signal after noise
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Create a differential signal
A two-channel instrument can be used to create a differential signal by programming CH2 to output
the complement of CH1. The CH2 settings can be configured conveniently using the CH1
Complement function.
To create a differential signal:
1. Select Basic.
2. Set your CH1 settings using the touchscreen.
3. Swipe the menu up at the bottom of the touchscreen.
Figure 54: Bottom swipe area
4. Select the CH2 tab and select the CH1 Complement button. The CH2 wave shape and timing
settings are copied from CH1, and the CH2 amplitude settings are inverted from CH1.
Figure 55: Ch2 tab and CH1 Complement button
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 49
External reference clock
The external reference input (EXT REF INPUT) and the external reference output (EXT REF
OUTPUT) connectors are on the AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator rear panel. The
instrument can use the internal or external signal as a reference signal.
The external reference input and output connectors are used for synchronizing multiple AFG31000
Series instruments. The instrument can use the internal source or an external source as a reference
signal. When the internal reference is activated, a 10 MHz reference signal is output on the rear panel
EXT REF OUT connector. This output signal synchronizes other devices to the instrument.
When the external reference input is activated, the rear panel EXT REF INPUT connector is used as
the input for an external reference signal. The instrument is synchronized using this external
reference signal.
NOTE. The external reference clock must be set to 10 MHz. When external is selected, make sure that
you have connected the appropriate cable for the 10 MHz signal. Also, when internal is selected, the
internal 10 MHz clock takes effect immediately.
To select a reference signal:
1. Select Utility.
2. Select System.
3. In the Clock Ref settings, toggle between Internal and External. If you are using the EXT REF
INPUT, make sure your connections are correct.
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Synchronize multiple instruments
The AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator provides the ability to synchronize multiple
arbitrary function generators.
In many applications, more than two channels of waveforms are needed to stimulate the DUTs. For
example, to simulate the voltage of a 3-phase power line system, three channels are needed. If
current on the lines are also needed at the same time, then there will be six channels in total.
The instrument can synchronize multiple instruments to provide this functionality.
NOTE. To synchronize two instruments you must stop running output signals.
To synchronize multiple AFGs:
1. Select Basic.
2. Swipe the arrow at the bottom up and select Multi-unit sync tab.
Figure 56: MultiSync instruments tab 1
3. Select Master or Subordinate.
4. Press the right arrow to go to next page.
5. Connect Trigger Output (master) to Trigger Input (subordinate) with a BNC cable, as seen in the
next figure. Press the right arrow to go to the next page.
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 51
Figure 57: MultiSync instruments tab 2
6. Connect EXT REF OUT (master) and EXT REF IN (subordinate) with a BNC cable according to
the following figure.
Figure 58: MultiSnyc Units tab 3
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52 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
7. Press the right arrow to go to the next page.
8. Set the Trigger delay between master and subordinate.
Figure 59: MultiSync instruments tab 4
9. Press the right arrow to go to the next page.
10. Press Synchronize.
Figure 60: MultiSync instruments tab 5
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 53
The following figure shows the master waveform.
Figure 61: Master instrument waveform
NOTE. If you use cables that are one meter long or longer, the subordinate signal may be delayed as
much as 40 ns or longer. We recommended that you set the delay between the master and subordinate
to 0 by adjusting the delay of the master unit (see Using InstaView (on page 57) for more information).
The following figures show waveform outputs before and after they have been synchronized. The top
waveform is from the master instrument and the bottom waveform is from the subordinate instrument.
Figure 62: Master and subordinate before sync
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54 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Figure 63: Master and subordinate after sync
NOTE. To output continuous waveforms by synchronous operation, select Clock Ref External in the
System menu as the trigger source for the master instrument to stop signal generation. In the AFG
settings for CH1, under Mode, select Inf-Cycles as the burst count for both master and subordinate
instruments. If you want to restart the signal generation, change the trigger source of the master
instrument to Internal.
USB flash drive
A USB port is included on the front panel of the AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator so
that you can perform the following tasks:
▪ Save or recall user-defined waveforms to and from a USB flash drive
▪ Save or recall setups to and from files on a USB flash drive
▪ Update your instrument firmware using a USB flash drive
▪ Save a screen image to a USB flash drive
NOTE. When you insert a USB flash drive into the instrument, a message appears on the screen. Do not
remove the flash drive until the message disappears. If you remove the flash drive while this message is
displayed, it may cause damage to the instrument.
For more information about saving or opening waveforms, see Save or open arbitrary waveforms (on
page 28).
For more information about instrument setup, see Save and recall instrument setup (on page 55).
For more information about updating your instrument, see Update instrument firmware (on page 93).
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AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual 55
Save or recall instrument setup
You can save instrument test settings as files in the internal memory or on an external USB flash
drive. You can recall the stored settings from a file in the internal memory or on a USB flash drive.
To save or recall an instrument setup:
1. Select Basic.
2. Press the Save/Recall button.
3. Go to the Save & Recall tab on the touchscreen and select Save as or Recall.
4. To specify a memory location, select Memory or USB.
5. Select the file name area to save a file or select a file to open or recall.
6. Select where you want to save the file: Memory or USB. Use the touchscreen keyboard to enter
a file name.
7. To open a file, select one from Memory or USB.
NOTE. You can save test settings to use for future tests. To avoid an accidental overwrite when your
settings are saved, a lock key icon is displayed. To save or open test settings, press the Save/Recall
button. To delete a file, press the Delete button. If you save test settings to a USB flash drive, the file has
a .tfs extension.
Save a screen image
You can save a screen image of the instrument to a USB flash drive.
To save a screen image:
1. Insert a USB flash drive into the front-panel USB connector.
2. Set the display to show the screen that you want to save; the saved image will be a .png image.
3. Simultaneously press and hold the two arrow keys underneath the navigation control on the front
panel.
4. Release either arrow key.
5. A message appears on the screen indicating that the image was saved.
6. Select OK.
NOTE. Image files are saved in a folder named TEK on the USB flash drive. The instrument gives all files
created by the instrument the default name xxx.png, where the xxx is a placeholder for the current
date and time.
Tutorials
The following quick tutorials introduce you to using an arbitrary waveform generator (AFG).
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56 AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator User's Manual
Tutorial: How to select a waveform and adjust settings
Use the following steps to select a waveform and adjust waveform settings.
To select a waveform and adjust settings:
1. Connect the power cord.
2. Press the power button on the instrument.
3. Connect a BNC cable from the CH1 output of the arbitrary function generator to an oscilloscope
input connector.
4. Select Basic.
5. Select a waveform.
6. Press the front-panel CH1 Output On button to enable the output.
7. Observe the waveform displayed on the oscilloscope screen.
8. Use the front-panel shortcut buttons on the instrument to select waveform settings.
9. Select Frequency as a setting to be changed.
10. Use the keypad to change the frequency value. Press the Enter button to complete the entry.
You can change the Amplitude, Phase, and Offset value the same way.
You can also change the frequency value using the navigation wheel and the arrow keys. To
increase the value, turn the navigation wheel clockwise. To change a specific digit, select it by
pressing the arrow keys, then change it by turning the navigation wheel. Set the value by
pressing the navigation wheel.
Tutorial: How to create a sine waveform
Use the following the steps to create a continuous sine waveform.
To create a sine waveform:
1. Connect the power cord.
2. Press the power button on the instrument.
3. Connect a BNC cable from the CH1 output of the arbitrary function generator to an oscilloscope
input connector.
4. Select Basic.
5. Press the front-panel Sine button, and then press the Continuous button to select a waveform.
6. Press the front-panel CH1 Output On button to enable the output.
7. Use the oscilloscope autoscaling function to display the sine waveform on the screen. If the
instrument outputs a default sine waveform, you can manually set the oscilloscope as follows:
▪ 0.5 μs/div
▪ 200 mV/div
8. To change the frequency, press the front-panel Frequency/Period shortcut button.
9. The Frequency/Period/Phase Menu is displayed and Freq is selected. You can now change the
frequency value.
10. Use the keypad to change the frequency value and press the Enter button to complete the entry.
You can change the Amplitude, Phase, and Offset value the same way.
You can also change the frequency value using the navigation control and the arrow keys. To
increase the value, turn the navigation control clockwise. To change a specific digit, select it by
pressing the arrow keys, then change it by turning the navigation control.
NOTE. You can use the front-panel shortcut buttons to quickly select a waveform setting. When you
specify a waveform setting using the shortcut buttons, the active setting is displayed in green in the
graph area.
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InstaView overview
InstaViewTM technology (real-time waveform monitoring) allows you to see the waveform of the device
under test (DUT) in real time, without the need for an oscilloscope and probe. This eliminates the
uncertainty caused by unmatched impedance.
To use InstaView:
1. Select Basic on the touchscreen.
2. Press the InstaView button.
NOTE. The dialog box that opens indicates that there is a cable propagation delay. You can measure the
delay using the Auto Measure feature. Also note that every time you change a cable on the instrument,
the cable propagation delay must be auto-measured or manually updated.
3. To measure the cable delay between the channel 1 output and trigger input, connect the cable
appropriately and select Auto Measure. You can measure channel 2 the same way.
4. Once you have measured the delay, you can turn on InstaView by choosing the channel and
selecting OK.
NOTE. In the InstaView dialog box, you have an option to add Manual Input for the cable propagation
delay. Use the Delay input box to indicate the cable delay. This should only be used when you know the
amount of time of the delay, otherwise your measurements will not be accurate when using this feature.
Using InstaView
Most waveform generators insert a 50 Ω serial resistor on the output signal path (which requires the
output to be connected to a 50 Ω load through a cable with 50 Ω characteristic impedance) to ensure
maximum power transmission and minimize the reflection of high-speed signals. This is called
impedance matching and the nominal settings shown on the generators are based on the assumption
that all stages in the signal path are a perfect 50 Ω.
Many users, however, use devices under test (DUTs) that are not 50 Ω terminated. This impedance
mismatch causes the waveform at the DUT to be different from the nominal settings on the generator.
For example, if you set a 3.3 V square waveform as a clock to trigger on a TTL circuit, you may get a
6.6 V square waveform at the device end, because a TTL circuit typically has an input impedance of
several kΩ. Additionally, if there is parasitic capacitance or inductance, it will lead to distortion of the
waveform; it is not a square waveform anymore. The challenge is the screen still shows a 3.3 V
square waveform.
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With the patented InstaViewTM technology, the instrument can measure and show the waveform at
the DUT, instead of just the nominal waveform. The displayed waveform changes in real time with
settings changes to frequency, amplitude, waveform shape, or impedance changes at the device
under test.
Equipment list
▪ One AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator
▪ One oscilloscope (with 50 Ω and 1 MΩ switchable input impedance)
▪ One BNC to BNC cable
▪ One BNC T connector (JKJ)
▪ One demo board
Figure 64: Equipment for InstaView tutorial
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Set up AFG31000
1. Select the Default button on the front panel and select the Square button to switch the output of
CH1 from sine to square.
2. Connect the BNC cable between the AFG31000 CH1 output and the oscilloscope CH1 input.
3. Press the CH1 on button on the AFG31000 to turn on the output.
Figure 65: AFG31000 InstaView setup with connections overview
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4. Turn on CH1 on the scope and adjust horizontal, vertical, and trigger level settings to see the
waveform on the screen.
5. Toggle the scope CH1 input impedance between 50 Ω and 1 MΩ to see the changes of the
amplitude.
Figure 66: Scope 1 MΩ
6. Disconnect the BNC cable from the scope, and connect the T connector between the demo
board, scope CH1 input, and the BNC connector.
7. Make sure the switch on the demo board is set to LCR (complex impedance including resistive,
capacitive, and inductive load)
8. Adjust the oscilloscope to observe the waveform.
NOTE. You can see how the input impedance of the DUT impacts the waveform in terms of amplitude
(pure resistive load) and shape (capacitive-inductive load), but the waveform shape shown on the
instrument is still a perfect square.
Set up InstaView on the AFG31000
1. Press the InstaViewTM button on the front panel to open the settings window.
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Figure 67: Set up InstaView on the AFG31000 instrument
2. Select CH1 and then Run to automatically measure the cable propagation delay. See the
following figure.
Figure 68: Select channel one
3. Connect the BNC cable between CH1 output and Trigger In, then select OK.
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Figure 69: BNC trigger connect - InstaView
4. When the measurement is done, the delay is reflected in the dialog box. The propagation delay
shows you when the reflection is going to reach the AFG output port. In case of impedance
mismatching, the instrument algorithm can separate the incident from the reflection.
Figure 70: Delay dialog
5. Select CH1 and select OK to close the window.
6. Connect the BNC cable directly to the oscilloscope CH1 input again.
7. Swipe the waveform preview window on the AFG31000 to enlarge it.
8. Repeat steps 4 through 8 and observe how the waveform shown on the instrument changes with
the load, and the similarity to the captured waveforms. You can see how the waveform shown on
the instrument changes along with impedance of the DUT.
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Figure 71: CH1 oscilloscope 1 MΩ - InstaView
Change settings
To change the waveform settings:
Change the amplitude and frequency, either independently or together of CH1 to observe how the
InstaView waveform changes in real time, and compare it with the oscilloscope-captured waveforms.
Figure 72: Frequency 5 MHz - InstaView
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Figure 73: Frequency 5 MHz - scope
Figure 74: Amplitude 2 VPP - Scope InstaView
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Figure 75: Amplitude 2 Vpp - InstaView
Advanced mode
Advanced mode lets you to generate long waveforms or waveforms with complex timing. One
example of this is generating pulse trains or data packets over a serial bus.
You can control how the waveforms in the sequencer are organized, including repeat, wait, jump, go
to, or triggering with events including external trigger in, manual trigger, timer, and SCPI commands.
In Advanced mode, every point in an arbitrary waveform is output once each cycle, at the pace of the
specified sampling rate, with no skips or repetition. Use advanced mode if your application is
sensitive to jitter and phase noise, like serial bus simulation or I/Q modulation, or if you want to
simulate narrow anomalies in long waveforms. The details in the waveform are maintained, jitter and
phase noise performance is improved, and the number of samples in each cycle are consistent.
Figure 76: Advanced mode default screen
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Advanced output modes
Advanced mode has the following output modes:
▪ Sequence: Open a saved waveform sequence by selecting Sequence. Provides more
flexibility when generating waveforms with complex timing. You can define complex timing
with up to 256 steps or a total waveform length of 16 MB per channel (or 128 MB as an
option). These steps can be organized in terms of a loop, a go to, or triggered by either jump
or wait events.
▪ Continuous: The instrument outputs a one-step waveform sequence repeatedly when
running.
▪ Triggered: One cycle of waveform is output when the instrument receives a trigger input.
After one cycle, it goes back to its initial state, waiting for another trigger input.
▪ Gated: The instrument outputs a one-step waveform sequence when an effective gate signal
is received and stops when another effective gate signal is triggered.
The Advanced mode outputs the waveform according to the sequence table, including loop and
conditional jump. The waveform is output as defined by the sequence selected. Multiple waveforms
can be output in any order specified.
The advanced output mode screen allows you to:
▪ Choose from available waveforms.
▪ Open a saved waveform sequence by selecting Sequence.
▪ Create and save a new waveform.
Advanced sequence list
The advanced sequence list screen allows you to:
▪ Open: Opens an existing waveform sequence.
▪ New: Initiates a new single sequence. If the previous sequence has not been closed, a dialog
box will ask you if the previous setting should be saved.
▪ Save: Save a waveform.
▪ Save As: You can save a waveform to a new file name.
Figure 77: One-channel sequence screen
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Advance waveform list
Advanced waveform list
▪ Open: Opens an existing waveform.
▪ Memory: Locates the waveform in the instrument memory.
▪ USB: Locates the waveform on an external USB drive.
▪ Predefined: Locates the waveform in a predefined memory location.
▪ Delete: Deletes one or more existing waveforms from the waveform list.
Figure 78: Waveform list
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Advanced setting bar
Advanced setting bar
▪ Sequence: Outputs a sequence of waveforms, based on a definition in the sequence table.
▪ Continuous: The instrument outputs a single waveform repeatedly when running.
▪ Triggered: One cycle of waveform is output when the instrument receives a trigger input.
After once cycle, the instrument goes back to its initial state, and waits for another trigger
input.
▪ Gated: The instrument outputs a single-waveform sequence when an gate signal is received
and stops when a second gate signal is received.
Figure 79: Settings bar
Setting bar, CH1/CH2
▪ Scale: Scale is the amplitude scaling based on offset in a sequence of waveforms on one
channel.
▪ Offset: Offset is the average of the maximum and minimum voltage in a sequence of
waveforms on a single channel after waveforms are dragged into sequence table. You can
change the offset to adjust the average position.
NOTE: Advanced mode supports waveforms with amplitude and offset info. When waveforms are loaded
into the table, CH1/CH2 offset may have an initial value. The scale value is calculated based on the
offset settings.
Figure 80: Channel scale and offset
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Setting bar, timing
▪ Sampling Rate: Set the sampling rate.
▪ Timer: Set the timing for the signal generating function.
Figure 81: Timing
Setting bar, advanced table
▪ Repeat: Repeats the signal-generation function until a stop instruction.
▪ Wait Event: An event that must occur before the waveform is generated.
▪ Jump Event: Triggers the instrument to go to a different step.
▪ Jump Addr: Sets the jump destination for a jump event.
▪ Go to: Moves to a specific step in the sequence after generating the waveform specified in a
sequence element.
Figure 82: Sequence table
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Sequence table
Sequence table
Sequence mode has the following options:
▪ Event selection (for Wait/Jump): Off or Timer, External trigger, SCPI command, Manual.
▪ Wait: If Wait is On, the waveform output is held until a Wait event happens, then the
waveform output starts.
▪ Repeat: Defines how many times the waveform in the entry is repeated, (1 to 1,000,000, or
infinite cycles).
▪ Jump: If Jump is On, the current waveform output is interrupted when a Jump event happens
and the sequencer jumps to the Jump address immediately.
▪ Goto: Once the current waveform repetition is complete (without being interrupted), the
sequencer goes to the Goto address. By default, the address is Next (current entry
address + 1).
Figure 83: Sequence table
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Sequence mode
Sequence mode has the following options:
▪ Event selection (for Wait/Jump): Off or Timer, External trigger, SCPI command, Manual.
▪ Wait: If Wait is On, the waveform output is held until aWait event happens, then the
waveform output starts.
▪ Repeat: Defines how many times the waveform in the entry is repeated, (1 to 1,000,000, or
infinite cycles).
▪ Jump: If Jump is On, the current waveform output is interrupted when a Jump event happens
and the sequencer jumps to the Jump address immediately.
▪ Goto: Once the current waveform repetition is complete (without being interrupted), the
sequencer goes to the Goto address. By default, the address is Next (current entry
address + 1).
Figure 84: Sequence mode
Continuous mode
There is only one entry (address = 1) in continuous mode; the waveform in the entry is output for
infinite cycles. Wait, Jump, and Goto are disabled in this mode.
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Figure 85: Continuous mode
Triggered mode
There is only one entry (address = 1) in triggered mode. The output is held until the wait event is
triggered, then the waveform is output once (1 cycle). Then the instrument returns to the starting point
of the sequence, and waits for the next trigger event. Jump is disabled in this mode
Figure 86: Triggered mode
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Gated mode
There is only one entry in gated mode. The output is held until the wait event occurs (gate opened),
and stops when the jump event occurs (gate closed). The sequencer will go back to the starting point
of the sequence and wait for the next wait event. Goto is disabled in this mode.
Figure 87: Gated mode
Advanced Thumbnail
This is a small version of the waveform screen.
Figure 88: Thumbnail
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Tutorial: How to use advanced mode
This example will show you how to use the AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator to
generate long waveforms or waveforms with complex timing. Generating pulse trains or data packets
in a serial bus are an example of this type of application.
Advanced mode provides 16MB per channel, with an optional expansion to 128MB, and supports 256
sequencing entries. You control the waveforms in the instrument by branching using repeat, wait,
jump, go to, or by triggering with events using external trigger in, manual trigger, timer, and SCPI
commands.
This application example shows how to compile a simple sequence with three entries, and how to
change how they are displayed on the instrument.
Equipment list
▪ One AFG31000 Series Arbitrary Function Generator
▪ One 4-channel Oscilloscope
▪ Three BNC to BNC cables
Making advanced mode connections
1. Connect CH1 output, CH2 output, and trigger out on the instrument to CH1, CH2, and CH3 on the
oscilloscope.
2. Set the trigger source of the oscilloscope to CH3.
Figure 89: Equipment setup
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Using advanced mode
NOTE. If you are not seeing the Home page, press the Home button on the front panel.
Figure 90: Advanced icon on the Home screen
1. Swipe up from the bottom of the screen to show the setting bar and select Sequence.
2. Select Open (the file icon) from the Waveform list to add waveforms.
Figure 91: Empty Waveform list
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3. Select Predefined to view the built-in waveforms. Select them all, then click the OK button to add
them to the waveform list.The waveforms will be added to the waveform list.
Figure 92: Predefined button
Figure 93: Select from the Waveform List
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4. You can drag and drop waveforms from the list to the sequence entries.
Figure 94: Drag and drop waveforms
NOTE. You can add any waveform into the sequence, but the CH1 and CH2 waveforms must be the
same length.
5. Click the Go To field of the last entry and change it from Next to 1. This lets the sequence return
to the first entry when all the waveforms have run and repeats the process infinitely.
Figure 95: Go To field, change to 1
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6. Change the repeat times of entry two and three to any number you prefer. Do not set the repeat
times to infinite or they will repeat endlessly. Leave the repeat number of entry one as one. In the
next step you will set a marker for this entry that triggers the scope.
Figure 96: Change to results
Figure 97: Set repeat function
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