Tektronix 2715 User Manual

User Manual

2715
Spectrum Analyzer

070-9115-05

This document supports
firmware version 2.14.97 and above.

Copyright E T ektronix, Inc. All rights reserved.
T ektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this publication supercedes

that in all previously published material. Specifications and price change privileges reserved.
Printed in the U.S.A.
T ektronix, Inc., P.O. Box 1000, Wilsonville, OR 97070–1000
TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of T ektronix, Inc.

WARRANTY

T ektronix warrants that this product will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year
from the date of shipment. If any such product proves defective during this warranty period, T ektronix, at its option, either
will repair the defective product without charge for parts and labor, or will provide a replacement in exchange for the
defective product.

In order to obtain service under this warranty, Customer must notify Tektronix of the defect before the expiration of the
warranty period and make suitable arrangements for the performance of service. Customer shall be responsible for
packaging and shipping the defective product to the service center designated by T ektronix, with shipping charges prepaid.
T ektronix shall pay for the return of the product to Customer if the shipment is to a location within the country in which the
T ektronix service center is located. Customer shall be responsible for paying all shipping charges, duties, taxes, and any
other charges for products returned to any other locations.

This warranty shall not apply to any defect, failure or damage caused by improper use or improper or inadequate
maintenance and care. T ektronix shall not be obligated to furnish service under this warranty a) to repair damage resulting
from attempts by personnel other than T ektronix representatives to install, repair or service the product; b) to repair
damage resulting from improper use or connection to incompatible equipment; or c) to service a product that has been
modified or integrated with other products when the effect of such modification or integration increases the time or
difficulty of servicing the product.

THIS WARRANTY IS GIVEN BY TEKTRONIX WITH RESPECT TO THIS PRODUCT IN LIEU OF ANY
OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. TEKTRONIX AND ITS VENDORS DISCLAIM ANY
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
TEKTRONIX’ RESPONSIBILITY TO REPAIR OR REPLACE DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS IS THE SOLE AND
EXCLUSIVE REMEDY PROVIDED TO THE CUST OMER FOR BREACH OF THIS WARRANTY. TEKTRONIX
AND ITS VENDORS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT , SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER TEKTRONIX OR THE VENDOR HAS
ADVANCE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Getting Started

Operating Basics

General Safety Summary vii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preface xi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction 1–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

What is a Spectrum Analyzer? 1–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

What Can You Do With a Spectrum Analyzer? 1–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

About the 2715 1–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Getting Started 2–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Receiving and Unpacking 2–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Packaging and Storing 2–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Installation 2–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Precautions 2–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

System Checkout 2–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Making Your First Measurement 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operating Basics 3–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Display Screen 3–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connectors, Controls, and Menus 3–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SWP/TRG Menu Structure 3–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

UTIL Menu Structure

(1 of 2) 3–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

UTIL Menu Structure

(2 of 2) 3–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MRK/FREQ Menu Structure 3–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CATV/APPL CATV Measurements Page 1 Menu Structure (1 of 3) 3–14. . . . . . . . .

CATV/APPL CATV Measurements Page 1 Menu Structure (2 of 3) 3–15. . . . . . . . .

CATV/APPL CATV Measurements Page 1 Menu Structure (3 of 3) 3–16. . . . . . . . .

CATV/APPL CATV Measurements Page 2 Menu Structure (1 of 2) 3–17. . . . . . . . .

CATV/APPL CATV Measurements Page 2 Menu Structure (2 of 2) 3–18. . . . . . . . .

CATV/APPL Applications Menu Structure 3–19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DEMOD Menu Structure 3–19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DSPL Menu Structure 3–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

USER DEF Menu Structure 3–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INPUT Menu Structure 3–21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Table of Contents

Dedicated Controls

CATV Measurements

Dedicated Controls 4–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fundamental Operations 4–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SPAN/DIV 4–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Frequency Entry

(Normal Mode) 4–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Frequency Entry (NonCATV Mode) 4–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REF LEVEL 4–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Enhanced Versatility 4–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Res BW 4–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Video Filter 4–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vert Scale 4–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sweep 4–17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Level 4–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Display Storage 4–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Freq/Mkrs 4–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Miscellaneous Controls 4–33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CATV Measurements 5–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CATV Preliminary Information 5–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General (CATV) 2715 Mode 5–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CARRIER LEVEL and AVERAGED POWER Measurement 5–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CARRIER SUR VEY Measurement 5–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MODULATION DEPTH Measurement 5–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AURAL (FM) DEVIATION Measurement 5–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CARRIER-TO-NOISE, DESIRED-to-UNDESIRED Measurement 5–35. . . . . . . . .

HUM/LFD Measurement 5–40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FREQUENCY RESPONSE 5–43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ADJACENT CHANNEL LEAKAGE Measurements 5–47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CTB and CSO Measurements 5–49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CROSS MODULATION Measurement 5–60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In-Channel Response Measurement 5–62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Auxiliary Operations 5–68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spectrum Analyzer Menus

Spectrum Analyzer Menus 6–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Using the Menus 6–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Input 6–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MKR/FREQ 6–17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DSPL 6–27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ensemble A veraging 6–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPL 6–43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DEMOD 6–56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

UTIL 6–60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SWP/TRIG 6–83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

USER DEF 6–89. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Audio Alert 6–71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2715 User Manual

Appendices

Table of Contents

Appendix A: Specifications A–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electrical Characteristics A–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix B: Broadcast AM, FM, and TV Signal Sources B–1. . . . . . . . .

Appendix C: System Messages C–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix D: Global Resets D–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Definitions D–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reset Cycle Description D–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reset Categories D–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix E: External Input and Output E–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mains Power E–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J101 — TV Sideband Analyzer and External Tracking Generator Interface E–1. . .

J102 — External Trigger E–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J103 — Accessory Connector E–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J104 — Digital Communications Port E–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix F: Accessories and Options F–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accessories F–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Options F–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Glossary and Index

2715 User Manual

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Table of Contents

List of Figures

Figure 2–1: Display with Factory Default Power-Up Settings 2–6. . . . . .

Figure 2–2: Normal On-Screen Data Readouts 2–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 2–3: Typical Measurement Result Display 2–13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 2–4: The Primary Controls 2–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 2–5: Calibrator Signal and Harmonics 2–15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 2–6: Calibrator Signal Fundamental 2–19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 3–1: Layout of the Text Screen in the Spectral Display Mode 3–1
Figure 3–2: Layout of the Text Screen in the Menu Display Mode 3–2. .

Figure 3–3: The Frequency/Marker Function Block 3–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 3–4: Fundamental Analyzer Controls 3–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 3–5: The Keypad 3–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 3–6: Display Register Control 3–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 3–7: Vertical Scale and Other Controls 3–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 3–8: Resolution BW and Sweep Control 3–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 3–9: The 2715 Back Panel 3–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 4–1: Example of a Waterfall Display 4–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 4–2: Typical Plotter Output Showing TV Channel Spectrum 4–34

Figure 5–1: CATV MEASUREMENTS Menu 5–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 5–2: Channel 2 of the STD channel table selected for edit

with menu set to change SCRAMBLED

(toggles between YES/NO) 5–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 5–3: Channel with FINISH selected 5–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 5–4: Carrier Level, Averaged Power Measurement Results 5–24. .

Figure 5–5: Typical Carrier Survey Report Screen 5–27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 5–6: Typical Frequency Response Display Without

Reference 5–45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 5–7: Typical Frequency Response Display With Reference 5–46. .
Figure 5–8: Typical CTB (or CSO) Measurement Results Display 5–54. .

Figure 5–9: Typical Continuous Mode Results Display 5–59. . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–1: The INPUT Menu 6–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–2: Sweep/Trigger Menu with SWEEP RATE Selection

Chosen 6–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Figure 6–3: 75/50 W Matching Minimum Loss Pad 6–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–4: Equipment Setup for Field Strength Measurements 6–11. . . .

Figure 6–5: Average Signal Plus Noise and Average Signal-Plus-Noise

Subtracted from the Current Sweep 6–33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–6: Average MEAN Noise and MAX HOLD

Signal-Plus-Noise 6–34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–7: B, C Minus A Offset to Center 6–35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–8: B, C Minus A Offset to Top 6–35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–9: 2715 Plot with Title and Plot Labels 6–40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–10: The SIGNAL SEARCH Frequency Range 6–49. . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–11: Illustration of Occupied BW Measurement 6–51. . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–12: Portion of U.S. Broadcast FM Band 6–52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–13: OCCUPIED BW Mode with MAX HOLD 6–53. . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–14: Instantaneous Frequency Deviation and

Maximum Observed Deviation 6–55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–15: Video Field Using Internal or TV Field Triggering 6–84. . . .

Figure 6–16: Video Signal Using Continuous Horizontal

Line Triggering 6–86. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 6–17: Video Signal Using Knob-Selectable Horizontal

Line Triggering

(VITS Visible) 6–87. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure A–1: Typical Accuracy Limits for Carrier-to-Noise

Measurement A–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure A–2: Typical Accuracy Limits for CTB Measurement A–7. . . . . .

Figure A–3: Typical Accuracy Limits for Nongated CSO

Measurement A–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure A–4: Typical Accuracy Limits for Gated CSO

Measurement A–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure A–5: Typical ACL Measurement Limits for

2 dB Accuracy A–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure A–6: Typical D/U Measurement Range Limits for

2 dB Accuracy A–9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure A–7: Typical Digital Signal CSO Measurement Range

Limit for 2 dB Accuracy A–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure A–8: Typical Digital Signal CTB Measurement Range

Limit for 2 dB Accuracy A–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure E–1: Accessory Connector (J103) E–3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure E–2: Sweep Gate and Ramp Timing E–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Figure E–3: IEEE Standard 488 (GPIB) Connector

Pin Assignments E–7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure E–4: RS-232-C Connector Pin Assignments E–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure E–5: 9-Pin Female to 9-Pin Female Null-Modem Cable E–9. . . . .

Figure E–6: 9-Pin Female to 25-Pin Female Null-Modem Cable E–10. . . .

Figure E–7: 9-Pin Female to 25-Pin Male Extension Cable E–11. . . . . . . .

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List of Tables

Table of Contents

Table 5–1: Safe Maximum Signal Levels 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5–2: Signal Type Measurements 5–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5–3: Menu Selections 5–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5–4: STD 5–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5–5: HRC 5–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5–6: IRC 5–15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5–7: Examples of Cycle Delay/Target Line Duration

Interaction 5–31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5–8: Locations of Noise Measurement 5–37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6–1: Equivalent Decibel — Voltage Values 6–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6–2: AUTO Tuning Increment 6–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6–3: The File System 6–76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6–4: Additional File System 6–76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–1: CATV Characteristics A–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–2: Frequency-Related Characteristics A–11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–3: Frequency/Amplitude Related Characteristics A–13. . . . . . . .

Table A–4: Amplitude-Related Characteristics A–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–5: Input/Output Signal Characteristics A–17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–6: Power Requirements A–19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–7: Supplementary Characteristics Due to Options A–19. . . . . . .

Table A–8: General Characteristics A–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–9: Environmental Characteristics A–21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–10: Physical Characteristics A–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–11: Certifications and Compliances A–23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–12: Safety Certification Compliance A–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table A–13: Safety Standards A–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table E–1: 9-Pin Female to 9-Pin Female Null-Modem Cable E–9. . . . .

Table E–2: 9-Pin Female to 25-Pin Female Null-Modem Cable E–10. . . .

Table E–3: 9-Pin Female to 25-Pin Male Extension Cable E–11. . . . . . . . .

Table F–1: Standard Accessories F–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table F–2: Optional Accessories F–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table F–3: Power Cord Identification F–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2715 User Manual

vii

Table of Contents

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2715 User Manual

General Safety Summary

Review the following safety precautions to avoid injury and prevent damage to
this product or any products connected to it. To avoid potential hazards, use this
product only as specified.

Only qualified personnel should perform service procedures.

While using this product, you may need to access other parts of the system. Read
the General Safety Summary in other system manuals for warnings and cautions
related to operating the system.

To Avoid Fire or
Personal Injury

Use Proper Power Cord. Use only the power cord specified for this product and

certified for the country of use.
Connect and Disconnect Properly . Do not connect or disconnect probes or test

leads while they are connected to a voltage source.
Ground the Product. This product is grounded through the grounding conductor

of the power cord. To avoid electric shock, the grounding conductor must be
connected to earth ground. Before making connections to the input or output
terminals of the product, ensure that the product is properly grounded.

Observe All Terminal Ratings. To avoid fire or shock hazard, observe all ratings
and marking on the product. Consult the product manual for further ratings
information before making connections to the product.

The common terminal is at ground potential. Do not connect the common
terminal to elevated voltages.

Do not apply a potential to any terminal, including the common terminal, that
exceeds the maximum rating of that terminal.

Do Not Operate Without Covers. Do not operate this product with covers or panels
removed.

Use Proper Fuse. Use only the fuse type and rating specified for this product.

2715 User Manual

Avoid Exposed Circuitry. Do not touch exposed connections and components
when power is present.

Wear Eye Protection. Wear eye protection if exposure to high-intensity rays or
laser radiation exists.

Do Not Operate With Suspected Failures. If you suspect there is damage to this
product, have it inspected by qualified service personnel.

Do Not Operate in Wet/Damp Conditions.
Do Not Operate in an Explosive Atmosphere.

ix

General Safety Summary

Keep Product Surfaces Clean and Dry .
Provide Proper Ventilation. Refer to the manual’s installation instructions for

details on installing the product so it has proper ventilation.

Symbols and Terms

T erms in this Manual. These terms may appear in this manual:

WARNING. Warning statements identify conditions or practices that could result
in injury or loss of life.

CAUTION. Caution statements identify conditions or practices that could result in
damage to this product or other property.

T erms on the Product. These terms may appear on the product:
DANGER indicates an injury hazard immediately accessible as you read the

marking.
WARNING indicates an injury hazard not immediately accessible as you read the

marking.
CAUTION indicates a hazard to property including the product.
Symbols on the Product. The following symbols may appear on the product:

WARNING

High Voltage

Protective Ground

(Earth) T erminal

x

CAUTION

Refer to Manual

Double

Insulated

2715 User Manual

Preface

This manual contains operating information for the Tektronix 2715 Spectrum
Analyzer and includes menus and operating features. The following manuals also
support the Tektronix 2715 Spectrum Analyzer:

H 2714 & 2715 Spectrum Analyzer Programmer
H 2714 & 2715 Spectrum Analyzer Reference
H 2715 Spectrum Analyzer Service
H Cable TV RF Measurements Software User

For manual ordering information, refer to Appendix F: Accessories & Options or
contact your local Tektronix Field Office or representative.

Who Should Use This Manual?

This manual is intended for electronic technicians with experience in making
cable television-related measurements.

Standards and Conventions Used

Most terminology is consistent with standards adapted by IEEE and IEC.
Abbreviations used in the instrument and in the documentation are consistent
with ANSI Y1.1–1972. Copies of the ANSI and IEEE standards can be ordered
from the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Inc.

Change/History Information

Changes to the 2715 may occur or manual errors may be found that make some
of the information in the manual inaccurate. When this happens, Manual Change
Information notices containing the corrected information are inserted at the rear
of the manual. This ensures that the manual contains the latest and most accurate
information available when the product is sold.

Contact any Tektronix Service Center for information.

2715 User Manual

xi

Preface

Manual Organization

General

Sections 1 through 3 contain material that enables the beginning or experienced
operator to safely power up and initially normalize the spectrum analyzer.

Sections 4 through 6 provide detailed explanations and some measurement
examples that may be especially useful. The examples should be read while
interactively using the spectrum analyzer and carrying out the instructions. In
this way, you quickly acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to make
accurate measurements. The end of one example and start of the next are
indicated by a settings box that looks like this:

8.75MHZ (AUTO SWEEP) M 11.45 MHZ

23.5DBMV M 13.8 DBMV
600KHZ 10 DB/
300KHZ RBW STD CH 2

The box shows what the control settings of the spectrum analyzer should be to
continue with the example that follows it. The contents of the box resemble the
spectrum analyzer’s on-screen data readouts. Each example begins with the
sweep control in AUTO mode. To remind you of this, (AUTO SWEEP) is shown
in the top center of the box. The parentheses mean the enclosed item is not part
of the normal on-screen readouts.

Specific

Six appendices, a glossary, and an index contain information about a number of
topics useful, but not essential, to spectrum analyzer operation.

Introduction contains a brief description of spectrum analysis and reviews the
characteristics of the Tektronix 2715 Cable TV Spectrum Analyzer.

Getting Started enables you to safely apply power and signals to the spectrum
analyzer. You become acquainted with the fundamental controls of the instru­ment and make your first measurements using a firmware-based CATV
measurement routine and the built-in calibration signal.

Operating Basics provides most of the information needed for routine operation.
Dedicated Controls explains the features of the spectrum analyzer and the

benefits you gain from each control and menu option as you go through
examples. You learn to easily obtain accurate spectral and time-domain
measurements.

CATV Measurements describes CATV requirements and offers step-by-step
procedures to conduct automated measurement routines.

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2715 User Manual

Preface

Spectrum Analyzer Menus describes the 2715 menu-selectable, firmware-driven
features.

Appendix A: Specification lists the 2715 electrical, physical, and environmental
specifications.

Appendix B: Broadcast AM, FM & TV Signal Sources describes connecting the
2715 to various signal sources to do the examples shown in the manual.

Appendix C: System Messages describes abnormal instrument operating
situations and the recommended resolution or correction.

Appendix D: Global Resets provides the definitions, descriptions, and categories
of the various reset procedures for the instrument settings.

Appendix E: External Input and Output explains the procedure to get signals in
and out of the back panel of your spectrum analyzer. Configurations for
interconnect cables are also discussed.

Appendix F: Accessories & Options describes all standard and optional
accessories and options currently available for the 2715.

If you are already familiar with the spectrum analyzer, this manual can serve as a
“how to” reference. Check the index or table of contents for the location of the
subject of interest. Then set the spectrum analyzer according to the correspond­ing settings box, and refresh your memory by carrying out the example
following the box.

2715 User Manual

xiii

Preface

xiv

2715 User Manual

Introduction

Introduction

This section introduces you to the basic concepts of an RF spectrum analyzer and
its uses. This section also briefly describes the features of the 2715 Cable TV
Spectrum Analyzer.

What is a Spectrum Analyzer?

There are several types of spectrum analyzers, but we will describe only the
heterodyne, or scanning, spectrum analyzer. A scanning RF spectrum analyzer is
essentially a radio receiver.

Tune a conventional FM broadcast receiver from one end of the band to the
other. As you tune, plot the reading of the signal level meter versus frequency.
The graph you produce is a frequency domain representation, or spectrum, of the
FM broadcast band. The graph tells you at which frequencies the signals occur
and how strong they are. If stations are too close together, you will not be able to
get an independent meter reading for each individual station, and you will hear
them simultaneously. This is because the intermediate frequency (IF) filter of the
receiver has a bandwidth that is too wide to separate (resolve) the stations.

What you have just done is tune or scan the FM broadcast band with a resolution
bandwidth equal to the bandwidth of the IF filter in your receiver. If you plot
your measurements on graph paper with one centimeter divisions, making each
division equal 1 MHz, the span/division of the resulting plot is 1 MHz/division.

2715 User Manual

If you stop tuning, the receiver no longer spans a range of frequencies, but is
fixed at the currently selected frequency; it is in zero span mode. The output of
the receiver depends on the signal coming through the IF filter at the selected
frequency. If you plot the amplitude of the signal as a function of time (or view it
on an oscilloscope-type display) you create a time-domain representation (signal
amplitude versus time).

A spectrum analyzer performs similarly to the receiver except that the scanning
is usually performed automatically (and faster than you do it manually) and there
is a selection of IF bandwidths or resolution bandwidths to choose from.
Multiple resolution bandwidths are needed because in some cases you may want
to separate closely-spaced, narrow-band signals, while in others you may want to
examine signals with larger bandwidths. There is a maximum speed at which a
band can be accurately scanned with a resolution bandwidth of a given width
(generally, the smaller the resolution bandwidth, the slower the speed). The
spectrum analyzer can automatically select the fastest speed for you.

You can find additional information about basic spectrum analyzer concepts and
definitions in Tektronix application note 26W-7037-1, Spectrum Analyzer
Fundamentals.

1–1

Introduction

What Can You Do With a Spectrum Analyzer?

Spectrum analyzers measure how the power in an input signal is distributed in
frequency. You can use spectrum analyzers to determine signal amplitudes and
frequencies, noise power, carrier-to-noise ratios, signal or filter bandwidths,
distortion (harmonic and intermodulation), FM deviation, and percent modula­tion. Also, you can use spectrum analyzers to detect spurious signals, align
transmitters and receivers, and check specifications.

About the 2715

The Tektronix 2715 Cable TV Spectrum Analyzer is a portable, cable TV, radio
frequency (RF), scanning spectrum analyzer for use in the field or in the shop. It
weighs less than 22 lbs (9.5 kg) and can be equipped with a battery and inverter
for use in locations without AC power.

The user interface is simple enough for the beginner but versatile enough to
satisfy an expert. Fundamental cable TV (CATV) measurement parameters, such
as center frequency, span/division, and reference level, are automatically set
when you select a channel table and channel. In nonCATV mode, measurement
parameters can be controlled directly with dedicated keys. You can display a
spectrum by using only three controls. Call-up menus enable you to automate
operations, such as bandwidth or carrier-to-noise ratio measurements, and to
directly enter front-panel control settings. Measurement parameters and results
are displayed on-screen.

To increase measurement flexibility, the 2715 Cable TV Spectrum Analyzer has
the following standard features:

H Automated CATV measurements, including in-service measurements of

carrier-to-noise (C/N), composite second order (CSO), and in-channel
response (ICR)

H Frequency-corrected YIG oscillator for high frequency accuracy; you can

change the default oscillator settling delay time to optimize settling time for
your particular use; the 2715 stores the new value

H True analog display (in addition to digital storage) with 1 ms/div sweep speed

that lets you see beats down in the noise

H Low input signal sensitivity with the built-in preamplifier activated
H Signals as large as 70 dBmV (+20 dBm) can be accommodated
H Automatic selection of both sweep speed and resolution bandwidth
H Digital and time-domain functions
H AM/FM detection
H User-definable modes
H 300 Hz to 5 MHz resolution bandwidths

1–2

2715 User Manual

Introduction

Post-detection digital sampling and storage is used with a unique max/min
display mode that provides a close approximation of analog displays. Peak
detection is also provided. It is possible to display up to four traces simulta­neously and to perform ensemble statistics. A continuously updated “waterfall”
display mode can be used to compare the four most recent spectral sweeps.
124 Kbytes of nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM) is provided to
enable saving front-panel configurations and spectral sweeps for later review or
operation. The exact storage capability depends on what else you are storing in
the instrument (such as user-defined keystroke sequences).

You may improve the center frequency setting time in some applications by
changing the YIG oscillator settling delay time from the factory default value.
The new setting value is saved automatically. See Changing the YIG Settle Delay
on page 6–78 for more information.

NOTE. The stability and frequency accuracy specifications of the spectrum
analyzer are guaranteed only for the factory default YIG settling delay time.

In-service measurement capability includes measurement of C/N, CSO, and ICR
(on NTSC and PAL signals only). Gating hardware in the 2715 Spectrum
Analyzer allows these measurements to be made on normal modulated TV
signals without disruption to the TV program in progress.

Since gated-measurement techniques have advantages and disadvantages, the
2715 Spectrum Analyzer is designed so that you always have a choice of
whether or not you use gated (in-service) measurement techniques. If you follow
the In-Service menu selections for C/N, CSO, or ICR, you will be making a
gated measurement; otherwise you will be making a measurement in the
conventional way without gating. For more information about in-service
measurements refer to In-Service Measurement Capability on page 5–18.

The instrument is very durable, but rough handling, or liquids, dust, or other
contaminants inside the case can cause damage. The optional Travel Line
package provides additional protection during transportation.

Optional capabilities result in even greater performance. Refer to Appendix F:
Accessories and Options, for information on options currently available for the
2715 Cable TV Spectrum Analyzer.

2715 User Manual

1–3

Introduction

1–4

2715 User Manual

Getting Started

Getting Started

This section describes the procedure you should follow when your new 2715
arrives from the factory. Observe the indicated precautions to prevent damage to
the instrument during initial checkout and subsequent use.

Receiving and Unpacking

The spectrum analyzer and its standard accessories are carefully packed at the
factory using a specially designed shipping container to prevent damage during
transit.

If, upon receipt, damage to the shipping container is evident, notify the shipper.
Tektronix, Inc. is not responsible for damage caused during shipping.

If you have not already done so, carefully remove the spectrum analyzer and its
accessories from the shipping container and inspect them for damage. Do not
destroy the shipping container. Test spectrum analyzer operation using the
System Checkout procedure on page 2–4. If damage or defects are discovered,
or if components are missing, notify your local Tektronix field office or
representative.

Packaging and Storing

In the event that the equipment must be returned to a Tektronix Service Center,
carefully package it in the original shipping container. Use the vinyl vapor
barrier, and insert the original foam blocks in the same fashion they were
received. If the original shipping materials are not available, use a container of
equivalent strength and dimensions. Wrap the instrument in a vinyl vapor barrier,
and cushion the instrument on all sides with foam or other suitable packing
material.

Attach a tag to the instrument clearly showing:

H Owner’s name and address
H Name of the person at your location who may be contacted
H Instrument model and serial number
H Description of the problem and service expected

2715 User Manual

2–1

Getting Started

Installation

The 2715 can be stored up to 90 days in an environment that meets the nonoper­ating specifications. It is suggested that you provide a dust cover. For longer
periods, the 2715 should be enclosed in a vapor barrier containing appropriate
desiccant material and stored in an environment that meets the nonoperating
specifications. The original shipping material can be used and is also useful for
protecting the equipment if it must be moved.

The 2715 is designed for table-top operation in any orientation and requires no
special installation. However, the handle can be positioned at several angles to
serve as a convenient tilt stand. To position the handle, pull out at both pivot
points on the sides of the instrument, and simultaneously rotate the handle to the
desired position.

Tektronix, Inc. provides an optional rackmount adapter kit (Option 30) that
requires 5.25 in (133.4 mm) vertical clearance and a cradle mount adapter
(Option 34) that requires 7 in (177.9 mm). Contact your local Tektronix field
office or representative for additional information.

Precautions

The 2715 is equipped with a plastic front panel cover to protect it from mechani­cal damage. The cover should always be used when transporting the 2715. To
remove the cover, place the 2715 on its back feet, then simultaneously pull out
and up slightly on each side of the cover.

Regardless of where the spectrum analyzer is used or installed, always provide at
least 50.80 mm (2 in.) clearance adjacent to the cooling vents at the sides,
bottom, and back of the spectrum analyzer.

See Appendix A: Specifications for input power requirements.

NOTE. See the Getting Started section of your 2715 Cable TV System Software
Manual for setup instructions needed to connect the 2715 to a personal

computer.

The spectrum analyzer is tough but not indestructible. It can be damaged unless
the following cautions are observed:

H Do not apply too large a signal to the input

2–2

Never apply signals to the RF INPUT connector if their combined amplitude
is greater than +70 dBmV (+20 dBm), or if there is a DC component greater
than 100 V. If you exceed these input ratings, you can permanently damage
the spectrum analyzer.

2715 User Manual

Getting Started

If necessary, use an external attenuator first. Further, to prevent damage by

transients, use maximum RF attenuation when connecting a signal with a DC

component. Then remove attenuation as needed to make the measurement.

Also, be aware that the 2715 is optimized for a –30 dBm input to the first

mixer. A larger input signal may lead to nonlinear operation and inaccurate

results.

DO NOT connect a CATV trunk carrying AC power directly to the RF

INPUT. The 1

st

mixer can be overloaded making accurate measurements
impossible. Also, a power surge might raise the peak AC voltage above the
maximum safe input level.

CAUTION. The maximum safe RF and DC input levels are clearly printed near
the signal input jack (RF INPUT).

H Do not apply incorrect AC input power

The 2715 will accept mains power up to 250 VAC

(refer to Appendix A:

RMS

Specifications for additional information). It is unlikely that you will apply
incorrect power while using standard plugs and receptacles in the normal
working environment. However, in the field or during abnormal conditions,
you might have to connect temporary power. Be certain that any power
source connected to the 2715 applies less than 250 VAC

RMS

between
conductors or between either conductor and ground. To avoid damage to the
source, ensure that it is rated for at least 120 W operation.

H Do not allow moisture, dust, or other contaminants inside the case

Electronic circuits do not mix well with water, chemicals, dust, or grit. The
case is not water tight or air tight, so avoid exposing your instrument to these
or other contaminants. Do not place liquid containers on or near the
spectrum analyzer where they can be spilled into it. Use the Travel Line rain
cover (Option 33), or other suitable covering, when transporting the
spectrum analyzer outside in inclement weather.

2715 User Manual

H Do not handle the spectrum analyzer with undue roughness

Do not physically abuse the spectrum analyzer. It can withstand a fair amount
of rough handling but dropping it off a workbench or bouncing it around the trunk
of a car or the back of a truck may cause damage. Protect the instrument while
transporting it, and use it where it cannot be accidentally hit, kicked, or dropped.

H Provide proper ventilation

2–3

Getting Started

System Checkout

CAUTION. To prevent damage from over heating, you must ensure that the
clearance provided by the feet is maintained on the bottom and that there are at
least 2 in (50.80 mm) of clearance around the other sides. DO NOT block the air
intake areas on the sides, bottom, or the exhaust area at the rear. Never operate
the instrument inside a carrying case.

After you have observed the foregoing precautions, you are ready to perform the
initial system checkout. Checkout consists of “normalizing” the spectrum
analyzer and then measuring the frequency and amplitude of the built-in
calibration source. In the process, you will become acquainted with the front
panel and the display.

Turning On the Spectrum

Analyzer

Before applying power, make sure there is no signal source connected to the
spectrum analyzer.

1. Plug in the power cord.

2. Press the POWER switch.

The green LED adjacent to the power switch lights indicating that power is
turned on. The LED indicators flash and you hear a few beeps as the 2715
performs its power-up self test.

When power is applied to the 2715, it initializes its front-panel controls to
settings stored in memory. If the instrument has been used before, those settings
may be user-defined (see User-Defined Power-Up Settings on page 6–62). If no
user-defined settings exist, the 2715 defaults to the factory power-up settings that
are permanently stored in initialized RAM (random access memory). The only
exception is that the default channel table and channel are replaced by the last
selected channel table and channel before power-down.

A display appears on screen almost immediately. You may see the following
message:

WARMUP TIME 15 MIN

When the factory-default power-up settings are being used, it is possible to make
general observations immediately after the power is turned on. If user-defined
power-up settings are implemented, the message WAITING FOR USER
DEFINED POWERUP appears briefly. The 2715 front panel is locked out while
the message is displayed. After the message disappears, the factory-default
settings are replaced by the user-defined settings, and you can proceed with your
observations.

2–4

2715 User Manual