Tektronix 251 Instruction Manual

Model 251 I-V Test Software

Instruction Manual

Contains Operating Information

WARRANTY

Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of 1 year from date of shipment.

Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants the following items for 90 days from the date of shipment: probes, cables, rechargeable batteries, diskettes, and documentation.

During the warranty period, we will, at our option, either repair or replace any product that proves to be defective.

To exercise this warranty, write or call your local Keithley representative, or contact Keithley headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio. You will be given prompt assistance and return instructions. Send the product, transporta-

tion prepaid, to the indicated service facility. Repairs will be made and the product returned, transportation prepaid. Repaired or replaced products are warranted for the balance of the original warranty period, or at least 90 days.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY

This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from product modification without Keithley’s express written consent, or misuse of any product or part. This warranty also does not apply to fuses, software, nonrechargeable batteries, damage from battery leakage, or problems arising from normal wear or failure to follow instructions.

THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE. THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYERS SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.

NEITHER KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC. NOR ANY OF ITS EMPLOYEES SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF ITS INSTRUMENTS AND SOFTWARE EVEN IF KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC., HAS BEEN ADVISED IN ADVANCE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. SUCH EXCLUDED DAMAGES SHALL INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO: COSTS OF REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION, LOSSES SUSTAINED AS THE RESULT OF INJURY TO ANY PERSON, OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.

Test Instrumentation Group, Keithley Instruments, Inc. l 28775 Aurora Road * Cleveland, Ohio 44139 l (216) 248-0400 l Fax: (216) 248-6168

AUSTRIA: FRANCE: GERMANY: GREAT BRITAIN: ITALY JAPAN: NETHERLANDS: SWITZERLAND: TAIWAN:

Keithley Instruments GesmbH l Rosenhiigelstrasse lKeithley Instruments SARL l 3 All& des Garays l B.l? 60 l 91121 Palaiseau C&+x l 0160-1151-55 l Fax: 01-60-11-77-26 Keithley Instruments GmbH l Landsberger Sh. 65 l D-8034 Gemwring l 089-849307-O l Fax: 089-84930759 Keithley Instruments, Ltd. l The Minster l 58 Portman Road l Reading, Berkshire RG3 IEA l 07X-575666 l Fax 0734-596-l69 Keithley Instruments SRL l Viale S. Gimignano 38 l 20146 Milano l 02-&8303008 l Fax: 0248302274 Keithley Instruments Far Fast KK l Sumiyoshi 24 Bldg., Room 201 l 2-X-2Sumiyoshi-cho l Naka-ku, Yokohama 231 l 81-45-201-2246 l Fax: 81-45-201-2247 Keithley Instruments BV l Avelingen West -19 l 4202 MS Gorinchem l Postbus 559 l 4200 AN Gcxinchrm l 01830-35333 l Fax: 01830-30821 Keithley Instruments SA l Kriesbachstrasse 4 l 8600 Dilbendorf l 01-821-9444 l Fax: 01-820-3081 Keithley Instruments Taiwan l 3rd Floor, Spring Plaza 6 l Section 3, Min Chuan East Road l Taipei, R.O.C. l 8R6-2-501-7065 l Fax: S866-2-509-5329

7 l A-1120 Wien .0222-804-6548 . Fax: 0222-804-3597

hstructionManual

Model 251

I-V Test Software

61990, Keithley Instruments, Inc.

Test Instrumentation Group

Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Document Number: 251-901-01 Rev. B

AI1 Keithley product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc.

Other btand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders

Model 251 I-V Test Software

OVERVIEW

INSTRUMENTS CONTROLLED: Model 236/237/238 Source Measure

Units (SMU),Model213QuadVoltageSource,Model707MahixSwitch. Model 2361 Trigger Controller is required for 2 or more SMUs.

TESTS: Control instruments to source and measure current or voltage.

CurveFarnR~SWEEP,SYNCHSWEEP,STEP,andupto3BIASchannels,

Linear, log, linear pulsed and log pulsed sweeps.

DC Source-Meas& Up to 6 BIAS Channels.

GPIB CONTROL: Provides basic control of any GPIB instrument. Useful

for controlling sources, switch matrices, hot chucks, and probers.

707 MATRIX SUPPORT: Upload and download setups (up to 100

memories).

DATA DISPLAY: Graphic or list display.

XY or XYY Graph Axer Manual or auto scale, linear or log, labeled, X-

axis and Y-axis invert.

Overlay two sets of reference data on original.

GRAPHIC ANALYSIS: Dual data curve markers with data value readout.

Line Display Between markers. Readout slope, l/slope, X- and Y-

intercept. Zoom between markers. Filter data curve.

Gain/Ratio Calculation: DC or differential. Data array or point. Graphic

display or readout referenced to marker position. Used for Beta, g,,, or resistsnce.

PRINT/FLOTr Hardcopy output of any screen to printer,or output graphic

display to plotter.

FILES: Data File: Contains Data, test, GPIB and display parameters.

Test Setup File: Contains Test, GPIB and display parameters.

l~dw.rnrn, P,%nGm.e+inn lxia. Prm+*;na r”rk...... ..I. ..*..7-

. ..“.a-.-... b”.Y.~w.mU”‘. a Y.G. b”AIba.AW uwucullell, ,mn,sa,

GPIB addresses, Trigger Controller channels.

Test Sequence Files: Contains the user’s pre-programmed test

sequence 64!XlI file). 787 Filer Contains 707 matrix setups. Data Ex~ort/Irnportr Contains Da& array names and units. Lotus

(.WKl) and ASCII (.ASC).

AUTOMATICTESTSEQUENCES:Programanysequenceoftests,prints,

plots, 707 downloads, data save/acport, prompts and display, for attendedorunattendedoperation. Printingorplottingcanbedoneoff-line (after acquisition).

MEASUREMENT CAPACITY LIMITS: A curve in the Curve Family Test

may contain up to 1000 points. Up to six source arrays and up to six

measurement arrays can be created by each test. Each array is limited to 4000 Points. The maximum number of arrays and tests is limited only by the available disk storage space.

HELP: On-line, context sensitive, with index.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

MINIMUM HOST COMFUTERr IBM compatible 80386,640kb Conven-

tional RAM (53Ok or 542720 bytes free) plus 1Mb of LIM expanded memory, hard drive (2MB free), 720kb 3v2 inch or 1.2Mh 5v, inch floppy drive, Intel 80387 math coprocessor, EGA color monitor and graphics card, parallel Port.

OFERATING SYSTEM: M!3-DOS or PC-DOS 3.2 kninhum). GRAPHICS ADAPTER EGA or VGA color, VGA monochrome.

COMPATIBLE PRINTERS: IBM Graphics Printers, Epson or compatible,

HP LaserJet, IBM Proprinter, and Okidata Microline 182. COMPATIBLE PLOTTERS HP7440, HP7470, HP7475. COMFATIBLE MOUSE: Microsoft or Logitech.

IEEE-488 (GPIB) INTERFACE CARDS SUPPORTED

Advantech PCL 748

B&C PC488A

BBS GPIB-1000

CaPital Equipment rcc>4u,4x488, P5-9488

Contec GPIB (PC)

Hewlett Packard HPIB

IBM GPIB board ICS 488-PC1

IOtech GP488, GP488/2 Keithley PC488CEC, 4-488-CEC-OM, 4+488-CEC-lM, P%W-CEC MetraByte IE-488 National Instruments GPIB-PC, GPIB-PC& GPIB-PCRA, GPIB-PClII,

MC-GPIB, AT-GPIB Qua Tech MXI-100, I&XI-1000 Scientific Solutions IEEE 488 LM, MC-IEEE 488 Ziatech ZT 1444,ZT/2

.- an

SUPPLIED TEST LIBRARY

The Test Library provides default settings for the Test, 707 Matrix, GPIB

Control, Data Display and Graphic Analysis screens.

FET TESTS: Curve Family, Threshold Voltage, Transconductance, Break-

down, and Leakage.

BIPOLAR TESTS: Curve Family, Gummel Plot, Current Gain, Break-

down, and Leakage (linear and pulsed sweeps). DIODE TESTS: I-V Curve, Reverse Breakdown, Zener Voltage. COMPONENT TESTS: Capacitor Leakage, Resistor Voltage Coefficient. EXAMPL.E GPIB CONTROL: 213 Quad Voltage Source, 707 Switching

Matrix and hot chuck. TEST SEQUENCES: Bipolar tests, multiple diodes.

MATERIALS PROVIDED

Instruction Manual

Diskettes: 720kb 3tis inch and 1.2Mb 5v, inch containing installation,

program, test library, and sample data.

Specifications subject to change without notice.

INTRODUCTION

This addendum to the Model 251 Instruction Manual is being provided to supply you with the latest information in the least possible time. Please incorporate the following information into the manual.

LOADING AND SAVING FILES

An enhancement to the Model 251 I-V Test Software is its ability to perform file operations from the CURVE FAMILY TEST and DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST forms. You no longer have to return to the main menu to load/save data, test setup, instrument configuration, and 707 files, or import/export ASCII and Lotus formatted files. (Loading sequence files remains a main menu operation.)

This load/save enhancement is implemented with function keys. The 4% key loads (and imports) files and the <F3> key saves (and exports) file.

When the cl% key is pressed from the CURVE FAMILY TEST or DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST form, the following pop-up is displayed:

Load Data File

I Load Test File Load Inst. Cf. File

Load 707 File

hn~ortm File

Imbort Lotus File 1

Use the cursor to select the desired operation and press <Enter>. When loading test setup and data files, you are reminded that loading overwrites old test parameters and data. If you continue, the next screen prompts for a file name in the usual manner. After the tile is loaded or imported you are returned to the appropriate test form.

When the <F3> key is pressed from the CURVE FAMILY TESTor DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST form, the following pop-up is displayed:

Save Data File Save Test File Save Inst. Cfg. File Save 707 File Import ASCII File

Import Lotus File

Use the cursor to select the desired operation and press <Enter>. The next screen prompts for a file name in the usual manner. After the file is saved or exported you are returned to the appropriate test form.

SEQUENCER DELAY COMMAND

A DELAY co

mmand has been added to the test sequencer. It forces the sequencer to wait a specified interval before processing the next command. This allows for thermal settling between tests or sending GPIB commands to other instruments. The DELAY command has the form:

DELAY: delay-value

where delay-value may be specified in seconds or dd:hh:mrn:ss for days, hours, minutes, and seconds (expressed in positive integers). There is a maximum of three colons in the delay-value field, plus one that must follow the DELAY command.

During the time delay, the screen displays the seconds remaining. You can press <Eso to stop the delay. The following examples show legal and illegal forms:

DELAY: 0 zero seconds DELAY: illegal value DELAY: : zero seconds DELAY:3::120:100 3 days, 120 minutes, 100 seconds

Table of Contents

SECTION 1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.6.1

1.6.2

1.6.3

1.7 COMPUTERREQ

1.7.1 ComputerHardware

1.7.2 IEEE-488Interfaces..

1.7.3 Printers and Plotters

- General Information

INTRODU~ON FEATURES WARRANTYINFORMATION MANUALADDENDA sAFETysyMBoLsANDTERMs UNFACKINGANDINSPECTION..

UnpackingProcedure.. Shipment Contents InstructionManual

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UIREMENTS ...................................................

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SECTION 2 - Getting Started

2.1

2.2

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.3

2.3.1

2.3.2

2.3.3

2.3.4

2.3.5

2.4 COMPUTERHARDWARE AND SOWARE INSTALLATION

2.4.1 IEEE-488 Interface Card Installation

2.4.2

2.4.3 Software Backup

2.4.4 Software Installation and Configuration

2.4.5 Software Reconfiguration

2.5

2.5.1 RunningtheSoftware..

2.5.2

2.5.3 ExpandedMemoryRequirement

2.5.4

2.5.5

2.5.6

2.5.7

2.5.8

2.5.9

~ODUCTION HARDWARECONFIGURATION

SystemBlockDiagram system coNlections

sYsTEMPowER-ulJ

Instrument Power Requirements PowerConnections EnvironmentalConditions Warm-upperiod Power-upprocedure

CopyProtedionBlock

OPERATIONOVERVIEW

DosMemoryRequirement

Setting Up Printers and Plotters MainMenuOptions UsingFunctionKeys HowtoGetHelp Configuring the IEEE-488 Card ConfiguringtheInstruments

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l-l 1-l l-2

l-2

l-2 l-2 l-2

l-2

l-3 l-3 l-3 l-3

2-l 2-l 2-l 2-4 2-13 2-13 2-13 2-13 2-13 2-13 2-15 2-15 2-16 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-19 2-20 2-21

2-22

2-24

2-25

2-26

2-27

2.6

2.6.1

2.6.2

SYSTEM CHECKOUT

Running Simple Tests

SystemTroubleshooting .......................................................

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SECTION 3 - Measurements

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2-28 2-28 231

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.4.1

3.4.2

3.5

3.5.1

3.5.2

3.5.3

3.6

3.6.1

3.6.2

3.6.3

3.7

3.7.1

3.7.2

3.7.3

3.7.4

3.7.5

3.7.6

3.7.7

INTRODUclTION

MEAS~OVFRVIEW ...................................................

DATAENTRY ................................................................

INSTRUMENTCONFIGURATION

DEFINE INSTRUMENTS Form

ParameterDescription ........................................................

CURVEFAMILYTESTS .........................................................

CURVEFAMILYTESTForm

ParameterDescription ........................................................

Curve Family Test Examples ....................................................

DcsOuRcEANDMEAsuRETESTs ...............................................

DcSOuRcE-MEAsuRETEsTFo~

ParameterDescription ........................................................

DC Source-Measure Test Examples ...............................................

GPlBINPUT/OTJTPUI .........................................................

GENERALGPIBOUTPUTForm .................................................

ParameterDescription ........................................................

GPIBCommands ............................................................

GPIB Display Fields ..........................................................

Model707Fields .............................................................

Uploading and Downloading

System Troubleshooting with the GPlB Form .......................................

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3-l 3-l 3-2 3-5 3-5 3-7 3-9 3-9 3-11 3-16 3-23 3-23 3-25

3-28 3-30 3-30 3-32 3-32 3-33 3-33 3-35 3-36

SECTION 4 - Data Display

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.3.1

4.32

4.4

4.4.1

4.4.2

4.5

4.5.1

4.5.2

4.6

4.6.1

4.6.2

4.6.3

4.6.4

4.6.5

4.7

4.7.1

INTRODUcIloN ..............................................................

DISl?LAYOVERVIEW ..........................................................

DISPLAYPV.. ......................................................

DispIayParametersScreen .....................................................

Parameter Description

GRAPHICSDISPLAY ...........................................................

Graphics Screen Format .......................................................

AnalysisToolDescription ......................................................

LISTDATA ..................................................................

ListingCurveData ...........................................................

ListingDCData .............................................................

PRINTINGANDPLOITING .....................................................

Printer/PlotterConfiguration

Printing or Plotting from a Graphics Screen Printing from a Display List Screen Printing or Plotting from Other Screens Using GRAPHICS.COM for Graphics Screen Dump to Printer

DISPLAYEXAMPLES ..........................................................

DisplayingaGraphfromaDataFiIe

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4-l 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-6 4-16 4-16 4-18 4-30 4-30 4-33 4-37 4-37

4-37 4-40 4-40 4-40 440 4-40

4.7.2

4.7.3

4.7.4

4.7.5

4.7.6

Graphical Analysis Example GraphOverlay SecondYAxis(Y2)Graphing ListingData Printing/PlottingData

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SECTION 5 - File Operations

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4-42

446 4-48 4-48

5.1

5.2

5.2.1 TestSetupFiles

5.2.2

5.2.3

5.2.4 Import/ExportFormatFiles

5.2.5

5.3

5.4

5.5 RENAMINGnES

5.6 DELETINGFnES

5.7 EXPORT/IMPORTDATA

5.7.1

5.7.2

5.7.3

5.7.4

INTRODUCTION FILETYPES

DataFiles

InstrumentConfigurationFiles

DefaultDirectories LOADINGFILES SAvINGFnES

ExportData

ImportFiles

Export/Import Data Format ASCIIExport/ImportDataFormat

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SECTION 6 - Test Sequencer

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.3.1

6.3.2

6.3.3

6.3.4

6.3.5

6.3.6

63.7

6.3.8

6.4

6.5

6.6

~ODU~ON TESTSEQUENCEROVERVIEW

TESTSEQUENCEFILE

TestSequenceGrammar

MessageS~eens METACommands

TESTCommand.. ...........................................................

LOOP...ENDLOOPComman d

CONFIGCommand

PROMpTCommand

707FILECommand.. PARSER ERRORFnES

SAMPLETESTSEQUENCE . . . . ..-...............................................

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5-l 5-l 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-3 54 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-6 5-7 S-10

6-l 6-l 6-2 6-2

65 6-5 6-6 6-8 6-10 6-10 6-12 6-13 6-14 6-14

A SoftwareStructure .............................................................

B C D

ErrorMessages Model 2361 Trigger Controller

TestLibrary ..................................................................

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A-l B-l C-l D-l

List of Illustrations

SECTION 2 - Getting Started

Figure 2-l Figure 2-2

Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7 Figure 2-8 Figure 2-9 Figure 2-l 0 Figure 2-l 1

Figure 2-12 Figure 2-13 Figure 2-14 Figure 2-15 Figure 2-16 Figure 2-17

Figure 2-l 8 Figure 2-l 9 Figure 2-20 Figure 2-21

BlockDiagramofTestSystemwithModel251Software

Model 2361 Trigger Controller Front and Rear Panels

Single Unit Connections with Model 8006 Test Fixtures Single Unit Connections with Model 8002A Test Fixture (Local Sense only) Multiple Unit Signal and Interlock Connections - Local Sense Multiple Unit Signal and Interlock Connections - Remote Sense Multiple Unit Trigger and Bus Connections Example Signal Connections with Model 213

Example SignaI Connections with Model 7072 Model 213 DIP Switch Factory Defaults Copy Protection Block Example of MODEL25KFG File

MainMenuScreen ........................................................

MainMenuOptions .......................................................

HelpIndexScreen GPIB Configuration Form Screen Define Instruments Form Screen Schematic for Diode Forward Biased I-V Characteristics Diode Forward Biased I-V Characteristics

Schematic for NPN Transistor Common Emitter Curve Family NPN Transistor Common Emitter Curve Family

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2-4 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10

2-l 1 2-12 2-14 2-16 2-18 2-19 2-23 2-25 2-26 2-27 2-29

2-30 231 2-32

SECTION 3 - Measurements

Figure 3-l Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3 Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5 Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7

Figure 3-8 Figure 3-9 Figure 3-10 Figure 3-l 1 Figure 3-12 Figure 3-13

DEFINE INSTR UMENTsForm Model 2361 Rear Panel DIP Switch

CURVEFAMILYTESTForm ................................................

Curves per Family versus Points per Curve Sample Single Channel Test Parameters Sample MuItichannel Test Parameters DC SOURCE-MEASURE Test Form Sample DC Source-Measure Test Parameters GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT Form

Model 236/237/238 Serial PoII Byte Format Uploading and Storing Setups Leading and Downloading Setups CheckingStatusofModel213

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3-6 3-7

3-10 3-15

3-18 3-20 3-24 3-29 331

3-34 3-34 3-38

SECTION 4 - Data Display

Figure 41 DISPLAY PARAME Figure 42 Colors/Curve Labels Window Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 4-5 Figure 46 Figure 47 Example Plot with Markers Activated Figure 48

Figure 49 Figure 410 Figure 411 A. Figure 411 Figure 412 Figure 413 Figure 414 Figure 415 Figure 416 Figure 417 Figure 418

Figure 419 Figure 420 Figure 421

DCGainWindow

Differential Gain Menu .....................................................

OverlayFormMenu

Graphics Display Screen ....................................................

Example Plot with Line Feature Activated

Horiz. zo,om Example ......................................................

OverlayExample

Non-inverted and Inverted Curves .........................................

Non-inverted and Inverted Curves (Cont.) ...................................

B. List Mode Display Parameters Screen (Curve Test)

Curve Data List Display ....................................................

L&t Mode Display DC Parameters Screen

ListDisplayScreenFormatforDCTest

Plot Graph Example .......................................................

PrintGraphExample Typical Plotting Example Using NPNCRV.DAT Example Plot Showing Lines and Markers

Graph Overlay Example ....................................................

Gummel Plot Example .....................................................

TEES Screen (Graphics Mode)

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44 49 4-11 4-13 4-15 4-16 4-19 4-22 4-24 426 428 4-29

431 4-32 4-33 435 4-38 4-39 442 4-44 4-46 4-47

SECTION 5 - Data Display

Figure 5-l Figure 5-2 Figure 53

FileExportFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Actual Example of File Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Model 251 V2.00 ASCII Import/Export File . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 6 - Test Sequencer

Figure 6-l

Test Execute Flow Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-8 5-9 5-11

6-7

List of Tables

SECTION 1

Table 1-l

- General Information

Computer Hardware Requirements

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 2 - Getting Started

Table 2-l

Table 2-2

Table 2-3 Table 2-4 Table 2-5 Table 2-6 AvailableFunctionKeys.. Table 2-7 Typical Interrupt Line Assignments Table 2-8 System Troubleshooting Summary

Signal and Interlock Cables

IEEE-488 Boards and Default Configurations

Model 251 Errors Messages on Start-up Supported Configurations for Peripheral Devices

LoadandSaveFileTypes

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SECTION 3 - Measurements

Table 3-l Table 3-2

Table 3-3 Uploading and Downloading Support for Instruments

EditingKeyFunctions Order of User Actions

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SECTION 5- File Operations

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l-3

2-15

2-20 2-21

2-24

2-25 2-27 2-31

3-4 3-35 3-35

Table 5-l Table 5-2

FileType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Typical Default Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-2 53

SECTION 1

General Information

1 .i INTRODUCTION

This section contains overview information for the Model 251 I-V Test Software system and is arranged as follows:

1.2 Features

1.3 Warranty Information

1.4 Manual Addenda

1.5 Safeiy!i$nbols and Terms

--- --r

1.7 Computer Requirements

‘0 ..a... a...y~~.a.“‘S

1.2 FEATURES

Model 251 I-V Test Software is a program that controls a system of instruments designed to measure I-V characteristics of semiconductors. Model to support the following instruments:

Model 236/237/238 Source Measure Units

e Model 2361 Trigger Controller

Model 213 Quad Voltage Source

Model 707 Switching Matrix

251 can

be configured

Other Keithley and non-Keithley instruments are supported with user-programmed device-dependent commands.

Key Model 231 features include:

The menu-driven software allows easy data collection of parameters from semiconductors and other components. No computer programming knowledge is necessary to operate the system

The data is displayed on the computer monitor and can be printed or plotted on a hardcopy peripheral.

craphi& analysis caiabilit& i&cl&e m&kers, line slope, zooming, and smoothing.

A library of tests is included for resistors, capacitors, diodes, bipolar transistors, and FEIS. Test setup and sample data files are included on disk.

A test sequencing procedure lets you chain multiple tests without operator interventions.

Full Model 213 support provides an easy method of interfacing a four-channel voltage bias source.

Model 707 support for uploading and downloading of up to 100 setups expands the capability to run multiple tests on multiple devices.

The Model 2361 Trigger Controller that is available simplifies trigger connections and optimizes trigger response times among the source measure units.

l-l

SECTION 1

General Information

1.3 WARRANTY INFORMATION

Warranty information is located on the inside front cover

of this instruction manual. Should you require warranty

service, contact your Keithley representative or the fac-

tory for further information.

1.4 MANUAL ADDENDA

Any improvements or changes concerning Model 251 I-V Test Software or this instruction manual will be explained on a separate addendum supplied with the documentation. Please be sure to note these changes and incorporate them into the manual before operating the system.

1.5 SAFETY SYMBOLS AND TERMS

The following safety symbols and terms may be found on the instruments or used in this manual:

The ’

should consult the operating instructions in the associated manual.

symbol on an instrument indicates that you

A CAUTION heading outlines dangers that could damage an instrument. Such damage may invalidate the warranty.

1.6 UNPACKING AND INSPECTION

1.6.1

Upon receiving the Model 251, carefully unpack it from the shipping carton and inspect all items for any obvious physical damage. Report any such damage to the shipping agent at once. Save the original packing carton for possible future reshipment.

1.6.2

The following items are included with every Model 251

order:

Model 251 distribution disks (XM-byte, 5-l/4” and 72OK-byte, 3-l /2”) Copy protection block Model 251 Instruction Manual

Unpacking Procedure

Shipment Contents

The t symbol on an instrument shows that high voltage may be present on the terminal(s). Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these volt-

ages.

A WARNING heading in this and other manuals cautions against possible hazards that could lead to personal injury or death. Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

NOTE Model 251 distribution disks are available upon request in the 36OK-byte, 5-l/4” format. Contact Keithley’s Applications department.

1.6.3 Instruction Manual

If an additional instruction manual is required, order the manual package, 251-901-00. The manual package includes an instruction manual and any applicable addenda.

l-2

General Informafion

SECTION 2

1.7 COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS

The following paragraphs discuss minimum and recommended computer requirements, supported interface cards, printers, and plotters.

1.7.1 Computer Hardware

Model 251 I-V Test Software is intended to run on an IBM Personal System/2 (80386) or IBM compatible 80386 computer. Table l-l summarizes the computer configuration.

NOTE Although Model 251 software will run on an 80286-based computer, an 80386based computer is recommended for speed considerations.

1.7.2

The computer must be equipped with a suitable IEEE-488

interface so that it can communicate with the instruments. IEEE-488 interfaces supported by Model 251 software are listed below:

IEEE-488 Interfaces

IBM GPIB board ICS 488-PC1 IOtech GP488, Gl’488/2 Keithley PC-488-CEC, 4-488-CEC-OM, 4-488-CEC-lM,

PS-488-CEC MetraByte IE-488 National Instruments GPIB-PC, GPIB-PCII,

GPIB-PCJIA, GPIB-PCm, MC-GPIB, AT-GPIB Qua Tech MXI-100, MXI-1000 Scientific Solutions IEEE 488 LM, MC-IEEE 488 ziatech ZT 1444, zT/2

1.7.3

To obtain hard copies of your curves, it will be necessary for you to connect a suitable printer (serial or parallel) or plotter (serial or IEEE-4881 to your computer. Compatible printers and plotters for Model 251 software are as follows:

Printers IBM Graphics Printer, Epson or compatible

HP LaserJet IBM Proprinter Okidata Microline 182

Printers and Plotters

Advantech PCL 748 B&C PC488A BBS GPIB-1000 Capital Equipment PCc488,4x488, PSo488 Contec GPIB (PC) Hewlett Packard HPlB

Table l-l.

Description Computer Coprocessor

Disk drives Monitor/graphics card Mouse Operating system

Requirements

IBM compatible 80386 with parallel port 64OKB conventional memory (53OKB free), 1MB of LlM expanded memory Intel 80387 Hard drive, 72OKB 3-l /2” or 1.2MB 5-l /4” floppy drive EGA or VGA color, VGA monochrome Microsoft or Lotitech mouse MS-DOS or PC-“m 3.2

Plotters

HP 7440 HP 7470 HP 7475

Computer Hardware Requirements

l-3

SECTION 2

Getting Stc[&cJ

2.1 INTRODUCTION

5eciion 2 contains introductory information to help you get your system up and Section 3 contains more detailed information on using the Model 251 I-V Test Software.

5ection 2 is organized as follows:

22 Hardware Configuration: Details the system hardware contiguration, cable connections, and trigger controller.

2.3 System Power-up: Covers the power-up procedure for a typical system, environmental conditions, and warm-up periods.

2.4 Computer Hardware and Software Installation: Outlines installing the IEEE-488 interface and Model 251 software, including configuring the software for a graphics adapter, printer, and plotter.

2.5 Operation Overview: Describes the overall structure of the Model 251 I-V Test Software and details configuring the software for the IEEE-488 interface and instruments.

2.6 System Checkout: Gives the procedure for checking out the system to ensure that everything is working properly, including

running sample tests.

running as quickly as possible.

2.2 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

2.2.1

An overall block diagram of a system for running Model 251 software is shown in Figure 2-l. This configuration with two source measure units, a quad voltage source, and a switching card and mainframe, is a typical system with switching, yours may differ. The various system components perform the following functions:

Model 236/237/238 Source Measure Units - Each source measure unit can source voltage and simultaneously measure current, or source current and simultane ously measure voltage. One unit is necessary to run twoterminal device tests, while two units are required to run bipolar transistor and FET tests. If a substrate bias is required, a third source measure unit, a quad voltage source, or a current or voltage source will be necessary.

Model 2361 Trigger Controller - A Model 2361 Trigger Controller is a bus-programmable instrument that is required for all tests where more than one source measure unit is configured to measure (including synchronized sweeps). The unit can handle the triggering needs of up to six source measure units. It not only simplifies system trigger connections, but it also coordinates the trigger schemes needed for ah tests. The front and rear panels of the Model 2361 are shown in Figure 2-2. Refer to Appendix C for more information on the Model 2361.

System Block Diagram

2-l

SECTION 2

Getting Started

Model 213 Quad Voltage Source - The Model 213 is a quad output digital to analog converter interface for the IEEE-488 bus. Each port can be programmed for full scale output of *lV, i5V, or flOV.

Model 707 Switching Matrix - The Model 707 is a programmable switch for connecting signal paths in a matrix or multiplex topology. It is for large-scale switching applications (up to 576 crosspoints per mainframe). Plug-in cards are available for general purpose and special purpose switching.

Model 8006 Component Test Fixture -The test fixture is the interface between the DUT (device under test) and the instruments. The Model 8006 includes sockets for axial-component, TO packages, and 24-pin DIP package devices. A Model 8007 Semiconductor Test Fixture or a user-supplied test fixture could also be used.

Computer - An IBM F’S/2 (or compatible), or a 386-based computer, equipped with an IEEE-488 interface card, controls the test sys tern.

SECTION 2

Getting Started

Figwe2-2.

m i

I I

HI I

MO&l 251 sonwara

Q&l

IBM AT, P.Y2 (or compafibb). ora336+wdoompufsrtih

fdOl@S:

4. subosse~ Of Model 707 swwing Maftfx.

Cwnputer

IEEE-488 Inferfaa

1. signal conlwctiotls mada wifh kdel707fJ-TRX Tfiax cabbs. 2 1-r connecUonr male wifh Model 7OWCoax Cab!+%

3. IEEE-483 contwclionr mada wifh Model 7007 Inferfax C&k

(

Semiconductor Matrix Card

I -1

IN OUT

Block Diagram of Test System with Model 251 Software

I-

t I

CHl

. Modsl23s1

Trlggsf Controller

CH4

t I

IN OUT IN OUT

CH2

CH5

IN OUT IN OUT

CH3

CHfi

2-3

SECl’TOiVP

Getting Started

2361 Front Panel

2361 Rear Panel

Figure 2-2. Model 2361 Front and RearPanels

Table 2-l. Signal and Interlock Cables

Model 7078TRX 236-TLC-3 7051

707&TRx-

Description Application

0.9m (also 3m or 6m) low noise triax cable 3m shielded cable

0.6m (also 1.5m or 3m) BNC cable fRG38C) Trigger

3-slat male triax to BNC adapter

BNC

7007

lm (also 2m) shielded IEEE-488 cable

Signal connections between 236/237/238,7072 and 8006or8002A Interlock

co~eCtions

between 236/237/238 and

8006or8OOL4

COM~C~~OIIS

2361; unguarded signal

between 236/237/238 and

COMWtiOIlS

Unguarded signal connections between 236/237/238,7072 and coax cables

IEEE-488 instrument bus

2.2.2

System Connections

Table 2-l summarizes the necessary cables for a test sys-

tem with Model 236/237/238 Source Measure Units, a Model 2361 Trigger Controller, a Model 707 Switching Mainframe with a Model 7072 Semiconductor Matrix Card, and a Model 8006 or 8002A Test Fixture.

Using Figure 2-3 and Figure 2-4 as a guide for a single source measure unit, and Figure 2-5 through Figure 2-7 for multiple source measure units, connect the equipment together as shown. For test systems using a Model 213 Quad Voltage Source or a Model 7072 Semiconductor Matrix Card, see Figure 2-8 and Figure 2-9.

SECTION 2

Getting Started

WARNING All equipment should be turned off when making connections.

WARNING

Safety interlocks must be

used

to protect the operator from potentially lethal voltages that could result in injury or death. Keithley source measure units are designed to be used

with test fixtures that incorporate a safety interlock switch, such as the Keithley Model 8006 Test Fixture. By using the interlock, the source measure unit cannot source current or voltage when the lid of the test fixture is open. Refer to paragraph 2.3 in the Model 23612371238 Operatois Manual for more information on interlock usage for the Model

8006 and custom test fixtures.

WARNING The test fixtures must be connected to safety earth ground using 818 AWG or larger wire.

To simplify test connections, most examples in this manual use local sensing for the source measure units. Local

sensing requires connecting only two signal cables between the source measure unit and the test fixture (OUTF’UT HI and OUTPUT LO). Also, the appropriate mpers between the test fixture signal panel and the compo-

nent test module must be installed.

To optimize accuracy, you should use remote sensing in any of the examples (remote sensing is recommended for optimal accuracy with currents above ImA). To use remote sensing,

connect

SENSE HI and SENSE LO to the

test fixture, and add the necessary jumpers to the DUT.

See Section 2 of the Model 236/237/238 Operator’s Man-

ual for complete details on test connections.

WARNING With remote sensing enabled, an open sense lead will result in lethal voltages appearing at OUTPUT HI and, GUARD. This voltage can cause injury

death, and damage external circuitry. Always make sure that the sense leads are properly connected before enabling remote sense. NEVER change connections with power applied. Be sure to al-

ways discharge and/or disconnect external power sources.

2-s

SECTION 2

A. Local Sense

source Measure Unit 1

I I

7007 IEEE468

l%tM

To IEEE438 Interfisca of Computer

Figure 2-3.

2-6

Source Measure Unit

6. Remote Sense

Single Source Measure Unit Connections with Model 8006 Test Fixtures

To IEEE- Intedaa of czoqwter

8002A Test Fixture

------ 1

I-

Source Measure Unit

Not.: Setfbttunswflohfor

sounx nmasum opnraffon.

WARMNQ : Safe oaftmfbn rwuinr the use of

ctewbsafatveafthamu

.-.

_ _..__. -

700;7lE&E48Ei

SECTION 2

Getting Started

e g;;ol-488

of Computer

Figure24

Single Source Measure Unit Connections with Model 8002A Test Fixture @ma1 Sense only)

2-7

SECTION 2

Getting Started

WARNINQ : Safetv interbxks

-SImdadJunlm

Not. : Jumpers am shown for

03mmon-emitter curves urkg local SeXI.

+707&TRx

Figure 2-5.

Triax Cabkr

Sourca Measure Unit #2

236-lLC-3 klmdookcabls

Transistor Under -rest

Source Measure Unit #3

SocketPimuts: 1 -Etaso (Unit 1)

Multiple Source Measure Unit Signal and Interlock Connections - Local Sense

3 - yieco (Unit 2)

Notei To ptwent ground loops.

only on* some measure unit Shou!d have the Qmund link connect&g OUTPUT LO to earth amund. usuallv the unit thatsupplies pow& to the base (or gate) of a remiconduotor.

2-8

SECTION 2

Gefting Sfarfed

Model 8008

23WLC-3 InterId C&k

Source Measure Unit 81

Test Fixture

terminals

common-emitter curves

-8MdrrdJurpwr

--Jurprr

r-z

using mmte sense.

?gure 2-6.

236-lLC-3 InMock C&la

Source Measure4 Unit x3

Multiple Source Measure Unit Signal and Interlock Connections - Remote Sense

ScdwtPinout8: 1 =Base

NOW: To prevent gmurd loop.

; = h&o (Unit 2)

only ona souma masure unit slwkl havcr tlw gmund link mnneoGng OUTPUT LO I0 earth gmund. usualy me unk that supplii paver to

(Unit 1)

2-9

SECTION 2

Getting Started

7051 BNC cables

~IIIII

Model 213 Quad Voltage Source

To IEEE-488 lnterfaca

of Computer

Modal 2361 Trigger Controller

Source Measure Unit

7007 IEEE-488 cables

Source Measure Unit

I !

Sourca Maasum Unlt

Notee : 1. Conneot TFttGGER OUT of source

messura unit to CHANNEL IN of t@Qer c0ntroiler.

2 Conneot CHANNEL OUT of tr&er

controller to TRIGGER IN of soura measure unft.

Figure 2-7.

2-10

Model 707 Switching Matrix

Multiple Unit Trigger and Bus Connections

WARNING : Safety inbxla must be used to pmtect the operator fmm potenlial lelhal voltages.

SECTlON 2

Getting Started

Source hhasure Unit Wl

‘707ETRx Tliax oables

Source Measure Unit Y2

I I

Model 213 Quad Voltaae Source

Banana Cables -

Noto : Jumpers

common-emitter curves

- StsMard Jumrws

-Gw&mtJwrpen

\ ,.

MOSFET Under Test

Socket Pinouts : 1 I Drain

Note: To plwrNlt ground loops.

2=Gate

3 Substrate l?A’f)213) 4-soulcfl

only one sour03 measure

unit should have the ground link connectiq OUTPUT LO

to earth gmund. usually +Jw

unit

that supplies power to the base (or gate) of semiconduotor.

shown for

using local sense.

(Unit 2)

Figure 2-8.

Example Signal Connections with Model 213

2-11

SECTION 2

Getting Started

Model 8006 Test Fixture

terminals

X18

lyaied

707BTAX

Trlax Cables

Source

I I,

@ .’

Measure Unit #3

c- z3wLc-3

lntedookceblr

--JIMQMIX

-auudedJ~mpm

Noto: Jumpers am shown fXd$b3~NBS USit-kJ

!?gure 2-9.

2-12

Example Signal Connections with Model 7072

SECTION 2

Gettim Started

2.3 SYSTEM POWER-UP

2.3.1

The Model 236/237/238 Source Measure Units are de-

signed to operate from 105-125V or 210~250V line power ranges. A special transformer may be instaIled (at the factory) for 90-1lOV and 195~235V ranges. A slide switch on the rear panel indicates the present operating voltage. If the line voltage needs to be changed, refer to the Model 236/237/23S Operator’s Manual.

Both the Model 2361 Trigger Controller and Model 213 Quad Voltage Source operate from 90-125V or 180-250V line power ranges. The present operating voltage is indicated on the rear panel. If the line voltage needs to be changed, a slide switch is located inside the unit (refer to Appendix B or the appropriate instruction manual).

The Model 707 Switching Matrix operates from 105125V or 210-250V line power ranges. It can be rewired at the factory for the 90-1lOV and 180-220V ranges. A slide

switch on rear panel indicates the selected line voltage. To change the selection, refer to the Model 707 Switching Matrix Instruction Manual.

Instrument Power Requirements

WARNING As a safety precaution, it is recommended that all instruments in a rack be connected to a single power outlet strip. The strip should be wired to a panel-mounted emergency stop switch within easy access of the user. A

red push-pull mushroom switch should be mounted to the top front of the instrument rack. The switch must be UL recognized and have sufficient break current capacity for the load. To specify the break current of the switch, add up the total VA of the rack instruments and divide by the line voltage. Multiply the total by 125% to yield the minimum break current specification for an inductive load.

2.3.3 Environmental Conditions

For maximum accuracy, all measuring instruments and the test fixture must be operated at an ambient temperature between 18 and 28°C at a relative humidity less than 70%. (See specifications in Models 236/237/238 Operatofs Manual.)

2.3.4

Warm-up Period

CAUTION Do not attempt to operate an instrument on a supply voltage outside the allowed range, or instrument damage may occur.

2.3.2

Each instrument should be connected to a grounded AC outlet using the supplied AC power cord or the equivalent.

Power Connections

WARNING Each instrument must be connected to a grounded outlet to ensure protection from electric shock Failure to use a grounded outlet and a 3-wire power cord may result in personal injury or death because of electric shock.

The system can be used immediately when all instru-

ments are

tem accuracy, all instruments should be turned on and allowed to warm up for at least one hour before use.

2.3.5

Follow the general procedure below to power up a Model 251 I-V Test system:

1. Connect the instruments together as outlined in

2 Examine the rear panel DIP switches on the Model

3. Turn on each instrument by pressing in its power

first turned on, however, to achieve rated sys-

Power-up Procedure

paragraph 2.2.3. 2361 and Model 213. Set switches to desired

IEEE-488 bus addresses. The factory default setting (15) of the Model 2361 is shown in Figure 2-2. The default setting (9) of the Model 213 is shown in Figure 2-10.

switch. Verify that each instrument goes through its normal power-up routine, as described below.

2-13

SECTION 2

Geffing Sfarfed

OX16

-0

1x0 -6

0x4 -0

0x2 -0 IX1 + -1

IEEEJ89Address I 9

Figure 2-10. Model 213 DIP Switch Facto y Defaults

self test. If it is not, cycle power on the instrument. (Complete details on the power-up sequence are in the Model 236/237/238 Operator’s Manual.)

The instrument will operate at a line frequency of 50 or

6OHz. To check the line frequency setting, press the MENU button and rotate the knob until the line frequency is displayed. The alternate line frequency can be selected by displaying it with the SELECT buttons and then pressing ENTER. To exit from the menu, press the

MENU button.

To change the IEEE-438 bus address, press the MENU button and rotate the knob until the bus address is displayed. Key in the desired address and press ENTER. Examples in this manual will assume unit #l at address 16, unit #2 at address 17, and unit #3 at address 18. To exit from the MENU, press the MENU button.

WARNING In a multiple source measure unit test system, make sure all the Model 236/237/23t3s remain powered up. Turning off one or more Model 236l237I2389 may result in erratic in-

terlock operation. For example, if any unit is turned off, an operational Model 236/237/238 may not go into standby when the lid of the system test fixture is opened. This condition exposes the operator to potentially lethal voltages that could result in injury or death.

Model 2361 Power-up The instrument first turns on all LEDs. If the self-test di-

agnostic passes, all LEDs but the one for ROWER turn off, and the unit is ready for normal operation. If the self-test diagnosticfails,theLEDswillindicatetheproblem,asexplained in Appendix C.

Model 236/237/238 Power-up

The source measure units perform a self-test at powerup, then display a model number, software revision, and IEEE-488 address.

Model 213 Power-up All the front panel LEDs should light for approximately

one second while the unit performs an internal ROM and RAM self-test. At the end of this self-test, all indicators should turn off except POWER Flashing LEDs or the ERROR LED indicate failure of the self-test. Refer to the Model 213 Instruction Manual for details.

Model 707 Power-up

The Model 707 will perform a power-up self-test to check ROM, RAM, card configuration, stored setups, master/

slave loop, indicators, and displays. It will then show the

software revision level and IEEE-488 bus address. (See

the Model 707 Instruction Manual for a listing of error messages.) When the self-test has completed, the Model 707 is configured with:

All relays opened.

RELAYS indicator lit.

RELAYsTErtoOoo.

. MEMORYSTEl’toOOl.

The MANUAL TRIGGER LED on the front panel should

be blinking when the source measure unit completes its

2-14

To change the IEEE-488 bus address, press the MENU key until the present address is displayed. Use the data entry keys to key in a new value, then press ENTER. This action will also exit menu mode.

SECTION 2

Gettina Started

2.4 COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

2.4.1 IEEE-488 Interface Card

Installation

Model 251 software can be used with the IEEE-488 interfaces listed in Table 2-2.

Note the configuration settings of your IEEE-488 inter-

face card (also referred to as a GPIB card). If necessary, see the documentation supplied with the interface card for interpretation of the switch and jumper settings. Depending-on the pa&~& card, you &-iII be

Table 2-2.

IEEE-488 Boards and Default Configurations

Board Name

Advantech PCL-748 B&CPC488A BBS GPIB-1000 Capital Equipment PC0488 Capital Equipment PSo488 Capital Equipment 4 x 488 Contect GPIB (PC) Hewlett-Packard HPIB IBM GPIB board ICS48WCl IOtech GP488 IOtech GP488/2 Keithky PC-488-CEC Keithky4-488-CEC-OM~ 4-4&3S-CEC-1M Keithky PS488-CEC MetraByte IE-488 National Instruments AT-GPIB

National National National National National

Instruments GPIB-PC Instruments GPIB-PCII Instruments GPIB-PCIIA Instruments GPIB-PCIII

Instruments MC-GPIB Qua Tech MXI-100 ;2ua Tech MXI-1000 Scientific Solutions IBEE 488 LM Scientific Solutions MC-IEEE 488 Ziatech ZT 1444 Ziatech ZT/2

NA = feature not available on this board NC = not configured from factory

prom&-d

for kaIIation procedures.

these parameters when Model 251 software is configured for an IEEE-&38 card

I/O port address

Memory address

0 System controkr setting

Interrupt Iine number

Interrupt level

After noting the card configuration, install it in the computer. See the interface card documentation for detaiIed

Fault SC

IRQ #

ing;

DMA#

cwo&fEM)

2El 390 2B8 2B8 2B8

rzhMEA4

2El coooMEM)

2El SE

2B8 2B8

300

2co 2B8 2B8 2El 280 EOO

318 200 2El 2B8 210 800

NC NC

7 5

k NC

is NC

11 7 7 7 7 3

7 5

LC NA 1 1 1

1 2 1

kJC

1 1 1

: 1

1 Ii

3 3 1 0

NU’E~yMii5YCliGneI boards can use multiple DMA channels. Non&iicro Channel boards must use DMA channel number 1 except for the Hewlett-Packard board which uses DMA channel 2. Also note that the Ziatech ZT/2 board cannot use DMA channels 4-7.

2-15

SECTION 2

Getting Started

2.4.2

Model 251 I-V Test so&are is copy protected. To run Model 251 software, you must install the copy protection

block that was shipped with the software. The copy pro-

tection block attaches to any parallel port on the back of

your computer. Figure 2-l 1 shows a block installed on a

computer.

To install the copy protection block, first remove from the parallel port any device cable, such as a printer cable, if one is currently attached. Then insert the block into the port and reattach the device cable. The block will not interfere with the performance of the device attached to the parallel port. Note that a device does not need to be connected to the block in order to run Model 251 software.

2.4.3

before instalhng Model 251 software on your hard disk, make backup copies of each of the distribution floppy disks.Todoso,bootupDOS,thenusetheDOScommand

Copy Protection Block

Software Backup

DISKCOPY, which automaticahy formats blank disks. (Remember that the DISKCOPY comman the current directory or path.) For systems with two floppy disks, the

DISKCOPY A: 8: cEnten

Follow the prompts on the screen to complete copying of all supplied disks.

Similarly, the comman d for systems with one floppy disk is:

DISKCOPY A: A: <Enter>

Again, follow the prompts on the screen to copy all supplied disks.

After copying, put the original disks away for safekeeping.

co mmand syntax is:

dfilemustbein

Figure 2-11. Copy Protection Block

2-16

2.4.4 Software Installation and Configuration

Model 251 software is installed on a hard disk drive by

the program called INSTALL, which is supplied on the distribution floppy disks. This program creates subdirectories and copies files for initial installation. It may also be

used to reconfigure the software after a change in the

computer configuration (see paragraph 2.4.5). Follow the procedure below in the order presented to install the software. Press &so at any time to abort installation.

Place the backup copy of the Model 251 Installation Disk in drive A and enter the following

A: <Enter> TYPE READMEDOC <Enter>

This file explains the latest changes and how experienced DOS users can install the software without reading the following instructions.

Type in: INSTALL &ten The title screen of the INSIALL program is dis-

played.

SECTION 2

Getting Started

You are then prompted to choose a target hard disk

4. drive for Model 251 software. The listed options depend on what is available on your computer. The IN-

STALL program will display an error message if the selected drive does not have at least 3M-bytes of free disk space.

The next series of questions asks you to select directories for the Model 251 software. The default names for the root directory and three subdirectories are:

\MODEL251 \MODEIl\DATA \MODEL251\TESTS \MODEL251 \CONFIG

(for data files) (for test setup files) (for instrument configura-

tion files) \MODEL251\707 WODEL251 \SEQ

You are then prompted for your computer’s graph-

(for Model 707 files)

(for test sequencer files)

ics adapter type: EGA or VGA

You are next prompted to select an IEEE-488 (GPIB) interface card from a displayed list. The INSTALL

procedure will copy the necessary IEEE-488 driver. The card parameters (I/O port address, memory address, etc.) are not entered until Model 251 software

At this time, the program checks for a minimum computer configuration:

EGA or VGA graphics adapter

DOS version 3.2 or higher

Math coprocessor

0 At least 64oK-bytes RAM If minimum requirements are not present, the IN-

STALL program will display an error message.

Press <Eso to quit or any other key to continue. The next screen asks you if this is a first-time installation or a reconfiguration of previously installed software.

Select the first option to install Model 251 for the first

time. The second option is used when it is necessary

to reconfigure Model 251 software for different default directories, graphics adapter, IEEE-438 card, printer, or plotter.

%Grinter and plotter types are then requested. Select appropriate models, and if a plotter was chosen, the interface type (serial or GPIB) and address.

NOTE Printer and plotter configuration is further discussed in paragraph 2.5.3.

After your response, the INSTALL program creates directories and copies files as they are listed on the computer screen.

As the INSTALL program is copying files, you will be prompted to insert Model 251 Program Disks. When the program has completed, remove any disks and put them away.

Unless the INSTALL procedure was aborted, you will be returned to the drive and directory where Model 251

Software is installed.

2-17

SECTION2 Getting Started

2.4.5

Software Reconfiguration

As part of a first-time installation, the text file MODEL251.CFG is created by the INSTALL program to define the selected subdirectories and computer hardware configuration. MODEL251CFG is placed in the Model 251 root directory (default name is \MODEL251). An example file is shown in Figure 2-12.

If any changes are made in the computer hardware, the

“Reconfigure” option of the INSTALL program must be

selected to

change the parameters of the

MODEL251.CFG file. (Although MODEL251CFG is an

Model 251 system configuration file V2.00 GPIB card not configured

C:WODEK51\DATA\ C:WODEKSl\TESTS\ C:\MODEK51\CONFIG\ C:\MODEK51\707\ C:\MODEK51\SEQ\ VGA

;P7470 GPIB 5

C:!MODEK51kONFIG\TESTLlB.CFG

Y File header

- GPIB card not configured during install

- Path for data files

- Path fortest setup files

- Path for configuration files C--------- Path for Model 707 files

- Path for test sequencer files

- Graphics adapter

- Printer number (IBM Graphics Printer, Epson or Compatible)

- Plotter type

- Default instrument configuration file to use at power up. Set to

ASCII file, do not attempt to edit it as line and character spacing are exact.)

Since the INSTALL program minimizes the hard disk space required by only copying the IEEE-488 driver soft-

ware that is needed, it also may be necessary to run the INSTALL program after changing the IEEE-488 card. As explained in paragraph 2.5.6, the IEEE-488 card must be configured through a menu selection. If the desired interface card is not highlighted in the list of available cards, run the INSTALL program to select the new card before configuring it through the menu selection.

TESTLIB.CFG during installation.

1 Fimre 2-12. Example

MODEL251 .CFG FiZe

2-18

SECTION 2

Getting Sfaarfed

Operation Overview

2.5 OPERATlON OVERVIEW

2.5.1

Once the software is installed, running the program is

simply a matter of typing in the following from the

MODEL251 (or other) subdirectory: MODEL,251 <Enter>

Runnlng the Software

KEITHLEY MODEL 251 I-V TEST SOFTh'm

v2.00

bcurve Family Test

DC Source-Measure Test File Operations System Configuration Getting Started Exit to DOS

The Model 251 software will read the MODEL2!XCFG file to configure itself to the computer hardware selections made during installation, then, if everything checks out, display a logo screen and then the screen shown in Figure 2-13.

Fl-Help F4-Print

Figure 2-13. Main Menu Screen

Arrow Keys & <Enter> Select Operation

ESC-Exit Current Menu

SECTION2

Getting

Started

Table 2-3.

Message Cant find parallel port copy protect block -

exiting ASYST.

Not enough free DOS memory to run Model

251. Suggestion i Remove any memory resident

Model 251 Ekrors Messages on Start-up

Cause

The copy protect block is missing or is not securely attached to a parallel port of the computer.

The computer must have 53OK-bytes(542,720 bytes) of free

DOS memory. See paragraph 2.5.2. programs not necessary for operation to free up more memory.

System does not have enough expanded memory to boot. Model 251 requires a minimum of

The computer must have lM-byte of free expanded memory.

See paragraph 2.5.3. lM-byte of expanded memory to operate.

System tie (file name) not found. Run INSTALL

A Model 251 file is missing. You must m-install the software.

to ensure all system files are present. None Computer must have 53OK-bytes of free DOS memory. (Com-

puter may lock up if this memory is not available; see paragraph 2.5.2.) Or, the copy protect block is missing or is not securely attached to a

parallel port

of the computer.

NOTE The first time Model 251 software is executed, a screen telling you that a GPIB card must be selected is displayed before the main menu screen. Refer to paragraph 2.5.8.

Note that the version number of the software is listed in the title bar. Knowing the software version is useful when discussing problems with the Applications Department at Keithley Instruments.

Possible error conditions for software start-up are listed

in Table 2-3.

2.5.2 DOS Memory Requirement

Model 251 software needs 53OK-bytes (542,720 bytes) of free DO!3 memory to run. If you ory to run Model 251 software, follow these guidelines:

Examine your present AUTOEXEC.BAT and CON-

1. FlG.SYS files to determine which device drivers and terminate and stay resident (TSR) programs are necessary. For example, a mouse driver, an IEEE488

board driver, and a LIM expanded memory driver

must free

up more mem-

are probably necessary. A network driver or a batch file for a DOS shell are probably not necessary.

2. Copy your present AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIGSYS files to make backups:

COPY AUTOEXEC.BAT AUTOEXEC.SAV COPY CONFIG.SYS CONFIG.SAV

Create an AUTOEXEC.251 and a CONFIG. in your root directory to run Model 251 software, including any lines determined necessary in Step 1 and the following suggested lines:

AUTOEXEC.251 COl’.JFIG.251

Create batch files to switch back and forth between

echo Model 251 Boot Up buffers = 20

files=20

boot up configurations:

M251.BAT

copy autoexec.251 autoexecbat copy config. config.sys

MINE.BAT

copy autoexec.sav autoexecbat copy config.sav config.sys

5. To configure the computer to run Model 251 software enter the following command:

M251

2-20

SECTTON 2

Getting Started

This batch file copies the AUTOEXEC and CONF’IG files you just created with a 251 extension to ones that will be read on boot up.

6. Reboot the computer.

7. Enter the following from the MODEL251 subdirectory to start Model 251 software:

MODEL251 <Enter>

To configure the computer with your original AUTOEXEC and CONHG files, follow this procedure:

1. Return to the root directory of your computer’s boot up drive and type in

MINE’ This batch file copies your original AUTOEXEC and

CONPIG files to ones that will be read on boot up.

2. Reboot the computer.

2.5.4

Setting Up Printers and Plotters

Mode1251 software supports only the peripheral devices and communications ports shown in Table 24.

Table 2-4. Supported Configurations for

Peripheral Devices

Printer

None None None

Parallel Parallel Parallel

serial

Plotter

None serial

IEEE-488

None Serial

IEEE-488

None

serial IEEE-488

Paral.lel printers and IEEE-488 plotters are completely configured during the INSTALL program. Serial printers and plotters need additional configuration.

2.5.3 Expanded Memory Requirement

Model 251 software is compatible with L&us/Intel/ Microsoft (LIM) Expanded Memory, versions 3.2 and 4.0. Model 251 needs lM-byte of free expanded memory to run. There are numerous combinations of hardware and software to attain this requirement. Among them are:

0 DOS 4.0

Add-in memory boards offer LIM support in hardware or software.

Computers purchased with 2M-byte RAM often include a utility program to convert extended memory

to LIM expanded memory. A free utility for this pur-

pose is available from many computer bulletin boards.

Commercially available memory management utilities include QEMM-386 (Quarterback Office Systems) for 386-based computers.

contains built-in LIM 4.0 support.

After installing or reconfiguring Model 251 software for serial output devices, it is necessary to properly configure a serial port for the device and, in the case of printers, to redirect output from a parallel port to a serial port. This is accomplished by using the DOS MODE command in your AUTOEXEC2Sl Sle.

Example 1. Connecting an HP 7470A plotter with a serial interface.

Your AUTOEXEC file will need a MODE command to configure the baud rate, parity, data bits, and stop bits of serial port COMl. Assuming 2400 baud, no parity, 8 data bits, and 1 stop bit, the MODE command in your AUTOEXEC file would be one of the following:

mode coml: 2400, n, 8,1, p mode coml: 2400, n, 8,1, b

(for DOS version 3.3) (for DOS version 4.0)

2-21

SECTION 2 Getfing Started

Example 2 Connecting an Epson compatible printer

with a serial interface.

Your ATJTOEXEC file will need two MODE commands, the first to configure serial port COMl, and the second to redirect printer output from parallel port LPTl to serial

port COMl. Assuming 2400 baud, no parity, 8 data bits, and 1 stop bit, the MODE fol.lowingpairS

mode coml: 2400, n, 8,1, p mode lptl: = coml:

mode coml: 2400, n, 8,1, b mode lptl: = coml:

The exact format of the MODE commands should be verified by referring to your DO8 Reference Manual.

comman d would be one of the

(for DOS version 3.3)

(for DO8 version 4.0)

2.55 Main Menu Options

When the software is started, the cursor defaults to the first menu item, Curve Family Test. To move the cursor

through a menu, use the up and down arrow keys. To select an operation, use the <Enter> key. For some operations, a submenu pops up; the up/down arrows and

<Enten keys function the same way in a submenu. To return to the main menu from one of its submenus or forms, use the <Eso key to close the submenu or form and return to the previous screen.

Hot keys are also present, where a single keypress will se-

lect a menu item. At each menu level, the first letter of an item is treated as a hot key.

Model 251 software supports the Microsoft mouse and the Logitech mouse. The button assignments depend on the mouse driver software, but are commonly the following:

Left Button Right Button

cEnten <Escape>

Figure 2-14 shows the hierarchy of functions accessed by main menu options, in&ding submenus and forms.

For a 3-button mouse, the middle button can be assigned to the <Fl> key for accessing Model 251 help screens.

2-22

SECTION 2

Getfing Started

Main Menu Submenu Level 1

CUIW Family Test

DC Source-Measure Test

Fib operations

System Configuration

Getting stalled

Exit to DOS

W Curve Family Test c DC &ma _ Measure Test

- FibOperatlons -

- Load File

Save File Rename Fib Delete !=ib

Define lnSttumentS

Select GPIS Card

System Configuration

Submenu Level 2

=-Load Rle

Data File Test Setup File Instrument Configuration 707 Fib

Lotus Import

Instrument Configuration

Pile to Load

Rle to Rename

Define instruments

GPIS ConfIguration

F&we 2-14.

Main Menu Options

An explanation of each item on the main menu follows:

Curve Family Test - This selection sets the parameters of up to three source measure units for a curve family test. This can be either a single sweep (e.g., diode I-V curve), a subordinate sweep (e.g., common emitter curves), or a synchronous sweep (e.g., Gumme1 plot). Also, up to three additional source measure units can be configured as measuring or non- measuring bias channels.

DC Source-Measure Test - This menu selection configures up to six source measure units as dc voltage or current sources. Optionally, each channel can meas-

ure.

Model 251 Help Utility

File Operations - File operations include loading and saving data files, test setup files, instrument configuration files, 707 files, sequencer files (load only), and data import/export files WCII or Lotus WKl formats). The location and contents of these files are shown in Table 2-5.

System Configuration -

This selection is used to configure Model 251 software to the hardware: the source measure units, the trigger controller, and the IEEE-488 interface card.

Getting Started -This selection takes you to a topic in the Help file that lists the steps required for running an example curve family test.

* ExittoDos - This selection returns you to the DOS

command line after prompting you to save data and parameters.

2-23

SECTlON2

Getting Started

Table 2-5. Load and Save File Types

File TyPe Data Test Setup Instrument Configuration 707

uencer \MODEL251\SEQ\*.SEQ

seq Data in ASCII File Format

Data in Lotus Fiie Format

Default Path and File Extension Contents

\MODEL251 \DATA\+.DAT GPIEl I/O parameters, test parameters, display \MODEL251 \TESTS\*.TST GPIB I/O parameters, test parameters, display \MODEL251\CONFIG\*.CFG \MODEL251\707\*.707

\MODEL251 \DATA\*.ASC Data, array names, and units.

\MODEL251 \DATA\*.WKl Data, array names, and units.

2.5.6 Using Function Keys

In addition to the screens showing pop-up submenus and forms accessed by main menu selections, other screens are accessed by using the function keys. Each screen lists the available function keys on the bottom line. (See Table 2-6.) The screens accessed by the function keys are summarized below:

. Help-Pressing the <Fl> key brings up a context sen-

sitive help screen. Pressing <Fl> again or the <Enter> key displays an index of help topics. Pressing &so returns you to the current screen.

* Goto Point-When the VIEW LIST form is displayed,

the <F2> key brings up a pop-up form called Goto Specified Point You can enter a curve number and an index into the curve array.

Plot

-The 6;3> key plots a hardcopy of the graphical

representation of the data on a plotter.

* Print-The cF4> key prints a hardcopy of the current

screen to a printer.

parameters, data. parameters.

Source measure unit, trigger controller, quad voltage source, and switching matrix parameters. Matrix setup.

Commands to run a series of tests.

GMB -The GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT form is used to send device dependent commands to bus instruments, usually those not directly supported by Model

251 software.

Disp.Param -The <F7> key brings up the display parameters form where you can set the parameters for displaying source and measure data arrays and calculated arrays.

0 View

-If data arrays were previously specified on the display parameters form, the <F8> key shows a list or graphical representation of the data. A menu of graphical analysis tools is also available on this screen.

Execute

- The cFlO> key initiates test execution, either a curve family of a dc source measure test. From the GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT form, the cFlO> key initiates device dependent command execution highlighting the desired function).

Delete - When the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS form is displayed, the <Del> key will remove the definition of

the instrument at the present cursor position after

prompting you for confirmation.

l Exit

- The &so key returns you to the previous

screen.

(after

2-24

Table 2-6. Available Function Keys

unction Ke s Available

-h

SECTION2

Getting Started

Main Menu Curve Family Test Form DC Source-Measure Test Form Define Instruments Form General GPIB Output Form Display Parameters Form View Grauhics View List&

<F2> is LoadFiIe and <F%is SaveFile from these forms only.

2.57

How to Get Help

X X X X X X

* *

Model 251 I-V Test software contains a context sensitive help function. It is accessed from any text screen by pressing the &l> key. The first help topic displayed is specific to the menu or form where help was requested. The up/ down arrow keys scroll the display. <PgUp> and cpgDn> scroll through the help file to present related

topics.

MODEL251 HELP UTILITY V1.23K

X X X

:: ::

X ::

X X X X X

:: X

The <Enter> or cFl> keys display an index of help topics. (See Figure 2-15.) Use the arrow keys to move around the index, then press <EnteD or <Fl> to select the topic. One of the topics is Help: Usage of Keys. It explains what keys are active for the help index and help topic screens.

Use the <Escape> key to exit help. You are returned to the menu or form screen where you requested help.

TOPIC - HELP INDEX

707 Matrix Curve Family Global Set DC Source-Measure Chann Define Instruments File Operations GPIB Configuration Xeithley Instruments Pulsed-mode Error Sync Sweep Channel Time Arrays

ENTER/Fl=Select Topic

Figure 2-15.

Help Index Screen

Bias Channel Curve Family Test DC Source-Measure Globa Display DC Parameters

File Operations Menu GPIB I/O Load/Save Menu

Step Channel System Configuration View Graphics

ARROW

XEYS=Move Pointer

Curve Family Channels Data Arrays DC Source-Measure Test

Display Parameters Getting Started Help: Usage of keys Hain Menu Sweep Channel Test Sequencer View List

ESC=Exit Help

2-2s

SECTION 2

Get&n Sfarted

2.58

Configuring the IEEE-488 Card

During the lNSTALL procedure, you selected an IEEE-488 (GPIB) driver overlay for your interface card. Before nmning any tests, Model 2X software must be configured with the hardware specific information of that IEEE-488 card. Follow this procedure:

1. From the main menu of Model 251 software, select the System Configuration option.

2. From the System Configuration pop-up, choose Select GPIB Card. After an opening screen explaining how to get help, you will see the GPIB Configuration form, an example of which is shown in Figure 2-16.

3. You will be asked:

Which bus do you want to contigure? (0,1,2,or3): Always respond with: 0 Model 251 software must be configured to bus 0.

4. The next screen displays a list of supported IEEE-488 cards. Use the <PgUp> and <PgDn> keys to see the complete list. Your IEEE-488 card should be highlighted in the list. (If it is not, the INSTALL program must be run again; this time choose the Reconfigure option.)

Enter the appropriate number for your card.

NOTE If you have a CEC 4 x 488, Keithley PC-488-CEC, Keithley 4488-CEC-OM, or Keithley 4-48&CEC-1M card, select the CEC l?Cc488 from the list. If you have a Keithley PS-488-CEC, choose the CEC PCo488.

5. You will be asked: Enter primary address for ME:

Always respond with: 0

6. The next prompt depends on which card type you

have. For NEC type cards, enter the hexadecimal I/O address. For Hewlett Packard cards, enter the hexadecimal memory segment address. Responses depend on how the card jumpers and switches are configured, which should have been noted in paragraph 2.4.1. Also, refer to Table 2-2 for factory default settings.

7. The next question is:

Is the board the system controller? (Y/N): Always respond with: Y

Figure 2-16.

Current conFiguratronron:

board

: uncontigured

: unconfiqurad : uncontigured

Which

bus

Capital

type

(NEC

~PD7210

do you vent to configure? (0,1,2,or 3):

GPIB Cunfigwutiun Form Screen

GPIB Configuration

Mel)

Prom Lsc

quit

2-26

SECTION 2

Getting Started

8. The next prompt is: Enter interrupt line# used by board (2-7): Resuond with an unused interrupt line after refer-

ring to Table 2-7. Your choice mu& match that chosen by jumpers or switches on the IEEE-488 card.

NOTE

The Hewlett Packard card only allows inter-

rupt lines 3-6 to be used.

9. If needed for your card, you are prompted with: Enter interrupt level (O-7):

Respond with a number that is not used by any other

board in your computer. Normally, the same value as the interrupt line number will work.

10. The last prompt is: Configure another board? (Y/N) Model 251 software can only be configured for one

board. If you think you made a wrong entry to one of the

previous prompts, enter a “Y” here to go through the configuration again. Enter ‘W if you are satisfied

with your configuration. You will be returned to the main menu of Model 251 software.

Table 2-7. Typical interrupt Line Assignments

Interrupt

(IRQ)

Line Number

Description Access to interrupts

8-15 Serial port 2 Serial port 1 Parallel port 2 Floppy disk

2.5.9

Parallel

Configuring the Instruments

port

Before running any tests, the Model 251 software has to be configured for the bus instruments (source measure units, trigger controller, and other instruments). The DEFmEINsTR~

form is accessed through a main

menu item as described in the following procedure:

1. Select System Configuration from the main menu.

2. Select Define Instruments from the SYSTEM CONFIGURATION pop-up submenu. The DEFINE INSTRUMENTS form will be displayed. Figure 2-17 shows a completed form.

Figure 2-27.

I------- DEFINE INSTRUHENTS 11

Trigger Controller Address: 15

BASE EMITTFIR

COLLECTR DRAIN GATE SOURCE DIODE RESISTOR

Fl-Help F4-Print Del-Delete Instrument Esc-Configuration Menu

17 K1236

16 1

I I

16 K1236 1 17 K1236 2 17 16 K1236 1 16 K1236 1

K1236

ICI236

K1236

1 2

Define Instruments Form Screen

2-27

SECTION2 Getting Started

The cursor first appears in the Instrument Name field. Type in a name (up to 8 characters) for the unit. The name will be used on the test setup form to identify the instrument on each channel. FESS <Enter>. The cursor advances to the GPlJ3 Ad-

4. dress field. Type in the address for the unit. (Refer to paragraph 2.3.5 if the source measure unit address is unknown.)

The address may be set to any value between 1 and 30 as long as address conflicts with other instruments are avoided.

FESS <Enter>. The cursor goes to the Instrument field. Press <Enter> again. A pop-up menu appears listing possible choices. Use the up/down arrow keys and the <Enter> key to select the instrument

type-

Use the right arrow key to advance to the Trigger Channel field. Type in the trigger channel assignment for the source measure unit and press <Enter>.

Repeat steps 3 through 6 for remaining bus instruments. Recall that only source measure units are assigned to trigger channels.

Use the up arrow key to go to the Trigger Controller address field. Type in the address selected by the rear panel DIP switch (see Figure 2-2) on the trigger controller and press <Enten.

Press &so. You will be prompted with: Initialize instrument table (Y/N) ? If the IEEE-488 card is connected to the bus cable,

and all instruments are on, press <Y>, otherwise press cl+. The screen will display:

4. At the File to Save prompt, type in a file name to complete the path. Optionally, use a CFG file extension, such as:

\SAMPLE.CFG

5. Press <Enter>. You will be prompted when the file has been saved. Press any key to return to the main menu screen.

The name of the instrument configuration file will be

stored in the MODEL25LCFG file. When Model 251 soft-

ware is next started, it will load that instrument configu-

ration as a default.

2.6 SYSTEM CHECKOUT

There are two modes of operation with Model 2.51 software: the interactive mode and the test sequencer mode. All examples use the interactive mode, unless otherwise specified. The test sequencer is described in Section 6.

There are four steps involved when interactively running an I-V test with Model 251 software:

Defining the instrument parameters, test parameters, and display parameters.

Executing the test.

Printing or plotting the results.

Saving the instrument parameters, test parameters,

display parameters, and test data.

Performing instrument initialization Model 251 software will send a device dependent

command to each source measure unit restoring it to factory default conditions. You will be prompted if any error or warning conditions exist.

10.

After initialization has finished, pressing any key returns you to the main menu.

It is recommended that you save the present instrument configuration in a file stored in the CONFIG subdirectory. This procedure follows:

1. Select File Operations from the main menu.

2. Select Save File from the pop-up submenu.

3. Select Instrument Configuration from the pop-up submenu.

2-28

The following examples will lead you through step-bystep procedures. The examples will also check out Model 251 software to determine if the system is operational, to show that all instruments and the software are functioning normally.

2.6.1

The two examples given here will run I-V curves on a diode and a transistor. The first example explains in detail the hierarchical structure of the menus and forms; the second will assume familiarity with the structure.

Example Xl -This example outlines a test procedure for diode forward biased I-V characteristics. It is based on the test library called DIODELIN for a IN914 diode (see Appendix Dl. Connect a source measure unit to a diode as shown in the schematic of Figure 2-18.

Running Simple Tests

SECTION 2

Getfing Sfarfed

ID-)

Source Measure

Figure Z-18. Schematic for Diode Forward Biased

DEFINE Select File Operations from the main menu.

Select Load File from the FILE OPERATIONS submenu.

2. Select Instrument Configuration from the LOAD FILE submenu.

A. Press <Enter> when prompted for “FILE TO

LOAD”.

B. Select TESTLIB.CFG from the listing of the CON-

FIG subdirectory.

C. Hit any key after the file has been loaded.

3. Select Test Setup File from the LOAD FILE submenu.

A. Press <Enter> when prompted for “FILE TO

LOAD”.

B. Select DIODELIN.TST from the listing of the

TESTS subdirectory. C. Hit any key after the file has been loaded. D. Press &so twice to return to the main menu

Select System Configuration from the main menu.

r-v Chnwrr+a;c+;m

-I-.-LL, I.TL.C.2

2. Press 4?7> for DispParam (DISPLAY PARAMETERS form).

3. Modify the DISPLAY PAIUMETERS form to match your test parameters.

EXECUTE

1. Press cFlO> for Execute test.

Compare test results with the curve shown in Figure 2-19.

1. Press -54~ to Print (or cF3> to Plot) the curve, if desired.

2. Press <Eso twice to return to the main menu.

SAVE

Select File Operations from the main menu.

The instrument parameters, test parameters, display parameters, and test data are optionally saved in three files:

0 An instrument configuration file contains instrument

parameters.

* A test setup file contains test and display parameters.

A data file contains test and display parameters and

data.

NOTE Data can also be saved in an export file in either ASCII or Lotus WKl format.

Select Define Instruments from the SYSTEM CONFIGURATION submenu.

2. Modify the DEFOE INSTRUMENTS form, if needed, to match your setup. (No trigger controller is needed for a single unit setup.)

A. Press &so to exit the form.

B. Press <Y> to initialize the instrument table.

C. Hit any key at the “SMU Initialization Finished”

prompt.

D. Press <Eso to return to the main menu.

Select Curve Family Test from the main menu.

Modify the CURVE FAMILY TEST parameters form, if needed, to match your source measure unit and diode characteristics.

1. Select Save File from the FILE OPERATIONS submenu.

2. Select Instrument Configuration from the SAVE FILE submenu.

A. Type in: \MYDIODE.CFG <Enter> when

prompted for “FILE TO SAVE”.

B. Hit any key after the file has been saved.

3. Select Test Setup File from the SAVE FILE submenu. A. Type in: \MYDIODE.TST <Enter> when

prompted for “FILE TO SAVE”.

B. Hit any key after the file has been saved.

4. Select Data File from the SAVE FILE submenu. A. Type in: \MYDIODE.DAT <Enter> when

prompted for “FILE TO SAVE”.

B. Hit any key after the file has been saved.

C. Press <Eso twice to return to the main menu.

2-29

SECTION 2

Gefting Started

tlarker 1 C X=

tiarker 2 C X= Line C X-int= Markers

Line Horiz. zoom Wert ica 1 zoom Rest ore Autosca Ie Filter Over lay X-Invert

Y-Invert

tlarkerl: Home tiarker2: End StepC

1: t/-

PgUp/PgDn

Yl/YZ: Tab Fl-Help F3-P lot F4-Pr int F7-D isp Par. Fltl-ExecAtop Esc-Test Form

xE-4

. see

Y= Y=

Y-int=

Diode

Foruord

-. ..................... ,

__ .... *j.. ..... r.. .... i.. .... i.. .... f..

Slope=

Biased

...... I.. ............................................

3 3

Beta(?lkrl)=

gm(tlkrl)=

l/S lope=

I-U

Chrrs.<Linear Sueep>

. ...... +. ...... +.

....

.....

. .....

Figure 2-19.

08/17/S&9

14:48:46

Diode Forward Biased I-V Characferisfics

Ud <Uolts>

xE0

2-30

SECTION 2

Getting Started

Example #2-This example is a test procedure for NF’N transistor common emitter curves. It is based on the test library called NPNCRV for a 2N3904 transistor (see Appendix D). Connect two source measure units as shown in the schematic of Figure 2-20.

DEFINE

1. Load the instrument configuration file called TESTLlB.CFG.

2. Load the test setup file called NPNCRV.TST.

3. Modify the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS form, if needed, to match the parameters of your source

measure units and trigger controller.

4. Modify the CURVE FAMILY TEST form, if needed, to match your transistor characteristics.

5. Modify the DISPLAY P ARAMETEES form to match your test parameters.

EXECUTE

6. Execute the test.

7. Compare test results with the curves shown in

Figure 2-21.

8. Print or plot the curves, if desired.

SAVE

9. Save the instrument configuration file, test setup file, and data file under new names, if desired.

2.6.2

System Troubleshooting

Troubleshoot any system problems using the basic procedure shown in Table 2-8. Also refer to the error messages of Table 2-3 and Appendix B. For information on troubleshooting individual instruments, refer to the respective instruction manual(s).

Use of the GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT form to troubleshoot instruments is described in paragraph 3.7.7.

S&P

scum MeaslJm

o”p”LOI

Figure 2-20.

Channel

Schemafic fir NPN Transistor Common Emiffer Cume Family

Table 2-8.

Symptom No instrument responds over bus. One instrument fails to respond.

Instruments not triggered. Excessive leakage current. Erratic readings.

BASE

Unit

System Troubleshooting Summary

Possible Cause(s)

Units not connected to system controller, units not configured, system controller defective, improper card configuration. Unit not connected to bus, improper configuration, unit defective. Unit not connected to trigger controller. Wrong cables used, dirty jacks, test fixture contamination. FMI interference, poor connections.

2-31

SECTlON 2

Getting Started

tlarker 1 E X= tlarker 2 I: X= Line C X-int= Markers

Line Horiz. zoom Uert ica 1 zoom Rest ore

Autosca le Filter Over lay X-Invert

Y-Invert

tlarkerl: Home tlarker2: End Stept

I: +/PgUp/PgDn Yl/YZ: Tab Fl-Help F3-P lot

F4-Pr int F7-Disp Par. FlQ-ExecAtop Esc-Test Form

1.30

xE-2

Y= Y=

Y-int=

NPN Transistor Connon Enittew Curve Fanilu

Slope=

. . ..+................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . :* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i...

I Beta0lkrl)= 1

gn(tikrl)=

l/Slope=

I . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i5.Y&-q I

.; . . . ...” . . . . . . . > . . . . . . t . . . . . . .

RA-+H-z i!

a.... . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..\............................... . . . . . . .

..; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ti!

II I

' .sbe '

i......!......’

1.80

:...... i . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..“....... . . . . . . .

! !

I I

' n.!s;;e ' s.kise '

! i’f’ i

I 1

4.!se '

Figure 2-21.

2-32

08/17/98

14:44:57

NPN Transistor Common Emitter Curue Family

wua <Uolts>

xE0

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This section describes interactive data acquisition, including instrument configuration, test parameter entry, and test execution. Section 3 contains the following topics:

3.2

Measurements

for acquisition operation.

SECTION 3

Measurements

Overview: Provides an overview of data acquisition and gives a basic procedure

3.3 Data Entry: Lists

3.4 Instrument Configuration:

Model 251 software for a test instrument setup.

3.5 Curve Family Tests:

quire single curve and curve family data.

3.6 DC Source and Measure Tests: Covers use

TEST form to acquire DC data.

3.7

GPIB Input/Output:

instruments other than Sources and troubleshooting with all bus instruments.

Error messages associated with measurement operations are described in Appendix B.

3.2 MEASUREMENTS OVERVIEW

Once Model 251 software is configured for your instrument setup, acquiring measurement data is done simply by loading (and modifying, if necessary) a test setup file and executing the test. The step-by-step procedure is ,outlined below:

guidelines for entering data and using edit keys.

Details use of all of the channels on the CURVE FAMILY TEST form to ac-

Explains using the GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT form to support testing with

Models

Describes using the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS form to configure

of bias channels on the DC SOURCE-MEASURE

236/237/23S Source Measure Units and Model 213 Quad Voltage

3-l

SECTION 3

Measurmnts

Step 1: Define Instruments

Model 251 software must be configured for the instruments in your test system. This is done on the DEFINE INSTRUh4ENTS

form. For an instrument to be used in any test, it must be defined and named on this form. You specify bus address, instrument type, trigger channel, and assign a name to this set of parameters.

Step 2 Define Test

There are two tests available from the main menu of Model 251 software:

Curve Family Test - Source measure units operate in the sweep function to acquire a single curve or a curve family. Additional source measure units use the DC function to provide voltage or current biasing. A quad voltage source can provide voltage biasing.

DC Source-Measure Test -Source measure units operate in the DC function to source and measure dc data. A quad voltage source can also be used.

Each test has a corresponding test form to define the parameters of up to six source measure units.

An additional test, GPIB input/output, can be accessed from the CURVE FAMILY TEST form or the DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST form. It is used primarily to interface instruments other than the Keithley Model 236/237/238 units or Model 213 with the software.

Step 3: Select Display Arrays

Before a test can be run, the software must know how to display the source and measure data. This

is done on a display parameters form (one for curve data, another for DC data). As a minimum requirement, you must select which source and measurement arrays you want to graph or list. All other selections are discussed in Section 4, Data Display.

Step 4~ Execute Test

From a test form or display parameters form, a test can be executed to acquire curve family or DC measurement data. The results will be displayed in the mode (graphics or list) seiected on a display parameters form.

3.3 DATA ENTRY

Model 251 software is structured with menus and forms. Where data entry is required, some basic guidelines are followed for the functions of editing keys, as summarized in Table 3-l. Other guidelines for data entry are as follows:

3-2

Name entries can be alphanumeric (up to eight characters) as long as the first character is a letter. Two additional characters, the ampersand (8~) and underscore (J are also legal for names.

Source and measure values (up to five significant digits) can be entered with an exponent and/ or an engineering unit and multiplier prefix. The values are displayed with an engineering unit and prefix. If no engineering unit is entered, the unit defaults to volts, amps, or seconds, depending on the field. (An exception to this is in the calculated arrays, where no units need to be specified.)

SECTION3

Measurements

A multiplier prefix for the engineering unit is optional. For example, in the SOURCE Start field for a current sweep, the following entries are equivalent to 3.4~~4:

3.4e-6 .0000034 3.4~ 3.4uA 3.&3mA 3.4e-9k

Note that in the two rightmost entries above, when an exponent and multiplier prefix are both specified, they are multiplied together.

A rough range checking is performed when a source or compliance value is entered. The entry is compared with the following limits:

Volts -1lOOV to -1oopv; ov; 1oojlv to 1lOOV tips

-lA to -lOOfA; OA; 1OOfA to IA

Seconds lmsec to 65sec

Entered values between zero and the minimum resolution are changed to the minimum resolu-

tion. Entered values that are greater than the upper limit are changed to the upper limit.

When entering numerical entries with engineering units, the following prefixes are recognized:

Entered Displayed Entered Displayed

Exponent Prefix Pl&iX Exponent Prefix Prefix

10’5 P 10’2 T 109 G 106 M

P T G

16 Kork k

106 uorU lo-9 norN w2 lo-‘5 ForF

Note that there are four case-sensitive prefixes: I?, p and M, m.

m P

n fp .

3-3

SECTION 3

Measuremenfs

Table 3-1. Editing Key Functions

Form

Pop-up Menu

Keys Backspace

Delete

End Enter

Esc Home Insert

Left/Right cursors Page Down Page Up Space Tab Up/Down Cursors CAln cc>

Backspace Delete End Enter

Esc Home Insert Left/Right Cursors Page Down

Page Up CS> Space Tab Up/Down Cursors

Actions

None

On data field, selects field and deletes leftmost character.

OnDEFlNEINSTRUMENTS selected instrument. Moves cursor to bottom of column. Toggles a parameter, or displays a pop-up menu, or selects a field. Returns to previous screen. Moves cursor to top of column

On data field, selects field and inserts

space before leftmost character. Moves cursor to next column left/right.

OnDEFINEINSTRUMENTS

OnDEFlNEINSTRUMENTS

On data field, selects field and clears data. Moves cursor one column to the right. Moves cursor up/down within a column.

Clears test form and data None

On array name pop-up, deletes the array. Moves cursor to bottom of menu.

Selects highlighted item and returns to

form.

Returns to form with no item change.

Moves cursor to top of menu

None

On name pop-up, moves cursor to bottom of

menu.

On name pop-up, moves cursor to top of menu

On may name pop-up, lists size of array. None None Moves cursor up/down within menu.

form, removes definition of

form, displays next page. form, displays next page.

Data Entry

Field

Backspace Delete

End Enter

Esc Home Insert Left/Right Cursors Page Down

Page UP Space

Tab Up/Down Cursors

Deletes character to left of cursor.

Deletes character at present cursor

position.

Moves cursor to right of data.

Selects field for entry, or completes data

entry and returns to form at next row.

Returns to form with no data change.

Moves cursor to beginning of field.

Inserts space at present cursor position. Moves cursor to left/right within a field.

None

Clears field from present cursor position

to end of field.

Moves to next subfield or completes data entry

moves to next cohnnn to right.

Completes data entry and moves cursor

up/down to next row.

3.4 INSTRUMENT CONFIGURATION

3.4.1 DEFINE INSTRUMENTS Form

TheDEFINEINS~UMENTS form allows you to configure Model251 software for the insinunents in your test setup. For an instrument to be used in any test (curve family, DC source-measure, or GPlB input/output), its bus address, instrument type and, optionally, trigger channel must be defined on this form. This definition process does not have to be performed before every test, but only when your instrument setup changes.

Parameters on the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS form can be saved in an instrument configuration file. When Model 251 software is started, it loads the form with the parameters from the last loaded or saved instrument configuration file.

Entering the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS Form To access the DEFINE INSTRUMhNTS form, select System Configuration from the main menu.

The SYSTEM CONFIGURATION pop-up menu will be displayed. Press <Enter> at the Define In-

struments option

SECTION 3

Measurements

NOTE

DEFINE INSTRUMENTS Screen Format The general format of the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS

entries from a sample instrument configuration file (TFSTTJELCFG). The top field concerns the bus address for the Mode12361 Trigger Controller, while the rameters for the test instruments. There can be a maximum of 64 instrument names defined.

form is shown in Figure 3-1, which shows eight

emaining fields of the screen concern pa-

3-5

SECTION 3

/ DEFINE INSTRUMENTS

Trigger Controller Address: 15

GATE

SOURCE DIODE

RESISTOR

CAPACITR

SUBSTRAT MATRIX TP01315A

Fl-Help F4-Print Del-Delete Instrument

Trigger Controller Address: Enter an integer (l-30) for the IEEE488 (GPIB) address of the Model 2361 Trigger Controller.

Instrument Name: Type in desired instrument name (up to eight characters, first character must be a letter).

GPIB Address (l-30): Enter an integer (I-30) for the IEEE488 (GPIB) address of an instrument.

Instrument: Press <Entee to display a pop-up menu of available instruments. Select wlth up/down arrow keys, then press

0 0

<Enter>.

Trigger Channel (lb):.Type in desired channel (l-6) on the trigger controller for a source measure unit.

17 17 16 16 16

9 18 10

K1236 K1236 K1236 K1236

K1236 KI213K1707 Other

Esc-Configuration Menu

Figure 3-Z.

3-6

DEFINE INSTRUMENTS Form

Active Function Keys The following function keys are active while in the DEFINE INSTRUMENT!5 form: El-Help

F4A?rint Del-Delete Instrument

Esc-System Config.

Provides on-line help information. Prints t+e screen to a defined printer. Removes the instrument definition. You will be prompted for confirma-

tion. Exits DEFINE INSTRUMENTS form. You will be asked whether you want

the instruments initialize. With a ‘9”’ answer, all Model 236/237/238 units that are turned on and connected to the bus will be initialized.

SECTION 3

Mfzasurements

3.4.2

Parameter Description

Trigger Controller This field contains the IEEE-488 (GPIE0 address of the Model 2361 Trigger Controller. The bus ad-

dress of the Model setting of 15, which is selected by simple binary weighting.

The Trigger Controller field can be left blank when the test system consists of a single source measure unit configured to measure, without a trigger controller.

Fikure 3-2. Mode12361 Rear Panel DIP Switch

2361

is set with its rear panel DIP switch. Figure 3-2 shows the factory default

?iEimiy

DFLT PRGM

Instrument Name Each line of instrument parameters is assigned a unique Instrument Name. This name is used to

refer to the parameters of a source measure unit or other instrument in the CURVE FAMILY TEST form, DC SOURCE-MEASURE

TEST form, and GENERAL GPB OUTPTJT test form.

The instrument name can be alphanumeric as long as the first character is a letter. Two additional characters, the ampersand (&) and underscore 0 are also legal for name entry. Trailing numbers can be used to differentiate like names.

GPIB Address (l-30)

The GPIB (IEEE-488) Address field contains the address of each instrument interfaced with Model 251 software. This can be any value between 1 and 30 as long as conflicts with other instruments on the bus are avoided. Paragraph 23.5 describes verifying and changing IEEE-488 addresses of

source measure units.

Each address must have a unique Instrument type and Trigger Channel, but it is possible to assign more than one Instrument Name to the same set of parameters.

Instrument

The Instrument field has a pop-up menu listing the model numbers for Keithley instruments sup-

ported by Model 251.

3-7

SECTION 3

Measuretnenis

Pressing <Enter brings up a pop-up menu of available instruments:

KT236 Ei

KI213-1 KI213-2 KI213-3 Kl213-4 KI707 Other Clear

Use the up /down arrows to select an instxument, then press cEnten. Use the <EC= key to keep the present instrument selection. Specify “Other” for instruments other than those listed. Selecting

‘Clear” del&es any present instrument from the field.

Trigger Channel (l-6)

Up to six trigger channels can be configured for Keithley source measure units.

Trigger channels are used only for K1236, Ki237, and KI238. The Trigger Channel field can also be left blank when the test system consists of a single source measure unit configured to measure, without a trigger controller.

Model 236/237/238 Source Measure Units

Model 213 Quad Voltage Source

- Model 707 Switching Matrix

SECTION 3

Measurements

Curve Family Tests

3.5 CURVE FAMILY TESTS

3.51

CURVE FAMILY TEST Form

The CURVE FAMILY TEST form configures Model 251 software to perform voltage and current sweeps with single or multiple source measure units. Three channels support single, subordinate, and synchronous sweeps. Three additional channels are available to supply voltage or current biasing

from source

Entering CURVE FAMILY TEST Form To access the CURVE FAMILY TEST form, select Curve Family Test from the main menu and press

<Enten. The CURVE FAMILY TE!?I form will be displayed.

CURVE FAMILY TEST Screen Format

An example of a CURVE FAMILY TEST form is shown in Figure 3-3, which is a test form for NPN transistor common emitter curves. (The form is that for NPNCRV.TST pendix D.) The top portion of the form lists parameters that apply to all channels (global). The lower portion of the form lists channel specific parameters of the six available channels.

measure units or a quad voltage source.

NOTE Parameters on the CURVE FAMILY TEST form, alongwith GPIB I/O parameters and display parameters, can be saved in a test setup file. This is done from the File Operations selection of the main menu and is discussed in Section 5.

from the test

library of Ap-

3-9

SECTION 3 Measurements

1 ;NPNcRv

2 \ SweepType: LINEAR

0 I

7’

2 Mode: Press <Enter> to toggle between Single Test and Auto Repeat.

3 Delay Before Curves: Type in desired delay (0 to 65 seconds, in 1 msec increments) for before first curve and between suc-

4 Integration Time: Press cEnteD to display pop-up menu. Selections are 416msec, 4ms, 60Hz tine, and 50Hz tine.

6 Filter: Press &men= to display pop-up menu. Selections are Disable, 2 Rdg, 4 Rdg, 8 Rdg, 16 Rdg, and 32 Rdg.

Mode: Single Test Delay Bef&e Curves

CHANNEL NAME

on/off

Instrument Name Src &ray Name

Meas Array Name

- SOURCE TYPe

Puked Off Value Range

Start/Biis stop Step # Of curves

$ggg-

Range Com7Aiance Value

Sweep Type: Press <Enter> to toggle between LINEAR and LOG sweep.

ceeding curves.

Points/Decade (Sweep and Sync Swp Channels) (shown for log sweeps): Press <Enter> to display pop-up menu. Selections

are 5,10,25, and 50 points per decade.

Swfxv on

COLLECTR VCe Ic

Best Fix

ov 5V

mV Gal 100 mA

2oxL4

CURVE FAMILY TEST

Integration Time: 416~ Filter: Disable Delay Betw

Step on

BASE

Vbe I

Best Fix 1OlJ-A

SOti

1OP.A

5 Lmal

1.1 v -

1v I

I syncswp

Off

en Points: 0 s

Bias 1 1 Bias 2 off off

- -

~ Bias3

off

-6

Pulsed Time On, Off (shown for pulsed sweeps): Type in desired pulse on and off times (0 to 65 seconds, in 1 msec increments).

6 Delay Between Points: Type in desired delay (0 to 65 seconds, in 1 msec increments).

7 CHANNEL Parameters:

On/Off: Press <EnteD to toggle between channel On and channel Off.

Instrument Name: Type in desired instrument name (up to eight characters) or press <Enter to display a pop-up menu of

previously defined names.

Src Array Name: Type in desired source array name (up to eight characters) or press <EnteD to display pop-up menu of

previously defined names.

%pre 3-3.

3-10

Meas Array Name: Type in desired measure

previously defined names.

CURVE FAMILY TEST Form

array

name (up to eight characters) or press <Enter to display pop-up menu of

SOURCE Parameters:

Type: Press <Enten= to display pop-up menu. Selections are V (source voltage), I (source current), V Pulsed (source pulsed

voltage), and I Pulsed (source pulsed current). Pulsed Off Value (shown for pulsed sweeps): Type in desired voltage or current level for between pulses. Range: Press <Enter, to toggle between Auto source range and Best FIX source range.

Start/Bias: Type in desired starting voltage or

bias level.

Stop: Type in ending voltage or current level of sweep. Step: Type in desired incremental value between linear sweep points (1000 pointskuwe maximum). # of Curves: Type in desired number of curves in a curve family (2-32). Sense: Press <Enter> to toggle between Local and Remote sense.

MEASURE Parameters:

Range: Press <Enter> to display a pop-up menu of measure ranges. Selections depend on source type and model of source

measure unit. Compliance Value: Type in desired compliance limit for current or voltage.

10 Test Title: Name of the test setup file that was loaded or saved.

CURVE FAMILY TEST Form kont.)

current

SECTION 3

Measurements

value of a sweep. For bias channels, type in desired voltage or current

Active Function Keys F&Help

W-Print F5-GPlB F7-Disp.Param F8-View

FlO-Execute Test

ESC-Main Menu

3.5.2 Parameter Description

Global Parameters Sweep Type

Provides Prints the screen to a defined printer. Takes you to the GENERAL Takes you to the DISPLAY PARAMETERS form. Takes you to the VIEW screen, if data is available and data arrays have

been specified on the DISPLAY PARAMETERS form. Performs the sweep if data arrays have been specified on the DISPLAY

PARAMETERS form, then takes you to the VIEW screen. Exits CURVE FAMILY TEST form and returns you to the

Press the <Enten key to toggle between Linear sweeps are the default selection. Log sweeps are generally preferred for wider sweep ranges (over three decades or more>. If LINEAR is

chosen, any selected sweep channel (Sweep, Step, or Sync Swp) will perform a linear sweep. If LOG is chosen, the Sweep channel, and Sync Swp if selected, will perform log sweeps.

on-line

help information

GPIJ3 OUTPUT form.

main

menu.

LINEAR and LOG sweeps.

Mode

Press the <Enter> key to toggle between the two test modes: Single Test and Auto Repeat. With Single Test, the test will be executed once, then the data will be graphed or listed. With Auto Repeat, the test will be executed

and the data will be graphed or listed continually. Pressing <Escape> will immediately abort a test. If Auto Repeat is selected, the &lo> key will interrupt the test repetition after the present test has completed.

3-11

SECiTOiV3 Measu7emetlts

Delay Before Curves

A Model213 Quad Voltage Source requires at least 75Op to settle.

Integration Time

Filter Filtering is used to reduce measurement noise. Pressing the <Enter>

Specifies the time before the start of the first sweep, and between successive sweeps of a curve family, to allow the source output to settle.

NOTE

Press the <Enten key to display the following pop-up menu:

Your selection specifies the speed for A/D’conversions within the source measure units and subsequent usable measurement resolution, with 60112 Line as the default selection. The integration times have the following measurement resolutions: 416pec (4 digits), 4msec (5 digits), 6OHz line

(16.7msec, 5 digits), and 5OHzliue (2Omsec, 5 digits). If one of the line cycle selections is chosen, match your power line frequency or noisy readings are possible.

key displays the following pop-up menu:

Disable 2Rdg

4w3

8 Rdg 16 Rdg

32 Rde

Your selection specifies the number of reading conversions that will be averaged to yield a final measurement. The default selection, Disable, is synonymous to averaging one reading conversion. Since filtering increases measurement time, use only as much as necessary.

Delay Between Points Specifies the time between successive points in a sweep, to allow the

source output to settle.

Points/Decade

(Sweep Channel)

This parameter is displayed for log sweeps. Pressing &ten will display the following pop-up menu:

3-32

SECTION 3

Measurements

The default value is five. Your selection specifies the number of measurement points per logarithmic decade for the Sweep and Sync Swp channels.

Pulsed Time On, Off These parameters are shown for pulsed sweeps. The on and off times de-

fine the entire period for each pulse waveform. Pulse Time On is the duration of the pulse at the sweep level Pulse Time Off is time between pulses at the level set by Pulsed Off Value.

The on and off times include the effects of integration time, filtering, and

autoranging. If the source measure unit is configured such that it cannot

run fast enough to output pulses at the programmed on and off times, you

are informed with the ‘Pulse times are approximate” message and given the opportunity to change test parameters.

Channel Parameters CHANNELNAME

On/Off

To execute a single curve or curve family test, six channels are available. The channel named Sweep performs a single curve test (e.g., a diode I-V curve) and is always required. The Step channel is used in combination with the Sweep channel to generate a curve family (e.g., bipolar common emitter curves).

A synchronous sweep, where two source measure units trigger each other back and forth until a sweep is completed, is accomplished with the Sweep and Sync Swp channels. A typical application for a synchronous sweep is a Gummel plot. The sync sweep list will have the same number of points as the primary sweep, and have a slope determined by the Start and Stop values of the Sync Swp channel.

The three bias channels source a constant DC voltage or current, and optionally measure. The bias channels are commonly used to provide a bias voltage or current for a semiconductor’s substrate terminal, to supply device power, or to set an operating point for a test.

Press the <Enten key to toggle between the two choices. A channel must

be turned on to configure it for a test and use it during test execution. Only

theInstrumentNamefieldcanbemodifiedifthechannelistumedoff.The source and measure parameters are saved through a channel On-Off-On cycle.

Instrument Name Press the <Enten key to display a pop-up menu of the Instrument Names

previously specified on the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS name of a Keithley source measure unit for any of the channels, or a Keithley quad voltage source for a bias channel. Each channel that is turned on must have a unique Instrument Name and address.

Src Array Name This field is the name of an array where the source values will be stored.

Pressing <Enter> before modifying the field will display a pop-up menu of previously created array names.

foim. Select the

3-13

SECTION3

Measumnents

Meas Array Name This field Csource measure unit only) is the name of an array where the

SOURCE Parameters

measure values will be stored. Pressing <Enter> before modifying the field will display a pop-up menu of previously created array names.

Time arrays are created when measure arrays are named on the CURVE FAMILY TEST form. The time arrays are called SWPTIME, STFPTlME, SYNCTME, BlTlME, B2TlME, and B3TIME for the respective channels. They are filled with elapsed time data during acquisition for channels with measure array names. They can be specified on the DISPLAY PARAMETERS form to view data versus time.

NOTE

Since a test will run faster with fewer arrays, specify only those that require storeddata. A measure array for the Sweep channel

must be specified.

~~~~~ ~~~~~~

~~~~.~~ ~~~~~

TYPe

Pulsed Off Value

Pressing cEnten will display the following pop-up menu (source measure units only):

V hulsed

Il?t&d

The default selection, V, is for sourcing a voltage sweep (and measuring current). The next selection, I, is for sourcing a current sweep (and measuring voltage). The last two selections are for pulsed voltage or current sweeps. Source and measure parameters are saved when the source type is changed.

This parameter is shown for pulsed sweeps. It is the desired voltage or current level during the pulse off times.

Pressing cEnten toggles between Auto, the default, and Best Fix for the source range. With Auto range, the source measure unit may change ranges during a sweep, depending on the Start and Stop values. With Best Fix range, the source range is dictated by the highest range needed for the sweep parameters.

3-14

Start/Bias

stop

For the Sweep, Step, and Sync Swp channels, this is the starting voltage or

current value of a sweep. For bias channels, this is the voltage bias level or current (source measure units only) bias level.

For the Sweep, Step, and Sync Swp channels, this is the ending voltage or current value of a sweep.

SECTION 3

Measurements

Step

For linear sweeps, this is the incremental value between consecutive sweep points. If a negative value is entered, the absolute value is displayed, as the direction of the sweep is determined by the Start and Stop levels. Changes to the Step field are reflected in the # of Curves field for the Step channel.

The maximum number of points per data array is 4000. As shown in Figure S-4, it is the product of curves per family and points per curve. lMbyte of LIM expanded memory, up to 24 data arrays of this size or smaller can be created.

:amily

Figure 3-4.

# of Curves

. . . I.. 9,. * I I I I I

loo zoo 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Curues per Family versus Poinfs per Cum

For pulsed sweeps, the Step parameter determines the number of pulses. Since measurements are t&en during the pulse on and pulse off times, the maximum number of pulses is 500 (this yields a lOOO-point curve).

For the Step channel, this field specifies the number of curves in a family. Changes to # of curves are reflected in the Step field. Once all fourparameters (Start, Stop, Step, and # of Curves) are entered, changes to Start or Stop cause recalculation of Step according to # of Curves.

This field is active for source measure units only. Press the <Enter> key to toggle between Local sense, the default selection, and Remote sense. Use remote sensing when sourcing or

measuring

over 1mA. Refer to the m-

strument connection diagrams in Section 2, Getting Started.

PoinWCufve

3-15

SECTION 3

Measuretnents

WARNING

With remote sensing enabled, an open sense lead

will result in lethalvoltages appearing at OUTPUT

HI and GUARD of the source measure units. This

voltage can cause injury or death, and damage ex-

ternal circuitry. Always make sure that the sense leads are properly connected before enabling re-

mote sense. NEVER change connections with

power applied. Be sure to always discharge and/or disconnect external power sources.

MEASURE Parameters

3.5.3

-%e

Press the <Enten key to display a pop-up menu of auto and fixed ranges of measure for the model of source measure unit specified by Instrument Name. Auto is the default selection.

Compliance Value

This field (source measure units only) specifies the compliance limit that is set to protect external circuitry (i.e., the device under test) from damage. When sourcing voltage, a current compliance is set; when sourcing current, a voltage compliance is set.

Curve Family Test Examples

The test library of Appendix D contains curve family test examples, including sample data in the

DAT files. This paragraph will describe modifying test examples to meet your needs. Listed below are the various types of curve family tests from the library.

Test Type

Linear sweep w3 +=Jeep

Linear sweep with bias Linear subordinate sweep Linear synchronous sweep Linear subordinate pulsed sweep

Trigger Example Test

Controller SetuD File

No No Yes

Yes Yt?S YeS

DIODELIN.TST DIODELOG.TST NJFETTIGTST

NT’NCRVTST

lWNFGUML.TST

NPNEULSl .TST

Instruments and Channel Names

236 -Sweep 236 - sweep

236 Sweep 236-B& 1 236 - Sweep

,236-Step

236 - Sweep 236 - Sync Swp

,236-Sweep

3-16

Single Channel Sweep

This example is for a simple test system consisting of one source measure unit and no trigger con-

troller. If you choose to run the test, refer to Diode Forward Biased I-V Characteristic Linear Sweep (DIODELlN.TST) in the test library for a schematic.

Step 1: Define the Instruments

Before you can run a test, Model 251 software must be configured for the instruments in your test system.

SECl-ION3

Measuremenis

NOTE Since Model 251 software defaults to the last loaded or saved in strument configuration file on start-up, ah parts of this step may not be necessary.

1. From the main menu, select File Operations, then press <Enter>.

2. select Load File cEnten.

Select Instrument Configuration &men.

Press <Enten, then use the up/down arrow keys to highhght the instrument configuration file called TESTLIEKFG.

NOTE If TESTLIB.CFG does not appear in the directory Iisting, the Model 251 software may not be properly installed; refer to paragraph 2.4 for details on installation.

Press CESO three times to return to the main menu.

6. Select System

The DEFINE INSTRUMENTS

Configuration and press ate-. Select Define Instruments and press <Enter>.

form should appear on the screen.

7. If necessary, modify the form to the match the setup of your test system. Delete lines that refer to instruments with bus addresses

not

present.

8. Press <Es0 when done. Press <Y> at the Initialize Instruments prompt. You wiII be returned to the main menu after source measure units are initialized.

Step 2 Load the Test Sefcup File

Load a test setup fiIe, which contains test parameters, display parameters, and GPIB I/O parameters.

1. From the main menu, select File Operations, then press cEnten.

2. Select Load File cEnterx

Select Test Setup File cEnten.

4. Press <Enter>, then use the up/down arrow keys to highhght the test setup fiIe called DIODEIBLTST, then press <Enter>.

Press &so three times to return to the main menu.

Step 3: Set Up the Test Parameters

Examine the test parameters and modify them, if necessary, for your device and source measure unit.

1. From the main menu, select Curve Family Test, then press -cEnter>.

2. Edit the CURVE FAMILY TEST form to correctly test your device with your source measure unit You should be able to test a lN914 diode with a Model 236 without modifying the test parameters shown in Figure 3-5.

3-17

SECTION3

Measuremenfs

- DIODELIN Sweep Type: LINEAR

Mode: Single Test Delav Before Curves: 0 s

CHANNEL NAME On/Off

Instrument Name Src Array Name

Meas Array Name

-SOSOURCE

TYPe Pulsed Off Value

Rwse Start/Bias

stop Step # Of curves

-EURE

Range

Compliance Value

Figure 3-5. Sample Single Channel Test Parameters

DIODE Vd Id

Best Fix ov 5OOmV, 10 mV

1mA 1mA

CURVE FAMlLY TEST

step

Hoff

off

Integration Time: 416~~ Filter: Disable Delav Between Points: 0 s

SyncSwp Bias 1

1 I

Off

I I

i- I -

I- I-

- -

Bias 2 Off

Bias 3 Off

Step 4: Set Up the Display Parameters

The display parameters, loaded along with the test parameters in the test setup file, may require modification.

NOTE Parameters on the DISPLAY PARAMETERS with a test setup or data file. Thus, it is not necessary to access this screen after loading a test setup or data file, unless, of course, you wish to make changes to the way your data is displayed.

1. Press cF7> from the CURVE FAMILY TEST form to get to the DISPLAY PARAMETERS form.

2. The display parameters may need editing if you are not testing a IN914 diode. (See Section4 for editing details.)

NOTE With no test setup or data file loaded, the default values on the DISPLAY PARAMETERS form will display a graph, as long as you speciry what Array Names to plot.

Step 5: Execute the Test

1. From the DISPLAY l?w

2. When the test has completed, a graph of the I-V characteristics will be displayed on the screen.

form, press the <FlO> key. This will initiate test execution.

screen are saved

3-18

SECTION 3

Measurements

Multichannel Sweep

This‘example will use two source measure units and a trigger controller to acquire curve family data. If you choose to run the test, refer to NPN Transistor Common Emitter Curve Family (NPNCRV.TST) in the test library for

Step 1: Define the Instruments

1. From the main menu, select File Operations, then press <Enter>.

2. Select Load File &ten.

3. Select Instrument Configuration <Enter>.

4. Press <Enter>, then highlight the TESTLIBCFG file and press <Enter>.

5. Press <Es0 three times to return to the main menu.

6. Select System Configuration and press -cEnten. Select Define Jnstn&ents and press <Enter>.

7. ModifytheDEFINEINSTRUMENT!3 form to match your test system. This test needs two source measure units and a trigger controller

8. Press &so when done. Press <Y> at the Initialize Instruments prompt. You will be returned to the main menu.

a schematic.

Step 2: Load the Test Setup File

1. From the main menu, select File Operations, then press <Enter>.

2. Select Load File <Enten.

3. Select Test Setup File <Enter>.

4. Press <Enter>, then highlight the NPNCRVTST file and press &r&x7.

5. Press <Es0 three times to return to the main menu

Step 3: Set Up the Test Parameters

1. From the main menu, select Curve Family Test, then press <Enter>.

2. Examine the test parameters. Edit them for your device and source measure units, if necessary. The parameters shown in Figure 3-6 are set for a 2N3904 NPN transistor with two Model 236 Source Measure Units.

Step 4: Set Up the Display Parameters

1. Ress cF7> from the CURVE FAMILY TEST form to get to the DISPLAY PARAMETERS form.

2. The display parameters may need editing if you are not testing a 2N3904 transistor.

Step 5: Execute the Test

1. From the DISPLAY PARAMETERS

form, press the (FlO> key. The sweeps will start.

2. When the sweeps have completed, a graph of the common emitter character&& will be

graphed on the screen.

3-19

SECTION 3

- NPNCRV Sweep Type: LINEAR

Mode: Single Test Delay Before Curves: 0 s

CHANNELNAME Sweep Step

On/Off on

Instrument Name

COLLECTR BASE Src Array Name Meas Array Name

Pulsed Off Value

Figure 3-6.

Sample Multichannel Test Parameters

CURVE FAMILY TEST

Sync Swp Bias 1

on Off

Integration

Time: 416~~ Filter: Disable Delay Between Points:

Bias2

Off,

Off

Bias 3 Off

Multichannel Pulsed Sweep with Calculation

This example is a continuation of the previous one. It uses pulsed sweeps and performs a calcula-

tion on the acquired data. If you wish to run the test, refer to NPNTransistor Curve Family and Beta Using Pulsed Sweep and Step @BWPULSl.TST) in the test library.

Step 1: Define the Instruments

This step has the same parts as the Multichannel Sweep example and does not need to be repeated.

Step 2~ Load the Test Setup File

Perform the same parts as in the previous example, except specifying the NPNPULSl.TST.

Step 3: Set Vp the Test Parameter

Examine the test parameters of Figures 3-7 and modify for your device and instruments, if neces-

sary.

3-20

SECTION3

Measurements

Step 4: Set Up the Display Parameters

1. Press -ST’> from the CURVE FAMILY TEST form to get to the DIS’PLAY Ps form.

2. The display parameters may need editing if you are not testing a 2N3904 transistor. Note that beta will be plotted on the Y2 axis.

3. Move the cursor down to DC-Gain Ratio) and press &terx A pop-up form will be displayed.

Note that the

collector and base current arrays are specified in the form and thqt the calculation

is enabled.

5. Press <Eso to return to the DISPLAY PARAMETERS form.

Step 5: Execute the Test

1. From the DISPLAY PARAMETERS form, press the &lo> key. The pulsed sweeps will start.

2. When the sweeps have completed, the coFon emitter characteristics and beta will be graphed

on the

screen.

3-21

SEClIlON3

Measurements

3-22

SECTION 3

Measurments

DCSourceand

Measure Tests

3.6 DC SOURCE AND MEASURE TESTS

3.6.1

DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST Form

The DC SOTJRCE-MEASURE TEST form configures Model 251 software to source, and optionally measure DC voltage or current. Up to six channels are available for source measure units.

Parameters on the DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST form, along with GPIB I/O parameters and display parameters, can be saved in a test setup file. This is done from the File Operations selection of the main menu and is discussed in Section 5.

Entering DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST Form

To access the DC SOTJRCE-MEASURE TEST form, select DC Source-Measure Test from the main

menu and press <Enter>. The DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST form will be displayed.

DC SOURCE-MEASTJRE TEST Screen Format An example of a DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST form is shown in Figure 3-7, which is a test form for

a capacitor leakage test. (The form is for the DCCAPAC.TST from the test library of Appendix D.)

The top portion of the form lists parameters that apply to all channels. The lower portion of the form

lists channel specific parameters of the six bias channels.

NOTE

3-23

SECTlON3 Measurements

1 <DCCAPAC

2 l Mode: Single Test

6 ---u-Ra

7 ---MEASURE

Delay Time: 10 s

CHANNEL NAME Bias 1

On/Off Instrument Name

Src Array Name Vc Mess Array Name Ic

Type Range

Value Sense

Range Compliance Value 1 j.lA

Mode: Press <Enter> to toggle between Single Test and Auto Repeat.

Delay Time: Type in desired delay (0 to 65 seconds, in 1 msec increments). integration Time: Press cEnten to display pop-up menu. Selections are 416psec, 4ms, 60Hz Line, and 50Hz Line. Piker: Press <Enter> to display pop-up menu. Selections are Disable, 2 Rdg, 4’Rdg, 8 Rdg, 16 Rdg, and 32 Rdg.

CHANNEL Parameters

DC SOURCE&MEASURE TEST

Integration Time: 6OHz Line Filter: Disable

Bias 2

&AClTR

V Best Fix - - - - 2v Local

1ti

Off Off

- - -

Bias 3 Bias 4 Bias 5

off off’ Off

- - -

- -

- - - -

Bias 6

-3

-4

0 0

Figure 3-7.

3-24

On/Off: Press <Enter> to toggle between channel On and channel Off. instrument Name: Type in desired instrument name (up to eight

previously defined names.

Src Array

Meas Array Name: Type in desired measure array name (up to eight characters) or press <Enter> to display pop-up menu of

SOURCE Parameters: Type: Press <Enter> to toggle between V (source voltage) and I (source current).

Range: Press <Enter> to toggle between

Value: Type in desired voltage or current bias value for DC operation. Sense: Press <Enter> to toggle between Local and Remote sense.

MEASURE Parameters: Range: Press <Enter> to display a pop-up menu of measure ranges. Selections depend on source type and model designa-

Compliance Value: Type in desired compliance limit for current or voltage. Test Title: Name of the test setup file that was loaded or saved.

Name:

previously defined names. previously defined names.

tion of named instrument.

DC SOURCE-MEASURE Test Form

Type in desired source array name (up to eight characters) or press cEnten to display pop-up menu of

Auto source range

characters)

and Best

or press <Enter> to display a pop-up menu of

Fix source range.

Active Function Keys

SECTION3

Measurements

Fl-Help F4l’rint

F5-GPIB F7-Disp.Param F8-View

FIO-Execute Test

ESC-Main Menu

3.6.2 Parameter Description

Global Parameters

Mode

Provides on-line help information.

Prints the screen to a defined printer. Takes you to the GENERAL Takes you to i-he DISPLAY DC

GPIB OUTPUT form.

ARAMETERS form.

Takes you to the VIEW screen, if data is available and data arrays have been specified on the DISPLAY DC PARAMETERS form.

Performs the DC source/measure if data arrays have been specified on the DISPLAY DC PARAMETE RS

form, then takes you to the VIEW screen.

Exits DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST form and returns you to the main menu

Press the <Enter> key to toggle between the two test modes: Single Test and Auto Repeat. With Single Test, the test will be executed once, then the data will be listed. With Auto Repeat, the test will be executed and the data will be listed continuahy. Pressing <Escape> will immediately abort a test. If Auto Repeat is selected, the cFlO> key will interrupt the test repetition after the present test has completed.

Delay Time

Jntegration Time

Specifies thehc delay, the time between source and measure phases of a source-delay-measure cycle, to allow the source output to settle. The DC delay is in addition to the default delay.

NOTE

A Mode1213 Quad Voltage Source requires at least 750~ to settle.

Press the <Enter> key to display the following pop-up menu:

15OHzLine 1

Your selection specifies the speed for A/D conversions and subsequent

usable measurement resolution, with 6OHz Line as the default selection. The integration times have the following measurement resolutions: 416psec (4 digits), 4msec (5 digits), 6OHz line (16.7msec, 5 digits), and 5OHz line (20msec, 5 digits). If one of the line cycle selections is chosen, match your power line frequency or noisy readings are possible.

3-25

SECTION 3

Filter

Channel Parameters

CHANNEL NAME

On/Off

Filtering is used to reduce measurement noise. Pressing the <Enten

key displays the following pop-up menu:

Disable 2 Rdg 4 Rdg 8 Rdg 16 Rdg 32 Rde

Your selection specifies the number of reading conversions that will be averaged to yield a final measurement. With the filter disabled, only one reading is taken. Since filtering increases measurement time, use only as much as necessary.

To execute a DC test, up to six bias channels source a constant DC voltage or current, and optionally measure.

Press the <Enter> key to toggle between the two

choices.

A channel must be turned on to configure it for a test and use it during test execution. Only theInstrumentNamefieldcanbemodifiedifthechannelisturnedoff.The source and measure parameters are saved through a channel On-Off-On cycle.

Instrument Name

Press the &nter> key to display a pop-up menu of the Instrument Names previously specified on the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS

form. Select the name of a Keithley source measure unit or quad voltage source. Each channel that is turned on

must

have a unique Instrument Name and ad-

dress.

Src Array Name

This field is the name of an array where the source values will be stored. Pressing <E&e before modifying the field will display a pop-up menu of previously created array names.

Meas Array Name This field (source measure units only) is the name of an array where the

measure

values will be stored. Pressing <Enter> before modifying the

field will display a pop-up menu of previously created array names.

NOTE Since a test will run faster with fewer arrays, specify only those that require stored data.

3-26

SOURCE Parameters

SECTION 3

Measurements

TYPe

Range

Value

Sense

Pressing cEnten toggles between two choices (source measure units only): V, the default selection, for sourcing DC voltage (and measuring current), and I, for sourcing DC current (and measuring voltage). Source and

measure

parameters are saved when the source type is toggled back and

forth.

Ressing <Enter> toggles between Auto, the default, and Best Fix for the source range. With Auto range, the source measure unit may change ranges. With Best Fix range, the source range is dictated by the highest

range needed for the source value.

This is the voltage bias level or current (source measure units only) bias level.

This field is active for source measure units only. Press the <Enter> key to toggle between Local sense, the default selection, and Remote sense. Use remote sensing when sourcing or measuring over 1mA. Refer to the instrument connection diagrams in Section 2, Getting Started.

WARNING With remote sensing enabled, an open sense lead will result in lethal voltages appearing at OUTPUT

HI and GUARD of the source measure units. This voltage can cause injury or death, and damage external circuitry. Always make sure that the sense leads are properly connected before enabling remote sense. NEVER change connections with power applied. Be sure to always discharge and/or disconnect external power sources.

MEASURE Parameters

Press the <Enter> key to display a pop-up menu of auto and fixed ranges of measure for the model of source measure unit specified by Instrument

Name. Auto is the default selection.

Compliance Value This field (source measure units only) specifies the compliance limit that is

set to protect external circuiiry (i.e., the device under test) from damage. When sourcing voltage, a current compliance is set; when sourcing current, a voltage compliance is set.

3-27

SECITON 3

Measurements

3.6.3

DC Source-Measure Test Examples

The test library of Appendix D contains DC source-measure test examples, including sample data in the .DAT files. This paragraph will describe modifying a test example to meet your needs.

This example is for a simple test system consisting of one source measure unit and no trigger controller. If you choose to run the test, refer to Capacitor Leakage Test 0BXAPAC.TST) in the test library for a schematic.

Step 1: Define the Instruments

Model 251 software must be configured for your test system.

Since Model 251 software defaults to the last loaded or stnunent configuration file on start-up, all parts of this step may not be necessary.

1. From the main menu, select File Operations, then press <Enter>.

2. Select Load File, then press <Enter>.

Select Instrument Configuration, then press <Enter>.

4. Press <Enter>, then use the up/down arrow keys to highlight the instrument configuration file called TESTLJXCFG.

NOTE

saved in-

NOTE If TE!XLTEKFG does not appear in the directory listing, the Model 251 software may not be properly installed; refer to paragraph 2.4 for details on installation.

Press <Es0 three times to return to the main menu.

6. Select System Configuration and press cEnten. Select Define Instruments and press <Enter>. The DEFINE INSTRUMENTS

form should appear on the screen.

7. If necessary, modify the form to the match the setup of your test system. Delete lines that refer to instruments with bus addresses not present.

8. Press CESO when done. Press cY> at the Initialize Instruments prompt. You will be returned to the main menu after source measure units are initialized.

Step 2: Load the Test Setup File

Load a test setup file, which contains test parameters, display parameters, and GPlB I/O parameters.

1. From the main menu, select File Operations, then press <Enter>.

2. Select Load File, then press <Enter>.

Select Test Setup File, then press <Enter>.

4. Press <Enter>, then use the up/down arrow keys to highlight the test setup file called DCCAPAC.TST, then press &ten.

5. Press <Eso three times to return to the main menu.

3-28

SECTION3

Measurements

Siep 3: Set Up the Test Parameters

Examine the test parameters and modify them, if necessary, for your device and source measure unit.

1. From the main menu, select DC Source-Measure Test, then press <Enter>.

2. Edit the DC SOTJRCE-MEASTJRE TEST form to correctly test your device with your source measure unit. You should be able to test a ll~.F capacitor with a Model 236 without modifying the test parameters shown in Figure 3-8.

DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST

Integration Time: 6OHz Line Filter: Disable

CHANNEL NAME

On/Off Instrument Name Src Array Name

Meas Array Name

Bias1 On

CAPACIJX vc Ic

Bias2

Off

Bias 3

~ off

‘-

-!xxJRcE TYPe

R=%e Value

Sense

V Auto 2v Local -

-MEASURE =we

Compliance Value

Figure 3-8. Sample DC Source-Measure Test Parameters

Step 4: Set Up the Display Parameters

The display parameters, loaded along with the test parameters in the test setup file, may require modification

NOTE Parameters on the DISPLAY PARAMETE RS screen are saved with a test setup or data file. Thus, it is not necessary to access this screen after loading a test setup or data file, unless, of course, you wish to make changes to the way your data is displayed.

Bias 4

Off Off

- -

Bias5

Bias 6 Off

1. Press 67> from the DC !3OURCE-MEASDEE TEST form to get to the DISPLAY DC PARAMETERS form.

2. The display parameters may need editing if you are not testing a l@ capacitor. (See Section 4 for editing details.)

NOTE As long as you specify Select All, the default values on the DISPLAYDCPARAME TEBS form will run properly with no test setup or data file loaded.

3-29

SECTION3

Measurements

Step 5: Execute the Test

1. From the DISPLAY DC PARAMETERS form, press the &lo> key. This will initiate test execution.

2. When the test has completed, a list of the source and measure values, and any calculated value, will be displayed on the screen.

3.7 GPIB INPUT/OUTPUT

3.7.1

Entering GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT Form

GENERAL GPIJ3 OUTPUT Screen Format

GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT Form

The GENERAL GPlB OUTPUT form is used to control any named instrument on the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS form. These can be instruments other than Keithley. If the first output string has been

defined on the GENJZRAL GPlB OUTPUT form, it is sent before a curve family or DC source-measure test is executed. The string can be used, for example, to set a bias voltage level, or trigger a matrix relay setup, or set the temperature of a hot chuck.

The output strings can also be sent by themselves to troubleshoot specific named instruments. Responses from bus instruments are displayed on the form.

The GJZNERAL GPIB OTJTPUT form is accessed by pressing the <F5> key from the CURVE FAMILY TEST form or the DC SODRCE-MEASURE TEST form. When the GENERkL GPIB OUTPUT form is exited, you are returned to the appropriate test form.

An example of a GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT form is shown in Figure 3-6, which is confqured to trigger a matrix relay setup on a Keithley Model 707 Switching Matrix. The top portion of the form lists the output strings to send. The lower portion of the screen lists the available GPIB commands that are executed with the iFlO> key.

3-30

Instrument Name: MATRIX

2 M EOS Character: None <Upload from 707>

output strings: <Download to 707>

/ 1. ROX

2. ElCAlX

3. FIX

4. H17X

GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT

707Name: -

Read String

SECTION 3

Measurements

-0

GPIB Commands: <GPIB Send>

cGPIB Read> <Group Execute Trigger (GET)> <selected Device Clear> <Send Interface Clear> cRead SPOLL Byte>

Instrument Name: Type in desired instrument name (up to eight characters) or press <Enter> to display a pop-up menu of

previously defined names.

EOS Character: Press <Enter> to display pop-up menu of end of string characters. Selections are None, CRLF, CR, and

0 0

Decimal.

Output String: Type in up to four device-dependent command strings to output to the named instrument (up to 60 characters).

Read String: This window displays responses from the named instrument (up to 70 characters, including terminators).

GPIB Commands: These are the commands that can be sent to the named instrument. Select a command with the cursor,

then press tFlO> to execute a command.

8 SPOLL Byte: This window displays the serial poll byte response from the named instrument after the Read SPOLL Byte com-

mand is executed.

7 Status: This window displays the status of the requested operation, either pending or complete.

Enter string #to send: A pop-up is displayed when the cFlO> key is passed with the cursor on &PIB Send>. Valid responses are 1-4 (sends single string) and l (sends all strings)..

707 Name: Type in desired instrument name (up to eight characters) or press <Enter> to display a pop-up menu of previously

defined names. 707 Commands: These are the commands that support uploading and downloading for the Model 707 Switching Matrix. Se-

lect a command with the cursor, then press cFlO> to execute.

Figure 3-9. GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT Form

3-31

Measuremenfs

Active Function Keys

3.7.2

Fl -Help F42lklt FlO-Execute GPIB

ESC-Test Form

Parameter Description

Instrument Name

EOS Character

Provides on-line help information. Prints the screen to a defined printer. Performs the selected Gl?IB command. If GPIB Send, prompts you to enter

string number to send. Exits GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT form and returns you to a test form

(curves or DC).

Press the <Enter> key to display a pop-up menu of the Instrument Names

INSTR

previously specified on the DEFINE the name of any instrument.

Press the <Enter> key to display a pop-up menu listing the valid end of string (EOS) characters. Select from the following, where “None” is the default:

UMENTS form. You can select

3.7.3

output strings

GPIB Commands

Use the cursor and cFlO> keys to execute the following commands:

Gl’lB Send

GPIB Read Reads a string from the named device and displays the result in the Read

This field specifies the strings to be sent to the named instrument (up to 60 characters). After entering the strings, move the cursor to the the GPIB Send command and press cFlO>. You will be prompted to enter the individual string number or an asterisk (“1 to send all strings. The strings are sent as data along with the selected EOS character after each string.

NOTE The parameter values of Instrument Name, EOS Character, and the first Output String are saved within .TST and .DAT files.

Sends the desired output string(s) to the named device.

NOTE Up to four output strings can be sent when the GENERAL GPIl3 OUTPUT form is displayed. Only the first output string is sent

when a curve test or DC test is performed.

Sting window (up to 70 characters, including terminators).

3-32

SECTION 3

Measuremenfs

Group Execute

Sends a trigger to the named device. For example, GET initiates a sweep if

Trigger (GET) a Model 236/237/238 is configured for an IEEE GET input trigger origin.

Selected Device Clear Clears a named instrument; returns it to power-up default conditions.

Send Interface Clear Places all bus instruments in the local, talker idle and listener idle state.

Read SPOLL Byte Obtains the serial poll byte from the named instrument and displays it in

the SPOLL Byte display field. See Figure 3-10 for the format of the POLL byte for a Model 236/237/238.

82 Bl BO

4 2 1

= Warning = Sweep Done = Trigger Out = Reading Done

1 = Compliance

11 SRQ by 236/237/238

1 =Error

1 = Ready for

Trigger

B6 85 84 83

011 O/l O/l

128 64 32 16 8

o/l o/l O/l on O/l

Figure 3-20.

3.7.4

GPIB Display Fields

Read String

SPOLL Byte

Status

3.7.5 Model 707 Fields

. 707Name

Model 236/237/238 Serial Poll Byfe Format

If the GPIB Read command is selected, the response horn the instrument is displayed in this field (up to 70 characters, including terminators). This could be a status word or measurement string, for example.

When the Read SPOLL byte command is selected, the serial poll byte re-

spdnse is displayed in this field.

The status of the requested comman d, either Operation Pending or Operation Complete, is displayed in this field.

Press the <Enter> key to display a pop-up menu of the Instrument Names previously specified on the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS form. You can select the name of any instrument. However, <Upload from 707> is permitted only for type KI707.

3-33

SECT-TON3

Measurements

Upload from 707

Use the cursor and cFlO> keys to execute this command. It uploads either the current relay setup or up to 100 stored setups from the Model 707 to computer memory. (See Figure 3-11.)

Store 707 File

A. Currant Relay Setup (Relay Step Pointer = 000)

B. 100 Stored Setups (Relay Step Pointer = 100)

Upload from 707

Figzue 3-12.

Uploading and Sfoting

Download to 707

~~~~~~~

Setups

Use the cursor and cFlO> keys to execute. It downloads either the current relay setup or up to 100 stored setups from computer

memory to the

Model 707. (See Figure 3-12.)

Load 707 File

A. Current Relay Setup (Relay Step Pointer is ignored)

B. 100 Stored Setups (Relay Step Pointer is ignored)

3-34

Figzue 3-12.

Loading and Downloading Setups

SECTION 3

Measurements

3.7.6

Uploading and Downloading

Relay setups from a standalone Model 707 or a Model 707 master/slave system can be uploaded

and downloaded through the previously described fields. This includes the required Model 707 handshaking if the instrument type for the named instrument (in the 707 Name field) is KI707. There are several n&s of operation for this feature:

1. The value of the RELAY STEP pointer on the Model 707 determines how many setups are

uploaded. If the RELAY STEP equals 000, only the current relay setup is uploaded. If the RELAY STEP equals from 001-100, that is how many stored setups are uploaded. The RELAY STEP pointer is ignored on downloads.

2. The order of user actions affects the current relay setup in the Model 707 according to Table 3-2.

3. Model 251 software watts until the Model 707 reports that it has settled before sending the first

Output String. The Delay Before Curves will occur after the first Output String is sent.

4. Although setups are downloaded in binary format, the Model 707 determines the format by

checking the first byte for binary or ASCII data.

You can specify another instrument type in the 707Name field. In this case, only downloading is supported, with no handshaking or status checking. (See Table 3-3.)

6. A 707 file can have anything in it, including device-dependent commands for another instru-

ment. This can include binary data, although if the last character in the file is Control-Z (hex lA), it is considered end-of-file and is not sent. As long as the first line contains an instrument name, the file is sent over the GPIB bus to that insirumant.

Table 3-2 Order of User Actions

1 User Action

Model 251 Response

CASE 1

A. Change RELAY STEP to 050 on 707 front panel.

B. Select <Upload from 707> and &IO> from

A. None

B. Uploads 50 setups.

GPIB OUTPUT form.

C. Select <FlO>-Execute Test from a test form.

C. Executes test with setup 050.

CASE 2

A. Select Load 707 File.

A. Loads a 707 file that was previ-

ously created. (Assume 50 setups for this example.)

B. Select <Download to 707> and &IO> from

GPIB OTJTPUT form.

B. Downloads 50 setups, copies

setup 001 to setup 000 (relays), sets RELAY STEP to 000.

C. Select <FlO>-Execute Test from a test form.

NOTE: In Case 1, if the GPlB OLITPUT form contains a

051.

Case

the

test is executed with setup

Table 3-3.

Instrument Type Handshaking Uploading KI236,KI237,Kl238

KI213-1,JCI213-2,KI213-3,KI213-4 la707

Uploading and Downloading Support for Instruments

001, which was previously copied to setup 000.

mmand to trigger the 707, the test is executed with setup

C. Executes test with

Other

setup 000.

Downloading

SECTION 3

Uploading and Storing Setups

Refer to Figure 3-1lA for the current relay setup and Figure 3-1lB for up to 100 stored setups.

1. On the Model 707 front panel, set the RELAY STEP pointer to the desired number of setups. (Enter number on keypad, then press RELAYS key.)

For example: 000 - selects the current relay setup

001 - selects the stored setup 001 050 -selects stored setups 001-050 100 -selects stored setups 001-100

2. From the Model 251 Gl?lB OUTPUT form, press <Enter> at the 707 Name field to see a pop-up of instrument names. Select the instrument name of the Model 707 and press <Enter>.

3. Upload setup(s) from the Model 707 by selecting the <Upload from 707> command and pressing <FlO>.

4. Press &so until you return to the main menu. Save the setups to a 707 file by selecting File Op-

erations - Save

File - 707 File, and by naming it when prompted. Or, press cEso to a test form

and <F3> to save a file. Select Save 707 File and name it when prompted.

Press cEso to return to the main menu.

Loading and Downloading of Setups

Refer to Figure 3-12A for the current relay setup and Figure 3-12B for up to 100 stored setups.

From the Model 251 main menu, load a 707 file by selecting File Operations -Load File - 707 File.

Press <Enter>

the File To Load prompt. Select a 707 file from the directory and press <Enter>.

Press <Eso until you return to the main menu.

NOTE As an alternative to steps 1 and 2, load a file by pressing the <F2> key from a test form.

3. Go to a test form, then press <F5> for the GPIB OTJTPUT form.

4. Press <Enter> at the 707 Name field to see pop-up of instrument names. Select the instrument

nlmPnC+han~~~,l?n?,-~ --a..-/l&4..-

*L-&c "I YLG I"I"Ucx I "I CULL4 y-rczm LLI1LCA/.

5. Download the setups contained in the 707 file by selecting the <Download to 707> command and pressing &lo>.

3.7.7 System Troubleshooting with the GPIB Form

In addition to controlling instients other than Keithley Source Measure Units, the GENERAL GPIB OTJTlWT form can be used to troubleshoot any instrument that is connected to the IEEE-488

bus. You can send device-dependent commands (DDCs) and read data from the instrument named

on the form.

Before using this form to troubleshoot, you should verify that the instruments are properly connected and configured, as follows:

336

1. On the IEEE-488 card, check the cable connection and hardware configuration. (See paragraph

2.2.3 for connections and paragraph 2.4.1 for configuration.)

2. On each instrument, check the bus cable connection and bus address. (See paragraph 2.2.3 for connections and paragraph 2.3.5 for addresses.)

SECTION 3

Measuremenis

3. Within Model 251 software, check that the parameters on the GPIB CONFIGURATION form match those of your IEEE-488 card. (See paragraph 2.5.8.)

4. Also within Model 251 software, check that the parameters on the DEFINE INSTRUMENTS form match those of your instrument setup. (See paragraph 2.5.9.)

If the instruxnents still do not respond, use the GENERAL GPIB OUI’PUT form to clear the bus and attempt to communicate with one instrument:

1. If the Instrument Name field on the form is blank, move the cursor there and press the <Enter>

key to display the previously defined instruments. Use the cursor and <Enter> keys to select a name.

2. Move the cursor to the <Send Interface Clear> GPIB Command and press the 6”10> key to execute the command. This places all bus instruments in the local, talker idle, and listener idle state.

3. Move the cursor to the elected Device Clean command and press the cFlO> key. This places the named instrument in the power-up, device clear, selected device clear default conditions.

4. Try to get a simple response from the named instrument, such as the serial poll (SPOLL) byte. Do this by moving the cursor to the <Read POLL Byte> command and pressing cFlO>. The SPOLL

Byte field should display a byte of data.

5. If unsuccessful, return to the previous procedure to verify connections and configurations with

a single instrument. If successful, continue with the next procedure.

The following example checks whether a Model 213 Quad Voltage Source outputs a specified

volt-

age, but it can be adapted to send DDCs and read the status of any bus instrument:

1. Enter the output strings shown in Figure 3-13. The first string programs port 1 of the Model 213 for 3 volts on the z!5V range; the second string requests the port 1 status.

2. Move the cursor to <Gl?IB Send> and press <FlO>. At the prompt for string number, type in “*I’. The output strings are sent to the Model 213.

3. Move the cursor to <Gl?IB Read> and press <FlO>. The status word for port 1 of the Mode1213 is displayed in the Read String display field.

3-37

SECTlON3

Measwements

Instrument Name: SUBSTRAT EOS Character: None Output Strings:

1. CO Pl A0 R2 V3 X

2. UlX

-Q GENERAL GPIB OUTPUT p

Read String

OOOlPlR2V+03.

707 Name: <Upload from 707> <Download to 707>

GPIB Commands: <GPIB Send>

Fl-Help F4-Print FlO-Execute GPIB

Figure 3-13. Checking Status of Model 213

ESC-Test Form

3-38

SECTION 4

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This section includes detailed information on displaying data in various forms. Section 4 contains the following information:

4.2 Display Overview: Provides overview information on data display and gives a basic step-bystep procedure for display operation.

4.3 Display Parameters: Details programmin way data is displayed.

4.4 Graphics Display: Describes data plotting and the available graphical analysis tools.

4.5 List Data: Covers methods to list numeric data from both DC and curve tests on the computer

SC!ESl.

Dgtg

g of the display parameters, which are to define the

Display

I---

4.6 Printing and Plotting: Gives procedures for obtaining hard copy of data display information

using a printer or plotter.

4.7 Display Examples: Summarizes step-by-step procedures for performing common display

tasks.

Error messages associated with display operations are covered in Appendix B.

4-l

SECiTOiV4

Data Display

4.2 DISPLAY OVERVIEW

The general steps below outline the basic procedure for graphing or listing data. Detailed information for each step is located in the remainder of this section. These steps assume that you have already set up system hardware and software as discussed in Sections 2 and 3. Detailed procedures for typical graphics applications are covered in paragraph 4.7.

Step 1: Acquire Data

You must, of course, have your data in computer memory before attempting to display it. If you have already acquired data in a previous session and have saved it on disk, use the Load Data selection in the FILE OPERATIONS menu to load the desired data file. If you are executing a test, the data will be automatically displayed as part of the test procedure.

Step 2 Choose Display Parameters From a test form screen, press the F7 key to bring up the DISPLAY Pm screen. You can

use the various parameters on this screen to tailor the way your data is displayed. For example, the Mode parameter allows you to choose between Graphics and List (The Graphics mode graphs data, while List displays data in numeric form). See paragraph 4.3 for details on the various parameters for the graphics mode. Display parameters for the list mode are covered in paragraph 4.5.

Step 3: Display Data FromtheDISPLAYPARAMETERs screen, press the F8 key to display your data. If you have chosen

the Graphics mode, your data will be plotted on the screen. With the List mode, the numeric values of arrays or variables will be displayed. Paragraph 4.4 covers the graphics screen mode in detail,

while information on the list mode may be found in paragraph 4.5.

Step 4: Analyze Data If you have graphed your data, you can use a variety of graphical analysis tools to manipulate and

analyze that data. For example, you can use the Markers and Lines tools to determine data point values, curve slopes and axis intercept points. The Vertical zoom and Horiz. zoom tools allow you enlarge a portion of the graph for more detailed analysis, while the Filter tool can be used to smooth curves, minimizing noise. Graphical analysis tools are covered in detail in paragraph 4.4.

Step 5: Print or Plot Data

You can obtain a hard copy of your data by pressing F3 to plot (graphics screen only) or F4 to print on your printer while data is being displayed. In order to plot or print properly, you must have the software properly configured (paragraph 2.4). Paragraph 4.6 gives more information on printing and plotting.

4-2

4.3 DISPLAY PARAMETERS

SECTION 4

Data Display

4.3.1

Display Parameters Screen

The DISPLAY PARAMETERS such as selecting graphics or data list mode, arrays to plot, and grid, axis, and line parameters (la-

bels, colors and type).

Parameters on the DISPLAY PARAMETERS data file. Thus, it is not necessary to access this screen after loading a test setup or data file, unless, of course, you wish to make changes to the way your data is displayed.

The following paragraphs discuss each of these aspects in detail

Entering the DISPLAY PARAMETERS Screen

To access the DISPLAY PARAMETERS screen, press F7 from the Graphics Display screen, a List Display screen, or the CURVE FAMILY TEST screen Note that you cannot display the graphics mode screen from the DC SOURCE-MEASURE TEST screen.

DISPLAY PARAMETE RS Screen Format

screen allows you to program various aspects of your data display,

NOTE

screen are saved with a test setup or

The general format of the DISPLAY PARAMETE Figure 41, which shows the default values for the various selections on the screen. The top part of the screen includes prompts for general graphics parameters, while the form at the center left of the screen includes selections for specific parameters for both X and Y axes. The bottom of the screen includes selections for additional graphics parameters that control grids, labels, colors, and gain values.

RS screen in the Graphics mode is shown in

4-3

SECZOA74

Data Display

DISPLAY PARAHETERS DISPLAY PARAHETERS

Bcalc: Auto Bcalc: Auto

Colors/Curve Labels Colors/Curve Labels

FL-Help F4-Print

Mode: Select Graphics to graph (curve test only); List to list numeric data.

2 Graph Title: Type in desired graph title (50 characters maximum).

3 Scale: Select Auto to auto-scale axes maximum, minimum, and number of divisions. Select manual to manually set scaling

(set parameters as below). Axis: Type in parameters for X, Yl, and Y2 (optional) axis. Linear/Log and # of Div of Y2 are the same as those chosen for Yl .

5 Grid: Select Grid On (Dotted grid lines) or Grid Off (tick marks on axis).

5 Labels: Type in desired labels for each axis (default labels are array names).

7 Colors/Curve Labels: Select to choose graph colors and step value labels (Figure 4-2).

10 Overlay Form: Choose to define filename and arrays to overlay data on existing graph (Figure 4-5).

Array Name: Defines array to plot along selected axis. Linear/Log: Selects linear or base 10 log plotting. Min: Defines X, Yl, or Y2 axis minimum value (Manuel scaling only). Max: Sets X, Yl, or Y2 axis maximum value (Manual scaling only).

# of Div: Sets number of major divisions, I-1 5 (Manual scaling only).

DC-Gain: Select to calculate DC gain of user-defined arrays (Figure 4-3). Differential Gain: Select to calculate small-signal gain (Figure 44).

F&View

FLO-Execute Test

ESC-Test Form ESC-Test Form

Figure 4-1. DISPLAY PARAMETERS Screen (Graphics Model

4-4

SECTION 4

Data Display

Entering Parameters

You can control cursor movement around the screen by using the cursor keys. Use the up and down

cursor keys to move the cursor among the various individual parameter selections, and use the left

and right cursor keys or the Tab key to move from left to right for lines which have multiple selec-

iiOnS.

Once the cursor is on the desired parameter, you can select that parameter by pressing the <Enter> key. The parameter will either become highlighted to show that it is selected, or (with some parameters), pressing <Enter> will toggle between parameter selections or display a pop-up menu. For example, placing the cursor on Mode and pressing cEnten will toggle the display mode between Graphics and List. With others parameters, you must type in names or numeric values and then press &nter, to complete the process. Examples of parameters which require numeric entry are theMinandMaxparameterswhicharethe minimum and plaximum scaling parameters used when manually-sca.hng the X and Y axes. Keep in mind For example, “M” = mega,

“m” = a, “P” = p&a and “p” = pica.

that

engineering unit symbols are case sensitive.

While entering these names or numeric value parameters, you can use the standard editing keys (left and right cursor, Backspace, Delete, Insert, Home, and End) to edit your entry, and you can use the &so key to cancel a new entry and leave the parameter unchanged. After entering the parame-

ter, press <Enter> to complete the entry process; pressing up or down cursor will also complete parameter entry and move the cursor to the next parameter. If entering an array name that doesn’t exist, the pop-up array list will be displayed. From that list, you can select a valid array. .

To blank an entry field, first position the cursor over the desired parameter, and press the <Space> key.

Selecting Pop-Up Menu Parameters You can move among several parameters in pop-up menus in the same manner. For all pop-up win-

dows that require two or more parameters, pressing the <Eso key accepts all parameters in the window and closes the window.

Active Function Keys

The following functions keys are active while in the DISPLAY I? Fl-Help

F4 (Rint) F8-View

Provides online help information. Prints the screen to a defined printer. Displays graph of data, accesses graphical analysis tools.

AR4METEXS screen:

FlO-Execute Test Executes test based on selected test parameters. Esc-Test Form Exits DISPLAY PARAMETER

screen and returns to test form.

NOTE

The functions keys are not active while a pop-up menu is being displayed. You must

first close the window by pressing &so before using a function key.

SEClTON 4

Data Display

43.2

Parameter Description

General Graphics Parameters

Mode

Graph Title

Scale

Press the <Enter> key to toggle between two basic display modes:

Graphics or List.

The Graphics mode is the default display mode for curve family tests, and it is used to display data in graphical form (the Graphics mode is not available for J3C tests). You can display your graph by pressing l?8 after editing

display parameters (refer to paragraph 4.4 for details). The List mode al-

lows you to list your data in numeric form on the screen. See paragraph

4.5. for complete details on using List.

Selecting Graph Title will allow you to type in a string of up to 50 characters to title your graph. You can use the standard cursor and editing keys to edit your entry. press <Enter, after typing in the desired characters to complete the entry process. The Graph Title will be displayed at the top of the graph.

Press <Enten to toggle between the two scale selections: Manual and Auto.

Choosing Manual scaling give you the flexibility of selecting the maximumand Y axes (see below). The Auto scale mode provides for optimum display of the graph based on measurement results.

Axes Parameters

The parameters discussed below can be individually selected for the X and Y axes of the graph. You

can specify parameters for two Y axes called Yl and Y2. In most cases, you would use only the Yl axis parameters, but some plots (for example, Gummel plots) require that the Y2 parameters be

specified. The Y2 axis will be displayed only if you specify an array name in the Y2 column.

To select a parameter for a specific axis, be certain you are selecting the parameter in the appropriate

column CC, Yl, or Y2). Place the cursor over the desired parameter, then press <Enter> to select it.

Gnlythearraynameandthe minimum and maximum values can be selected for the Y2 axis. The Y2 linear/log status and number of divisions will be the same as those selected for the YI axis.

minimum values and the number of divisions for both the X and

NOTE When Manual scaling is selected, a curve will be graphed on the screen after each sweep. With Auto, however, the graph will not be generated until all data is taken.

SECTION 4

Data Display

Array Name

Linear/Log

This parameter specifies the names of the X, Yl, and Y2 axis arrays to graph. The Array Name should be specified as a string of up to eight characters.

You can either type in the desired name directly, or simply press the <Enter> key to pop up a list of available array names (as when editing a test form). Use the cursor keys to select the Array Name, then press <Enter> to complete the selection.

Time arrays are created when measure arrays are named on the CURVE

FAMILY TEST form. The time arrays are called SWPTIME, STEPTIME, SYNCTIME, BITIME, B2TlhE, and B3TIME for the respective channels.

They are filled with elapsed time data during acquisition for channels

with measure

array names. They can be specified on the DISPLAY PA-

RAMETERS form to view data versus time.

Up to 24 array names can be defined, but only eight will be displayed at a time. Use the up and down cursor keys to scroll among array names, or use Page Up and Page Down to select the three pages.

Use the <Enter> key to toggle between Linear and Log Chase 10 Logarithmic) axis formats.

Mill

MaX

The Linear option is the default mode for the X, Yl and Y2 axes. Note that youcanselectLinearfortheXaxisandLogfortheYlaxis(orviceversa),if desired. Note that the Y2 axis follows the selection for the Yl axis.

NOTE Negative or zero values cannot be graphed using the log axis. The absolute value of negative values will be used for the graph. For a zero value, a value that corresponds to the minimum resolution of the selected measurement iimction of the Source Measure Unit will be used for the graph.

Ministheminim um endpoint for the X, Yl, or Y2 axis. To enter Mm, type in the desired numeric value in floating-point format, then press <Enter>. Note that Min can be programmed only when manual scaling is selected.

Maxisthemaxnn um endpoint for the X, Yl, or Y2 axis. Enter Max by typing in the desired number in floating point format and then pressing the <Enter> key. Max can be selected only if manual scaling is selected.

Notes:

1. When manually setting the axes of the graph, it is typical to select Min and Max values that will accommodate all expected data. Otherwise, data that falls outside the defined axes will not be displayed. Keep in

mind that Min and Max axis values can be changed after a’ test is exe-

4-7

SECTlION 4

cuted. After modifying the Mm and Max values, the new graph can then be displayed cF8>.

2. Maximum resolution for Mm and Max values is five digits.

3. Min values must be less than Max values, otherwise an Invalid Scaling Parameters error will result.

4. Engineering unit symbols are case sensitive (i.e., ‘T“ = peta, “p” = pica, ‘W = mega, “m” = miDi).

#ofDiv

Additional Graphics Parameters Grid This option allows you to turn the grid on or off. Use the <Enter> key to

X Label/ Yl Label/ Y2 Label

Colors/ Curve Labels Figure 42.

# of Div defines the number of major divisions for each axis and is programmed as a positive integer. This option is not valid for an axis that is defined as having a log format specified. Note that the number of divisions can be defined only for manual scaling. The minimum value for # of Div is 1 and the maximum value is 15.

toggle between Grid Off and Grid On (default is Grid On). Note that grid lines are dotted (not solid) lines. When the grid is turned off, tick marks will appear on the X and Y axes.

These options allow you to enter X axis and Yl and Y2 axis label string up to a maximum of 30 characters. The entered suing will be used to label the corresponding axis instead of the default label string, tihich is the array name chosen in the Axis parameters table (and assigned when you set up your test form).

If you change the array name after entering a label, the corresponding label will be automatically replaced with the new array name.

Selecting Colors/Curve Labels will open the pop-up menu shown in

4-8

You can select Axes, and Markers colors by placing the cursor over the desired selection and then pressing the <Enter> key to cycle through the

various color selections. Press cursor down or cursor up after displaying

your selection to move on to the next parameter.

.The curve attributes can be individually selected for both Yl and Y2 and

include: Multiple Colors (for more than one curve): If selected, multiple curves will

be plotted in different colors, as selected by the software. Colors used for the background and axes will not be used for curves.

One Color: All curves will be plotted using one color. You can cycle

through the available colors by using the <Enter> key.

Mode: Graphrcs

SECTION 4

Data Display

Axis Labels: You can individually select the desired color for each label; press the <Enten key to cycle through available colors.

Step Value Labels: Enabling this attribute will label one end of each curve on a multiplstep array. For example, when plotting common-emitter characteristics, curves would typically be labeled with base current values.

Line Symbols: The Line Symbols atfribute allows you to select the type of line used for the graph itself. Both solid and dashed lines are available, and they can be selected with the <Enter> key.

DISPLAY PARAMETERS

e graph. The graph will be labeled with values from the

Graph Title: Scale:

Yl Label:

Y2 Label:

Colors/Curve Labels

DC-GainfRatioj Differential Garn Overlay Form

FL-Help F4-Print F&View FLO-Execute Test

Axes and Markers Colors: Use Enter key to cycle through available colors for axes and markers.

Color Attributes: Use Enter

3 Step Value Labels: Select Yes to turn on curve step value labeling (curves will be labeled with values from step array).

4 tine Symbols: Use enter key to choose desired line type: solid or dashed

NOTE: Press

Auto

Axes: Brt White

Markers: Yellow

choose multiple colors or one color parameters and axis label colors.

cE.se

to accept displayed parameters and close window.

ESC-Test Form

Figure 4-2. Colors/Curve Labels Window

4-9

SECTION 4

Data Disvlau

-Gain

As the name implies, DC-Gain provides calculation of DC Gain. You can use this feature to calculate the beta of a bipolar transistor or to display the ratio between any two variables (DC tests) or variable arrays (curve tests). The results of the DC gain computation will be appended to the list of variables on the DISPLAY PARAMETIZS screen. You can then graph or list the results as you would any other array or variable. The arrays of the calculated values for CLXVE FAMILY test can be displayed on the graph or listed on the List Display if you select it for the display.

The entire formula may be modified. Any name may be substituted for

beta, the numerator or the denominator. The system sees the equation as

follows: NAME=(ARRAYl/ARRAY2)*# where name is your choice of a legal name, ARRAY1 and ARRAY2 are any

arrays you choose, and # can be any value from -1e32 to le32. This equation will allow you to perform flexible, general computations.

When displaying a graph, moving Marker 1 provides a readout of calculated values at the top of the screen. The calculated values for DC test can

be listed on the Data points L&t Display. See paragraph 4.5 for listing de-

tails.

To use this feature, position the cursor over DC-Gain, then press <Enter>. The window shown in Figure 4-3 will then pop up on the screen

TheDCgainisaduallytheratiobetweentwouser-definedvariablesorarrays. You can change the word “Beta” to any desired name of eight characters or less by selecting the “Beta” field (position the cursor, then press <Enter>). .

You can enter the array or variable names by typing them in, or by pressing the <Enter> key after positioning the cursor over the desired variable field. A list of available variable or array names will then pop up on the screen. Use the cursor keys to select the desired variable name, then press the <Enter> key.

After entering the array or variable names, enable the calculation by selecting “Calculation: On”, and execute the test to acquire DC gain data.

Whenever the cakulation is changed, be sure to m-execute the test to up-

date the DC gain data.

NOTE Any calculation with zero in the denominator results in a reading of le32.

4-10

Mode: Graphics Graph Title:

Scale: Auto

AxiS

Array Name

Linear/Log

Mill

Max

# of Divisions

Grid: On X Label: Yl Label: Y2 Label: Colors/Curve Labels

DC-Gain (Ratio) Differential Gain 0verlav Form

’ DISPLAY PARAMETERS

Beta =(

Calculation: Off

\\ I

wwww

DC-Gain (Ratio) Calculation

nnnn

1 +1

SECTION 4

Data Display

DC Gain Array Name: Defines DC gain array name to plot or list. Default is Beta, but name can be changed, if desired (Four

characters maximum). : Numerator: Select desired numerator array for DC gain calculation (either type in name or press Enter to view available array

names). Denominator: Select denominator array for calculation (type in name or press Enter to view names).

Multiplier: Equation may incorporate any value within the range from zero to 1 e32.

Calculation: Select On to enable calculation, Off to disable calculation. When enabled, DC gain array will be available for

listing and graphing, and DC gain value will appear at top of graphics screen. NOTE: Press CESO to accept displayed parameters and close window.

Figure 4-3. DC Gain. Window

4-11

SECTION 4 Data Disvh

Differential Gain The differential gain parameter allows you to calculate the small signal

gain for a device. The default name is gm (transconductor) for FETs but can be changed to a different name. You can differentiate Along Curves or differentiate Between Curves.

You can enter this selection by positioning the cursor over Differential Gain, and pressing cEnten. The pop-up window shown in Figure 44 will appear on the screen.

Parameter entry is similar to that discussed for DC-Gain above. The displayed differential gain name (gm) can be changed to a new name up to

eight characters long. The new name will be added to the pop-up array list when the test is executed. The numerator and denominator array names used for the calculation can be typed in or selected from the pop-up array list. The pop-up array list is displayed by pressing <Enter> while the cursor is positioned over the desired variable field.

Alternate differentiation type (Between Curves or Along Curves) is se-

lected by placing the cursor over the Differentiate field and pressing <Enten. The display will toggle to the alternate selection. Like DC-gain, Differential Gain is enabled by selecting “Calculation: On”. Note that the test

must

be executed to acquire differential gain data. Any time the cakulaiion is changed, be sure to reexecute the test to update the differential gain data.

Most arrays are valid for differentiation cakulations. The exceptions are as

follows.

Differentiate Between Curves - you cannot use a SWEEP~SOURCE array or BIAS-SOURCE array in the calculation.

Differentiate Along Curves -

You cannot use a STEP~SOURCE array

or BIA!3SOURCE array in the calculation.

The following example shows how gm (along curves> is calculated if the array names are Id (STEI~MEASURE array) and Vgs (SWEEP~SOURCE array):

gm = k%Id)/d(Vgs)) *I

If an invalid calculation is entered an error message will appear and you will not be able to exit (<Eso) from the ‘Differential Gain Calculation” mode. Either enter a valid calculation or disable the calculation (Calcula-

tion: Off).

412

Mode: Graphics Graph Title:

Scale: Auto

E # of Divisions

Grid: On X Label: Yl Label: Y2 Label: Colors/Curve Labels DC-Gain (Ratio) Differential Gain

Diiereniiate: Between curves (at constant sweep) Calculation: Off

SECTION 4

Dafa Display

Differential Gain Array Name: Defines differential gain array to plot or list. Default is gm, but name can be changed, if desired

(for characters maximum). Numerator: Select desired numerator array for gm calculation (either type in name or press Enter to view available names).

Denominator: Select denominator array for calculation (type in name or press Enter to view names).

Multiplier: Equation may incorporate any value within the range from -1 e32 to 1 e32.

Differentiate: Select differentiation type; Between Curves or Along Curves.

Calculation: Select On to enable calculation, Off

for listing and plotting, and DC gain value will appear at top of graphics screen.

NOTE: Press CESQ to accept displayed parameters and close window.

Figure 4-4. Differenfial Gain Menu

disable calculation. When enabled, differential gain array will be available

4-13

SECTION 4

Data Display

After acquiring differential gain data, use Marker 1 (on the Graphics Display Screen) to provide a readout of the calculated gm gain values. The readout is located at the top right-hand side of the screen. The gain data

can be graphed by entering the array name in the “DISPLAY PARAME-

TEES” graphics screen then tiewing it (F8).

You can also list the calculated array as discussed in paragraph 4.5.

Notes:

1. For best accuracy when calculating gain between curves, you should

program the step source for as small a value as possible if using the step source array in the equation.

2. A graph must contain at least three curves in order to calculate differential gain between curves.

3. Any calculation with zero in the denominator results in a reading of le32.

Overlay Form

Overlay Form allows you to compare sets of data by overlaying their plots on the same graph The data currently residing in

memory can

com-

pared with similar data in disk files that you specify. For example, you may wish to compare the common-source curves for two similar transis-

tors to note similarities among various samples of the same type or compare a curve to high and low limit curves previously acquired, or compare a curve to theoretical data imported from spreadsheet.

To use this feature, place the cursor over the Overlay Form and then press

<Enter>. The Overlay Data window shown in Figure 4-5 will appear on the screen and the cursor will be located on the first Data File field. Notice that the path names are automatically included in the data file fields. To enter a data file name, first press <Enter> to position the cursor after the path name and then type in the name of the data file (be sure to include the .DAT extension). With the complete path and data file name displayed, again press <Enter>. Enter the X and Y array names to overlay by typing in each desired array name and pressing <Enten. Repeat the process for the second overlay data set, if desired.

Once you have selected your overlay data, you can display the complete graph, including the overlay data by using the Overlay tool available from the graphical analysis screen (see paragraph 4.4). Note that if an invalid data file or array name is entered in the overlay form, nothing will happen when the overlay tool is used.

4-14

In order to distinguish between the main and overlay data on the graphs, the overlay data uses different line types. A long dashed line will be used for the first data set, and a shorter dashed line will be used for the second data set.

Selecting Horizontal Zoom, Vertical Zoom, Restore, Autoscale, Filter, XInvert or Y-Invert will remove the overlayed graph(s) from the display.

Tektronix 251 Instruction Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual