tams elektronik
Manual
LKS-1
Artikel-Nr. 72-00045 | 72-00046
LED constant current source
tams elektronik
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tams elektronik
English LKS-1
Table of contents
1. Getting started............................................................................3
2. Safety instructions.......................................................................4
3. Safe and correct soldering...........................................................7
4. Operation overview.....................................................................8
5. Technical specifications...............................................................9
6. Assembling the kit.....................................................................10
7. Connecting the LKS-1................................................................13
8. Check list for troubleshooting.....................................................16
9. Guarantee bond........................................................................18
10. EU declaration of conformity......................................................19
11. Declarations conforming to the WEEE directive...........................19
© 09/2016 Tams Elektronik GmbH
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, without prior permission in writing from Tams
Elektronik GmbH.
Subject to technical modification.
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1. Getting started
How to use this manual
This manual gives step-by-step instructions for safe and correct
assembly of the kit and fitting and connecting of the ready-built
module, and operation. Before you start, we advise you to read the
whole manual, particularly the chapter on safety instructions and the
checklist for trouble shooting. You will then know where to take care
and how to prevent mistakes which take a lot of effort to correct.
Keep this manual safely so that you can solve problems in the future. If
you pass the kit or the ready-built module on to another person, please
pass on the manual with it.
Intended use
The LED constant current source LKS-1 is designed to be operated
according to the instructions in this manual in model building, especially
with model railways. Any other use is inappropriate and invalidates any
guarantees.
The LKS-1 should not be assembled or mounted by children under the
age of 14.
Reading, understanding and following the instructions in this manual
are mandatory for the user.
Checking the package contents
Please make sure that your package contains:
one kit LKS-1, containing the components listed in the parts list and
one PCB or
one ready-built module LKS-1 and one diode 1N400x (x=2...7)
a CD (containing the manual and further information).
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Required materials
For assembling the kit you need:
an electronic soldering iron (max. 30 Watt) or a regulated soldering
iron with a fine tip and a soldering iron stand,
a tip-cleaning sponge,
a heat-resistant mat,
a small side cutter and wire stripper,
as necessary a pair of tweezers and long nose pliers,
electronic tin solder (0,5 mm. diameter).
In order to connect the module you need wire. Recommended
diameters: > 0,05 mm² for all connections.
2. Safety instructions
Mechanical hazards
Cut wires can have sharp ends and can cause serious injuries. Watch
out for sharp edges when you pick up the PCB.
Visibly damaged parts can cause unpredictable danger. Do not use
damaged parts: recycle and replace them with new ones.
Electrical hazards
Touching powered, live components,
touching conducting components which are live due to malfunction,
short circuits and connecting the circuit to another voltage than
specified,
impermissibly high humidity and condensation build up
can cause serious injury due to electrical shock. Take the following
precautions to prevent this danger:
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Never perform wiring on a powered module.
Assembling and mounting the kit should only be done in closed,
clean, dry rooms. Beware of humidity.
Only use low power for this module as described in this manual and
only use certified transformers.
Connect transformers and soldering irons only in approved mains
sockets installed by an authorised electrician.
Observe cable diameter requirements.
After condensation build up, allow a minimum of 2 hours for
dispersion.
Use only original spare parts if you have to repair the kit or the
ready-built module.
Fire risk
Touching flammable material with a hot soldering iron can cause fire,
which can result in injury or death through burns or suffocation.
Connect your soldering iron or soldering station only when actually
needed. Always keep the soldering iron away from inflammable
materials. Use a suitable soldering iron stand. Never leave a hot
soldering iron or station unattended.
Thermal danger
A hot soldering iron or liquid solder accidentally touching your skin can
cause skin burns. As a precaution:
use a heat-resistant mat during soldering,
always put the hot soldering iron in the soldering iron stand,
point the soldering iron tip carefully when soldering, and
remove liquid solder with a thick wet rag or wet sponge from the
soldering tip.
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Dangerous environments
A working area that is too small or cramped is unsuitable and can cause
accidents, fires and injury. Prevent this by working in a clean, dry room
with enough freedom of movement.
Other dangers
Children can cause any of the accidents mentioned above because they
are inattentive and not responsible enough. Children under the age of
14 should not be allowed to work with this kit or the ready-built
module.
Caution:
Little children can swallow small components with sharp edges, with
fatal results! Do not allow components to reach small children.
In schools, training centres, clubs and workshops, assembly must be
supervised by qualified personnel.
In industrial institutions, health and safety regulations applying to
electronic work must be adhered to.
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3. Safe and correct soldering
Caution:
Incorrect soldering can cause dangers through fires and heat. Avoid
these dangers by reading and following the directions given in the
chapter Safety instructions.
Use a small soldering iron with max. 30 Watt or a regulated
soldering iron.
Only use electronic tin solder with flux.
When soldering electronic circuits never use soldering-water or
soldering grease. They contain acids that can corrode components
and copper tracks.
Insert the component connecting pins of into the PCB´s holes as far
as possible without force. The components should be close to the
PCB´s surface.
Observe correct polarity orientation of the parts before soldering.
Solder quickly: holding the iron on the joints longer than necessary
can destroy components and can damage copper tracks or soldering
eyes.
Apply the soldering tip to the soldering spot in such a way that the
part and the soldering eye are heated at the same time.
Simultaneously add solder (not too much). As soon as the solder
becomes liquid take it away. Hold the soldering tip at the spot for a
few seconds so that the solder flows into the joint, then remove the
soldering iron.
Do not move the component for about 5 seconds after soldering.
To make a good soldering joint you must use a clean and unoxidised
soldering tip. Clean the soldering tip with a damp piece of cloth, a
damp sponge or a piece of silicon cloth.
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Cut the wires after soldering directly above the soldering joint with a
side cutter.
After placing the parts, please double check for correct polarity.
Check the PCB tracks for solder bridges and short circuits created by
accident. This would cause faulty operation or, in the worst case,
damage. You can remove excess solder by putting a clean soldering
tip on the spot. The solder will become liquid again and flow from
the soldering spot to the soldering tip.
4. Operation overview
LEDs are most suitable as a lighting for locomotives and carriages. But
there are some snags with this apparently simple solution:
On analoque layouts the LEDs light the brighter the higher the
voltage is (i.e. the faster the locomotive is driving).
With digital layouts this problem does not occur as there is a
constant voltage at the rails. But LEDs with series resistors figured
up for 18 V d.c. voltage light in layouts supplied with 12 V too dark
and with 24 V too bright.
By use of the LED constant current source LKS-1 you can solve these
problems. A transistor ensures, that during operation a constant current
of approximately 25 mA is available.
This allows LEDs to be connected directly without series resistors. They
have a constant brightness after reaching the required minimum voltage,
independent from the voltage supplied. The minimum voltage for blue
and white LEDs is approx. 4 V, for different-coloured LEDs approx. 3 V.
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5. Technical specifications
Supply voltage analogue a.c. or d.c. voltage or
digital voltage
Minimum voltage approx. 3 V (yellow and red LEDs)
or 4 V (white and blue LEDs)
Maximum voltage 20 V a.c. voltage or
24 V d.c. voltage
Output current approx. 25 mA
Protected to
IP 00
Ambient temperature in use
Ambient temperature in storage
0 ... +60 °C
-10 ... +80 °C
Comparative humidity allowed max. 85 %
Dimensions of the PCB approx. 18 x 12 mm
Weight of the assembled board
approx. 2,5 g
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6. Assembling the kit
You can skip this part if you have purchased a ready-built module or device.
Preparation
Put the sorted components in front of you on your workbench.
The separate electronic components have the following special features
you should take into account in assembling:
Resistors
Resistors reduce current.
The value of resistors for smaller power ratings is indicated
through colour rings. Every colour stands for another
figure.
Carbon film resistors have 4 colour rings. The 4th ring
(given in brackets here) indicates the tolerance of the
resistor (gold = 5 %).
220 red - red - brown (gold)
470 yellow - violet - brown (gold)
Diodes and Zener diodes
Diodes allow the current to pass through in one direction
only (forward direction), simultaneously the voltage is
reduced by 0,3 to 0,8 V. Exceeding of the limit voltage
always will destroy the diode, and allow current to flow in
the reverse direction.
Zener diodes are used for limiting voltages. In contrast to "normal"
diodes they are not destroyed when the limit voltage is exceeded.
The diode type is printed on the package.
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Transistors
Transistors are current amplifiers which convert low signals into
stronger ones. There are several types in different package forms
available. The type designation is printed on the component.
Transistors for a low power rating (e.g. BC types) have a
package in form of a half zylinder (SOT-package). The
three pins of bipolar transistors (e.g. BC types) are called
basis, emitter and collector (abbreviated with the letters B,
E, C in the circuit diagram).
PCB sockets
The widely spread 2,6 mm model railway connectors fit exactly to the
sockets. These are used for the connection to the voltage supply and to
connected modules or components.
Fig. 1:
PCB layout
Parts list
Zener diode D1 4,7 V
Diode D2 (external connection) 1N400x, x=2...7
Transistor Q1 BC547B
Resistors
R1 470
R2 220
PCB sockets GND, LED-, VCC
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Assembly
Proceed according to the order given in the list below. First solder the
components on the solder side of the PCB and then cut the excess
wires with the side cutter. Follow the instructions on soldering in
section 3.
Caution:
Several components have to be mounted according to their polarity.
When soldering these components the wrong way round, they can be
damaged when you connect the power. In the worst case the whole
circuit can be damaged. At the best, a wrongly connected part will not
function.
1. PCB sockets
2. Resistors Mounting orientation of no importance.
3.
Diodes, Zener
diodes
Observe the polarity!
The negative end of the diodes is marked with
a ring. This is shown in the PCB layout.
4. Transistors
Observe the polarity!
The cross section of transistors for a low
power rating in SOT-packages is shown in the
PCB layout.
Performing a visual check
Perform a visual check after the assembly of the module and remove
faults if necessary:
Remove all loose parts, wire ends or drops of solder from the PCB.
Remove all sharp wire ends.
Check that solder contacts which are close to each other are not
unintentionally connected to each other. Risk of short circuit!
Check that all components are polarised correctly.
When you have remedied all faults, go on to the next part.
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7. Connecting the LKS-1
Fig. 2
Connections
diagram
GND Voltage supply. With d.c. voltage: minus pole
VCC
Voltage supply. With d.c. voltage: plus pole
Anode (+) of the LEDs
LED- Cathode (-) of the LEDs
Connection to (analogue) a.c. voltage
When connecting the PCB to (analogue) a.c. voltage, the connections´
polarity is not relevant. The LEDs light independently of the direction of
travel. Connect the diode D2 (included in the package) in series to the
LEDs. Otherwise the LEDs are possibly damaged after a short operating
time.
Connection to (analogue) d.c. voltage
When connecting the PCB to (analogue) d.c. voltage, you have to
observe the connections´ polarity. Connect the connecting point "GND"
to the minus pole and the connecting point "VCC" to the positive pole
of the voltage supply. .
The LEDs light in one direction of travel only when connected to
(analogue) d.c. voltage. If they have to work in both directions of
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travel, mount an additional bridge rectifier (e.g. item no. 83-19100-10,
not included in delivery) according to the connection diagram.
Fig. 3
Connecting
a rectifier
Connection to a decoder output
Connect the connection "GND" to the appropriate output of the
locomotive or function decoder. Connect the connection "VCC" to the
return conductor of the output or the return conductor for all outputs.
Alternatively you can connect the connection "VCC" to the vehicle´s
housing ground. Please note that in this case the LEDs flicker due to
principle when the decoder is controlled in Motorola format.
Info: Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
When operated in the forward direction the LEDs light. They are
available in several different versions (differing in colour, size, form,
luminosity, maximum current, voltage limits). The longer lead of wired
LEDs is normally the anode (positive pole). With SMD-LEDs the cathode
normally is shown by a mark on the housing.
When using LEDs you always have to limit the current conduction (e.g.
by mounting a series resistor), otherwise they will be damaged after a
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short operating duration. The LKS-1 limits the current at the output to
25 mA. Thus it is possible to connect LEDs directly (without series
resistor).
Connecting LEDs
You can connect one LED or several LEDs in series directly (without
series resistor) to one LKS-1. The maximum number of LEDs you can
connect to one PCB depends on the voltage supplied and the
fluorescent colour of the LEDs.
Maximum number of LEDs per PCB connected in series
Forward
voltage of
the LEDs
*1
Nominal /
operating voltage
of the transformer
(=)
*2
Max.
number
of
LEDs
*3
Nominal /
operating voltage
of the transformer
(~)
*2
Max.
number
of
LEDs
*3
2 V 12 V / 12 V 5 12 V / approx. 17 V 7
4 V 12 V / 12 V 2 12 V / approx. 17 V 3
2 V 16 V / 16 V 7 16 V / approx. 22 V 10
4 V 16 V / 16 V 3 16 V / approx. 22 V 5
2 V 18 V / 18 V 8 18 V / approx. 25 V 11
4 V 18 V / 18 V 4 18 V / approx. 25 V 5
*1
The forward voltage of white and blue LEDs is approx. 4 V, differing coloured LEDs approx.
2 V.
*2
Nominal voltage and operating voltage: The operating voltage with a.c. transformers is
approx. 1,4 times the nominal voltage given on the transformer. With d.c. power packs the
operating voltage corresponds to the given nominal voltage.
*3
Tolerance and / or voltage fluctuations in practice often cause the calculated operating
voltage not being available. For that reason it is recommended to connect one LED less than
possible in theory.
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8. Check list for troubleshooting
Parts are getting too hot and/or start to smoke.
Disconnect the system from the mains immediately!
Possible cause: one or more components are soldered incorrectly.
à In case you have mounted the module from a kit, perform a
visual check (à section 6.) and if necessary, remedy the faults.
Otherwise send in the module for repair.
The LED(s) does / do not light.
Possible cause: The diode D2 has been mounted with the wrong
polarity. à Check the polarity.
Possible cause: The LED has been mounted with the wrong polarity.
à Check the polarity.
Possible cause: The LED is defective. à Check the LED.
Possible cause: The connection to the power supply is interrupted.
à Check the connections.
The LED(s) only lights / light in one direction of motion.
Possible cause: There is no rectifier mounted in series although
connected to direct voltage. à Mount a rectifier.
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Hotline: If problems with your module occur, our hotline is pleased to
help you (mail address on the last page).
Repairs: You can send in a defective module for repair (address on the
last page). In case of guarantee the repair is free of charge for you.
With damages not covered by guarantee, the maximum fee for the
repair is the difference between the price for the ready-built module
and the kit according to our valid price list. We reserve the right to
reject the repairing of a module when the repair is impossible for
technical or economic reasons.
Please do not send in modules for repair charged to us. In case of
warranty we will reimburse the forwarding expenses up to the flat rate
we charge according to our valid price list for the delivery of the
product. With repairs not covered by guarantee you have to bear the
expenses for sending back and forth.
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9. Guarantee bond
For this product we issue voluntarily a guarantee of 2 years from the
date of purchase by the first customer, but in maximum 3 years after
the end of series production. The first customer is the consumer first
purchasing the product from us, a dealer or another natural or juristic
person reselling or mounting the product on the basis of selfemployment. The guarantee exists supplementary to the legal warranty
of merchantability due to the consumer by the seller.
The warranty includes the free correction of faults which can be proved
to be due to material failure or factory flaw. With kits we guarantee
the completeness and quality of the components as well as the function
of the parts according to the parameters in not mounted state. We
guarantee the adherence to the technical specifications when the kit
has been assembled and the ready-built circuit connected according to
the manual and when start and mode of operation follow the
instructions.
We retain the right to repair, make improvements, to deliver spares or
to return the purchase price. Other claims are excluded. Claims for
secondary damages or product liability consist only according to legal
requirements.
Condition for this guarantee to be valid, is the adherence to the
manual. In addition, the guarantee claim is excluded in the following
cases:
if arbitrary changes in the circuit are made,
if repair attempts have failed with a ready-built module or device,
if damaged by other persons,
if damaged by faulty operation or by careless use or abuse.
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10. EU declaration of conformity
This product conforms with the EC-directives mentioned below
and is therefore CE certified.
2004/108/EG on electromagnetic. Underlying standards: EN 55014-1
and EN 61000-6-3. To guarantee the electromagnetic tolerance in
operation you must take the following precautions:
Connect the transformer only to an approved mains socket installed
by an authorised electrician.
Make no changes to the original parts and accurately follow the
instructions, connection diagrams and PCB layout included with this
manual.
Use only original spare parts for repairs.
2011/65/EG on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous
substances in electrical and electronic equipment (ROHS). Underlying
standard: EN 50581.
11. Declarations conforming to the WEEE directive
This product conforms with the EC-directive 2012/19/EG on
waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE).
Don´t dispose of this product in the house refuse, bring it to the next
recycling bay.
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Information and tips:
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http://www.tams-online.de
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Warranty and service:
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Tams Elektronik GmbH
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Fuhrberger Straße 4
DE-30625 Hannover
fon: +49 (0)511 / 55 60 60
fax: +49 (0)511 / 55 61 61
e-mail: modellbahn@tams-online.de
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