Strand Permus Maintenance Handbook

Permus

THYRISTOR DIMMERS

MAINTENANCE HANDBOOK

88-060-03

40/B149

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Strand Lighting L1m1ted Grant Way (off Syon l.Ane) Isleworth Middlesex TIN7 5QD United Kingdom

Telephone

01 560 3171 Telex 'Z7976 Foes 01 568 2103 Groop 2/3 Cdbles Ranlcaudio Brentford

Strand Lighting

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Permus

THYRISTOR DIMMERS

MAINTENANCE HANDBOOK

88-060-03

40/B149

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Reg1Stered m England No 687 13 Registered Ofbce 6 CoMaught Place Lender. W2 2EZ

A compan y

w1tlun The Rank Orgarusation

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This document is supplied on the condition that it shall not be
photocopied or otherwise reproduced, either in whole or in part,
without the prior written permission of Strand Lighting Limited.

© Strand Lighting Limited, 1988.

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PERM01

Page 1 of 26

PERMUS

THYRISTOR DIMERS

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Strand Lighting

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1

1.1

2

2.1
2 .1.1

2.1.2

2.1.3

2.1.4

2.1.S

2.2

2.2.1
3

3.1 Supply Connections

3.1.1

3.2

3.3
3 .3.1

3.3.2

3.4

3.5

4

4.1 Trouble-shooting

4.1.1

4.1.2

4.1.3

4.1.4 Thyristor faults

4.2

INTRODUCTION 3
Using the Handbook

GENERAL
Equipment
Racks 4
Dimmer

Fuses
R. F. I.
Connections

INSTALLATION SITE 6

Associated Sound Ins ta l lat ions

INSTALLATION

Phase Distribution
Control Connections
Loads
Load Connections
Load - Line Terminations
Check and Test Procedure
Setting-up

MAINTENANCE

Single Channel Fault

Failure of a group of channels

Failure of a phase

Module Removal and Replacement

INFORMATION

Modules
Suppress ion

MAINTENANCE HANDBOOK

CONTENTS

3

4

4
5

5

6
6

7

8

8

10
10

11

11

11
12
12

17
17

17

18

18
18
18

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5 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

5.1

5.2

5.2.1

5.2.2

5.2.3

8806

Phase Control of Mains

Dual 10A Dimmer Module

Power Supplies

Ramp Generator

Automatic Bottom-set Circuit

Current

(Ref. 1808)

19
19
20
20
20
21

Issue 4/Rev 2

Page 2

PERM01

5.2.4

5.2.5

5.3

5.4
6

6.1

6.2

7

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Blocking Oscillator

Ripple Rejection Filter

20/25A Dimmer

R.F.I. Suppression Card (Ref. 1294)

SPARES

Order Codes
Approved Thyristor Replacements

SERVICE AGENTS

APPENDIX A - PERMUS 120kW RACKS
APPENDIX 8 - PERMUS DEMULTIPLEX BOARD

7A25810
7A25811
7824842
7824841

Module (Ref. 1809)

APPENDICES

DRAWINGS

Issue

1 24 x 10A Dimmer Rack, w,r,ng diagram.
1 12 x 20/25A Dimmer Rack, wiring diagram.
1 12 x 10A Dimmer Rack, wiring diagram.
1 6 x 20/25A Dimmer Rack, wiring diagram.

22
22
23
23

24
24
24

25

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6825916
6825974
6C25219

7A25812
7A28126

6A28237

9 Dual 2.5kW Dimmer
9 5kW Dimmer
3 RFI Suppression Board, circuit diagram.

B 24 x 20/25A Dimmer Rack, wiring diagram.
A 12 x 40/50A Dimmer Rack, wiring diagram.

E Permus Demultiplex Board, circuit diagram.

Module, circuit diagram.

Module, circuit diagram.

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Issue 4/Rev 2

8806

PERM01

1 INTRODUCTION

This handbook covers the installation, commissioning, operation and
maintenance of the Strand Lighting
dimmers.

WARNING: High voltages are present inside Permus Dimmer Racks.

Installation and commissioning should be performed only by
a qualified electrician familiar with this type of

equipment. Repair of faulty equipment beyond first-line
maintenance must be entrusted to a St rand Lighting
approved agent. Tampering by unqualified persons

invalidates any warranty provisions and can be dangerous.

For assistance with service or maintenance, please contact the

nearest branch, agent or associate company of Strand Lighting.
Details of spare parts and fuse-links available . for the equipment
are enclosed and a current spares price list is available on
application to any of the above.

Page 3

PERMUS range of stage and studio

1.1

This handbook has been careful Ly reviewed and is believed to be

reliable; no responsibility will be accepted, however, for any
inaccuracies. The handbook is subject to change without notice.

Using the Handbook

When using this handbook, the following conventions should be noted:

i) Integrated circuits are identified by their component number,

prefixed with the letters IC (e.g. IC7). Where an integrated

circuit contains more than one logic element, the output pin

number of the element concerned is added as a suffix,

IC13/4. In the case of elements with two or more outputs,

e.g. bi stables ; one of the outputs is chosen for

identification purposes, depending on the context.

ii) The term 'pin' is used to identify connections to integrated

circuits. Connections to printed circuit boards are referred

to as 'board terminal' or simply 'terminal'.

e.g.

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8603

Issue 4

Page 4 PERM01

2 GENERAL INFORMATION

This handbook refers to the following types of Permus Dimmer Racks.

Always use the seven digit Strand Lighting order code for reference.

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2.1

2.1.1

Reyrol le fused

24 x 10A dimmers

X

12

20/25A dimmers 0605005

12

X 10A dimmers 0602003 0602117

6 x 20/25A dimmers

0602011 0602109

0605013

Neozed fused

0605100

0605119

Permus dimmer racks are designed for use with the full range of
Strand Lighting control desks and other control panels, to provide a

lighting control installation for stage and studio use. This
handbook details the information required for the installation,
commissioning and maintenance of Permus dimmer racks.

Equipment

Racks

Four standard types of Permus dimmer rack are available: two full
size 60kW configurations - with 24 channels of 10 Amp dimmers or 12
channels of 20/25 Amp dimmers, and two half size 30kW configurations

- with 12 channels of 1bA dimmers or 6 channels of 20/25A dimmers.
All standard racks are wired in 'star' configuration.

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The racks are of total Ly enclosed construction, designed . for

installation as free standing units. Mounting bolt holes are
provided at the top of each rack. During transit, they are fitted
with lifting eyes, but these may be replaced by the brackets
provided to facilitate securing to a wall, or back to back with a
similar rack. Cable entry to the Contracting area of the rack is

through a removable top panel. Access to the Contracting and

termination area and the dimmer, module area is via removable upper

L -

and lower covers.

Permus 60kW Dimmer Racks

Supply Voltage Requirements - 220-250 V three phase or single phase

Power Requirements - 60kW

Weight - 90kg Dimensions - 1475mm CH) x 190mm CD) x 790mm CW)

Permus 30kW Dimmer Racks
Supply Voltage Requirements - 220-250 V three phase or single phase

Power Requirements - 30kW
Weight - 65kg Dimensions - 1475mm CH) x 190mm CD) x 496mm CW)

Issue 4

8603

PERM01

Page 5

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2.1. 2

Dimmer Modules

The Permus dimmer modules are mounted in the Lower part of the rack.

Connection to each module is made by push-fit connectors to allow
for easy replacement in the unlikely event of failure. Two module
types are available; the Ref. 1809 single-channel 20/25A module

(Order Code

(Order Code No. 0881119). Note, however, that the standard Permus
dimmer rack is cqnfigured for one type of dimmer only.

The dimmers require a control voltage input of Oto -10V, -10V

corresponding to full output and OV to zero output. The signal

should be fed via a 10k resistor and a si Licon diode as shown in

Fig. 2.1; this is the standard control interface used
Lighting control desks.

No. 0881214), and the Ref. 1808 dual-channel 10A module

on Strand

-10V

Full

10k

To Dimner

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2.1.3

Fuses

Each 10A dimmer is fused by a 10A Reyrolle HRC cartridge fuse or
Neozed fuse as applicable. Each 20/25A dimmer is fused by a 20A
Reyrolle HRC fuse or a 25A Neozed fuse as applicable. Control

~circuits are protected by 100mA Delay 20mm fuses. Access to all

fuses is from the front of the rack, and does not require removal of
any front panels.

Zero

0V

- ~

Silicon

Diode

Technical

DIMMER COOTROL INTERFACE

Earth

Fig.

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CORRECTLY RATED FUSES MUST BE USED.

8603

WARNING: Reyrolle MD10 AND MD20 Fuses

The fuses currently supplied by Strand Lighting and their
agents feature an improved surge capability over those
available from other suppliers. This reduces the

likelihood of fuse failure when a cold Lamp load is

Issue 4

Page 6

PERM01

connected and greatly increases the reliability of the

dimmer system.

It is therefore recommended that only fuses obtained from
Strand Lighting or their agents be used. These may be

distinguished by the

white ink used to print the rating on

the fuse body. Fuses printed with blue ink do not have

the improved characteristics and may prove unreliable.

When ordering please state the following reference codes:

2.1.4

2.1.5

MD10 fuse
MD20 fuse

Order code 0831814
Order code 0832018

R.F.I. Suppression

Each rack is fitted with Radio Frequency Interference suppression,

by way of capacitors fitted between each phase and neutral, earth
and neutral, and each load and neutral. These capacitors are
mounted on Ref. 1294 printed circuit boards in the Contracting Area
of the dimmer rack.

Connections

Load and control connections are made via terminal blocks in the
Contracting area of the rack. The channel identification numbering

is the key for all connections to associated lamp loads, desks, etc.

The incoming supply busbars and connectors may also be found in

the

Contracting area.

2.2 INSTALLATION SITE

To minimise expensive cable runs to the lamp loads, the rack should
be sited as near to the loads as practicable, in a dry, free
ventilating area with easy access for fuse changing. Where
possible, group two or more racks together at one location. Avoid
any acoustically live position in the acting or audience area, since
the racks are not totally silent in operation.

In choosing the location for individual or grouped racks, ensure
that free flow of air through each rack Cai r inlet at the base of
the front panel, air outlet at the top of the front panel> is not

impeded in any

way. The natural convection in each rack is adequate

to disperse the heat dissipated in the rack, so long as the inlet
air temperature does not exceed 35°c (95°F). Air conditioning

equipment may be necessary in some installations to maintain the
ambient air temperature below

Issue 4

35°c.

8603

PERM01

Page 7

Where two or more racks are grouped, it will be found convenient to
arrange them in channel number sequence.

2.2.1

Associated Sound Installations

Waveform switching, such as is provided by Permus dimmers, can

reveal, in the form of spurious interference, previously undetected
earth Loops in associated sound installations. Careful inspection
of sound system earthing and screening may be necessary to remedy
any earth Loops.

High impedance microphone Lines are also susceptible to pick-up of
switching 'noise' from Lamp circuits; Low impedance balanced Lines
such as those used for moving coi L microphones are most suitable,
especially if Long audio cable runs are necessary.

]

8603

Issue 4

Page 8 PERM01

3 INSTALLATION

The rack should be Located in the required position and fixed firmly
to a wall or other vertical surface using the angled brackets
provi".ied. Alternatively, racks may be mounted back to back using
the flat straps. The two lifting eyes at the top of the rack should
be removed and replaced with the appropriate brackets and bolts.

Removing the cover from the lower part of the rack wi l L reveal a
cardboard protector. This is intended to prevent any debris, which
may fall from the top of the rack when the wiring installation is
carried out, falling into the dimmers where it may cause short­circuits when
protector until all the wiring is complete.

In the base of the rack behind the cardboard cover will be found a
plastic bag containing the
covers and panels1must be replaced before inserting these fuses and
switching on.

the , equipment is switched on. Do not remove the

power fuses. For safety, all the rack

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Supply Connections

Note: Do not use high-voltage insulation testers on this equipment.

The top panel and upper door should be removed to gain access to the

Contracting area of the rack. The top panel may be cut to allow for
necessary cable and trunking entry. AL l cables must be routed
through the top panel.

A label showing the layout of the rack will be found inside the rack

(see Figs. 3.1 to 3.4). 60kW racks are provided with busbars for
the incoming supplies. If the installation is to be a single phase
system, the coupling plate provided should be connected across the
three phase busbars using the available

The busbars and their main
rated for the appropriate cable sizes to be used. Note that the
cable clamps are designed to
vertically straight
onto them, depending on the installation.

30kW racks are provided with rail mounted terminals for the incoming

supply. For single phase installations, the three phase terminals

should be connected together

down onto the busbars, or radiused horizontally

~able clamps are designed and adequately

allow cables to be clamped either

with suitably rated cable.

screws on the busbars.

Issue 4

It is imperative that an adequately rated safety conductor be

provided, connected to the earth busbar or terminal as appropriate.
Do not rely on earthing via conduit or trunking.

8603

..

PERM01

Page 9

WARNING: Where

(e.g. Tempus M24> and the dimmer racks are fitted with
Demultiplex Boards (see Appendix B), the equipment must be
properly earthed
ESSENTIAL THAT EARTH BE AT THE SAME POTENTIAL AT ALL
POINTS IN THE
circulating currents may be generated in the signal earth
connections, leading to fluctuating light levels and, in
extreme cases, severe damage to the equipment.

In cases where the earth is provided via the supply
neutral, all units in the system should ideally be powered
from the same source via adequately rated three core CL.
N. E.) cable. If this is not possible, a single earth
point must be chosen and all the units earthed . ONLY AT

THIS POINT (see diagram>.

able to carry any potential fault current.

the · control console produces a multiplexed output

PREFERRED METHOD

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INI'ERFACE
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if it is to function correctly. IT IS

SYSTEM. If this is not __ th.e. case,

The conductors used must be

- - - -SUPPLY

Ph N E

DIMMmS

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MULTIPLEX

INTERFACE

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SUPPLY

Ph NE .

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DIMMERS

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INI'ERFACE

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Ph N

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MULTIPLEX

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If damage is caused as a result of failure to observe the

above recommendations, any warranty will be invalidated.

If in doubt, your local Strand Lighting agent will be

pleased to advise.

L

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...1....

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SUPPLY

Ph N

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8710

Issue 4/Rev 1

Page 10 PERM01

3.1.1 Phase Distribution

As can be seen from the label inside the rack (Figs. 3.1 to 3.4),
each rack is supplied with dimmers evenly distributed between
phases. In the 60kW rack, the dimmer modules are split into

six
equal groups labelled A - F. Each of the six groups is allocated to
one of the three phases, P1 - P3. When the rack is supplied, groups
A and B are al located to P1, C and

Similarly, the dimmers in the

30kW rack are divided into 3 groups,

each allocated to one of the three phases;

D to P2, and E and F to P3.

A to P1, B to P2 and C to

P3. In some three phase installations, redistribution of this
group/phase allocation may be desirable.

In order to alter the phase al location of any group, the relevant

wire, which is labelled with its group letter, should be moved from

the phase busbar or terminal to which it is

connec-ted, to the

desired phase busbar or terminal, as applicable. This is all that

is required. The group/phase allocation should be marked on the

label inside the rack for future reference.

The group of each load termination, load fuse, control fuse and
corresponding neon is labelled to make phase identification of each
channel simple.

3.2 Control Connections

The control terminals are numbered to correspond to the load
terminals. Since the
few milliamps, any suitable multi-conductor cable can be used
subject to local authority regulations. Suitable cable is
in section 6 - Spares. Ideally, this cable should not be run in the

same conduit as mains or load cables. If necessity dictates this,
ensure the cable is of adequate voltage rating. Connect each
numbered terminal to the appropriate numbered terminal on the
associated desk or panel. Connect the common return line to
terminal TE (technical earth/ground).

In some cases, where the number of conductors used in the multi-core
cable exceeds the number of dimmers in the rack, it will be
necessary to connect the rema1n1ng conductors to another rack.
Suitable terminal blocks, available from Strand Lighting, may be
fitted in to the Contracting area of
control terminals, to permit coupling of these remaining conductors
to an outgoing multi-core cable to another rack.

wiring has to carry less than 30 volts at a

detailed

60kW racks, to the left of the

Issue

It should be noted that technical earth is connected to mains

within the rack. On many installations (e.g. those with Galaxy or

Tempus M24 control desks) the connection is made elsewhere and it
may be necessary to remove this link; the link is a single
green/yellow insulated

wire from the control terminal TE to the

earth busbar.

4

earth

8603

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PERM01 Page 11

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3.~ Loads

Permus dimmers are designed to control tungsten lamp loads of the
same voltage rating as the main supply. The maximum continuous
current rating of the dimmer channels is 10 Amps for the 2.SkW

version and 20 Amps for the SkW version. Low loads, down to SW, may
be controlled. The dimmers will also control transformer fed loads,
provided that the transformers are individually fused.

Do not connect to a dimmer or associated load circuits, any flash
boxes or similar pyrotechnic devices, or any appliance liable to
absorb excessive surges of power from the mains supply.

The dimmers can be used to control hot or cold cathode fluorescent

lamps, but specially designed control gear must be used, the dimmer

ratings must be halved, and resistive or tungsten lamp ballast is
required. Great care is necessary in this type of installation, and
the quality of control is inferior to that achieved

lamp loads. You are advised to contact the local Strand Lighting
agent concerning such installations.

with tungsten

3.3.1

Load Connections

Since control of the output to the load involves waveform switching,
the load and neutral return conductors to each channel load must be
run as a pair of equal length, adjacent · conductors; this will ensure
that each conductor in the pair carries equal and opposite current
components. If a patching panel or other form of
unit is used, divert the conductors as a pair to and from this unit.
Lack of care in this respect may result in strong induced fields
tending to vibrate the cable trunking or radiate interference.

Groups of load, neutral and earth terminals are provided for each
channel in
to correspond to dimmer channels and the neutral conductors for each

load should be made to the neutral busbar using the 'spider' clamps
provided. Each of these can accommodate at least two neutral
conductors.

If armoured or metallic conduited cables with adequate earthing of
sheaths are not used, separate earth conductors are necessary and
should be connected to the earth busbar or terminals as appropriate.

30kW rac~s. For 60kW racks, load terminals are numbered

load selection

3.3.2

8603

Load - Line Terminations

These should preferably be to socket outlets numbered to correspond

with the channel identification numbers, and for the flexibility
usually required of stage and studio lighting, a standard socket
outlet should be adopted where possible.

Issue 4

Page 12

In the United Kingdom, 15 Amp 3-pin BS546 outlets are often used in
Large installations. For high voltage Loads requiring outlets of

more than 15 Amp rating, suitably rated receptacles must be used.

32 Amp connectors to CEE 17 are suggested.

For applications in countries other than the UK, Local practices or
regulations must prevail.

3.4 Check and Test Procedure

When all the connections have been made to the rack, remove all
cable ends and other debris from the rack. The Lower door should be

removed, revealing the cardboard protector covering the dimmer
modules. This must be removed and disposed of, along
debris inside the rack. The load fuse-Links will be found packed in
the lower half of the rack, and these should be located in the
fuseholders. Check all connections carefully, especially to ensure
that insulation is not trapped in the pressure pads of the load or

control terminals. Replace and secure all the covers.

PERM01

with any

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3.5

When the rack is fully installed, turn the a.c. supply to the rack
on. Note that the neons on the control fuse panel indicate the
presence of a.c. supply on the control circuits of each
dimmer channels. All these neons should be on. Failure of a

control fuse will cause its associated neon to extinguish.

Each dimmer channel should be successively raised to full and then
taken to zero several
Complete failure of any one channel to light is usually c aused by a
blown fuse or lamp.

Reference to section 4, Maintenance, should be made in the event of
any problems occurring

rack.

Setting-up

A potentiometer Ctopset) is provided on the trigger card for each

channel, which allows the full level to be adjusted for optimum

dimmer performance. This level is set before despatch, but

following repair, readjustment may be necessary.

times to check it functions prope,rly.

I

with the functioning of the Permus dimmer

group of

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·1

Issue 4

Adjustments should be made with the dimmer connected to a 1kW load
and set to full level. The dimmer output, measured using a true RMS

voltmeter, should be 5-6V below the measured supply voltage for that

channel. Great care should be taken

on live dimmers.

The bottom setting of the dimmer is automatic and no adjustment can

be made.

when using measuring equipment

8603

PERM01

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LOAD

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EARTH

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NEUTRAL

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24

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P2

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Page 13

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l.OAD FUSES

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8603

RACK LAYOUT - 24 x 10A DIMMER RACK

Fig. 3 .1

Issue 4

Page 14

/

LOAD

an

1 12

EARTH

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NEUTRAL

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LOAD FUSES

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RACK LAYOUT - 12 x 20/25A DIMMER RACK

Fig. 3.2

Issue 4

8603

PERM01

.

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Page 15

LOAD/NEUTRAL / EARTH

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0 WHilE_ - - :J

0 GHM.E_ - -

Fig. 3.3

8603

Issue 4

Page 16

/

LOAD NEUTRAL EARTH

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( 1 - 4) 15-61

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Issue 4

I 0 [!]1

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RACK LAYOUT - 6 x 20/25A DIMMER RACK

/

0

Fig. 3.4

8603

PERM01 Page 17

4 MAINTENANCE

Maintenance of Strand Lighting Permus dimmer modules should only be
carried out by a qualified electrician familiar

with this type of

equipment. High-voltage insulation testers must not be used.

WARNING: ISOLATE THE MAINS SUPPLY BEFORE REMOVING ANY COVERS. When

the dimmers are in operation, the thyristor heat-sinks are
at mains potential. Take suitable precautions when
testing and measuring with the supply switched on.

The racks require little routine maintenance. A periodic inspection
of each rack's associated

wiring and connections is recommended.

4.1

4.1.1

Trouble-shooting

This section is given as a guide to ascertain the extent of any
fault which may occur on a Permus dimmer rack, and indicate a
solution.

Reference should be made to section 5, Technical Description, in the

event of any repair

work which may be required.

Single Channel Fault

If a single channel
lamp has blown. Replacement of the suspected fuse and/or lamp

will not light, it is most likely ~hat a ·fuse or

will

isolate the fault further.

If the suspect control channel still fails to operate, check the

control system and cables, to ascertain whether the problem lies
with the dimmer or the control.

If a dimmer fault is suspected, the dimmer rack must be isolated

from the source of mains supply before it is opened. It should only
be opened by a qualified electrician familiar

with the equipment.

8603

Check for broken wiring or loose connections within the rack and
rectify as necessary. If the fault still persists, replacement of

the suspected module should cure it.

If it is found that a module is at fault, repair at electronic
component level should only be carried out by an approved Strand
Lighting agent or qualified engineer. Circuit descriptions are

included in section 5, Technical Description.

Issue 4

Page 18 PERM01

4.1.2 Failure of a group of channels

Failure of a complete set of channels allocated to a group is almost
certainly due to a blown control transformer fuse. This

will be

indicated by failure of that group's indicator neon. Replacement of
control fuses may be achieved without removal of any front panels .

The correct rating fuse must be used when replacing •

•

4.1.3

4.1.4

4.2

Failure of a phase

When groups of channels al Located to a single phase fai L, this is

probably due to failure of supply on that phase.

Thyristor faults

Generally a thyristor fails in one of

two ways: either short

circuit, in which case the load will be turned on fully all the
time; or open circuit, in which case the dimmer will control the

load from out to about

50% intensity. In the Latter case, there
will be noticeable flicker if one of the pair of thyristors still
functions.

Module Removal and Replacement

If it is found necessary to replace a module, isolate the mains

supply and remove the lower front cover.

Identify the module to be replaced, and remove the push-fit

power

connectors from the heatsinks. On a 20/25A dimmer module there are
two of these,

six-way control connector should be unplugged, and then the module

while on a dual 10A dimmer module there are four. The

may be re leased from the six support pi l Lars and removed from the

rack. Take care to avoid overstressing the side-latching support

pillars and permanently deforming the

latches ,

When replacing a module, be sure that all the connections to the
module are replaced and are sound.

Repair of modules at electronic component level should only be
carried out by a Strand Lighting approved agent.

Issue 4 8603

PERM01 Page 19

5 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

5.1 Phase Control of

A thyristor dimmer functions as a fast-acting switch, operating

every half-cycle to connect the mains supply to the Load. The

electrical energy applied to the the Load is controlled by changing
the switch-on period (conduction angle) of each half-cycle, a
process known as phase control.

A thyristor is a three terminal device, having a main current path
which becomes conducting
terminal. Once triggered, a thyristor will remain conducting until
the current falls to zero at the end of the half-cycle. The device

can only pass current in one direction and thus, if operation over
the full mains cycle is to be achieved, a second device must be

connected in inverse parallel with the first. This second device is
triggered on alternate half-cycles to pass current in the other
direction.

The earlier the gate pulse occurs in each half-cycle the greater the
power applied to the Load. For example, if the gate trigger pulse

is produced five milliseconds after the start of each half-cycle

(assuming a 50Hz supply), conduction only occurs during the second
half of the half-cycle, reducing the mean Load power by half. ·

Mains Current

w~en a pulse is applied to the third (gate)

Because of the fast switching times of the thyristors and

th~ much

distorted output waveform, mains harmonics are produced and these

must be suppressed by

111eans of a choke and other interference

suppression components. Even with these components fitted, care

must be taken to ensure that Load cables are not installed in close

proximity to audio cables.

In the case of low or inductive Loads (e.g. tungsten Lamps of Less
than 100W, fluorescent tubes or Low-voltage transformer-fed Lamps)

it is possible for the thyristor to cease conduction before the end
of the half-cycle. To overcome this, the thyristors in Permus
dimmers are repeatedly triggered throughout the conduction period by
a blocking oscillator which produces gate pulses at high frequency.

The blocking oscillator is controlled by comparing the control
signal from the outstations

with a ramp signal. The Latter is

Locked to the mains frequency by means of a reset pulse which
appears each time the mains cycle passes through OV (see Fig. 5.1).

8603

Issue 4

Page 20

PERM01

r====:»

~

2

~

n ij

~

~INPUT

~

MAINS

f RESET '1

PULSE

d ,__, ;_......., :4 CONTROL VOLTS 1

,.z:'...__L::::::::::: IZ::~;- CONTROL RAMP

3

4 I

s - I

6 -+---N'--~~' __________ N __ ~i ____ --1·--CONTROLLED

h H H h OSCILLATOR

I I I I • I f ENABLE SIGNAL

~- -~ •

'

~~I

TRIGGERING

PULSES

: Vr C7 MAINS

? ;

5.2 Dual 10A Dimmer Module (Ref. 1808)

Drawing No. 6825916
WARNING: HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES ARE PRESENT ON THIS CARD.

s. 2.1

/

Power Supplies

The card receives 10V a.c. derived from the appropriate phase of the

mains by a separately mounted transformer. This is rectified by

REC1 and smoothed by C2 and C2 to give positive and negative rails

of +14V and -13V respectively. Additional smoothing is provided by

CS to remove any high frequency interference generated by the

blocking oscillator.

PHASE CCN!roL OF MAINS CURRENT !

Fig. 5.1

5.2.2

Issue 4

Ramp Generator

A negative-going, unsmoothed, full-wave-rectified waveform with a
peak of about -12V is derived from the incoming 10V a.c. supply by
bridge rectifier REC1; diode D1 provides isolation from the negative

8603

PERM01

Page 21

rail. This signal is routed via a potential divider formed by R9
and R26, to the base of transistor VT7. The latter detects the
positive going peaks of the waveform and thus produces a signal,
negative-going to -5.6V, with timing corresponding to the zero
crossover of the mains waveform. The -5.6V reference applied to VT7
is derived from the negative rail by zener diode D3 and resistor RS.

The zero-crossover pulse is used to reset a ramp generator formed by
IC1/8, IC1/14, and their associated components. At the end of each
half-cycle of the mains waveform the output of IC1/14 (and thus the

pin 10 input of IC1

/8) will be close to OV. When the reset pulse

appears, IC1 pin 8 will be driven high C+14V), forward biasing D11.
The output on pin 14 of IC1 will then move rapidly negative, as a
result of the Miller effect of R23 and C9, until the two inputs of
IC1/8 are equal at -5.6V. Once this equilibrium state is

established it doe not change until the end of the reset pulse.

When the collector of VT7 returns to OV, the equilibrium at the
inputs of IC1/8 is disturbed, forcing the output of this device

high. D11 therefore becomes back-biased and this allows the output
of IC1/14 to rise at a rate determined by R20 and C9.

A positive-

going ramp waveform is thus produced.

5.2.3

The shape of this waveform is modified by modulation with the

rectified sine-wave from the junction of REC1, D1 and R9 via C6 and

R15, in order to improve the dimmer control characteristics.

Automatic Bottom-set Circuit

In addition to the modulation mentioned above, the slope of the ramp

may be adjusted by means of a circuit formed by VT2, VT1 and their
associc.ted components; the latter circuit provides automatic
Bottom-set adjustment by controlling the voltage offset applied to
pin 12 of IC1/14 and thus the voltage across R20.

A reference voltage of about -Q.6V is derived from the -5.6V rail by

resistors R8 and R12; this voltage is applied to the base of VT1 and
represents the required 'top of ramp' voltage. The ramp output from
IC1/14 is applied to the base of VT2; as the ramp rises from -5.6V

towards OV, VT2 is conducting, D9 is reverse biased, and C10 charges
slowly via R22.

If the ramp voltage exceeds -0.6V, VT2 turns off, forward biasing

D9. C10 then discharges rapidly via D9 and R21, until the next

reset pulse from VT7 resets the ramp generator and VT2 turns on

again.

8603

The voltage on C10 is applied to the non-inverting input (pin 12) of
IC1/14 and provides a voltage offset which has the effect of
controlling the voltage across R20. This in turn controls the

Issue 4

Page 22

PERM01

I

5.2.4

integrator time constant and thus the voltage which the ramp will
reach in the 20ms between reset pulses.

Each time power is applied to the dimmer rack, the voltage on C10
will be adjusted on successive mains half-cycles by the bottom-set
circuit until an equilibrium is established; this is . normally at
about -0.3V. This effect may be observed by monitoring pin 14 of
IC1 on switch on; the ramp will be seen to stabilise during the
first few cycles of the mains.

Blocking Oscillator

1

The incoming control signals for

connected via terminals 3 and 4 of PLUG 1 to TOPSET adjustment

potentiometers RV1 and RV2. Taking RV1 as an example, the output

from the wiper of the latter is compared with the ramp waveform from
IC1/14 in comparator IC1/1, the output of which controls a blocking

oscillator formed by VT3, VT5, TRX1, and their associated
components.

At the beginning of each half-cycle, the ramp is more negative than
the control signal and the output of IC1/1 is at about -12.5V; VT3

is therefore

oscillator. When the ramp becomes more positive than the control

signal, the voltage on IC1 pin 1 falls to about -13V, turning off

VT3. This al lows VT5 to turn on due to base current flowing via R7
and R6. This current is then augmented by the voltage
across a feedback winding on TRX1, which, at the sa111e ... ~,ti111e,
discharges capacitor C7. When the magnetic core of TRX1 reaches

saturation, the feedback ceases and the base of VT5 is driven

negative by C7, turning the transistor off. C7 then charges via R7
until VT5 again turns on and the process repeats.

con~ucting, clamping the base of VT5 and inhibiting the

Lhe two dimmers are respectively

developed

l

l

l

1

5.2.5

Issue 4

The oscillator transformer has two separate secondary windings, the
outputs from which are rectified and applied to the gate terminals
of the two power thyristors, X1 and X2.

Ripple Rejection Filter

Connector PLUG 2 allows the fitting of the Strand Lighting Ripple

Rejection Filter Board in situations where this is found to be
necessary. The connector carries +14V, -13V, 10V a.c. and OV. The
output from the filter is a zero-crossover pulse which, applied to
the junction of R9 and R26, overrides the u.d.c. waveform from REC1.

8603

PERM01 Page 23

5.3

5.4

20/25A Dimmer Module (Ref. 1809)

Drawing No. 6925974.

Permus 5kW racks use a depopulated version of the trigger card
described in the previous section; this drives two 25 Amp thyristors
mounted on Larger heatsinks. The trigger circuit is identical to
that described above, but the second blocking oscillator circuit and
comparator are omitted.

R.F.I. Suppression Card (Ref. 1294)

Drawing No. 6C25219.
In order to provide radio frequency interference suppression,

0.47 microfarad capacitors
earth to neutral, and each Load channel to neutral. These

are fitted from each phase to neutral,

are

Located on Ref. 1294 printed circuit boards, one of which is fitted

for every twelve dimmers.

8603

Issue 4

_;I

Page 24 PERM01

I

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6 SPARES

6.1 Order Codes

The following spares for Permus dimmer racks are avai Lable from

Strand Lighting:

Mtr 10A HRC Reyrol Le fuse-Link (10)
MD 20A HRC Reyrolle fuse-Link (10)

10A Neozed fuse-Link (10)
25A Neozed fuse-Link (10)

100mA Delay 20

Red pullcap fuse carrier (10)
Black pullcap fuse carrier (10)
Neozed D02 fuse-cap (10)
20mm fuseholder (2)

Dual 10A dimmer module (Ref. 1808)
20/25A dimmer module (Ref. 1809)

Control terminal block (2)

Control cable - 25 core

Control cable - 12 core

Control cable - 8 core
10A Fi L ter
20/25A Fi L ter

x 5 mm control fuse-Link (10)

0831814
0832018

0800131

080014T
0800571
0809512
0807108
0800245
0800525
0881119
0881214
0860009
0860600
3560111
3560024
0886115
0886123

l-

L

l

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l

6.2

Approved Thyristor Replacements

Manufacturer

(Order Code 0889247)

Mul Lard

Westinghouse

A.E.I.

Int e rnat i ona L
Rectifier

Brown Boveri

Dual 10A

BTW

BTW
BTW 40-600 RSC

U 9033-85

RS 12/5

RS 24/5

G 1109 TH

CS 23-06-G05

40-600 RSA
40-600

RSB

Single

(Order Code 0889255)

20125A

U 1342-85

U 9034-85

RS 5/5
RS 13/5
RS 33/5
RS 41/5

Issue 4

8603

I

PERM01

7 SERVICE AGENTS

A list of regional Strand Lighting Service Agents may be obtained

from the Company's head office.

Page 25

STRAND LIGHTING LIMITED
Grant Way,

(off Syon Lane),

Is leworth,
Middlesex, TW7 5QD
Tel: [phone]
Telex: 27976

Cables: Rankaudio Brentford

:.~ 'fr.

STRAND LIGHTING Gmbh

3340 Wolfenbuettel-Salzdahlum,
Salzbergstrasse 2,

W. Germany.

Tel: [phone]

Telex: 09 56 41

;

8806

Issue 4/Rev 2

... -- --~-- . .---- _.,.._. -~~-·

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Page 26

PERM01

J.

Issue 4

/

8603

PERMAO

Page AI1

APPENDICES

CONTENTS

APPENDIX A - PERMUS 120kW RACKS

'

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A1
A2
A3
A4

81
82
83

83.1

83.2

83.3
84

85

85.1

85.2

85.2.1

85.2.2

85.2.3

85.2.4

85.2.5

85.2.6

85.3

85.4

86

INTRODUCTION

40/50A DIMMERS

SUPPLY CONNECTIONS

40/50A MODULE (Ref. 1809/10)

Drawings

7A25812
7A28126

APPENDIX 8 - DE-MULTIPLEX CONTROL UNIT

INTRODUCTION
INSTALLATION
CONNECTIONS

Control Outputs

fllk.lltiplexed Input

Mains Input

SETTING-UP
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

General
fotlltiplexed Analogue Input
Channel Sync Pulses
Analogue Sampling
Output Enable
Dimmer Drive Outputs
Frame Sync
Channel Counter
Power-up and Power-down Inhibit
Power Supplies

MAINTENANCE

24 x 20/25A PERMUS Dimmer Rack, wiring ciiagram.
12 x 40/50A PERMUS Dimmer Rack, wiring diagram.

A1

A1

A1

A1

81

81
82

B2

83

84

B4

B5

B5
B5
B6
B6
B7
B8
B8
B9

89
810
810

1

1

1

1

8603

Drawings
6A28237

Demultiplexer Board, circuit diagram.

Issue 1

Page AI2

PERfilAO

Issue 1

8603

PERMA1

A1 INTRODUCTION

This appendix provides additional details applicable to the 120kW
double-size PERMUS dimmer racks. In general, the information given

in the body of this handbook is relevant to the larger units, except
as detailed below. Always use the seven digit Strand Lighting order
code for reference.

Page A1

APPENDIX A

PERMUS 120kW RACKS

24 x 20/25A
12 x 40/50A dimmers

PERMUS 120kW Dimmer Racks

Supply Voltage Requirements - 220-250V three-phase or single-phase

Power Requirements - 120kW
Weight - 190kg Dimensions - 1800mm CH) x 190mm CD) x 1040mm CW)

A2 40/50A

DIMMERS

Each PERMUS 40/50A dimmer uses a single channel Ref. 1809/10 module

with thyristors separately mounted on individual heatsinks .. The

dimmers are protected by 40A Reyrol le HRC cartridge
Neozed fuses depending on the installation.

A3 SUPPLY CONNECTIONS

dimm~rs

Reyrolle Fused

0605206
0605140

Neozed Fused

0605214
0605150

fuses _or 50A

A label showing the layout of the rack will be found inside the rack

(see Fig. A1 and Fig. A2). 120kW racks are provided with busbars

for the incoming

suppl /ies. Supply cables should be coupled to the

M12 studs provided on the busbars using suitable heavy duty terminal

lugs. If the installation is to be a single phase system, the

coupling plate provided should be connected across the three phase

busbars.

A4 40/50A MODULE (Ref. 1809/10)

PERMUS 40/50A dimmers use the same Ref. 1809 trigger card as that
used on 20/25A dimmers, but with the thyristors and heatsinks

removed. The larger devices required are mounted separately,
adjacent to the trigger card, with their gate lead connected to the
appropriate points on the card.
this appendix.

8603

Wiring diagrams are included with

I

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Issue 2

11

I

Page A2

PERMA1

]
]

A

LOAD

-HJl!L4kt~ riffi E N~1P2 :3_ -1~~

1- - 24 ,- - ,__ - ,_ ,_ -,___ T - - i=

R

0-

.... - ..........

LOAD FUSES

L

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Issue 2

RACK LAYOUT - 24 x 20/25A PERMUS DIMMER RACK

Fig. A1

8603

PERMA1

Page A3

·-~ .

LOAD

E N P1 P2 P3

=

I:"

- • <

--·--

ill'

.

- -

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... ... ...

1~ -.

-

LOAD FUSES

11--- - - - - - - - - - -121

·1

4

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~

...

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-

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7

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2 3 '·

5

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....... , •. "i,;-.,<i{";

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RACK LAYOUT - 12 x 40/SOA PERMUS DIMMER RACK

12

[ill

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Fig. A2

8603

Issue 2

Page A4

PERMA1

t

Issue 2

8603

I

PERMA2

Page 91

.m

B1 INTRODUCTION

The Demultiplex Control Unit is an optional addition to dimmer racks

in the Permus range; it permits the direct connection of the dimmers
to any Strand Lighting control system which produces a multiplexed

output (e.g. Tempus M24), without the need for a separate Multiplex

Interface unit. The board produces the dimmer control signals for

24 dimmers, but may be used with any size of rack; one board will
normally be required for each rack in a dimmer installation.

The unit fits inside the rack and carries multiplex input and dimmer

control output connectors, and channel group selector switches. It
is supplied complete with four

and three 'tyrap' cable tidies.

82 INSTALLATION

APPENDIX B

DE-MULTIPLEX CONTROL UNIT (Ref. 1866)

six-way output cables, a mains lead

I

The Demultiplex Unit mounts on the right-hand side of the rack,

adjacent to the upper row of dimmer modules.

WARNING: ISOLATE THE MAINS SUPPLY BEFORE REMOVING ANY COVERS. When

the dimmers are in operation, the thyristor heat-sinks are
at mains potential.

1) Remove the two front covers from the rack to gain access to the
interior.

2)

3) Hold the Demultiplex Board assembly vertically, with the mains

4) Replace the screws removed in '2' above, passing them through

Remove the two screws securing the right-hand end of the
uppermost dimmer mounting panel (see Fig. 82.1); retain these
screws for later use.

input connector at the top and the edge with the other
connectors, etc. facing towards you. Passing the mounting
bracket behind the existing cable loom, line-up the slots in
the bracket

the mounting bracket.

with the holes in the dimmer mounting panel.

. .

8603

5) Connect the dimmer control outputs, and the multiplex and mains
inputs (see section 83). Set-up the board as described in
section 84, to control the required group of channels.

Issue

3

Page 82

PERMA2

RFI Board

(behind fuse panel)

3

00

I

~

r--- ----,

I I
I I

Dimmer Mounting Panel

(uppermost of three)

Control

Terminals

::1

.1

De-multiplex

Board Assembly

83

83.1

PERMUS DEMULTIPLEX INSTALLATION

Fig. 82.l 'rl

CONNECTIONS

Control Outputs

Four multi core cables, fitted with eight-way sockets, are provided

with the Demultiplex Board assembly. These connect between the

multipin plugs below the Channel Group Selector switches (when the
board is in situ) and the control input terminals at the top of the

rack.
is labelled with the appropriate channel numbers.

The individual wires in the control output cables are colour-coded

as fol lows:

Each board connector carries the outputs for six channels and

... , '

I

Issue 3

8603

PERMA2

Page B3

Cable No.

Channel
Numbers

Note that in dimmer racks with less than 24 dimmers, some control

outputs will not be needed; these should be left unconnected.

When the connections are complete, secure the cables using the cable
tidies supplied, passing them through the holes in the mounting
bracket.

B3.2 Multiplexed Input

The multiplexed control input signal connects via the four-way
plug-on terminal block labelled PL3, using single core
screened cable. The connections are as follows:

1

1
2
3

4

5

6

N/U

TE

2

7

8

9
10
11

12

N/U

TE

3 4

13 19

14 20 Blue

15 21
16 22 Yellow
17
18

N/U N/U

TE TE

23
24

Wire Colours

Red

Green

White
Black
Brown

Violet

I
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O.Smm~

PL3 Terminal

SCRN

ANLG

SYNC­SYNC+

The SYNC-and SYNC+ terminals are provided to allow the use of an
alternative, four-wire system.

If the installation comprises two

multiplexed input must be connected

chain' fashion.

The connection at the control system is normally by means of a 3-pin
type XLR connector, wired as follows:

1

Pin
Pin 2
Pin 3

The pin 2 connection is not used on Permus demultiplex

installations.

Screen
Red
Blue

Connection

Screen
flllltiplexed
Not Normally Used
Not Normally Used

(common)

Control Signal

or more dimmer racks, the
from rack to rack in 'daisy

ov

FMX - Multiplexed Input (to control system)
DMX - Multiplexed Output (from control system)

8603

Issue 3

Page 84 PERMA2

83.3 Mains Input

The mains cable supplied should be connected between the socket at

the top of the board and the RFI card on the other side of the rack.

The connections are as follows:

RFI Card Terminal

P3

N

E

Wire Colour

Brown

Blue

Green/Yellow

The unit includes a self-resetting fuse, thus making a fuse in the
mains input unnecessary.

WARNING: In all installations using the Demultiplex Unit the

equipment must be properly earthed if it is to function

correctly. IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT EARTH BE AT THE

SAME
POTENTIAL AT ALL POINTS IN THE SYSTEM. If this is not the
case, circulating currents may be generated in the signal

earth connections, leading to fluctuating light levels
and, in extreme cases, severe damage to the equipment.

In cases where the earth is provided via the supply

neutral, the recommendations given in section 3.1

must be
fol lowed. If damage is caused as a result of failure to
observe these recommendations, any warranty will be

invalidated. If in doubt, your local Strand

Lighting

agent will be pleased to advise. -~- • -

84 SETTING-UP

Before the modified dimmer rack can be used, it must be decided

which channel numbers will be assigned to the dimmers. The numbers
chosen must be consecutive and the first number must be within the

valid range of the control system.

The three rotary Channel Group Selector switches represent, from
bottom to top, the hundreds, tens and units of the first channel
numb~r in the group, i.e. that assigned to dimmer 1. For instance,
to assign the dimmers to channels 1 to 24, set the three switches to

(from bottom to top) O, O, 1; dimmer 1 will then be assigned to

channel 1, 2 to 2, 3 to 3, etc. Similarly if the channels required

are numbers 25 to 48, the switch settings will be O, 2, 5.

Notes: 1) If the first number is within 24 of the maximum valid

channel number, or if the rack contains less than 24

dimmers, there will be some spare control outputs; for

example, if the switches are set to channel 37 on a 48
channel installation, outputs numbers 13 to 24 will be

unused.

Issue 3

8603

I

PERMA2

Page 85

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2)

When the equipment is in operation, a 'Communication' indicator on
the board Lights to show that a valid mul tip Lex

received.

85 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

Drawing No. 6A28237

85.1 General

The Permus demultiplex control board receives a multiplexed analogue
signal from the associated Control Console and generates the dimmer

drive outputs for 24 channels. The multiplexed signal is sampled to

extract the Levels for the channels controlled by the board and
these Levels are stored on capacitors. The Levels
refreshed or updated about every 50ms.

Two or more dimmer racks may be assigned to the same

Lighting channels. This provides a simple method of

patching multiple dimmers to single channels.

sign.al is being

are typically

85.2

Multiplexed Analogue Input

The incoming multiplexed analogue signal appears on terminals 1 and
2 of connector

R15 and R16, is applied to a differential amplifier

and its associated components. IC4/1 has a gain of

resistors R17, R57, R58 and R59, to ensure stability. However, the
incoming signal is routed via potential divider R17/R60, thus giving

an overall gain of unity. The circuit ensures that the multiplexed

signal remains isolated from ground, thus preventing interference

which may be caused by earth Loops.

Note that early, 'Issue 2' boards have the alternative circuit shown
on the diagram. The incoming signal on terminal 2 of PL3 is
terminated by capacitor C12 and resistors R15 and R16, and applied
to unity-gain buffer IC4/1.

The multiplexed signal takes the form shown in Fig. B5.2.1. The
analogue channel Level varies between +SV (full Level) and OV

(zero>, while the sync pulses are negative-going to -SV.

Some equipment may
separate analogue and sync signals. In the Latter case, the sync
signals appear on terminals 3 and 4 of PL3 and are applied to Op-amp
IC4/7 which acts as a differential Line receiver.

PL3 and, terminated by capacitor C12 and resistors

for111e<f by IC4/1

thr~e, "set oy

_use an alternative, four-wire system which has

8603

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BS.2.1 Channel Sync Pulses

The output of IC4/1 is applied to the base of transistor VT3 which
passes only the negative-going Channel Sync pulses. The
base/ collector diode of the transistor provides isolation from the
analogue signals when the four
R53 protects the output of IC4/7 on two-wire systems.

The combined outputs of VT3 and IC4/7 are routed

IC1 /3; the input of the latter is protected by diode D1, wh i eh
clamps the positive-going excursions of the signal. The

going edges of the output from IC1/3 Ci.e. the trailing edges of
the sync pulses) trigger monostable IC2/7, which produces a 22us
negative-going pulse on pin 7 (see Fig. BS.2.2). On the trailing
edge of the latter signal, !C2/10 is triggered and the negative­going output (pin 9) of this monostable, routed via delay circuit

R3/C10 C3us) and Schmitt trigger IC1/11, enables analogue switch
IC7/2.

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BS.2.2

Issue 3

Analogue Sampling

IC4/1 also feeds Op-amp IC4/8 which, has a gain of 2 and inverts the

signal to produce the OV to -10V control signals required by the

dimmers. The output of !C4/8 is applied to the analogue input of

IC7/2. When the latter device is enabled, the output of IC4/8 is

applied to capacitor C17, which therefore charges to the analogue

level of the channel currently being sampled (see Fig. BS.2.2) .

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85.2.3 Output Enable

The output of Schmitt trigger IC1/11 is also applied t·o,....,,tfiit '·clock

input of counter IC11 (see section 85.2.6). This produces outputs
which
appropriate dimmer drive circuit. The counter outputs change on the
front

A second counter, formed by IC5, IC8 and IC10, is clocked by the pin

9 output of IC2/10. The output from pin 12 of IC5 is a signal

(First Channel) which becomes high at the beginning of the

transmission period of the 24 channels served by the board. A

second signal (Last Channel), from IC3 pin 12, appears 32 channels

later. These two signals are applied to the select inputs of
decoder IC14/10, on pins 13 and 14 respectively. The pin 10 output
of the decoder is only selected with First Channel and Last Channel
both high (i.e. for 32 channels following the appearance of the

First Channel signal) and during this period, the output of IC2/10

(Disable) is routed via IC14/10 to enable the second half of decoder

IC14 Con pin 1).

are used to route the sampled analogue signal to the

edge of the clock pulse.

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The latter device receives select inputs (C3 and C4) from the

counter and produces a low output on one of pins 4, 5, or 6. These
are each connected to the enable input of one of three 8-channel
analogue demultiplexers which receive select signals CO - C2 from

Issue

3

Page 88

PERMA2

the counter. The analogue input to the demultiplexers is from

Op-amp IC4/14, the input to which is the analogue voltage stored on

C17.

The Disable signal from IC2/10 inhibits IC14/10 during the sample
period for each channel
half of the decoder, disables the selected demultiplexer. This

ensures that the voltage on C17 is not connected to the selected

output until it has attained a stable state.

Because there are only three 8-channel demultiplexers, only the

first 24 of the 32 channels appear on a dimmer drive output. The
remaining 8 are ignored, but may be processed by a demultiplexer in

another rack if required.

(see Fig. 85.2.2) and thus, via the second

I

85.2.4

85.2.5 Frame Sync

Dimmer Drive Outputs

During the Output Enable period Ci .e. while IC14 pin 10 is low) the

output of IC4/14 is applied, via the selected analogue

demultiplexer, to one of twenty four capacitors (C21 - C28,

C31 - C38 and C41 - C48). These each provide the input to a unity
gain Op-amp which, via a resistor and a diode, feeds the dimmer
drive line for the corresponding channel. The diodes allow the
outputs to combine on a Highest-takes-precedence basis
other control systems, while the resistor provides current limiting

and protection against high voltages in the event of a fault.

When IC14 pin 10 goes high, the analogue
disabled and presents a high impedance to the capacitor. As the

input to the Op-amp is also high impedance, the capacitor retains

its charge until refreshed on the next frame of the multiplexed
analogue signal.

At the end of each frame of channel level data, a Frame Sync pulse

with a duration of at least 35us appears on the multiplexed analogue

input. This is detected by means of monostable IC6/7 (22us), which

is triggered on the Leading edge of every sync pulse by the output
of IC1/3. On the trailing edge of the 22us pulse from IC6/7, IC3/2
is clocked and its output is set low or high, depending on the state

of its D input. In the

returns high after Bus and IC3 pin 2 is therefore set high. When
the Longer Frame Sync pulse appears, however, IC1 pin 3 is still low

after 22us and pin 2 of IC3 is set Low.

with those of

de11ul tiplexer channet · 1s-!,,

case of the Channel Sync pulses, IC1 pin 3

Issue

The end of Frame CEOF) signal thus produced is used to reset the

channel counter as described in section 85.2.6, and to trigger

multiplex detector IC6/10. The Latter device has a period of O.Ss
and it is therefore continually retriggered. Its output is used,

3

8603

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PERMA2

Page B9

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via transistor VT1, to drive the 'Communication' indicator LED

(Mux OK) and, if the multiplex signal ceases, to reset bistable

IC3/12.

L ___ _

BS.2.6 Channel Counter

The channel counter is formed by IC11, ICS, IC8, and IC10. It is
divided into two sections. ICS, IC8 and IC10 are clocked by_ sync
pulses from IC2/9 and count down from a preset value which depends
on the particular group of channels served by the board;

is set on the Channel Group Selector switches, SW1, SW2 and SW3, and
is loaded by the End of Frame pulse from IC3/2.
zero is reached, ICS pin 12 (First Channel) goes high and this part

of the counter is inhibited.

The other half of the counter CIC11) is enabled only when First

Channel is high; it is also clocked by the channel sync pulses ­taken in this case from IC1/11 - and produces the CO - C4 signals
which select each analogue output circuit in turn as the 24 channel s
are scanned (see section BS.2.3).

32 channels after First Channel appears, bistable IC3/12 is clocked
by the pin 4 output (CS) of IC11. The pin 12 output of the bistable

(Last Channel) is applied to decoder IC14/10, to disable the

analogue demultiplexer.

the Latt~r

~

--.tt ~,-_..:; ..

When a count of

B5.3 Power-up and Power-down Inhibit

When power is applied to the board, VT2 is initial Ly off, C39 is
discharged and IC6/10 is reset via D30. When the -15V
about -10V, D5 conducts and VT2 switches on, back biasing D30 and
charging C39. IC6/10 remains reset, however, via R24, until C39

8603

rail reaches

Issue 3

I

Page 810

PERMA2

reaches the threshold of the monostable; hysteresis about this

threshold is produced by positive feedback via R54.

When the power is switched off, the -15V rail rapidly collapses to

below -1 OV, switching off VT2 and resetting IC6/10 via D30. D4

ensures that C39 discharges rapidly.

BS.4

~6 MAINTENANCE

Power Supplies

The incoming mains connects via plug PL 1 and is routed via a self-

resetting fuse CR1) to transformer TRX1; the output of the latter is
full-wave rectified by REC1 and smoothed by C1 and C6. The
resulting 24-0-24V d.c. supply is applied to regulators REG2 and

REG1 which respectively generate +15V and -15V rails.

A third rail C-0.7V) is produced by D32 and R2. This rail supplies
all the
analogue demultiplexers can pass the full control voltage range COV
to -10V).

If maintenance of the Demultiplex Control Unit should be necessary,
the printed circuit board should be removed and returned to an
approved Strand Lighting service agent. To remove the board, unplug
the mains input, multiplexed input and control outputs, and lift the

board off its mounting pillars.

CMOS logic, but is primarily needed to ensure that the

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