AN2456
Application note
Protection of single battery voltage SLICs for new networks in US market
Introduction
Despite the widespread proliferation of digital technologies, analog networks remain the
most commonly used telecommunication means in the world. Thanks to its simple and
cheap technology, POTS (plain old telephone set) are still utilized extensively.
Figure 1. Schematic of new networks
Central Office / LT
Central Office / LT
Central Office / LT
Central Office / LT
Long lines
Long lines
Long lines
Long lines
(Twisted pair)
(Twisted pair)
(Twisted pair)
(Twisted pair)
O
O
O
O
p
p
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p
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RCO
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Short lines
Short lines
Short lines
Short lines
(Twisted pair)
(Twisted pair)
(Twisted pair)
(Twisted pair)
Optical
Optical
Network
Network
n
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Unit
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Central Office / LTCentral Office / LT
Central Office / LTCentral Office / LT
Figure 1 shows a schematic of modern telecom networks that are expected to keep
growing. These networks are essentially made up of two kinds of lines, classical long lines
(several kilometers long) that directly connect the Central Office (CO) to the subscriber, and
short lines (few tens of meters in length) that connect Remote Central Offices (RCO),
Optical Network Units (ONU) or Radio Network Units (RNU) to subscriber terminals. In
these networks SLICs can be present in either conventional Central Offices or any of the
above mentioned remote locations or in Remote Terminals (RT) in the customer premises
which connect to POTS through short lines. The link between these remote locations and
the CO is established by a long high speed digital link e.g. coaxial cable, fiber optic cable,
Wireless Local Loop (WLL). This disparity in line length has given rise to SLICs of two types.
Protection of both kinds of SLICs is a very important aspect in the design of the system. The
purpose of this application note is to propose a complete protection solution for short line
SLICs located in RT in customer premises.
November 2006 Rev 1 1/15
www.st.com
Contents AN2456
Contents
Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1 Telecom disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 LCP152xx concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 SLIC protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Lightning surge protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Power crossing protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2/15
AN2456 Telecom disturbances
1 Telecom disturbances
Figure 2 shows the different disturbances that may appear on the telecom line. Among
these, lightning and power crossing are the main considerations for wireline applications.
These disturbances are well defined in the country standards.
Figure 2. Line disturbance causes
Subscriber
Location
Remote
Terminal
SLIC
Protection
Protection
Short
line
POTS
Atmospheric effects (Lightning)
50/60Hz mains disturbances
Electrostatic discharges
Central office
As the purpose of this application note is to illustrate the protection topology needed for
short line SLICs located in RT in customer premises in the US, the standard to be
considered for lightning and power crossing tests is the Telcordia GR1089 Intrabuilding
(equipment port type 4).
The Telcordia GR1089 specifies two acceptance criteria:
● First level: the equipment shall continue to operate properly after the test.
● Second level: the equipment may be damaged, but should not become a fire or
electrical hazard.
For intrabuilding equipment, however, only first level acceptance criterion need to be
satisfied for lightning tests.
Ta bl e 1 and Tab le 2 give the list of lightning and power crossing tests in the Telcordia
GR1089 intrabuilding standard for equipment port type 4.
Table 1. Telecordia GR1089 intrabuilding lightning tests
Voltage and
Surge
Peak voltage
(V)
1 ±800 100 2/10 1 M (on tip and ring)
2 ±1500 100 2/10 1 L
1. M: metallic; L: longitudinal
Peak current
(A)
current
waveforms
(µs)
Repetitions of
each polarity
Tes t
configuration
(1)
3/15
Telecom disturbances AN2456
Table 2. Telecordia GR1089 2nd level intrabuilding power crossing test
(equipment port type 4)
Tes t Tes t for
Voltage
(V
rms
Current
)
(A
rms
)
Duration
Test
configuration
(1)
1 Secondary contact 120 25 15 minutes M (on tip and ring), L
1. M: metallic; L: longitudinal
Table 3. IEC61000-4-2 ESD surge standard
Contact discharge Air discharge
Level Test voltage (kV) Level Test voltage (kV)
1212
2424
3638
48415
(1)
X
1. “X” is a level to be defined.
Special X
(1)
Special
Ta bl e 3 shows the most commonly used worldwide standard for ESD. Generally, Level 4 is
required. Such tests appear in the Telcordia GR1089 standard and do apply to equipment
port type 4.
The next section presents the protection concept of the LCP152xx used to protect short line
SLICs with a single battery voltage.
4/15
AN2456 LCP152xx concept
2 LCP152xx concept
Figure 3. LCP152xx concept behavior
GND
GND
L 1
L 1
L 2
L 2
Fuse1
Fuse1
-Vbat
-Vbat
Fuse2
Fuse2
TIP
TIP
ID1
T1
IG
IG
Gate
Gate
C
C
T1
Th1
Th1
RING
RING
D1
D1
ID1
GND
GND
V Tip
V Tip
V Ring
V Ring
Figure 3 shows the protection circuit using the LCP152xx crowbar concept that can be used
for protection of single battery high voltage SLICs. It’s noteworthy that the schematic does
not show series resistors that would normally be used on wires L1 and L2. This
configuration permits the negative firing threshold V
of the LCP152xx to be programmed at
g
the negative battery voltage of the SLIC (up to -150 V), while the positive clamping threshold
is at the GND.
Figure 4. LCP152xx electrical characteristics
I
I
Vg
Vg
Vf
Vf
Ih
Ih
V
V
It can be seen from the characteristics of the device (shown in Figure 4) that the device
operates asymmetrically.
Under normal operating conditions i.e. when the voltage on the line is between 0 and –V
the LCP152xx is transparent to the application.
For positive surges on either wire (e.g. L1), the diode D1 clamps the surge voltage to its
forward voltage (Vf).
5/15
bat
,
LCP152xx concept AN2456
When there is a negative surge voltage bigger than –V
, on either wire (e.g. L1), a current
bat
IG flows through the base of transistor T1 and is injected into the gate of thyristor Th1. This
current causes Th1 to fire and the entire surge current is bypassed to GND. As soon as the
surge current flowing through Th1 drops below the holding current Ih, Th1 switches off.
Figure 5. Example of recommended PCB layout for protection with LCP1521S
LCP1521S
LCP1521S
GND
To Line
To Line
side
side
GND
220nF
220nF
To SLIC
To SLIC
side
side
Figure 5 represents the PCB layout that would typically be used to optimize SLIC protection
using LCP1521S which is in SO-8 package. The LCP152xx is also available in QFN 3x3 6
lead package, and is called LCP152DEE.
A capacitor is connected between the gate of the LCP1521S and the ground in order to
speed up the firing of this device during fast edge surges. As shown in Figure 5 the
capacitor needs to be placed as close as possible to the LCP1521S gate pin and also to the
reference ground track (or plane). Please note that the capacitor is generally present around
the –V
pin of the SLIC. The optimized value for the capacitor is 220 nF.
bat
Such a layout is recommended for the QFN package as well.
Fuse1 and Fuse 2 in Figure 3 are necessary in order for the equipment to be protected from
power crossing disturbances. These are defined in the different country standards. The
fuses shouldn’t open for First level tests, while they must open safely for Second level tests
where the LCP152xx will fail.
6/15
AN2456 SLIC protection
3 SLIC protection
Figure 6. Protection diagram for short line SLICs like STLC3055N located in remote
terminals
TIPL
RINGL
10 W
10 W
TCP500 mA
220 nF
220 nF
TCP500 mA
LCP1521S
G
G
50 W
VTip
50 W
VRing
-Vbat
TIP
TIPS
S
SLIC
SLI
C
STLC3055N
STLC3055
N
RING
RINGS
S
-Vba
-Vbat
Rin
Ring
g
Gen
Gen
.
.
Figure 6 gives the protection circuit of a single battery voltage short line SLIC located in RT
in the US. In this particular application note the STLC3055N has been chosen as an
example of a single battery high voltage SLIC. High voltage SLICs like this, are well suited to
short line applications that require smaller battery and ringing voltages, as compared to long
line applications. Since the ringing signal is smaller, it is generated by the SLIC itself
(without external ring generator). These SLICs are capable of higher voltages (~ -70 V
during ringing) than classical long line SLICs (which generate ~ -56.6 V constant) and are
therefore called high voltage SLICs.
At any given time the line card could be in one of three operating modes i.e. idle mode,
ringing mode or speech mode. The protection circuit used must protect the line card during
all three operating modes. During idle mode there is only the battery voltage on the line and
when in speech or ringing mode the corresponding signal is superimposed on the battery
voltage. The LCP1521S assumes this protection function for all three operating modes.
The fuse TCP500mA from Cooper-Bussman along with a 10 Ω resistor is the serial
protection used to protect the LCP1521S and the EUT against power crossing disturbances.
The 50 Ω resistor is used to limit the current entering the SLIC.
7/15
SLIC protection AN2456
Figure 7. STLC3055N evaluation board used to perform tests
Mode select
switches
(D0, D1, D2)
D2 Toggle input
TIP
RING
STLC3055N
LCP1521S
GND
-Vbat
+9V
Figure 7 shows the STLC3055N evaluation board (Ref.:WT546) used to perform the tests.
Please note that, as only lightning protection is managed on this board (by the LCP1521S),
both fuses and 10 Ω resistors have to be added externally in order to assume protection
against power crossing disturbances. The mode the SLIC operates in is selected by the
mode select switches. These switches are single pole, double throw switches, that connect
the pins D0, D1 or D2 to either Ground or V
i.e. logic level 0 or 1 respectively. The D2
CC
toggle input is connected to a square wave at the ring frequency when the SLIC is in ringing
mode. All the results shown here under were from tests performed on this board. The tests
are performed only in Active mode Normal Polarity and Ringing mode as these two modes
test the performance of the protection for both possible battery voltage levels.
Figure 8 shows the voltage on TIP, RING and –V
where TIP is at -3.5V and RING is at -44.5 V (-V
(i.e. TIP = -44.5 V and RING = -3.5 V) by switching D2. Figure 9 shows the TIP, RING and
–V
voltages in the Ringing mode. The voltage on each wire swings between -2.1 V and
bat
-66.4 V (-V
8/15
= -70.9 V) at the ring frequency of 20 Hz.
bat
during Active mode Normal Polarity
bat
= -50.9 V). The polarity can be reversed
bat
AN2456 SLIC protection
Figure 8. Tip, ring and –V
mode)
Figure 9. TIP, RING and –V
voltages during active mode normal polarity (ANP
bat
V
Tip
V
Ring
-V
bat
voltages during Ringing mode
bat
V
(20 V/div)
Tip
V
Ring
(20 V/div)
0
(20 V/div)
(20 V/div)
(20 V/div)
3.1 Lightning surge protection
Since the application is dedicated to US, the protection has to be Telcordia GR1089
compliant. Also because it is only meant for intrabuilding SLICs located in RT, this protection
needs only to be able to handle a 100 A (2/10 µs) current surge. Telcordia GR1089
Intrabuilding standard requires the EUT to meet First level compliance criterion for lightning
tests.
-V
bat
0
(20 V/div)
9/15
SLIC protection AN2456
g
Figure 10 shows the setup used to perform lightning tests in longitudinal mode. To perform
lightning tests in metallic mode, the set up is similar except that one of the wires (TIP or
RING) is connected to ground and the surge is applied only on the other wire.
Figure 10. Lightning measurement set up for longitudinal tests
50Ω
50Ω
EUT
VTip
VRin
-Vbat
Lightning
Generator
Current probe
Voltage probe
I Surge
Oscilloscope
TIP
RING
TCP500mA
220 nF
TCP500mA
10Ω
10Ω
LCP1521S
Figure 11. +800 V - 100 A (2/10 µs) - Metallic on ring - ringing mode
V
0
V
TIP
STLC3055N
RING
-Vbat
(20 V/div)
Tip
(20 V/div)
Ring
SLIC
Ring
Gen
10/15
-V
I
Surge
bat
(20 V/div)
(20 A/div)
AN2456 SLIC protection
Figure 12. -800 V - 100 A (2/10 µs) - Metallic on tip - ANP mode
V
(20 V/div)
Tip
0
V
Ring
-V
bat
I
Surge
(20 V/div)
(20 V/div)
(20 A/div)
Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the behavior of the protection for positive and negative
surges in Ringing mode and ANP mode respectively. The lightning surge is applied in
metallic configuration and is 2/10 µs – 800 V – 100 A per the Telcordia GR1089 Intrabuilding
standard. In both cases it is seen that the peak current is only about 40 A. This is because of
the two 10 Ω resistors on the line (800 V/ (8 Ω +10 Ω) ~ 40 A).
In the case of Figure 11 it is seen that the diode of the LCP1521S on the Ring wire clamps
the voltage to GND when a positive surge is applied to RING. The protection behavior would
be similar if the surge was applied on TIP. We also see that there is little effect of the surge
on V
and –V
Tip
. After the surge, VRing returns to the operating voltage.
bat
Figure 12 shows that the thyristor structure inside the LCP1521S on the TIP wire fires when
a negative surge of higher magnitude than –V
, is applied. When the current through the
bat
thyristor drops below its holding current, the voltage on TIP returns to the operating voltage.
Figure 13. +1500 V - 100 A (2/10 µs) - longitudinal - ANP mode
V
(20 V/div)
Tip
0
(20 V/div)
V
Ring
(20 V/div)
-V
bat
I
(20 A/div)
Surge
11/15
SLIC protection AN2456
Figure 14. -1500 V - 100 A (2/10 µs) - longitudinal - ringing mode
0
(20 V/div)
V
Ring
V
(20 V/div)
Tip
-V
(20 V/div)
bat
(20 A/div)
I
Surge
Figure 13 and Figure 14 also show the behavior of the protection for positive and negative
surges in ANP mode and Ringing mode respectively. The lightning surge is applied in
longitudinal configuration and is 2/10 µs – 1500 V – 100 A per the Telcordia GR1089
Intrabuilding standard. In both cases it is seen that the peak current is only about 55 A. This
is because of the two 10 Ω resistors on the line (1500 V/ (15 Ω +10 Ω) ~ 55 A).
The behavior of the protection for the 1500 V surge is the same as it is for the 800 V surge,
the only difference being that the protection on both wires act, due to the longitudinal
application of the pulse.
Although, the protection solution was tested for all lightning tests required by the Telcordia
GR1089 Intrabuilding standard, for reasons of brevity, only some of them are illustrated
above. All results are available upon request. The SLIC returned to its initial operating
conditions after the surge application for all tests, i.e. the protection solution provides the
SLIC, Telcordia GR1089 First level compliance.
3.2 Power crossing protection
The test setup used to perform the power crossing tests is exactly the same as the setup for
lightning tests (shown in Figure 10 on page 10), with the AC surge generator connected
instead of the lightning surge generator.
As seen in Tab le 2 ., the Telcordia GR1089 Intrabuilding standard requires the equipment
(Port type 4) to meet Second level compliance criterion for 120 V
crossing test.
rms
, 25 A
, 15 min power
rms
12/15
AN2456 SLIC protection
Figure 15. 120 V
Figure 16. 120 V
rms
rms
- 25 A
- 25 A
- 15 min. - metallic on tip - ANP mode
rms
- 15min. - longitudinal - ringing mode
rms
0
V
(20 V/div)
Tip
V
Ring
-V
bat
I
Surge
V
(20 V/div)
Tip
(20 V/div)
(20 V/div)
(20 A/div)
0
(20 V/div)
V
Ring
(20 V/div)
-V
bat
I
(20 A/div)
Surge
Figure 15 and Figure 16 show the protection behavior in ANP mode and Ringing mode
when the power cross is applied in metallic configuration on TIP and in Longitudinal
configuration respectively. The current is 11.3 A
11.3 A
). It is seen that the power is engaged on the wire for 1.5 to 2 cycles before the fuse
pk
(120 V
pk
/ (4.8 Ω+10 Ω) ~ 8.1 A
rms
rms
~
opens. During this time it is noted that the voltage is clamped to GND by the diode inside
LCP1521S for the positive half cycles. During the negative half cycles, the thyristor structure
inside LCP1521S fires when the voltage exceeds –V
. We see some disturbance in –V
bat
bat
voltages but it returns to initial condition after the test. In Figure 15 the protection on Ring
doesn’t react because the power cross is only applied on TIP. But however there is a small
disturbance on VRing during the surge due to the disturbance on -V
bat
.
13/15
Conclusion AN2456
The protection solution was tested for all configurations, but only two are illustrated for
brevity. All other test results are available upon request. The TCP 500 mA fuse opened
safely in all cases (i.e. without smoke or fire) and ensured Telcordia GR1089 Second level
compliance. There was no damage to the SLIC or even the LCP1521S after the power cross
tests. Although not required by the Telcordia standard, this sort of co-ordination of serial and
parallel protection reduces the system down time and keeps system recovery costs low after
a power cross in the field.
4 Conclusion
The purpose of this application note was to propose a complete protection solution for single
battery voltage SLICs located in remote terminals, at customer premises, in the US.
Therefore, the standard that has been considered for lightning and power crossing tests in
order to validate this protection solution is the Telcordia GR1089 Intrabuilding (equipment
port type 4).
The protection solution consists of programmable overvoltage protection and fuses for
overcurrent protection. The overvoltage protection device is an ST product based on the
crowbar concept (LCP1521S). While the series protection is mainly done using fuses TCP
500 mA from Cooper-Bussman. There is a 10 Ω resistor on each wire that makes the fuses
TCP500mA compatible with the LCP1521S and makes the solution compliant with the
Telcordia GR1089 Intrabuilding standard.
All the tests mentioned in the tables of the Telcordia GR1089 Intrabuilding standard were
performed on the STLC3055N evaluation board shown in Figure 7 on page 8, with both
external fuses and 10 Ω resistors. All test results are available upon request. These results
showed that there was no impact on either of the fuses during lightning tests, while they
opened safely, in time to protect the SLIC and the LCP1521S, during power crossing tests.
The presented protection topology is an effective protection solution for single battery
voltage SLICs located at remote terminals in the US. The application note is intended only
as a guideline. While the STLC3055N is a good example of a single battery voltage SLIC
that one might see in a remote terminal, SLIC designs are excessively variant and therefore
exact implementation of the above circuitry for a different SLIC may or may not be the most
efficient solution.
5 Revision history
Date Revision Changes
03-Nov-2006 1 Initial release.
14/15
AN2456
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