Sony Trinitron KD-27FS130 Service Manual
HISTORY INFORMATION FOR THE FOLLOWING MANUAL:
SERVICE MANUAL
MODEL NAME REMOTE COMMANDER DESTINATION CHASSIS NO.
KD-27FS130
RM-YD001 US SCC-S61X-A
BA-6
CHASSIS
ORIGINAL MANUAL ISSUE DATE: 9/2005
REVISION DATE SUBJECT
9/2005 No revisions or updates are applicable at this time.
TRINITRON® COLOR TELEVISION
9-965-989-01
Self Diagnosis
Supported model
SERVICE MANUAL
MODEL NAME REMOTE COMMANDER DESTINATION CHASSIS NO.
KD-27FS130
RM-YD001 US SCC-S61X-A
BA-6
CHASSIS
KD-27FS130 RM-YD001
9-965-989-01
TRINITRON® COLOR TELEVISION
KD-27FS130
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION TITLE PAGE SECTION TITLE PAGE
Specifi cations ........................................................................... 4
Warnings and Cautions ............................................................ 5
Safety Check-Out ..................................................................... 6
Self-Diagnostic Function .......................................................... 7
SECTION 1: DISASSEMBLY ................................................................. 9
1-1. Rear Cover Removal ........................................................ 9
1-2. Chassis Assembly Removal ............................................. 9
1-3. Service Position .............................................................. 10
1-4. Picture Tube Removal .....................................................11
Anode Cap Removal Procedure ......................................11
Cable Wire Dressing ...................................................... 12
SECTION 2: SET-UP ADJUSTMENTS ................................................ 23
2-1. Beam Landing ................................................................ 23
2-2. Convergence .................................................................. 24
2-3. Focus .............................................................................. 25
2-4. Screen (G2) .................................................................... 26
SECTION 3: SAFETY RELATED ADJUSTMENTS ............................. 27
3-1.
X
R530, R531 Confi rmation Method
(HV Hold-Down Confi rmation) and Readjustments ........ 27
3-2. B+ Voltage Confi rmation and Adjustment ....................... 27
SECTION 5: DIAGRAMS ..................................................................... 44
5-1. Circuit Boards Location .................................................. 44
5-2. Printed Wiring Board and
Schematic Diagram Information ..................................... 44
5-3. Block Diagrams and Schematics .................................... 45
Signal Flow Block Diagram ............................................ 45
A Board Schematic Diagram (1 of 2) ............................. 46
A Board Schematic Diagram (2 of 2) ............................. 47
C Board Schematic Diagram ......................................... 49
GS Board Schematic Diagram ....................................... 51
HS Board Schematic Diagram ....................................... 52
MD Board Schematic Diagram ...................................... 53
V Board Schematic Diagram .......................................... 55
5-4. Semiconductors .............................................................. 57
SECTION 6: EXPLODED VIEWS ........................................................ 58
6-1. Chassis ........................................................................... 58
6-2. Picture Tube ................................................................... 59
SECTION 7: ELECTRICAL PARTS LIST ............................................ 60
SECTION 4: CIRCUIT ADJUSTMENTS .............................................. 28
4-1. Remote Adjustment Buttons and Indicators ................... 28
4-2. Accessing the Service Adjustment Mode ....................... 28
4-3. Confi rming Service Adjustment Changes ....................... 29
4-4. White Balance Adjustments ............................................ 30
4-5. A Board Adjustments ...................................................... 30
4-6. Service Data Lists .......................................................... 33
4-7. ID Map Table .................................................................. 43
KD-27FS130
3
Power Requirements 120V, 60Hz
p
)
Number of Inputs/Outputs
Power Consumption (W)
Dimensions (W x H x D)
Mass
Television system
American TV standard, NTSC
ATSC Compliant 8VSB, ATSC (8VSB terrestrial)
ANSI/SCTE 07 2000; QAM on cable
(Does not include CableCARD functionality)
SPECIFICATIONS
Video
S Video
, P
Y,P
B
R
Audio
Audio Out 1
RF
S
eaker Output(W
In Use (Max) 175W
In Standby (Max)
mm 768 x 590 x 497 mm
kg 46.5 kg
lbs 102.5 lbs
3)
4)
5)
5)
in
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
1)
2)
1/4
30
3
1
2
5
1
10W x 2
<1W
1/4
x 23
1)
1 Vp-p 75 ohms unbalanced, sync negative
2)
Y: 1 Vp-p 75 ohms unbalanced, sync negative
C: 0.286 Vp-p (Burst signal), 75 ohms
3) Y: 1.0 Vp-p, 75 ohms, sync negative; PB: 0.7 Vp-p, 75 ohms;
PR Vp-p, 75 ohms.
4)
500 mVrms (100% modulation), Impedance: 47 kilohms
5)
This specifi cation is the maximum wattage.
x 19
5/8
in
Channel coverage
Analog: VHF: 2-69/CATV: 1-125
Digital: VHF: 2-69/CATV: 1-135
Antenna
75-ohm external antenna terminal for VHF/UHF
Picture tube
FD Trinitron® tube
Visible screen size
27-inch picture measured diagonally
Actual screen size
29-inch measured diagonally
Supplied Accessories
Remote Commander RM-YD001
Two Size AA (R6) Batteries
Optional Accessories
TV Stand SU-27FS2
As an ENERGY STAR® Partner, Sony
Corporation has determined that this
product meets the ENERGY STAR®
guidelines for energy efficiency. ENERGY
STAR® is a U.S. registered mark.
SRS and the ( )® symbol are trademarks of
SRS Labs, Inc.
Manufactured under license from Dolby
Laboratories Licensing Corporation. Dolby
and the double-D symbol are trademarks of
Dolby Laboratories.
Manufactured under license from BBE Sound,
Inc. Licensed by BBE Sound, Inc. under USP
4638258, 5510752 and 5736897. BBE and BBE
symbol are registered trademarks of BBE
Sound, Inc.
WEGA, FD Trinitron and Steady Sound are registered
trademarks of Sony Corporation.
KD-27FS130
Design and specifi cations are subject to change without notice.
4
KD-27FS130
WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS
CAUTION
Short circuit the anode of the picture tube and the anode cap to the metal chassis, CRT shield, or carbon painted on the CRT, after
removing the anode.
WARNING!!
An isolation transformer should be used during any service to avoid possible shock hazard, because of live chassis. The chassis of this
receiver is directly connected to the AC power line.
! SAFETY-RELATED COMPONENT WARNING!!
Components identifi ed by shading and ! mark on the schematic diagrams, exploded views, and in the parts list are critical for safe
operation. Replace these components with Sony parts whose part numbers appear as shown in this manual or in supplements published
by Sony. Circuit adjustments that are critical for safe operation are identifi ed in this manual. Follow these procedures whenever critical
components are replaced or improper operation is suspected.
ATTENTION!!
Apres avoir deconnecte le cap de l’anode, court-circuiter l’anode du tube cathodique et celui de l’anode du cap au chassis metallique de
l’appareil, ou la couche de carbone peinte sur le tube cathodique ou au blindage du tube cathodique.
Afi n d’eviter tout risque d’electrocution provenant d’un chássis sous tension, un transformateur d’isolement doit etre utilisé lors de tout
dépannage. Le chássis de ce récepteur est directement raccordé à l’alimentation du secteur.
! ATTENTION AUX COMPOSANTS RELATIFS A LA SECURITE!!
Les composants identifi es par une trame et par une marque ! sur les schemas de principe, les vues explosees et les listes de pieces
sont d’une importance critique pour la securite du fonctionnement. Ne les remplacer que par des composants Sony dont le numero
de piece est indique dans le present manuel ou dans des supplements publies par Sony. Les reglages de circuit dont l’importance est
critique pour la securite du fonctionnement sont identifi es dans le present manuel. Suivre ces procedures lors de chaque remplacement
de composants critiques, ou lorsqu’un mauvais fonctionnement suspecte.
KD-27FS130
5
SAFETY CHECK-OUT
KD-27FS130
After correcting the original service problem, perform the following
safety checks before releasing the set to the customer:
1. Check the area of your repair for unsoldered or poorly soldered
connections. Check the entire board surface for solder splashes and
bridges.
2. Check the interboard wiring to ensure that no wires are “pinched” or
touching high-wattage resistors.
3. Check that all control knobs, shields, covers, ground straps, and
mounting hardware have been replaced. Be absolutely certain that
you have replaced all the insulators.
4. Look for unauthorized replacement parts, particularly transistors,
that were installed during a previous repair. Point them out to the
customer and recommend their replacement.
5. Look for parts which, though functioning, show obvious signs of
deterioration. Point them out to the customer and recommend their
replacement.
6. Check the line cords for cracks and abrasion. Recommend the
replacement of any such line cord to the customer.
7. Check the B+ and HV to see if they are specifi ed values. Make sure
your instruments are accurate; be suspicious of your HV meter if
sets always have low HV.
8. Check the antenna terminals, metal trim, “metallized” knobs,
screws, and all other exposed metal parts for AC leakage. Check
leakage as described below.
Leakage Test
The AC leakage from any exposed metal part to earth ground and from
all exposed metal parts to any exposed metal part having a return to
chassis, must not exceed 0.5 mA (500 microamperes). Leakage current
can be measured by any one of three methods.
1. A commercial leakage tester, such as the Simpson 229 or RCA
WT-540A. Follow the manufacturers’ instructions to use these
instructions.
2. A battery-operated AC milliampmeter. The Data Precision 245
digital multimeter is suitable for this job.
3. Measuring the voltage drop across a resistor by means of a VOM
or battery-operated AC voltmeter. The “limit” indication is 0.75 V,
so analog meters must have an accurate low voltage scale. The
Simpson’s 250 and Sanwa SH-63TRD are examples of passive
VOMs that are suitable. Nearly all battery-operated digital
multimeters that have a 2 VAC range are suitable (see Figure A).
How to Find a Good Earth Ground
A cold-water pipe is a guaranteed earth ground; the cover-plate
retaining screw on most AC outlet boxes is also at earth ground. If the
retaining screw is to be used as your earth ground, verify that it is at
ground by measuring the resistance between it and a cold-water pipe
with an ohmmeter. The reading should be zero ohms.
If a cold-water pipe is not accessible, connect a 60- to 100-watt troublelight (not a neon lamp) between the hot side of the receptacle and the
retaining screw. Try both slots, if necessary, to locate the hot side on
the line; the lamp should light at normal brilliance if the screw is at
ground potential (see Figure B).
To Exposed Metal
Parts on Set
0.15 µF
1.5 K Ω
Earth Ground
Figure A. Using an AC voltmeter to check AC leakage. Figure B. Checking for earth ground.
KD-27FS130
AC
Voltmeter
(0.75 V)
Trouble Light
AC Outlet Box
Ohmmeter
Cold-water Pipe
6
KD-27FS130
SELF-DIAGNOSTIC FUNCTION
Self Diagnosis
Supported model
The units in this manual contain a self-diagnostic function. If an error occurs, the STANDBY/TIMER LED will automatically begin to fl ash. The number of
times the LED fl ashes translates to a probable source of the problem. A defi nition of the STANDBY/TIMER LED fl ash indicators is listed in the instruction
manual for the user’s knowledge and reference. If an error symptom cannot be reproduced, the Remote Commander can be used to review the failure
occurrence data stored in memory to reveal past problems and how often these problems occur.
Diagnostic Test Indicators
When an error occurs, the STANDBY/TIMER LED will fl ash a set number of times to indicate the possible cause of the problem. If there is more than one
error, the LED will identify the fi rst of the problem areas.
Results for all of the following diagnostic items are displayed on screen. No error has occurred if the screen displays a “0”.
Diagnostic Item Descrip-
tion
Power does not turn on
+B overcurrent (OCP)*
I-Prot
IK (AKB)
No. of times
STANDBY/ TIMER
lamp fl ashes
Does not light
2 times
4 times
5 times
Self-Diagnositc
Display/ Diagnos-
tic Result
2:0 or 2:1
4:0 or 4:1
5:0 or 5:1
Probable Cause Location
• Power cord is not plugged in.
• Fuse is burned out (F601). (A Board)
• H.OUT (Q502) is shorted. (A Board)
• IC702 is shorted. (C Board)
• +13V is not supplied. (A Board)
• IC561 is faulty. (A Board)
• IC001 is faulty. (MD Board)
• Screen (G2) is improperly adjusted.**
Detected Symptoms
• Power does not come on.
• No power is supplied to the TV.
• AC Power supply is faulty.
• Power does not come on.
• Load on power line is shorted.
• Has entered standby state after horizontal raster.
• Vertical defl ection pulse is stopped.
• Power line is shorted or power supply is stopped.
• No raster is generated.
• CRT Cathode current detection reference pulse
output is small.
*If a +B overcurrent is detected, stoppage of the vertical defl ection is detected simultaneously. The symptom that is diagnosed fi rst by the mircrocontroller
is displayed on the screen.
**Refer to Screen (G2) Adjustments in Section 2-4. of this manual.
Display of Standby/Timer LED Flash Count
2 times
4 times
5 times
LED ON 0.3 sec.
LED OFF 0.3 sec.
LED OFF
3 sec.
Standby/Timer LED
Diagnostic Item Flash Count*
+B Overcurrent 2 times
I-Prot 4 times
IK (AKB) 5 times
*One fl ash count is not used for self-diagnostic.
Stopping the Standby/Timer LED Flash
Turn off the power switch on the TV main unit or unplug the power cord from the outlet to stop the STANDBY/TIMER LAMP from fl ashing.
KD-27FS130
7
KD-27FS130
Self-Diagnostic Screen Display
For errors with symptoms such as “power sometimes shuts off” or “screen sometimes goes out” that cannot be confi rmed, it is possible to bring up past
occurrences of failure on the screen for confi rmation.
To Bring Up Screen Test
In standby mode, press buttons on the Remote Commander sequentially, in rapid succession, as shown below:
DISPLAY
Self-Diagnostic Screen Display
Handling of Self-Diagnostic Screen Display
Since the diagnostic results displayed on the screen are not automatically cleared, always check the self-diagnostic screen during repairs. When you
have completed the repairs, clear the result display to “0”.
Unless the result display is cleared to “0”, the self-diagnostic function will not be able to detect subsequent faults after completion of the repairs.
Clearing the Result Display
To clear the result display to “0”, press buttons on the Remote Commander sequentially when the diagnostic screen is displayed, as shown below:
Channel 8
Quitting the Self-Diagnostic Screen
To quit the entire self-diagnostic screen, turn off the power switch on the Remote Commander or the main unit.
Channel
SELF DIAGNOSTIC
2: +B OCP 0
3: +B OVP N/A
4: VSTOP 0
5: AKB 1
101: WDT N/A
ENTER
5
Sound Volume -
Numeral “0” means that no fault was detected.
Numeral “1” means a fault was detected one time only.
POWER
Note that this differs from entering the Service Mode (Sound Volume
+
).
Self-Diagnostic Circuit
FROM
C BOARD
IC702 PIN 5
MD BOARD
IC001
Y/CHROMA JUNGLE
51
IK-AKBIN
A BOARD
IC561
V. OUT
REF
3
MD BOARD
IC001
SYSTEM
IO-BDAT
78
I-Prot
53
MD BOARD
IC002
MEMORY
5
BDA
FROM
72
A BOARD
IC501
PIN 1
+B overcurrent (OCP)
Occurs when an overcurrent on the +B (135V) line is detected by pin 72 of IC001 (MD Board). If the voltage of pin 72 of IC001 (MD Board) is less than
1V when V.SYNC is more than seven verticals in a period, the unit will automatically turn off.
I-Prot
Occurs when an absence of the vertical defl ection pulse is detected by pin 78 of IC001 (MD Board). Power supply will shut down when waveform interval
exceeds 2 seconds.
IK (AKB)
If the RGB levels* do not balance within 2 seconds after the power is turned on, this error will be detected by IC001 (MD Board). TV will stay on, but
there will be no picture.
I-HLDWN
O-LED
79
DISPLAY
*(Refers to the RGB levels of the AKB detection Ref pulse that detects IK).
KD-27FS130
8
1-1. REAR COVER REMOVAL
1
Remove screws from top of cover.
4 Screws
2
Remove screws from sides of cover.
4 Screws
SCREW +BVTP 3X12 TYPE2 TT (B)
SCREW +BVTP 3X12 TYPE2 TT (B)-2
KD-27FS130
SECTION 1: DISASSEMBLY
1
each side
3
Remove screws from sides of cover.
4
SCREW +BVTP 4X16 TYPE2 TT (B) - 2 each side
Remove rear cover
4
4
1-2. CHASSIS ASSEMBLY REMOVAL
1
Press on catch tab to release the chassis.
3
2
2
Gently pull the chassis forward.
C Board
V Board
1
KD-27FS130
Chassis Assembly
2
9
1-3. SERVICE POSITION
1
Disconnect the CN501 cable from the A Board.
2
Press on catch tab to release A Board.
3
Gently pull the A Board forward to access the GS and HS Boards.
Gently continuing pulling the A Board, GS Board and HS Board forward to
4
place in service position.
Reconnect CN501.
5
KD-27FS130
GS Board
HS Board
A Board
KD-27FS130
10
1-4. PICTURE TUBE REMOVAL
WARNING: BEFORE REMOVING THE ANODE CAP
High voltage remains in the CRT even after the power is disconnected. To avoid electric shock,
discharge CRT before attempting to remove the anode cap. Short between anode and CRT
coated earth ground strap.
KD-27FS130
10
1
4
7
8
1. Discharge the anode of the CRT and remove
3
6
2
5
9
the anode cap.
2. Unplug all interconnecting leads from the
defl ection yoke, neck assembly, degaussing
coils and CRT grounding strap.
3. Remove the C Board from the CRT.
4. Remove the chassis assembly.
5. Loosen the neck assembly fi xing screw and
remove.
6. Loosen the defl ection yoke fi xing screw and
remove.
7. Place the set with the CRT face down on
a cushion and remove the degaussing coil
holders.
8. Remove the degaussing coils.
9. Remove the CRT grounding strap and spring
tension devices.
10. Unscrew the four CRT fi xing screws [located on
each CRT corner] and remove the CRT [Take
care not to handle the CRT by the neck].
ANODE CAP REMOVAL PROCEDURE
WARNING: High voltage remains in the CRT even after the power is disconnected. To avoid electric shock, discharge CRT before attempting to remove
the anode cap. Short between anode and coated earth ground strap of CRT.
NOTE: After removing the anode cap, short circuit the anode of the picture tube and the anode cap to either the metal chassis, CRT shield, or carbon
painted on the CRT.
REMOVAL PROCEDURES
c
b
a
Anode Button
Turn up one side of the rubber cap in
the direction indicated by arrow a .
HOW TO HANDLE AN ANODE CAP
1. Do not use sharp objects which may cause damage to the surface of the
anode cap.
2. To avoid damaging the anode cap, do not squeeze the rubber covering too
hard. A material fi tting called a shatter-hook terminal is built into the rubber.
3. Do not force turn the foot of the rubber cover. This may cause the shatterhook terminal to protrude and damage the rubber.
Use your thumb to pull the rubber
cap fi rmly in the direction indicated
by arrow b .
When one side of the rubber cap separates from
the anode button, the anode cap can be removed
by turning the rubber cap and pulling it in the
direction of arrow c .
KD-27FS130
11
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
12
CABLE WIRE DRESSING
27FS130
Rev 1.0 2/12
Dress Right & left speaker wire through DGC's tie wrap as picture shows.
Dress Right & Left speaker wire through Rotation Coil
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
13
27FS130
Rev 1.0 3/12
Fix RGB harness (MD/CN301~ C/CN705) to rotation
coil using a 9mm purse lock (3-703-982-02).
Dress RGB & Rotation coil lead wire harnesses
interlace twice as picture shows.
Install Rotation coil Harness (2P) as show in picture,
make a turn.
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
14
27FS130
Rev 1.0 4/12
Dress DY's lead wire using a 9mm purse lock (3-703-982-02). Dress G2 wire twist once as picture
shown, do not over stress wire.
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
15
27FS130
Rev 1.0 5/12
Pass CRT ground wire beside V board as picture
shows.
Behind DGC
Dress CRT ground wire through rotation
coil.
Beside V board
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
16
27FS130
Rev 1.0 6/12
Dress VM harness (A/CN502~V/CN901) using a 9mm purse
lock (3-703-982-02) & pass beside RGB harness
(MD/CN301~ C/CN705) as shown in picture.
Dress Heater (A/CN503~C/CN706) harness using a
5mm purse lock (3-703-981-02) as picture shows.
RGB harness
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
17
27FS130
Rev 1.0 7/12
- Fix 12P harness (HS/CN1004~MD/CN303) using a wire
clip (4-051-925-01) & purse lock (4-072-499-11).
- Dress 4P harness (A/CN201~GS/CN1650) using a purse
lock as picture shown.
4P harness
12P harness
Caution point:
Avoid wires to touch LFT or any
other primary component
s
Pass 12P (HS/CN1004~MD/CN303) & 4P
(A/CN201~GS/CN1650) harnesses between audio
heatsink & MD board as shown in picture.
Wire cli
p
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
18
27FS130
Rev 1.0 8/12
- Dress 4P (10.5V) harness (GS/CN1670~Q-BOX)
pass under Tunner connector, Q-Box tab & CRT
support as shown in picture.
CRT support
Tunner
connector
Q-Box Tab
4P Harness
30mm
- Pass 12P harness (A/CN101~Q-BOX)
around Q-BOX as shown in picture.
Pass 12P harness between
AC-Cord & USB Cable.
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
19
27FS130
Rev 1.0 9/12
- Dress Tunner cable as shown in picture.
- Tunner connector should be as shown in picture.
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
20
27FS130
Rev 1.0 10/12
- Interlace 6P (MD/CN304~Q-Box) & 12P
(MD/CN302~Q-Box) harnesses 7 times.
- Dress 6P, 12P & USB cable using a 9mm
purse lock (3-703-982-02) as shown in
picture
6P (MD/CN304~Q-Box) &
12P (MD/CN302~Q-Box)
USB cable should be
beside heatsink
- Dress USB Cable, 6P (MD/CN304~Q-Box) & 12P
(MD/CN302~Q-Box) harnesses under Q-BOX Tab
as shown in picture
USB cable, 6P (MD/CN304~Q-Box)
& 12P (MD/CN302~Q-Box)
Q-BOX Tab
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
21
27FS130
Rev 1.0 11/12
-Fix AC-Cord to DGC using a purse lock (3703-982-02).
-Pass Tunner ground through ferrite loop as
shown in picture.
Fix from Ferrite
loop.
Tunner
ground
30 ±1 cm
11 ±1 cm
Dress focus lead and HV cable together using 5mm purse lock
(3-703-981-02)
KD-27FS130
KD-27FS130
22
27FS130
Rev 1.0 12/12
Lightening cable should be beside MD board & MD ground as
shown in picture.
MD GROUND
MD BOARD
Lightening
cable
SECTION 2: SET-UP ADJUSTMENTS
KD-27FS130
The following adjustments should be made when a complete realignment
is required or a new picture tube is installed.
These adjustments should be performed with rated power supply voltage
unless otherwise noted.
Set the controls as follows unless otherwise noted:
VIDEO MODE: Pro
PICTURE CONTROL: Normal
BRIGHTNESS CONTROL: Normal
2-1. BEAM LANDING
Before beginning adjustment procedure:
1. Feed in the white pattern signal.
Adjustment Procedure
1. Input a raster signal with the pattern generator.
2. Loosen the defl ection yoke mounting screw, and set the purity
control to the center as shown below:
Purity Control
Perform the adjustments in order as follows:
1. Beam Landing
2. Convergence
3. Focus
4. Screen (G2)
5. White Balance
Note Test Equipment Required:
1. Color Bar Pattern Generator
2. Degausser
3. DC Power Supply
4. Digital Multimeter
6. Switch over the raster signal to red and blue and confi rm the
condition.
7. When the position of the defl ection yoke is determined, tighten it
with the defl ection yoke mounting screw.
8. If landing at the corner is not right, adjust by using the disk
magnets.
3. Turn the raster signal of the pattern generator to green.
4. Move the defl ection yoke backward, and adjust with the purity
control so that green is in the center and red and blue are even on
both sides.
Blue Red
Green
5. Move the defl ection yoke forward, and adjust so that the entire
screen becomes green.
KD-27FS130
Purity control
corrects this area.
Disk magnets
or rotatable disk
magnets correct
these areas (a-d).
Deflection yoke positioning
b
d
a
b
cd
corrects these areas.
a
c
23
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