Since 1964, the leader in effective, safe and reliable products for fisheries conservation.
Knowledgeable biologists depend upon Smith-Root equipment.
USER’S MANUAL
GPP 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 & 9.0
Portable Electrofishers (W/Kohler/Honda/Generators)
®
SMITH-R
OO
WWW.SMITH-ROOT.COM
T
Products for Fisheries Conservation
07290.11
USER’S MANUAL
Contents
Introduction ........................................................................ 1
Unpacking
Choosing a Location
Attaching Battery Leads
Fuel Shut-Off Valves
Power Supply Controls
Electrosher Controls
Electrosher Connections
Operating Procedure
Typical Hookups
Maintenance
Basic Troubleshooting
GPP Specications Spreadsheet
GPP Parts Identication
Fan Installation Kit/Engine Anti-Vibration Mounting
Generator Anti-Vibration Mounting
Electrosher Control Panel
.......................................................................... 2
.......................................................... 2
.................................................... 2
.......................................................... 3
...................................................... 3
........................................................ 3
.................................................. 4
.......................................................... 4
................................................................ 5
....................................................................... 6
....................................................... 7
......................................... 8
..................................................... 9
..... 10
................................ 11
.............................................. 12
Electroshing Safety
Electrical Shock
Planning For Safety
Do's & Don'ts
Introduction to Electroshing
Types of Current
Electrode Design
Field Techniques
Electroshing Reference & Training Materials
APPENDIX: ADVANCED TROUBLESHOOTING .. 25
Check Generator AC Voltages
Test for Continuity and High Voltage Output
Check Connections, Brushes and Exciter Rectier
Check Rotor Windings
Check Stator Windings
Test GPP Control Box
Test GPP Control Box- Cont. .......................................32
...................................................... 13
............................................................... 15
.......................................................... 16
.................................................................. 16
.......................................... 17
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..... 28
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.................................................. 31
Items manufactured by companies other than Smith-Root carry the original manufactures warranty. Please contact
product manufacturer for return instructions.
All Smith-Root, Inc. manufactured products are covered by a one year warranty.
Flashing the Rotor......................................................... 33
Building a Test Load
5.0 GPP Wiring Diagram
7.5 GPP Wiring Diagram
9.0 GPP Wiring Diagram
www.smith-root.com
..................................................... 34
.............................................. 35
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.............................................. 37
© 2011 Smith-Root, Inc. Vancouver, WA - USA • 07290 GPP Shore Manual - Rev. 11
GPPIII
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
2.5 / 5.0 / 7.5 / 9.0 GPP Combo Package Includes the Following:
Model Quantity Description Line Number
2.5
GPP
5.0
GPP
7.5
GPP
9.0
GPP
1 ....................................... 2.5 GPP Control Box ..................................................................... 3418
1 ....................................... 2.5 GPP Generator ........................................................................ 4664
1 ....................................... Output Cable ................................................................................ 3415
1 ....................................... Single Foot Switch w/15 ft. Cable & Plug ..................................... 3309
2 ....................................... Electrofisher Certification .............................................................. 5465
1 ....................................... 5.0 GPP Control Box ..................................................................... 3420
1 ....................................... 5.0 GPP Generator ........................................................................ 4666
1 ....................................... Output Cable ................................................................................ 3415
1 ....................................... Single Foot Switch w/15 ft. Cable & Plug ..................................... 3309
2 ....................................... Electrofisher Certification .............................................................. 5465
1 ....................................... 7.5 GPP Control Box ..................................................................... 3421
1 ....................................... 7.5 GPP Generator ........................................................................ 4667
1 ....................................... Single Foot Switch w/15 ft. Cable & Plug ..................................... 3309
1 ....................................... 7.5 GPP Cathode Cable ................................................................ 3416
2 ....................................... 7.5 GPP Anode Cables .................................................................. 2962
2 ....................................... Electrofisher Certification .............................................................. 5465
1 ....................................... 9.0 GPP Control Box ..................................................................... 3867
1 ....................................... 9.0 GPP Generator ........................................................................ 4668
1 ....................................... Single Foot Switch w/15 ft. Cable & Plug ..................................... 3309
1 ....................................... 9.0 GPP Cathode Cable ................................................................ 6050
2 ....................................... 9.0 GPP Anode Cables .................................................................. 7976
2 ....................................... Electrofisher Certification .............................................................. 5465
GPPIV
2011
USER’S MANUAL
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Smith-Root Generator Powered Pulsator (GPP)
electrofishers are unsurpassed in quality and
performance. Our years of experience in
manufacturing electrofishers has helped us to
produce the most complete line of generator
powered electrofishers ever offered. Ranging
from 1.5 to 9kW, Smith-Root manufactures
electrofishers to handle all fresh or brackish water
conductivities.
A complete electrofishing system consists of an
engine, a generator, an electronic pulsator, an
anode, a cathode, cables, and switches.
Our GPP generators are custom-wound to supply
the optimum voltages for electrofishing, and
eliminate bulky and hot power transformers.
All electrofisher pulsators are supplied in an
aluminum case with carry handles.
www.smith-root.com
A typical shore hook-up with electrode pole and control box.
1
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
UNPACKING & SET-UP
UNPACKING
Carefully remove the GPP and its power supply from the shipping
container and examine closely for shipping damage. If any parts
are missing or the unit is damaged, notify the transportation
company and immediately le a claim for the amount of damage.
Record the model and serial number of your electrosher in the
spaces provided below:
Model Number
Serial Number ________________________________________
When ordering parts, always include the power supply model and
serial number located on the unit’s nameplate. This is essential to
ensure the correct replacement part is shipped to you. Please keep
this manual and refer to it when making adjustments or ordering
parts. Additional copies are available for a nominal charge from
your distributor.
_______________________________________
CHOOSING A LOCATION
In choosing the best location for your GPP, the following factors
should be taken into consideration:
FIRE HAZARDS: Locate the power supply at least 3 feet (1
meter) away from buildings or structures. Keep the power supply
away from ammable trash, rags, lubricants, and explosives. Do
not use the power supply near any forest, brush, or grassland
unless the exhaust system is equipped with a spark arrestor that is
effective. Have a re extinguisher accessible.
SECURITY: Choose a location where everyone, especially
children, can be kept away, to protect them from burns and
electrical shocks. Take precautions to prevent unqualified
personnel from tampering with or attempting to operate the power
supply.
DIRT: Install the unit in a clean location. Abrasive materials such
as dust, sand, or lint cause excessive wear to both engine parts and
generator parts. Grass and leaves are a re hazard.
COLD: Engines should be located where the temperature does not
fall below freezing. Engines start easiest when they are not subject
to extreme cold.
HEAT: The temperature of the area where the engine is located
must not exceed 100°F because the engine is air-cooled. Where
natural ventilation is inadequate install a fan to boost circulation.
CONFINED SPACE: Restricted air ow can cause overheating
and damage the engine and generator. Operation in an enclosed
compartment is also a re hazard and is not authorized.
EXHAUST: Whenever an engine is used indoors, the exhaust must
be vented to the outside. Exhaust from a gas engine is extremely
poisonous, containing carbon monoxide, an invisible odorless gas
that can cause unconsciousness or death.
AUXILIARY WIRING: Use sufficiently thick insulated wire
to hook up to the auxiliary windings. The gauge depends on the
length of the wire, the voltage drop, and the amount and kind of
load. Consult a competent electrician and national and local codes.
GROUNDING: If grounding is called for in local codes, or radio
interference necessitates it, drive a 3/4 or 1 inch pipe into the
ground as close to the unit as possible. This pipe must penetrate
moist earth. To the pipe connect a ground clamp and run a No.10
wire from it to the battery negative terminal on the control panel,
or to the generator ground stud. Do not connect to a water pipe or
a ground used by a radio system. When used in boats, ensure that
generator frame is grounded to boat hull. This will prevent a shock
in the event of an electrical failure.
SURFACE: Choose a level surface. If the power supply is tilted,
fuel spillage may result.
MOISTURE: Do not stand the unit in water or on wet ground.
Protect electrical equipment from excessive moisture that will
cause deterioration of the insulation and may result in short
circuits.
2
2011
FUEL SHUT-OFF VALVE
USER’S MANUAL
CONTROLS
The generator has one fuel shut-off valve. Make sure the valve is
open for proper operation. It is located directly below the choke
lever.
VOLTAGE VARIATION. All engines slow down when a load
is applied. When the electrical load on the generator is increased,
the engine speed drops. This results in a lower voltage when the
generator is loaded to its full capacity than when running unloaded.
FREQUENCY VARIATION. The AC frequency is around 60
cycles per second. The inevitable variations in engine speed
produce slight variations in the AC frequency. This has no
noticeable effect on the operation of motors, lights, and most
appliances. However clocks and other timing devices and will not
keep perfect time when used on generators.
MODIFICATIONS to the power supply that are not Smith-Root
authorized may impair the function and safety of the unit.
ELECTROFISHER CONTROLS
MODE: selects the type of output pulses. The DC output is
fast-rising slow-falling pulses. The DC pulse rate is selectable in
PULSES PER SECOND. For AC output the switches must be in
the AC position and in the 120 pps position. All other positions
POWER SUPPLY CONTROLS
GENERATOR: Your GPP is powered by a specially manufactured
gas-powered generator. The generator is wound so that the output
voltages are taken directly from the generator, eliminating the need
for a transformer or voltage-doubler. The generator has a self-
excited revolving eld. This rotor connects directly to the engine
crankshaft with a tapered t. The stationary Stator has a separate
excitation winding, and multiple windings to supply AC power.
12 VAC: terminals on the generator provide up to 500 watts of 12
volts AC power on each circuit. This will run 12 volt lights, or with
an external rectier will recharge batteries. The 5.0, 7.5 and 9.0
GPP have two output circuits.
ENGINE: This instruction book covers mainly the electrosher
and the generator, but not the engine. Please read all instructions
in the engine manufacturer’s manual. The engine manufacturer has
established an excellent worldwide service organization. Engine
service is probably available from an authorized engine dealer near
you: check your Yellow Pages.
ENGINE GOVERNOR: The engine must be run at 3600 rpm
to supply the power it was designed to produce. The governor
on the engine holds the speed as nearly constant as possible. The
governor is set at the proper speed in the factory. Do not adjust the
governor without proper tools.
will give a pulsed DC. The AC frequency is xed at 60 cycles per
second - however, the output is fast-rising slow-falling bipolar
pulses. Note the 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 GPPs can produce AC output, but
AC is not available on the 9.0 GPP.
RANGE
OFF.
PERCENT OF POWER: Allows the operator to smoothly vary
the output voltage and pulse width simultaneously, following the
positive half of a sine wave. It controls the area under the sine
curve of the output waveform. 50% is the peak voltage of the sine
curve, while 100% of range is the widest pulse width and greatest
area under the curve.
HIGH VOLTAGE: indicates when voltage is present on output
power terminals.
ENUNCIATOR VOLUME
indicates an output voltage.
OUTPUT CURRENT METER
between the anode and cathode in amps. LOW RANGE indicates
that the RANGE switch should be moved to the LOW position. For
7.5 and 9.0 GPPs follow the output table.
TIME IN SECONDS
only when high voltage is applied. The timer helps evaluate capture
:
selects the output voltage range, or switches the output
:
controls the audio alarm that
:
shows the current flowing
:
records the actual shocking time. It counts
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3
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
4-pin Anode
& Control Plug
4-pin Cathode
& Control Plug
1.5 kVA
Control
4-pin female
Output power
2 pin female
Type VI-A
Control Input powerOutput power
4-pin Anode
& Control Plug
4-pin Cathode
& Control Plug
1.5 kVA
Control
4-pin female
Output power
2 pin female
Input power
3-pin female
Type VI-A
Control Input powerOutput power
Control
4-pin female
Output power
7 pin female
Input power
7 pin male
2.5 GPP and 5.0 GPP
ControlInput powerOutput power
Cathode Anode
110V
4-pin
9.0 GPP
VVP-15B
Input
AC
Output
& Control
DC
Output
& Control
Xw1”
Xw2”
2.5 - 5.0 GPP
4-pin female
7 pin female
7 pin male
effectiveness. The counter can
be reset to zero by pushing the
small red button on front panel.
2.5 - 5.0 GPP
Output power
9.0 GPP
110V
4-pin
Control
Cathode Anode
Input power
7.5 GPP
Cathode Anode
ControlInput powerOutput power
EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN: provides a local override of
remote switches.
Hook up your electrosher using the receptacles on the back
panel. See diagrams:
INPUT POWER is a seven-pin male plug for the generator
cable. The 2.5 and 5.0 GPPs use one plug. The 7.5 two, and 9.0
GPP has three input power plugs.
OUTPUT POWER is a female receptacle for the electrodes.
The 2.5 and 5.0 GPPs use only one receptacle for both anode
and cathode. The 7.5 and 9.0 GPPs have separate receptacles
for anode, anode 2, and cathode.
CONTROL is a 4-pin receptacle for the remote switch that
actuates the main output circuits.
OPERATING PROCEDURE
Before operating the power supply put on safety glasses and ear
protectors. Remove wristwatch, rings and any other jewelry. Do
not operate the power supply while smoking. Do not operate
while under the inuence of alcohol, drugs or medication.
1. First check the engine oil level. Use 4-stroke automotive
2. Refuel the engine outdoors. Keep away from any open ame,
detergent oil SAE 10W-30. Do not overll.
pilot light, furnace, heater, or clothes dryer. Stop the engine
and allow it to cool prior to refueling. Never fuel the engine
while it is hot or running to avoid re, explosion, bodily injury,
or property damage.
3. Use gas with a minimum rating of 85 octane. Do not use leaded
gas because it produces combustion deposits that may shorten
the life of the exhaust system. Do not mix oil with the gasoline.
Use a clean, properly marked and approved safety container for
storing fuel.
4. Fill the gasoline tank with clean fresh unleaded gasoline. Do
not overll the tank. Leave half an inch of the top of the tank
to allow space for expansion. Make sure the fuel cap is tightly
closed.
5. If fuel was spilled, wipe it away carefully. Wait until the fuel
has dried before starting the engine.
6. Connect the Anode and Cathode to the OUTPUT PWR
receptacle/s
7. Plug the remote control cable (foot switch) into the 4-pin
receptacle.
8. Attach the generator cable/s into the male plug/s labeled INPUT
PWR.
9. Place the anode and cathode in the water, not touching each other.
10. Fully choke the motor to start. Open the choke once the engine is
running. Do not touch high-voltage spark plug and coil terminals.
ControlInput powerOutput power
While spark voltages are not normally lethal, the involuntary jerk
of the hands caused by electrical shock may result in injury.
11. On the Electrofisher set the MODE selector switch to the
desired mode. If you are not sure which mode you desire, start
with 120 pps DC.
12. Set the PERCENT OF RANGE to the minimum.
13. Set the RANGE selector switch to LOW.
14. Set EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN switch to ON
15. Set the ENUNCIATOR VOLUME to midrange.
16. Activate the remote control switch. The high voltage indicator
lamp and audio alarm should both come on and the ammeter
will deect.
achieve optimum response by the sh
Adjust the PERCENT OF POWER control to
.
17. Deactivate the REMOTE CONTROL SWITCH. Damage to
the range selector switch may result from switching under
load. Experimentation will be required to learn what mode and
voltage settings are best for various water conditions and types
of sh.
18. If the ammeter shows LOW RANGE and the RANGE selector
is in the HIGH position, switch to the LOW position. The low
voltage windings on the generator are capable of delivering
more current than the high voltage windings. If erratic
operation occurs in the high range, switch to the low range. Do
not operate the generator above the power ranges indicated on
the meter, or possible engine and generator damage may occur.
19. If you have a 7.5 or 9.0 GPP, and have been running it hard,
run it for another ve minutes under no load before shutting
it down. This allows the electrical components to cool-down
slowly, extending their life considerably.
20. To avoid burns or fires let the power supply cool before
transporting. When transporting, turn the fuel valve to the OFF
position and keep the engine horizontal to prevent fuel spillage.
When the power supply is transported over a long distance
or on rough roads, drain the fuel from the fuel tank. Do not
support the power supply from the top of the frame for any
extended period of time.
4
2011
USER’S MANUAL
GPP Electrofisher
Input from
Generator
Prod pole
Stake cathode
(buried in ground)
Metal plate cathode
in the water.
Rat tail cathode
Single foot switch
Cathode options
GPP Electrofisher
Input from
Generator
RCB-6B
Stake cathode
(buried in ground)
Metal plate cathode
in the water.
Rat tail cathode
Cathode
options
Anode
pole #1
Anode
pole #2
optional
Anode
pole #3
optional
Power
supply
Pulsator
Metal hull boat
Boat hull is used
as the cathode
Prod pole
Foot switch
Power
supply
Pulsator
Non-conductive boat hull
RCB-6B
Cathode
options
Anode
pole #1
Anode
pole #2
optional
Anode
pole #3
optional
Metal plate cathode
in the water.
Rat tail cathode
Metal plate cathode
on hull bottom
Power supply
GPP electrofisher
Boat hull
Foot switch
Cathode
Anode
One Cathode Boom
and one Anode Boom
Power supply
GPP electrofisher
Boat hull
Foot switch
Cathode
Anode
Power
supply
GPP
Unit
Boat hull
Foot switch
Boom
Interconnect
Junction Box
Cathode*
Anode
Anode
One Cathode Boom
and one Anode Boom
If you have an aluminum hull you can
use the hull as the cathode, but If your
hull is made of other materials, a metal
cathode must be attached to the boat.
Two Anode Booms
with the boat as the Cathode
HOOKUP
TYPICAL HOOKUPS
Shore Hookup with Anode Poles
*
Not applicable to 7.5 or 9.0 GPPs
Shore Hookup with Prode Pole
*
Boat Hookup with Anode Poles
*
Not applicable to 7.5 or 9.0 GPPs
*
Boat Hookup with Boom Arrays
Boat Hookup with Boom Arrays
Boat Hookup with Prod Pole
www.smith-root.com
5
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
MAINTENANCE
Before cleaning or inspecting make certain all moving parts have stopped. Disconnect the spark plug wire and keep the
wire away from the plug to prevent accidental starting. Do not put hands, feet, tools or other objects near rotating parts.
Always wear eye protection.
1. CHANGE ENGINE OIL after rst ve hours of operation. Thereafter, change oil every 25 hours of
operation. Use 4-stroke automotive detergent oil SAE 10W-30 .
2. SERVICE AIR CLEANER. Clean and re-oil the pre-cleaner at three month intervals, or every 25 hours,
whichever occurs rst. Remove paper cartridge yearly, or every 100 hours, whichever occurs rst and
clean by tapping gently on a at surface. Replace if very dirty. Keep hands and face away from the
carburetor when the air cleaner is removed. A sudden backre can cause serious burns.
3. SPARK PLUG. Clean and reset gap to .030” every 100 hours of operation.
4. FUEL. Every 250 hours replace the in-line fuel lter or clean the screen and bowl.
5. REMOVE DUST AND DEBRIS DEPOSITS from cylinder head and cylinder head shield every 100 to
300 hours of operation.
6. CHECK GUARDS. Operate the power supply only with the guards and shields in place and working
correctly. If rotating parts are left exposed they are hazardous.
7. MUFFLER. Inspect periodically and replace if necessary. Do not operate the power supply without a
mufer. Inspect spark arrestor screen every 50 hours and replace if damaged.
8. INSPECT GENERATOR BRUSHES after every 100 hours of operation and replace when worn to 3/8
inch (1cm) or less. To inspect brushes, remove brush holder caps, lift brushes out gently and inspect for
wear or breaks in the brush shunts. Replace brushes in the same position. Always replace brushes in sets.
9.CLEAN COLLECTOR RINGS at the same time the brushes are inspected, or after unit has been out of
service for a period of time. Consult your generator’s OEM manual for proper cleaning procedures.
6
2011
USER’S MANUAL
BASIC TROUBLESHOOTING
BASIC TROUBLESHOOTING
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Generator does not generate electricity 1. Check output voltage of generator at 12 VAC terminals
2. Be sure the load is not too large; reduce if necessary.
3. Check for short circuit in line using an ohmmeter.
4. Test diodes with ohmmeter to see if they are shorted or open.
5. Check stator winding or eld winding for shorts.
6. Flash generator.
with lamp or meter.
Generator voltage too high* 1. Refer to engine manufacturer’s manual,
* Check after generator is sufciently warmed up:
15 to 20 minutes.
Generator voltage too low* 1. Refer to engine manufacturer’s manual,
2. Check engine speed with tachometer.
3. Be sure the load is not too large; reduce if necessary.
4. Check for short circuit in line using an ohmmeter.
5. Test diodes with ohmmeter to see if they are shorted or open.
6. Check stator winding and eld winding for shorts,
Generator overheats 1. Check output voltage of generator
2. Be sure the load is not too large; reduce if necessary.
3. Check for short circuit in line using an ohmmeter.
4. Be sure generator is located properly.
Generator brushes sparking 1. Check stator winding or eld winding for shorts.
2. Check engine speed with tachometer.
between windings or to the generator frame.
.
WARNING: Always remove the engine ignition cable before checking or repairing
the power supply to prevent it from accidentally starting.
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7
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
SPECIFICATIONS
MODEL 2.5 - GPP 5.0 - GPP 7.5 GPP 9.0 - GPP
Conductivity
(microSiemens/cm)
Rated Output
Power (Watts)
Max. Current 8 amp 16 amp 62 amp 150 amp
12 volt AC/Aux. 500 W / 42 amp 2 @ 500 W / 42 amp 2 @ 500 W / 42 amp 2 @ 500 W / 42 amp
10-1,750 10-5,500 10-11,000 100-25,000
2,500W 5,000W 7,500W 9,000W
Output Pulse
Modes
DC Output Peak
volt
AC Output RMS
volt
Output Pulse
Frequency
Output Current
Metering
High voltage
Output Indicator
Output and Safety
Control
Seconds Timer
LCD Display
Cooling Method Fan Cooled Fan Cooled Fan Cooled Fan Cooled
Output Connectors
Engine Size 5 hp 14 hp 14 hp 16 hp
Generator Weight 101 lbs. 255 lbs. 265 lbs. 265 lbs.
Pulsed AC & DC Pulsed AC & DC Pulsed AC & DC Pulsed DC
0-500 V Low
0 - 1000 V High
0-350V Low
0-700V High
7.5, 15, 30, 60 & 120 Hz 7.5, 15, 30, 60& 120 Hz 7.5, 15, 30, 60 & 120 Hz 7.5, 15, 30, 60 & 120 Hz
AC & DC 0-8 amp AC & DC 0-25 amp AC & DC 0-199 amp DC 0-199 amp
Panel Lamp & Audio Tone Panel Lamp & Audio Tone Panel Lamp & Audio Tone Panel Lamp & Audio Tone
Foot Switch & Panel
Switch
0-999999 0-999999 0-999999 0-999999
CPC with
15' Cable
0-500 V Low
0 - 1000 V High
0-350V Low
0-700V High
Foot Switch & Panel
Switch
CPC with
15' Cable
0V - 170V, 340V, 500V,
1000V
0-700 V N/A
Foot Switch & Panel
Switch
CPC with
15' Cable
0V - 85V, 170V, 340V,
680V
Foot Switch & Panel
Switch
POS. CAM CONN.
15' Cable
Pulsator Weight 20 lbs. 20 lbs. 30 lbs. 35 lbs.
Generator
Dimensions
Pulsator
Dimensions
Specification subject to change without notice.
* Note: 12 volts auxiliary power subtracts from Electrofisher power available.
25.5" L x 17.5" W x 18" H 31.5" L x 21.5" W x 20" H 31.5" L x 21.5" W x 20" H 31.5" L x 21.5" W x 20" H
17.5" x 17.5" x 13" 17.5"x 17.5" x 13" 20" x 15" x 16" 20" x 15" x 16"
8
2011
USER’S MANUAL
To motor shaft
Engine adaptor casting
Fan attaching bolts (4). Use fan installation kit 4540 GPP FIK, shown on next page
Fan
Rotor
Bearing
Stator
Stator bolt (4)
Bearing bracket
Diode module
Stub Shaft
(7.5 & 9.0 only)
Rotor attach bolt
"C" washer
(always replace when
bolt has been loosened)
Adapter casting
mount bolt
Brush housing
Cover
Binding posts
PARTS LIST
LINE # DESCRIPTION MODEL
04489 Stator 2.5
04649 Stator 5.0
04491 Stator 7.5
06231 Stator 9.0
04652 Rotor 2.5
04081 Rotor 5.0
02261 Rotor 7.5/9.0
02188 Brush Holder ALL
02227 Brush Holder Cap ALL
02267 Brush & Spring Asmb. ALL
02954 Diode Module ALL
04476 Fan Attach Bolt ALL
05594 Rotor Attachment Bolt 2.5/5.0
05312 Rotor Attachment Bolt 7.5/9.0
LINE # DESCRIPTION MODEL
02260 Fan ALL
08983 Cover ALL
07393 Bearing Bracket ALL
06279 Bearing ALL
00000 Stator Bolt 2.5
00000 Stator Bolt 5.0
00000 Stator Bolt 7.5/9.0
04288 'C' Washer ALL
00000 Engine Adapter ALL
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9
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
Front view of generator motor
Motor base/Mounting base
C
B
A
Drilled Allen screw
with "Loctite" on threads.
Lock washer
Lace wire through holes in pairs of
Allen screws, then twist tight.
FAN
ROTOR
FAN WASHER
FAN INSTALLATION KIT/
ENGINE ANTI-VIBRATION MOUNTING
Fan Installation Kit
This fan locking assembly is recommended
for Smith-Root generators.
Line# Description
04540 Fan Installation Kit
02226 Replacement Fan
FAN ATTACHMENT
Engine anti-vibration mounting,
all models
Item GPP Model Line#
A 2.5 06251
B 5.0, 7.5 & 9.0 06252
10
Rubber Engine Mount Kit
(line#04083)
2011
All Models
Line #04084
Item Description Model
A Mounting bracket ALL
B Rubber mount ALL
C Bolt ALL
USER’S MANUAL
MISC. PARTS
GENERATOR
ANTI-VIBRATION
MOUNTING
D Nut ALL
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11
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
CONTROL PANEL
1 2 3 4
5
6 7 8 9
ELECTROFISHER CONTROLS
1 - RANGE: Selects the output voltage range between high and low or switches the output to OFF.
(DANGER!: The position of this switch should not be changed when the current is flowing, i.e: when
foot switch is engaged).
2 - TIME IN SECONDS: Records the actual shocking time. It counts only when high voltage is applied.
3 - EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN: provides a local override of remote foot switches.
4 - OUTPUT CURRENT: this meter shows the RMS current flowing between the anode and cathode in
amps. Indicates that the RANGE switch should be moved to the LOW position. For 7.5 and 9.0 GPPs,
follow the output table.
5 - MODE: Selects the type of output pulses, AC, DC or OFF (7.5 only) (Caution!: The position of this
switch should not be changed when current is flowing i.e. foot switches engaged!).
6 -
PERCENT OF POWER: Allows the operator to smoothly vary the output voltage and pulse width
simultaneously, following the positive half of a sine wave
.
7 - ANNUNCIATOR VOLUME: Controls the volume of the audio output warning signal.
8 - HIGH VOLTAGE: Red indicator lamp shows when voltage is present on output power terminals.
9 - PULSES PER SECOND: Selects the number of pulses in the output wave form.
12
2011
ELECTROFISHING
SAFETY & PRINCIPLES
Since 1964, the leader in effective, safe, and reliable
products for fisheries conservation.
Knowledgeable field biologists depend upon
Smith-Root equipment.
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
Contents: Electrofishing Safety & Principles
Electrofishing Safely
Safe fishing
Electrical shock
Planning for safety
Do's & Don'ts
Electrofishing Principles
Introduction to electrofishing
Types of current
Electrode design
Field techniques
References
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14
2011
USER’S MANUAL
SAFETY
ELECTROFISHING SAFETY
SAFE FISHING
Electroshing equipment uses voltages and currents that
can be lethal to humans. The operators must always keep
in mind that the chance of receiving an electrical shock is
multiplied in or near water. Using an electrosher is like
using a rearm: if used properly and with good judgment
it is perfectly safe; lose respect for it and you can lose your
life!
Electrical equipment used in a moist eld environment is
always subject to deterioration that could lead to dangerous
electrical shock. Field equipment is also subjected to
vibration and impact during transporting and while in
operation. Often equipment shared by different crews does
not receive proper maintenance or a complete checkout.
Follow the safety guidelines, and use good common sense
to handle unforeseen circumstances.
All personnel involved in electroshing should be taught
the fundamentals of electricity, and have an understanding
of the safety requirements.
The most important factor in electroshing efciency and
safety is the training and experience of the crew. At least
two members of the crew should be qualied to administer
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. As oppor tu nities arise, all
crew members should attend a course in basic life-support
training.
ELECTRICAL SHOCK
It is the current that passes through the human body that
does the damage. The voltage is relevant, because it is
the force that “pushes” the current through the body.
Experiments show that 20 to 500 Hz AC current is more
dangerous than DC, or higher frequencies of AC.
The voltages used by electroshing gear cause death by
one of three means:
Ventricular Fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation is uncoordinated contraction of
the muscles of the heart. The heart quivers rather than
beats. Electrical current through the chest can cause this
condition. Once a person goes into ventricular brillation,
the only way to stop the quivering is to use a debrillator
that applies a pulse shock to the chest to restore heart
rhythm. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation may help to keep a
victim alive until he can be debrillated.
Respiratory Arrest
The respiratory center is at the base of the skull. Thus,
shocks to the head can cause the breathing to stop. Articial
respiration by the mouth-to-mouth method should be used
in this case.
Asphyxia
Asphyxia is caused by contraction of the chest muscles.
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15
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
PLANNING FOR SAFETY
BOAT SAFETY
1. Ground the generator to the boat hull.
2. Be sure that all the metal parts on the boat are bonded to
each other electrically.
3. Run all cables through electrical conduit, or use a
heavy-duty rubber-covered cord recommended for wet
locations.
4. Make all electrical connections in water-tight junction
boxes.
5. Each dip netter should have his own foot switch to
control the output. The switch should be wired in series
with the emergency off switch of the boat operator.
6. When wading with a boat, even in shallow water, chest
waders should be worn. An operator may trip, end up in
a kneeling or sitting position in the water and receive a
shock.
7. All crew members must be alert. Operators who control
the power switch must be constantly aware of the netters
in the electrical eld.
DO’S & DON’TS
Do’s:
1. Always be sure that all personnel are clear of the
BACKPACK SAFETY
1. Before each operation, check that the frame emergency
release is in working order and check that the tilt switch
shuts off power if the unit is tipped more than 45°
2. Wear hip boots or chest-high waders, with non-skid
soles.
3. Wear polarized sunglasses to help you detect sub-surface
hazards and obstacles. Beware of turbid water that can
hide unseen sub-surface obstacles and sudden drop-offs.
4. Shut off your electrosher before entering or leaving a
stream.
5. Do not operate an anode pole when carrying a backpack
unit weighing more than 20 pounds when in hazardous
conditions.
6. If you get water in boots, waders, or gloves, stop work
immediately and get dry clothing
7. Operate slowly and carefully. Footing in most streams
is poor, and most falls often occur when operators are
hurrying.
2. Know how to administer rst aid treatment for electrical
3. Wear otation devices.
4. Have electrical circuits checked only by qualified
5. Disconnect the power supply when the electrosher is
Don’ts:
1. Don’t electrosh alone!
2. Don’t continue to electrosh if your boots or gloves get
3. Don’t operate an electrosher if you have had any prior
4. Don’t operate generators without covers or screens.
5. Don’t operate generators without a spark arrester.
electrodes before turning on the power.
shock.
technicians.
not in use.
wet inside.
heart ailments.
16
2011
USER’S MANUAL
01234 5678910
Volts
2V
01234 5678910
Volts
8V
b. Fish more conductive c. Water more conductive
100mm
01234 5678910
Volts
5.3V
a. Equal conductivities
53mm
Electrode
Water
Electrical Field
Voltage Source
Electrode
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROFISHING
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROFISHING
For many years it has been known that fish react to electric current passed through water.
Electricity was first used for fishing in 1863 when a British patent was granted. Major efforts
to apply electricity as a tool in fisheries management did not occur until after 1950. Since then
detailed studies have been made on the physiological effects of electricity on aquatic organisms.
RESPONSE OF FISH TO
ELECTRICITY
To collect fish by electrical means we must create an
electried zone of sufcient amplitude to stun sh. In the
basic electroshing circuit, shown in Figure 1, a current
is passed between submerged electrodes. A sh between
these electrodes forms part of a closed circuit and some
current ows through its body.
The effectiveness of the electrosher is affected by nine
factors: voltage, electrode shape, water conductivity,
water temperature, conductivity of the stream bed, sh’s
distance, size, species, and time in the eld.
If these environmental factors are too far out of line, poor
electroshing will result. To some extent, the effects of
changes in water conductivity may be compensated for by
changing the output voltage.
Figure 1. The basic electrofishing circuit.
WATER CONDUCTIVITY
The conductivity of the water and that of the sh’s esh
are the factors that affect electroshing most.
The conductivity of water depends on the quantity of
dissolved salts and minerals in the water. The conductivity
of potable waters in the United States ranges from 20 to
2,000 microSiemens/cm. Sufficient current at realistic
power levels will flow through water in this range to
electrosh successfully.
Figure 2 illustrates the field patterns caused by the
presence of a sh in water. In (a) no distortion is caused by
the presence of the sh. In low conductivity water, (b), the
distortion of the electric eld is such that the voltage near
the sh is less than it was before the sh was present. The
reverse is true in (c) where the water conductivity is more
than that of the sh. In this case the distortion is caused
by the current concentrating in the water surrounding the
sh. In both (b) and (c) not as much power is transferred
into the sh’s body as in (a).
Figure 2. Electric field patterns caused by fish.
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17
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
LOW CONDUCTIVITY WATER
Distilled water is a very good insulator. It has a conductivity
range of 0.5 to 5.0 microSiemens/cm. If a normal voltage
is applied in distilled water, very little current will ow.
Power ow is too low to be effective for electroshing.
The current passing through a sh decreases as the power
flow decreases. To get the same response from fish, the
current can be maintained by either increasing the voltage,
or by keeping the resistance low.
If a higher voltage is used, up to 1,200 volts may be
necessary. High voltages create three problems, special
electrical equipment is required, safety is reduced for
the operators, and conditions are lethal for fish close to
electrodes.
The resistance can be kept low by increasing the size of the
electrodes. The only limitations to this are the availability
of larger electrodes, and the weight of electrode that can be
handled by the operator.
FISH CONDUCTIVITY
A fish will receive the maximum shock through its
body when the conductivity of the water is the same as
the conductivity of the sh’s esh. Unfortunately, this is
rarely the case. Generally, sh conductivity is around 115
microsiemens/cm.
FISH SIZE
Among fish of the same species, the larger fish are
more sensitive to electrical currents. Fish absorb power
as a function of body surface area. This is important to
remember if you are shocking for small sh and large sh
are also present. The large sh are going to receive a much
greater shock than the small sh.
TEMPERATURE
Water conductivity increases with temperature.
SUBSTRATE
HIGH CONDUCTIVITY WATER
High conductivity is over 2,000 microSiemens/cm. If a high
voltage is applied, most current will ow easily through
the water and the sh will hardly be affected. The electric
current follows the path of least resistance and bypasses
the sh completely. Therefore use low voltages and high
currents. Currents as high as 60 amps are common, the
limiting factor being the rating of the power-supply.
Some brackish water and industrial waste water have
conductivities over 10,000 microSiemens/cm. Here
smaller power-supplies are unable to deliver enough power
to stun sh. Waters in this range can only be electroshed
effectively with the larger model GPPs.
The Smith-Root 7.5 GPP outputs 62 amps through 8 gauge
stranded cables. This unit can stun large sh in the interface
between fresh and salt water. For example, Striped Bass
can be stunned for taking brood stock.
Theoretically high conductivity could be dealt with by
using smaller electrodes, but this would reduce the range
and also create damaging current densities near the anode.
Certain bottom substrates will conduct electrical current.
These weaken the electric eld in the water, making sh
capture less effective.
ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGE
By adjusting the output voltage, the effects of the water’s
conductivity on electroshing can be reduced.
The current owing through the water is directly related to
the voltage applied. The higher the voltage, the greater the
current will be.
When adjusting the output voltage the major consideration
is the power being used. This is especially true for battery
powered electrofishers. Power is equal to the voltage
multiplied by the current. When guring the power for an
electrosher, the fact that it is usually putting out pulsed DC
must be taken into consideration. The instantaneous power
during a pulse may be quite high, but if the electrosher
is only producing pulses at a 25% duty cycle, the average
power would be approximately 25% of the instantaneous
power.
18
2011
TYPES OF CURRENT
straight flexed straight flexed straight
+
0
off on off on off
USER’S MANUAL
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROFISHING
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Alternating Current (AC) is an electrical current in which
the direction of current ow reverses a number of times per
second.
In an AC eld, the sh takes a position transverse to the
electrical field lines and attempts to face the anode and
cathode successively, in rhythm with the AC cycle. When
the eld strength increases, tetany occurs, and the sh is
stunned. Strong contractions of the body muscles make the
sh feel rigid.
At high voltages, the larger sh may be killed, the muscular
contractions being so severe that vertebrae are fractured
and the brain damaged. Hence AC electroshing is only
successful with small sh in low conductivity water .
DIRECT CURRENT
Direct Current (DC) is the term given to electrical current
that ows only in one direction. The current ows from
the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive electrode
(anode).
The reaction of sh to direct current is quite different from
their reaction to alternating current. The rst reaction of the
sh is to turn toward the anode and start to swim toward
it until it reaches an electrical eld strong enough to stun
it. Being stunned is called galvanonarcosis. The severe
muscle contractions caused by AC do not occur, and the
sh recover much faster. Mortality rate is much lower with
direct current.
PULSED DIRECT CURRENT
Even greater anode attraction is possible with pulsed direct
current. Pulsed direct current is made by interrupting
steady DC with an electronically controlled switch. The
switch gives several on-off pulses per second. The number
of pulses per second (pulse frequency) and the on time
(pulse width) have different effects on different species of
sh.
In a pulsed DC eld a sh’s body exes with each pulse,
and returns to normal between pulses. This flexing and
straightening accentuates the involuntary swimming
towards the anode, called galvanotaxis.
Smith-Root Programmable Output Waveforms give you
complete control over your electrofisher output. This
patented method of synthesizing waveforms makes it
possible to produce virtually any waveform, so you can
select the one that is safest for the sh. POW allows you
to create narrow pulses to achieve the same results as wide
pulses. Narrower pulses put less power into the water.
This has three benets: you have less chance of damage
to the sh, your battery or fuel lasts longer, and you can
work in very conductive water that overloads conventional
electroshers.
Galvanotaxis: In pulsed DC a fish's body flexes with each pulse.
RESPONSE OF FISH TO DC FIELDS
An electric eld in water can be considered to have three
separate areas. The outer peripheral area is a weak eld
that the sh is indifferent to. The next area, closer to the
electrodes, has a stronger electrical eld, but not enough to
stun the sh. In this area, the involuntary swimming action
will occur and the sh will swim towards the anode. The
innermost area has the strongest electrical eld, and the
sh within it are immobilized.
704022
50 28018 306.25 9.5
120 400
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2
Voltage across fish
Field Intensity, V/cm
Distance from anode, m
As the fish nears the anode it receives a very high
head-to-tail voltage.
6.25
12.5
ZONE OF POTENTIAL FISH INJURY
Fish close to the anode receive a very high headto-tail voltage. Most sh injuries occur within half
a meter from the anode. is is called the Zone of
potential sh injury. We can minimize the injury by
reducing the time the electricity is turned on .
DUTY-CYCLE
Duty-cycle is the percent of on-time. It is a product
of the pulse width and the pulse frequency. e
duty-cycle can be lowered in three ways: by reducing the pulse width, by reducing the pulse frequency,
or by using gated bursts, where the power is o for a
period between each burst of pulses. Fish close to an
anode with a low duty-cycle are far less likely to be
injured than with a high duty-cycle.
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19
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
Figure 4. The field pattern, and the variation of gradient
between two electrodes.
Distance
Electrode Voltage
Gradient
Current lines Constant voltage lines
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.2
Distance from electrode centers (meters)
volts
1r 2r 3r 4r 5r
200 100 66 50 40
200 100 66 50 40 33
1r 2r 3r 4r 5r
33
10cm
20cm
volts
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.2
volts
1r 2r 3r 4r 5r
200 100 66 50 40 33
200 100 66 50 40 33
1r 2r 3r 4r 5r 6r 7r 8r 9r 10r
28 25 22 20 18
100 44 16 10 7
134
4
volts
Distance from electrode centers (meters)
10cm
20cm
ELECTRODE DESIGN
e way in which voltage and current distribute around
electrosher electrodes is complex. Figure 4 shows the
eld pattern created by a pair of closely spaced ring
electrodes, and the voltage gradient between them.
Note that the current density and voltage gradient are
highest near the electrodes.
e dimensions of the electrodes are very important
in determining the voltage distribution around electrosher electrodes. Figure 5 compares a 10cm and a
20cm ring anode carrying 200 volts in open water. e
cathode dimension is considered to be innite. Note
that the 20cm anode reaches out much further, producing a 33 volt potential at 1.2 meter. But the 10cm anode
produces the same potential at only 0.6 meter from the
electrode.
Figure 6 further illustrates the effect of electrode diameter.
The voltage is applied head-to-tail to a 20cm long sh. The
applied voltage is 200 volts with 10cm and 20cm diameter
ring-electrodes. Note that the 20cm electrode reaches out
farther, producing 7 volts head-to-tail between 1.0 and 1.2
meter from the electrode; as opposed to only 4 volts for the
smaller electrode at the same distance. Note also that the
voltage the fish receives closer to the electrode is less for
the larger electrode (100 volts instead of 144 volts). Larger
electrodes thus offers two advantages: greater range, and
lower maximum gradient.
Figure 5. Comparison of two sizes of anode.
Figure 6. Comparison of effects of two sizes of anode.
One drawback is that a larger electrode also has greater
circuit loading, and thus draws more current for the same
voltage (twice as much for the double size electrode). Thus,
a larger electrode requires a larger generator. This dictates a
practical upper limit on electrode size for a given generator
and water conductivity. Except for this limitation, the larger
the electrode, the better the fishing effectiveness and the
easier it is on the sh.
Figure 7 shows that larger electrodes increase the fish
collection area. The shaded areas have a voltage gradient
between 0.12 and 1.2 volts per cm, and are suitable for
electroshing. The applied voltage is 300 volts.
ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR
• Larger electrodes have lower resistance, need more
current at given voltage, reach out farther, and have lower
maximum voltage gradient.
• Small electrodes pose a hazard to fish because of high
current density and voltage gradient.
• Electrodes placed farther apart use less current, but the
20
2011
savings are not large.
10cm
20cm
35cm
60cm
Electrode diameter
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
16.63m
2
12.57m
2
10.18m
2
6.16m
2
Distance from electrode centers (meters)
246 44 46 48
Distance from center of anode (meters)
00
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
50
Total voltage
Sufficient gradient zone
Cathode Indentical to anode: 600V, 6.3kW
0.5m2 grid cathode: 350V, 3.7kW
10m2 wire netting cathode: 310V, 3.2kW
anode
cathode
• The resistance of an electrode varies in direct proportion to
water resistivity.
RING ELECTRODES
• Once spacing exceeds 10 radii, the distance between
electrodes is insignicant.
• The region affected by the electrode is limited to 5 to 10
radii.
• Electrode resistance is primarily dependent on electrode
radius, and varies in inverse proportion to radius.
• For ring electrodes, the cross section diameter of the ring
material is of little importance. If the ratio of cross section
diameter to ring radius is held constant, resistance varies
inversely with ring radius.
CATHODES
In electroshing it is desirable to have a high voltage gradient
around the anode, and a low voltage gradient around the
cathode.
Figure 8 shows variation of voltage, as a function of the
distance from the shing anode, for three types of cathode.
The required voltage is reduced by diminishing the resistance
of the cathode field. This compensates for the reduced
resistance so that the current does not vary. The power
consumption is directly proportional to the voltage used.
One advantage of a large cathode is that the risk of accidental
electrocution is much reduced. A large cathode has very low
potential with respect to the soil and the water around it. The
resistance between the cathode and the water is halved each
time the surface of the cathode is doubled. For example, a
100 square foot cathode would need another 100 square foot
added to pass from 9 to 4.5 ohm. However a cathode larger
than 100 square feet would be inconvenient to handle for
shore-side electroshing.
Figure 9 compares small and a large cathodes. With a standard
265 volts when using two anodes. However with a very large
wire netting cathode efciency falls only slightly from 324 to
302 volts when using two anodes.
For shore-side operations, the cathode surface presents the
least resistance when it is divided into several parts placed
several meters apart. An electrode is more effective when its
form is least concentrated. For example, a 3'x12' strip is more
effective than a square of 6'x6'.
Figure 10 illustrates the variation in both voltage and gradient
between the electrodes.
Whenever possible, the cathode should be placed in parts
of the stream that you do not wish to sh, or even in parts
grid cathode, the anode voltage falls distinctly from 324 to
Figure 7. Larger anodes increase the fishing area.
Figure 8.
of cathode
www.smith-root.com
USER’S MANUAL
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROFISHING
Variation of voltage for three different kinds
21
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
35 99
Resistance ohms
of anode field90509050
between anode and cathode 125 85 99 59
Potential difference volts
between cathode and water 126 185 32 54
324 265 324 302
a. one
anode
Standard 0.5m
2
grid cathode
b. two
anodes anode anodes
Large wire-
netting cathode
326450 450 356
3.6
1.62
5.9
2.38
3.6
1.28
6.0
2.15
between anode and water
c. one d. two
total
Current amps
Power kilowatts
35of cathode
24 46 48
Total potential (volts)
Distance from center of anode (meters)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.5
3.5
Anode
Cathode
Potential gradient (volts/cm)
Potential
Gradient
00
100
200
300
Figure 9. Comparison of two sizes of cathode.
completely separated from the stream itself. The anode should
never be allowed to come close to where the cathode is located.
Boat Cathodes
Many aluminum electroshing boats use the boat hull as the
cathode and the boom electrodes as the anode. This is perfectly
safe as long as you never come in contact with the anode and
complete the electrical circuit. The National Safety Council in
their data sheet #1-696-85 does not recommend using the boat
hull as the cathode, but we have yet to hear of any accidents
occurring because of it.
Figure 11 shows a Smith-Root tote barge designed for stream
wading operations. Note the large cathode plate attached to
the bottom of the berglass hull. The anode is a pair of ring
electrodes about 28cm (11") in diameter mounted on berglass
poles. With this arrangement, the resistance of the anode pair
is four times the cathode resistance. Thus, four times as much
voltage appears in the anode eld as in the cathode eld, and
consequently 80% of the applied voltage appears at each
electrode.
Figure 10. Variation of potential and gradient.
Figure 11. Bottom mounted cathode plate on SR-6.
The situation could be further improved by enlarging the
cathode, but a point of diminishing returns is reached. Doubling
the cathode size would halve the cathode resistance and give
an 8 to 1 ratio between anode and cathode resistance. Now
88% of the voltage would appear at the anode. This is only
an 8% improvement, and is not worth the additional physical
problems associated with the larger cathode.
The SR-6 eld tested with two 28cm anodes and a voltage
of 240 volts, showed good fishing effectiveness in 400
microSiemens/cm conductivity with a current of 3 to 4 amperes.
In lower conductivities of 40 microSiemens/cm, a current of 1
to 1.5 amp is effective. This data may serve as a useful benchmark to judge whether a unit is operating under conditions such
that sh should be caught. If the electrical performance is close
to this reference point, and sh are not being caught, it is safe
to conclude there are few sh in the area.
22
2011
FIELD TECHNIQUES
An operator engaged in electroshing must wade or oat,
depending upon the depth and swiftness of the water.
WADING
In shallow slow-moving waters the operators can wade
and probe the anode into likely fish habitat. Wading
upstream eliminates the effects of turbidity caused by
bottom sediment. Furthermore, if collections are for food
habitat study, stunned prey are not swept downstream and
consumed by predators. Fish that manage to escape are
often captured a short distance downstream. Closing a
stream with seine nets at each end of the study area helps
prevent the loss of stunned and frightened sh.
BOATS
Boat electroshers are used in lakes and in streams that
are too deep or swift to wade. Boats have the advantage of
being able to carry large generators and holding tanks for
the stunned sh. Electroshing boats typically have two
insulated booms extending from the bow. From the end
of the booms electrodes hang into the water. Usually one
boom is used as the anode and the other as the cathode. The
boat operator guides the boat while the electroshing crew
activates the electrosher when approaching likely habitat.
SURPRISE
Collecting can be enhanced by introducing the element
of surprise through intermittent shing. The intensity of
the anode’s peripheral eld often frightens sh, causing
them to bolt and hide. Do not work with the power on
continuously, but turn it on only in likely habitats. Fish
can be enticed from under areas of heavy cover or ice
by inserting a portable anode, turning the power on, and
withdrawing the anode slowly and smoothly. Fish will
follow the anode, under the inuence of galvanotaxis, into
the open where they can be netted.
CLARITY AND DEPTH
Clarity of the water limits the ease of capturing sh. The
length of the dip net handles and the visibility of the sh
limit the depth of effective electrofishing. In general,
waters over ten feet deep cannot be sampled effectively.
For daytime shing polarized sunglasses help in locating
stunned sh.
VEGETATION
Aquatic vegetation grows better from certain substrates
and can hinder electrofishing by fouling electrodes and
entangling stunned sh.
USER’S MANUAL
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROFISHING
NIGHT FISHING
Electroshing at night with lights is ve to ten times more
effective than daytime fishing, especially in lakes. In
streams the reection of the spotlight on the rufed surface
makes the sh difcult to see. Boats have ood lights on
the bow to attract the sh and to help locate stunned sh.
WATER VELOCITY
Electrofishing in flowing water is not as effective as in
still water, since sh are swept away from the electric eld
and netting is more difcult. Also, it is more difcult to
see a sh in fast owing water, and operators can loose
their footing. Flows greater than 5 feet per second usually
produce poor electroshing efciencies.
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23
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
ELECTROFISHING REFERENCE & TRAINING MATERIALS
REFERENCES
The following are books, research papers, and other references on various aspects of electroshing. The ideas and ndings
presented in them form the basis for much of the current practice in electroshing.
1. Bryan R. Cowdell and Richard A. Valdez, 1994 “Effects of
Pulsed DC Electroshing on Adult Roundtail Chub from the
Colorado River in Colorado,” North American Journal of
Fisheries Management. Vol. 14
2. I. G. Cowx and P. Lamarque, 1990, “Fishing With
Electricity—Applications in Freshwater Fisheries
Management,” Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientic
Publications Ltd. lSBN 0-85238-167-0
3. L. G. Cowx, 1990 “Developments in Electroshing,” Fishing
News Books, Blackwell Scientic Publications Ltd. lSBN
0-85238-166-2
4. N.G. Sharber and S.W. Carothers, 1988 “Inuence of
Electroshing Pulse Shape on Spinal Injuries in Adult
Rainbow Trout,” North American Journal of Fisheries
Management. 8: 117-122
7. D. E. Snyder and S. A. Johnson, 1991 “Indexed Bibliography
8. M. Burridge and G. Goodchild, 1988 “A Bibliography of
9. Alec G. Maule and Matthew G. Mesa, 1994 “Efcacy of
10. N.G. Sharber, S.W. Carothers, J.P. Sharber, J.C. DeVos,
of Electroshing Literature,” Larval Fish Laboratory,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Electroshing,” Ministry of Natural Resources, Fisheries
Branch, Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Electroshing to Assess Plasma Cortisol Concentration in
Juvenile Chinook Salmon passing Hydroelectric Dams on
the Columbia River,” North American Journal of Fisheries
Management. Vol. 14
D.A. House, 1994 “Reducing Electroshing-Induced Injury
of Rainbow Trout,” North American Journal of Fisheries
Management. 14
5. Michael A. Bozek and Frank J. Rahel, 1991 “Comparison
of Streamside Visual Counts to Electroshing Estimates
of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Fry and Adults,” North
American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 11
6. D. W. Novotny and G. R. Priegel, 1971 “A Guideline for
Portable Direct Current Electroshing Systems,” Technical
Bulletin No. 5l, Department of Natural Resources, Madison,
Wisconsin
24
11. Jeffery C. Barnet and Gary D. Grossman, 1988 “Effects of
Direct Current Electroshing on the Mottled Sculpin,” North
American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 8
2011
USER’S MANUAL
APPENDIX
GPP TROUBLESHOOTING
SHORE MODEL (USING KOHLER CH GENERATOR)
Contents
Check Generator AC Voltages ......................................... 26
APPENDIX
Test for Continuity and High Voltage Output
Check Connections, Brushes and Exciter Rectier
Check Rotor Windings
Check Stator Windings
Test GPP Control Box
Test GPP Control Box- Cont.
Flashing the Rotor
Building a Test Load
5.0 GPP Wiring Diagram
7.5 GPP Wiring Diagram
9.0 GPP Wiring Diagram
..................................................... 29
.................................................... 30
..................................................... 31
.......................................... 32
............................................................ 33
........................................................ 34
................................................. 35
................................................. 36
................................................. 37
.................. 27
........ 28
www.smith-root.com
25
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
PROBLEM: NO OUTPUT FROM GPP ELECTROFISHER
Procedure 1: Check Generator 12 AC Voltages (all models)
GPP Electroshers have two 500-watt accessory
12 Volt AC windings. The accessory output terminals are
located on the generator end-bell.
• Set the GPP Control Box Voltage range
switch to off. Adjust generator engine speed
to 3600 RPM using a vibrating tachometer which is
available at most small engine shops.
• Check the 12 Volts AC on the end bell of
generator using an AC Voltmeter (See Fig. 1.1).
They should read approx.14.5 Volts, 60Hz.
Fig. 1.1
V
-2.5 and 5.0 GPP Only:
• Check the 12 Volts AC on the output
12
connector. Pairs: 5 & 6 (See Fig. 1.2).
5
6
Fig. 1.2
345
67
If the Voltages are OK, go to procedure 2.
Flash generator (Follow procedure 8).
Restart procedure 1.
If 12 Volts AC are still not present, go to
procedure 3.
IMPORTANT!: High voltages are present when generator is running. Only qualified
personnel should attempt high voltage measurements. We suggest forming a barricade around
the test area and posting appropriate high voltage warning signs.
26
2011
ADVANCED TROUBLESHOOTING
PROBLEM: no output from gpp electrofisher (cont.)
Procedure 2: Test for Continuity and High Voltage AC Output
USER’S MANUAL
SHUT DOWN GENERATOR!
Check all the connector pairs resistance to Generator ground.
2.5 and 5.0 GPP: 1 & 2 / 3 & 4 (See Fig. 2.1)
7.5 GPP: 1 & 2 / 3 & 4 / 5 & 6 (See Fig. 2.2)
9.0 GPP: 1 & 2 / 3 & 4 / 5 & 6 (See Fig. 2.3)
All of the pairs should show open or high resistance
(>0.5 Meg-ohm).
• Next, check insulation between winding pairs.
If resistance measures low, the wire or generator insulation is bad.
If low resistance is measured, go to procedure 5.
• With generator running, check for High Voltage on generator connectors.
(See wiring diagrams at the end of this document).
2.5 and 5.0 GPP: Check each of the High Voltage
terminal pairs on the output connector for aprx. 360 Volts
RMS AC. Pairs: 1 & 2 and 3 & 4 (See Fig. 2.1).
12
345
67
1&2
3&4
Fig. 2.1: 2.5 & 5.0 GPPFig. 2.1: 2.5 & 5.0 GPP
1&2
5&6
3&4
12
345
67
7.5 GPP: Check each of the Voltage terminal pairs on both
of the output connectors for approximately 115 Volts
RMS AC. Pairs: 1 & 2, 3 & 4 and 5 & 6 (See Fig. 2.2).
9.0 GPP: Check each of the Voltage terminal pairs on both of the output
connectors for approximately 67 Volts RMS AC. Pairs: 1 & 2, 3 & 4 and 5
& 6 (See Fig. 2.3). Also, check for
115 Volts RMS AC on the smaller 2-pin connector.
If the Voltages are LOW or absent go to procedure 3.
If the Voltages are OK, go to procedure 6.
IMPORTANT!: High voltages are present when generator is running. Only qualified
personnel should attempt high voltage measurements. We suggest forming a barricade around
the test area and posting appropriate high voltage warning signs.
www.smith-root.com
Fig. 2.2: 7.5 GPP
1&2
5&6
3&4
12
345
67
Fig. 2.3: 9.0 GPP
1&3
342
1
27
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
PROBLEM: no output from gpp electrofisher (cont.)
Procedure 3: Check connections, brushes, and exciter rectifier
• Turn generator off before troubleshooting.
• Open the generator end-bell cover by removing the two large
screws on the housing cover.
• Inspect the wire bundles for chafng, loose or broken connections.
Fig. 3.1
Repair if needed (See Fig. 3.1).
• Check brushes – replace brushes if length less than 3/8” ≈(1 cm)
(See Fig. 3.2).
Slip Rings
AC
AC
Rectifier
Fig. 3.2
Fig. 3.3
• Clean rotor slip rings with ne non-metalic abrasive pad such as
3-M “Scotch Brite” (See Fig. 3.3).
• Disconnect wires from rectier. Check 3-pin rectier with ohmmeter in diode testing position. The rectier should only conduct one
way between AC and negative pin. Replace if shorted between pins
or if open between pins. (See Fig. 3.4 and inset).
• Correct problems, reassemble and retest using procedure 1 and 2.
If there is still no voltage at connector, continue to procedure 4.
Fig. 3.4
28
2011
PROBLEM: no output from gpp electrofisher (cont.)
Procedure 4: Check Rotor Windings
• Disconnect yellow wires from the brush end cap and the
Rectier. (See Fig. 4.1).
• Measure resistance with ohmmeter between rotor slip
rings, through the Brushes. Brushes are accessible via the
brush end-caps. (See Fig. 4.2).
USER’S MANUAL
ADVANCED TROUBLESHOOTING
Resistance should read as follows:
≈24 ohms – 2.5 GPP
≈32 ohms – 5.0 GPP
≈36 ohms – 7.5 and 9.0 GPP
If resistance varies signicantly from above, take mea-
surements directly from the slip rings.
• Check Rotor Slip Rings to ground (OPEN connection).
(See Fig. 4.3). Replace rotor if measurements are out of
specications.
Go to procedure 5.
Fig. 4.1
Fig. 4.2
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Fig. 4.3
29
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
Ω
�
Procedure 5: Check Stator Windings
2
3
4
1
6
5
3&4 5&6
1&2
7&8
8
7
11
10
9
9&10 11&12
12
• Check wire number tags. Label with tape and pen
if missing.
• Cut wires at crimp connectors.
• Strip insulation back 1/4” ≈ (0.5 cm) to expose
bare wire.
• Test winding pairs (1 & 2, 3 & 4, 5 & 6, 7 & 8,
9 & 10, 11 & 12,) (See Fig. 5.1)
GPP Model
Fig. 5.1
Fig. 5.3
66
Fig. 5.2
5.0, 7.5 & 9.0
0.4 Ohms
≈
Ω
2.5
1.2 Ohms
≈
• Test yellow exciter wires (See Fig. 5.3) according
to table below.
GPP Model
Exciter
Wires
66&55
77&55
66&77
≈2.0Ω
≈4.0Ω
≈2.0Ω
5.0, 7.5 & 9.02.5
≈1.7Ω
≈3.4Ω
≈1.7Ω
• Test 12 Volt winding pairs (White/White, Black/
Black). Each should measure ≈0.1 Ohms (See Fig.
5.2).
• Check insulation of all windings to ground (open
connection). (See Fig. 5.4.)
• Replace Stator if out of specications.
77
55
Fig. 5.4
30
Rotors and end bearings should be replaced as
a set. Replace rotor bearing support bracket if
old type. Contact Smith-Root, Inc. for further
information.
2011
ADVANCED TROUBLESHOOTING
Procedure 6: Test GPP Control Box
• Test a single or dual foot switch pedal using an ohmmeter. Carefully
connect the ohmmeter connectors to pins (A & B) on the 4-Pin male
plug. Use care to not allow the ohmmeter connectors to touch when
connecting them to the pins on the 4-Pin male plug. (See Fig.6.1).
• The ohmmeter should measure OPEN ohms with the switch off and
ZERO ohms with the switch on. If it does not you may have a broken
wire or a bad switch inside the pedal. If foot switch is inoperative,
return to Smith-Root, Inc. for service. Test dual foot switches with
an ohmmeter using the same method as shown above. Connect the
ohmmeter to pins (A & B) on the 4-Pin connector for switch #1 and
to pins (C & D) for switch #2 (See Fig. 6.1).
• Connect the generator to GPP Control Box.
USER’S MANUAL
A
D
B
C
4-Pin male plug
Fig. 6.1
as seen from end
• Connect the foot switch to GPP Control Box.
• Connect a test load to output cables (see Procedure 9).
WARNING! Keep all personnel clear of the Test Load while the
generator is running!
• Switch mode switch to 120 PPS.
• Turn Percent of Range to 50%.
• Switch the output Voltage selector to low range.
• Switch the “Emergency Shutdown Switch” to OFF position (See
Fig. 6.2, A).
• Start the generator.
• Switch the “Emergency Shutdown Switch” to ON position
(See Fig. 6.2, B).
• Press the foot switches.
• The red light (See Fig. 6.2, C) on the front panel should now be
illuminated and the amp meter should indicate amperage.
• If the red light is not illuminated and the amp meter indicates no
amperage:
• Turn the generator off.
• Check the light bulb.
• Check the Fuse on the GPP main circuit board (See Fig. 6.3).
5 Amp
Fig. 6.2
Fast-Blow
Fuse
A B C
Fig. 6.3
Replace fuse if blown. A blown fuse may indicate a short in the Audio
Alarm. Disconnect the Audio Alarm (See Fig. 6.4) before retesting.
Return to start of Procedure 6. If Red light and amp meter
indicates output go to Procedure 7.
www.smith-root.com
Fig. 6.4
31
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
Procedure 7: Test GPP Control Box
D
C
B
A
• Maintain GPP settings from Procedure 6.
• Start the generator.
• Press foot switches.
• When the Red Light (See Fig. 7.1, A) is
illuminated, the “Current Meter” (See Fig. 7.1, B)
should show amperage and the “Seconds Counter”
(See Fig. 7.1, C) should be counting.
• If there is no display in the seconds counter,
replace the “N” cell batteries in the counter *(See
Fig. 7.2).
Fig. 7.1
+
Counter module battery
compartment accessible from
back of control panel
+
E
• Adjusting the “Percent of Range” (See Fig. 7.1, D)
up to 100% will increase the amperage shown on
the Current Meter.
• Set the “Percent of Range” to 50%.
• Switch the “Mode” switch (See Fig. 7.1, E) from
120 PPS to 60 PPS. The amperage should drop by
half.
CAUTION: Never switch the Voltage Range
while the output is ON.
• Retest settings in the high range.
NOTE: If output current is absent, return the
control box to Smith-Root, Inc.
* The “N” cell batteries should be replaced EVERY
ve years (See Fig. 7.2).
Fig. 7.2
32
2011
Procedure 8: Flashing the Rotor
USER’S MANUAL
ADVANCED TROUBLESHOOTING
Rotor Flashing is a process of magnetizing the
Rotor.
This is necessary for the Generator to produce an
output. This is normally done at the factory and
should not be required unless the Generator has
been disassembled.
Should FLASHING become necessary, stop the
engine and identify the two inner and two outer
brush holders. The right hand brush has a wire that
connects to the three terminal rectier assembly.
The left brush is connected to the inner windings.
(See Fig.8.1).
Connect the 12 Volt Battery’s positive lead to the
left brush terminal. Next, hold the negative lead
to the right brush terminal for a minimum of ten
seconds. This will re-magnetize the Rotor.
Inside
Brush-holder
Facing Stator end with cover removed
+
Neg
AC
12 Volt
Battery
AC
-
Outside
Brush-holder
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33
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
IMPORTANT! Danger! High Voltage is present during test load procedure.
Every effort should be made to keep all personnel away from test load bucket. It
may be necessary to form a barricade around testing area and post appropriate signs
warning of High Voltage.
Procedure 9: Build a Test Load
WARNING – KEEP ALL PERSONNEL CLEAR OF
TEST LOAD WHILE GENERATOR RUNNING.
From Cathode
Fig. 9.1
Output
Plug of
GPP
Aluminum Plate
Water
From Anode
Plastic Bucket
• Construct a test load using a plastic bucket with the metal
handle removed (Fig. 9.1).
• Connect the test load to the GPP Electrosher as shown
(Fig. 9.2).
• Add tap water to the bucket.
• Set the “Mode Switches” on the GPP Control Box to AC &
120 PPS/ 60 AC.
• Start the generator.
• Control the GPP output with the “Emergency Shut Down”
switch or Foot switch.
• By turning the “Percent of Range” control up to 100% and
checking the amp meter on the GPP Control Box, the correct load can be determined. See below:
Maximum GPP Amperage (2.5 - 5.0)
Model High Low
2.5
5.0
4 Amps
8 Amps
8 Amps
16 Amps
Maximum GPP Amperage (7.5 - 9.0)
Model DCAC Amperage
7.5 120 V 170 V 62.5 A
31.3 A
20.8 A
10.4 A
150 A60 V 85 V
75 A120 V 170 V
37.5 A240 V 340 V
18.8 A480 V 680 V
9.0
240 V
360 V
720 V
340 V
500 V
1000 V
Ring Lugs
bolted to
Plates
Fig. 9.2
34
• The amp meter will increase to the maximum as you turn
up the “Percent of Range”.
• The load may be increased by slowly adding table salt to
the water in the bucket.
• If the load is too great for the range selected, the GPP will
operate erratically.
• If the amp meter starts to show a decrease in amps or is
erratic as the “Percent of Range” nears 100% the generator
is over-loading. The water may need to be changed, or
decrease the portions of electrodes immersed in the water.
2011
2.5 & 5.0 GPP Generator Stator Wiring
Stator end with end cover removed
All Wires to GPP Connector14 Ga.
GPP Connector
2
1
5
7
3
4
2
6
1
USER’S MANUAL
ADVANCED TROUBLESHOOTING
7
6
5
4
3
55 66
77
8
9
10
11
12
Rectifier assem.
Neg
AC AC
10 Ga.
Stator
end
cover
2.5 GPP
Generator Terminals
1 - 2 = 115 Volts @ 441.5 VA
Respectively through
11 - 12 = 115 Volts @ 441.5 VA
14 Ga.
Frame Ground
5.0 GPP
Generator Terminals
1 - 2 = 115 Volts @ 883 VA
Respectively through
11 - 12 = 115 Volts @ 883 VA
(Pairings of Odd # on Left & Even # on Right.)
Output @ Binding Posts
Black wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
White wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
(Pairings of Odd # on Left & Even #
on Right.)
Output @ Binding Posts
Black wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
White wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
www.smith-root.com
35
GPP ELECTROFISHER
USER'S MANUAL
cover
7.5 GPP Generator Stator Wiring
*All Wires to GPP Connectors14 Ga.
GPP Connector
2
1
5
GPP Connector
5
3
4
7
6
2
1
3
4
7
6
14 Ga.*
14 Ga.*
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
55 66
77
8
9
10
11
12
Rectifier assem.
Neg
AC AC
10 Ga.
Stator
end
7.5 GPP
Generator Terminals
1 - 2 = 115 Volts @ 1250 VA
Respectively through
11 - 12 = 115 Volts @ 1250 VA
(Pairings of Odd # on Left & Even # on
Right.)
14 Ga.
Frame Ground
Stator end with end cover removed
Output @ Binding Posts
Black wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
White wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
36
2011
9.0 GPP Generator Stator Wiring
12 Ga*
GPP Connector
2
1
5
3
4
7
6
*All Wires to GPP Connectors 12 ga.
USER’S MANUAL
ADVANCED TROUBLESHOOTING
Stator
end
cover
GPP Connector
2
1
5
Rectifier assem.
AC AC
7
Neg
3
4
6
12 Ga*
10 gauge
1
12 gauge
7
6
5
4
3
2
Stator end with end cover removed
55 66
77
8
9
Frame
Ground
10
11
8988
12
16 Ga
16 Ga
110 Volts AC
1
23
4
4-Pin
connector
9.0 GPP
Generator Terminals
1 - 2 = 67 Volts @ 1500 VA
Respectively through
11 - 12 = 67 Volts @ 1500 VA
(Pairings of Odd # on Left & Even # on Right.)
Output @ Binding Posts
Black wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
White wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
4-Pin Connector
110 Volts AC
www.smith-root.com
37
®
SMITH-ROOT, INC.
14014 NE Salmon Creek Ave.
Vancouver, WA 98686 USA
360.573.0202 Voice
360.573.2064 FAX
info@smith-root.com
www.smith-root.com
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