HOW IO UsE Al{D TAKE
CARE
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IOWER CAMERAS
ARE SOLD ONLY SY 5EARs. ROEBUCK AND CO.
INTRODUCTION
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following
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detailed information
few of his.
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steps
memorize tl.rese
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questions.
taken
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dicoted
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5,
Compose
Do it corefully.
portont.
im
lens
step which is often
lens
Set
by.
I
cop from lens
diophrogm
exposure
the
fo operture
meter
sublect in
Good
composition
overlooked.
or
viewfinder.
o
in-
toble.
is
lf lens is
2.
ond lock it in
firmly
Focus lens with
4.
imoges
o single imoge is
Turn
6.
arrow
coliopsible type.
position.
locked.
should be
winding
qs
for os it
pull
Moke
sure
rongefinder.
superimposed
seen.
knob in direction
go.
will
so fhot
out
It rs
Borh
3
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t
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F
.i
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J
q
F
7.
Set shutter
exposure
toble recommendcrtions.
meter
speed diol occording
reodings
or exposure
to
Press
E.
pose
not
the entire
shutter releose
film.
Press
orm.
buiton
button to ex-
with
finger
only,
4
TABLE
OF CONTENIS
L Use
of Upper
2.
Winding
3. Exposure
4. Coupled
5. Prqctice in Use
6. The
NIKKOR 50 mm
thon
7. Chonging
8.
Viewfinder
9.
Explonotion
10.
Explonotion
ll.
Aperture Diophrogm
12.
Distonce
13. Depth
14, looding
15. Unlooding
f6.
Refeose Butlon
17.
Horizontol
Supplementory
Core of NIKKOR
Focol Length
NIKKOR
NIKKOR
NIKKOR
NIKKOR 85 mrn {,/2
NIKKOR 135 mm
Universol
Pqrqllox
Compqrotive
TOWER Comero
TOWER
Addifionol
Repoir
Owner's
ACCESSORIES
50 mm f/2 Lens.
50 mm {/1.4
35 mm f/3.5
View{inder
,
seen through
lens Shode
Accessories
Service
Guorontee
qnd
Shutter ond Filrn
Counler
Rongefinder
3/z feef).
Lens ....
of Aperture
of Aperture
Scole
on Focusing Ring....,
of Field
Scqle.
the
Comero.
lhe
Comerq.
for
ond Verticol
Lenses
Lenses . .
of o Lens .
f/3.5 Telephoto
Field
Covered by Vorious
the Universol
Corrying
Lower
Speed Diols.
. ..
Mechonism
of Rongefinder.
f,/2 [ens,
Adiuslment.
Adiustment.
Shutter. . .
Picfures. ..
FOR YOUR
...
.
High Speed Lens.
Wide Angle [ens.
Telephoto
. . . . .
, , .
Viewfinder).
Cose.
qnd
Fiher Holder.
. . . . . .
(with
Scole....
TOWER
[ens.....
Lens.....
.......poge
...,,poge
......poge
note on focusing
3s mm
Foc;rl Length Lenses
.... ..
ot less
. ..
. ..
..
.........poge
.......poge
...-t......poge
.........poge
...,.poge
. . .. .. ..
CAMERA
, ,. .poge 26
........pose
........poge 29
.......poge
....poge
........poge
......poge
...
...poge 35
.....poge
..,....poge
...poge
..poge 9
. . .poge l l
...poge
. . poge
...poge
..poge 15
..poge l8
2l
22
,poge 23
..poge 24
poge
.
26
.poge 28
28
29
30
3l
33
(os
..poge 34
.poge 36
36
. . poge
36
37
6
7
I
l0
12
14
ll
14
ld
16
SPECIAT
www.orphancameras.com
NOTE
that shows
a.second.
llme.
I.
SThen
when
must be
SHUTTER
dial
brins
bring
fractions of a second.
fractions of a second.
rf
second,
I7hen
shutter
the release button
shutter speeds or exposure
The lower speed dial
USE
is
OF UPPER
using lower speed dial on
uslng Iowef sPeed
placed
HAS BEEN COMPLETELY \trOUND.
neutral position
on
the lower speed dial
the lower speed dial
etc. INTERMEDIATE SPEEDS CANNOT
setting the speed on
remains open while the release
"RED
on
is released. the shutter sprinqs shut.
This
first camera in the TOWER
line to have shutter
that
the shutter
pletely
wind the shutter, the film
is automatically advanced
(Illust.
or
figures frcm L/2o to l/)oo of
(Illust. C) has sPeeds
AND
dlal on rront or cameta, tne uPPef sPeeo olal
20-1" which is neutral
(Red 20-1)
into
into
For example, 4 means
For example, 4 means
Bulb (B) on upper dial
IOWER
front of cameta, the upper speed dial
plav.
play. Numbers
opposite
Numbers
button
mm. camera
3)
must
be set
wound.
B). There is a top,
main
shutter speed dial,
SPEED
position,
\Kzhen upper speed
arrow, then
on speed dials indicate
on speed dials indicate
of a second. 2 means
of i second, 2 rneans
V"
/o
is pressed down. When
AFTER
has
been
As
from
Lf2O to
DIATS
AFTER
uPPer sPeed
you
BE
(Illust.
is the
speeds
com-
you
can
USED.
C) the
S7hen camera
dial set on Time
when the release button
mains open. To close shu[ter,
dial
speed
sh.utter
nEed to press
close shutter.
will close immediately. There's no
is operated with slow speed
(T), the shutter opens
to position
back
the release
is
Dressed
button
and re-
turn
1, and
again to
slow
the
,MPORTANT:
To
operate
a second, it
of
to
set both
after you have wound shutter.
The upper main dial is
to various
shutter has
row on accessofy shoe. (Illust. B.)
into
seated
proper position when
wound
dial
it
desired speed is
Be
sure
operating on any
by
(Illust.
number indicating the
so
upper
LOWER SPEED DIAL CAN BE TURNED AFTER
COMPLETELY WOUND
RED 20-r
2. WINDING
To wind
cated
stop
any
also
(U-LUST.
E).
SHUTTER
shutter
arrow until it stops. By turning this knob
by
position,
possibility of a double
winds
and wind film; turn winding
the film is advanced
shutter sprinq.
AND UPPER
AND
for
exposure. Knob
SPEED
the next exposure,
DIAL HAS BEEN
FIIM-
knob in direction indi-
serves dual
shutter on
dials on RED
positions
been
merely
D) and turning
opposite
dial is lowered or
shutter speed.
If20
is necessary
20
moved
aftet
completely
lifting the
ar-
SHUTTER HAS BEEN
SET ON
until it
reaches
thus
preventing
purpose,
a
as it
-v
,ta
J1
o
b0
|r
v,
H
F
B
F
0)
CAUTION:
Always
prior
Never
wound
weaken shutter spring, or
you
press
pose
wind
shutter
to taking
leave
camera
position;
might accidentally
release button
film.
just
picture.
in a
this may
and
ex-
SMAtt
www.orphancameras.com
disc
accidentally
second
turn
ARROW
is turned
time
disc
this
NUMBERED
RAISED tUGS
in
a clockwise
pushed beyond
"0"
until
in a
lines up
counter-clockwise
EXAMPLE
DISK
direction by
"0",
continue
with
directicn.
EXPOSURE
3.
COI'NTER
MECHANISM-
nurnbered disc
The
beneath
(Illust.
counter
cally
exPosures.
should be
camera
with new
shutter
twc raised lugs.
to
push
small arrow.
iust
winding knob
the
F) is the expcsure
which automati-
records number of
counter
The
"0"
set at
has been
film and
wound. This
fully
it
on
not attemPt
Do
after
loaded
the
If disc
around
is
a
to
film has been
After
should
knob
Shutter
more, give
winds sufficient
so
loading process
will prevent
disc should
(Illust.
time
advance
This
release button
the portion
that
F).
the winding
film and bring
indicates
loaded
turned once
be
the winding
film
ofi
of film
not be re-exposed
will
fogged
then be
Shutter
pictures
set so
release button
knob is turned
are
you
into camera
around
should
ready to take your
then be pressed
knob one
full cartridge
the
accidentally
at the beginning
the
disc to
a stoP on
(See
in
direction
full turn
as an attemPted
"0"
on disc
should
into
until
numbered
small
and
winding
it stoPs.
Thus,
the next
18-20), the
pages
of arrow
release shutter.
to
to the stopped position.
the take-uP sPool
on to
and
exPosed
again be
position
number one on counting
first
to light duting
picture.
film. The
of
is oPPosite
Pressed,
will automatically
it
picture.
Once
This
the
it
arrow
disc'
4. COUPTED
RANGEFINDER
TOSTER
Your
rangefinder.
focusing
lens barrel
focusing
either direction, barrel
threaded
Accordingly,
into
the superimposed.
images are superimposed
single
means of
Illust. GG.
of
backward or
precision
fect focus.
changeable
coupled
mount on the
is turned by depressing
lever (Illust. A) and shifting
track and
operation.
image (Illust. G-b).
micrometer mcvement of
The small arm
the lens barrel.
degree that
Note
with TO\}7ER, Nicca,
built-in
mrn
31
is
It
rangefinder is
the
The
forward, the
especially
rangefinders.
camera
coupled
lens barrel. \(hen
automatically
moves forward
rangefinder on
image.type and absolute
As the lens barrel
when the 2
has a coupled
with a
upon each other
in
leveling devices
that all longer
helical type
knob cn
lever in
turns on a
or backward.
automatically put
the TO\7ER
The double
instance
this
images are
and
image effect
the fine
is rotated
focal length lenses
most Leica camerts
the
35
is obtained
focus
and become
mechanism
is
against the
set
and thereby moved
adjust the
fused, the lens
mirror to such
mm camera
when 2
fused into a
is
produced
indicated in
inner base
is in
per-
inter-
are
which have
bv
is
a
Correcl
focus
b
The rangefinder
magnification of approximately
ing a
ftcy and
eye-piece
ease of focusing your
is
constructed
TO\7ER
with a miniature telescope
increases the accu-
l/2 times.
This
mm cameta.
31
The viewing
hav-
the eye-Piece
www.orphancameras.com
aperture
rangefinder
the small
(Illust.
pensates
human
ing on near or
duce
of
is adjusted by
rotating
on eye-piece.
J)
for slight difference
and
eye
distant objects
the greatest possible
"eyebrow
This com-
facilitates the
sharpness.
the
on
turning
rest"
in the
focus-
to
Pro-
,.EYEBROW
RANGE
RESI''
Fl N D
E R
vIEwFINDER
5. PRACTICE
Place camera
the rangefinder
rangefinder
will observe
you
what
only
actually
complete circular
may
sharpness.
left window of
object
you
centered behind rangefinder
adjust the lens
now
Keep object in
much larger
in a
IN
in
position
(left) eye-piece
window (Illust.
only a small citcular
are focusing on
field of the image. This position being
rangefinder. You will then
USE OF
for
focusing
center
circular
RANGEFINDER-
picture
afld, at the
taking
A) with the middle
will
be
lever
of field, then remove your
field (Illust.
lever until the two
inio one
your
this
rnatic and there is no
finger over the left rangefinder
dow.
rangefi,nder taindou
alar "-iewfntler taindow
lac.
(Illust. K)
same time,
field of a
visible. Be sure that your
eye-piece so that you can
to
obtain
see
G-u). Now
(Iilust.
is in
lens
exercise
CAUTIONIt Do not confure
l).
and sight
finger. In
pinkish
the
greatest possible
a double image of the
images are fused
G-b).
correct
until it becomes auto-
need
(left)
through
the
cover
this
case,
in which
cast
eye is
get a
assumed,
finger from
tutn focusing
At this point
focus. Practice
of
placing
win-
u'itb reg-
(rigbt) (il-
left
you
O
F
a)
J
J
t
F
B
'ln
o)
J4
G'
'*1
l0
THE NIKKOR
6.
5O mm
t/2 IENS-
The eariy TOWER
equipped with the f
collapsible
lenses of the Leica, Nicca and TOS7ER
cameras
mostly interchangeable. Before
ture with the TO\7ER
is
quite
reuroved.
L). Take care that
between the fingers. Do
knurled ring which
used to adjust the deiicate
barrel were to
turn clockwise into locking
metal
position by
the small
back
in a
grooves
of crrnera.
$Zhen lens is not in use it should be
lens cap
type (Illust. L).
with
obvious that the iens
Next
leaves in the iris
turning it in
flanges
into
camera body,
COUNTER-clockwise direction.
in
base
placed
12
coupled rangefinders
puil out lens, grasping only
only
ser.,'es to adjust the apertlrre. This
be pulled out
into the
of lens mount.
on its
mm camera is
3t
mm lens, of the
50
The
taking a pic-
mm camera it
3)
cap should be
the FRONT
make a mistake
not
aperture within the lens, and if
by
position,
diaphragm within the lens. Lock
a ciockwise direction
grooves inside the
simply take hold of outer knurled ring
Then
front.
The
locked
ing knob on end of
shifting lever
focal length lenses such
mm
135
focused
are non-coilapsible. Tirere
ing lever on these lenses.
mm
50
al'e
KNURLED RING is gripped
second ring, and
it might
This
simply shove lens
collapsed
lens focusing lever should
at the infinity
into locked
(so-called
means
by
front
knurled
and grip the
given a sharp hard
damage the delicate
until it stops. This
mount.
lens
disengages flanges from
into its rlount ancl the
position
lever, which
"telephoto"
the knurled ring and
of
ring
(Illust.
second
second ring
the lens
the lens into
brings
To
push lens
and turn
into
back
also
(m
position.
as the
is no lens focus-
(See
pages
press-
by
)
permits
Long
mm and
85
lenses),
2)-)0.)
body
is
be
are
ll
'i
www.orphancameras.com
I
i
$
L
I
I
t
NOTE ESPECTALLY! Present
with
I
the non-collapsible type lens
ing to
pull out. Simply take the lens cap off before taking picture.
modcl
TOWER cameras are equipped
(Illust.
M). In tl.ris case there is noth-
The non-collapsible lenses focus
howevet,
tures taken at less than
from camera to
with focusing
scale
measuring
$7hen
cdttera back, not to front
important
NOTE:
the
very best workmonship
ground,
ossembling
the inner
on
token os blemishes, but
grode
lenses ond
blue
cooting of
gloss
surfoce.
lens
cooling.
not
does
operate fcr distances less than
feet will have to
3r/2
subject, and tl.re
lever.
sucl.r
short distanccs, always
lens.
of
on close-up
All
NIKKOR
work,
bccause the depth of field
lenses ore of
hos been expended
highly polished lens. However, in
of the lens
surfoces of
occosionolly o
gloss. These morkings
the
they
not odversely offect
will
the lens is not olwoys uniformly deposited over the
Agoin,
this is not o defect,
as close as l/2
feet.
312
measured with a
be
corresponding
distance
fireasure from
Accurate
the
rreasufement
highest
quolity opticol
lo produce o
the monufocturing ond
smoll speck or bubble will
ore simply
the
chorocteristics of
picture quolity. The
but o
chorocieristic of fluoride
The rangefinder,
feet, so any
distance
set on
subject
is extremely
is
so smali.
gloss ond
precision
oppeor
ore sometimes
high
slightly
pic-
tape
to
mis-
7.
CHANGING LENS-fle flange on the TOWER
camera
and insures
facilitates
rapid inicrchange
absolute accuracy. A lens is simply screwed firmlv
lenses of various focal
of
12
mrn
3t
lengths,
into
oo-
sition by
mount
tion.
or
lens is gripped at
of the
to camera body
SThen
well to turn
in a
rection until it stops. This
grves
the lens mount and
ease in removal of lens.
the
turned in a
you
into
couple with the rangefinder
position.
lens
by a slight quick
unscrew lens. Do likewise when screwing lens into
Focusing
into
turning
in a
\fhen inserting
removing it, be sure
lens mount adjacent
rernoving lens, it
counter-clockwise
you
hand, when inserting lens, the rangefinder lever
other
a firm grip at the
position.
Hold camera
as
described above with the
lever must be
flange.
the
the entire
clockwise
focusing
a nrm
clockwise direction
direc-
lens
the
base
(iliust.
N).
is
lever
di-
on
SfrP
permits
On
until it stops. This again will give
of the lens
base
The helical focusing type rnount
mechanism when
left hand when changing lenses. Grip the
by
jerk
in
a COUNTER-clockwise
in
infinity
the
so
right
hand, and loosen
position before lens
that the lens can be turned
lens is seated in
direction. Then
will
automatically
it
in the
body of
should be
proper
flange
simply
camera.
is
screwed
NOTE ESPECIALLY:
the
comero
slrong light.
ogoinst
is looded.
body
lt is
the body
the
with
odvisoble to hold the
during time
When chonging lenses, the
lens removed
lens is
out of
should
comero in
the
comero,
not
be
subdued
l3
opening
exposed lo o
if the
into
light or
comero
I
VIEWFINDER.-
www.orphancameras.com
8.
Thc
l.uilt-in
encl shou's thc rl)l)roxilr
finrler
5o
lnnr strrnrllrtl
If
onc
it rright
of
not show
that
longcr
brirrg
1'oLr
slrortcr f ot;rl
or
recluirc thr trsc
orr to1. oi relrcra
APERTURE
thc huntatr t1'c.
to
bccorrcs
becomcs
pLrpil
lntl, ls
acl
.r rcsult. it tnLrst
oi thc so-ctrllcd
justcd
lrt fhc. tise oi
Ring),
APER.TURE SCATE-
it
levcl
i,ou
lits
typc
of
the
oi
or<linar),
u'itl'r
the ct'e.
rnust
slrre
be
(
Lcnscs
(iulrera
into
thc atco;sofv shoc
dircct-r'isior-r
lens
tl're
hold
vicu'tinder u'inclou,,
forc,
ls
possiblc.
TO!r'ER.Ji nrnt
rihiclr
9. EXPTANATION OF
A
carrera
in rr dark
in a lightcr arca. thc
intensity oi light rearhing thc c1'c.
tnetit tlusr ular
justcd
graphcd. This
Ihregnr"
A Apcrture
I
O.
roonr thc
according to thc intensitv oi
oi thc
EXPLANATION OF
vcrl sinrilar
lens is
lLrlil
systenr,
olrcnirrg or closins
Icns is
justrrcnt
Atl
r icufin.lcr is
iocal lcn{th lcns. Bc.surc to
*'crc to look
thc cntirc
c),c as rlosc to
),olrf
oi fl-rc
cnl.rrgcd
'l
to rrdnrit
sntall. [t
hc
carrcr,r
light
on
an ol.tirall) grr>urr,l.
ttc
ficld covcrtd
on,r
l-ictr-rrc.lcsire.l.'I'herc'
lcngths ,rveilablc ior tlrt
Urrivcrsal
bias
(Scc
thror-rgh thc
licu'firrtlcr
the
\iicuilnrlcr.
prLgc
1l
by
).
DIAPHRAGM
tlru
\Y'hcrr
nrorc
vrrrics;rrcordir-rg to thc
lcns has
bc trtct h.rn tc ltlly
thc objcct t<-r
.'1.r-r1.il"
;r krrr-rrlcd ring ( Illust.
c1t
light.
r.ro
or
it
\X'hcrr
-suth
bc
photo-
"iris
tt..J
auto-
ecl-
rlirr-
tigurcs
Thc
ring
fqp1ai1l
J-hc)' rcl.rescrrt thc rclative
oi light to
sirbjcct to
follous-.i'2
as
,l
i
i
/s.
strallest
thlt tl'rc sizc of thc
ber
nunrbcr. Iror
of tl'rc
u,idcst
the
rluc'es
thc
bttu,ccn tl'rc
to
thc
bc adnrittcd eicor.ling to thc
bc
photographcd.
indic;rtcs ih:rt thc lcns is
I
i, I
lntl
fossible
opening
lens afemturc on
lcns alcrturc to
irontrrl knurlcd
iris tliaphragrrr
.t|crtLlrc'
In thc
(,
rcl.rcsent the rcrrrrinrns ofenrngs.
u'ith
thc
a[.crturc
exanrple.
varrcs
i I is
1o
thc
thc sntrLllc:st
v
ring arrrl tltc serotrrl
rvithin the lcrr,s b.rrrcl
rcguletc thc antourtt
ofcniltgs
tasc
i,/2
in indircct
tl-rc smallcst
Irlrtt f
ancl
intensitl'of the
thc f 2
of
u'ide
opcrr,
You
lens-
possiblc
/2
shotild
|ro|os1is6
nt-ttlbcr.
(-onversell'.
lcns.
o1'crrirrg.
lcrrs
f 2
14
krruricd
(lllLrst. A;.
Iight
on
figurcs rrt
the
tl.
T'ht: | / I
llr','ays
but rcPrcscnt-s
i."1.
(r
to
l- I
i/s.rr.
is thc
rcttrcntthc
(i
thc.
sizc-
rr-'
I I.
APERTURE DIAPHRAGM ADJUSTMENT-
'l'he
by usc of irn exfosLrre nretcr.
the apcliups,
turc
posure
rucler
turc opcnipg, thc time nrust bc double,l
rlow,n
set on
I,"(ro
<1uitc
stoF the
rrorc liglrt
har,c a
you
(:ur
you
tit-ne oi cXfosllfq. At ntettliortetl
l/,r'te lrtrketl
oper-rir"rg or
proper
thc longcr thc' e xposr-rre. In othcr
is
stoppcd
nrust
Lre practically
inclicates
to
I
of r seconcl.
o[l,ior-rs
iln exposLlre tinrc of
i,i8. l'his nrc'ans
/Jo
oi a serorrd.
that
in nrotion.
object
during;r
still objcct
thcn stop clor'vn
ott
setting of the lcn-s.llerture
u,cll
It is
clown
to thc-
Ii a nroving obiect
u,oulrl
you
shortcr
and there is no
.speet/ tli,tl.,
next highcst
doublcd.
l.,i(r0
that the
n'hich
'Ihis
ex[)csLrre pcriod.
your
shuttcr spccd
givcs
sclect a short cxposurc
ri'oLrlcl nrcan
diaphragnt
ott
tltotl,l nol
to rctlcrnbcr
ligurc. thc tinrc cf
I"or cxlmplc.
of e second
il"thc dirrphr';rgnr
a longer tinrc of cxlrosure
is
bc
to
cpening
If,
ncecl for l frrst
slightly anrl increrrse tlic
;l.ttrlter.tPeel., oll.ter ll.ttttt
6,
Prqe
l;c
dlletttplel
Lrc clcterlttir-rcd
r'an
that tl-re straller
u'ords, if
diel
photographcd,
tirtte
thc lens to
orr
thc
if thc cxposurc
u'ith i,ri.(r;r1--c:r-
is stoppeci
u'oulcl
thc othcr
.
thcn
in
orc]er
sl'ruttcr
aclrnit
h.rrr.l.
spcr:cl,
lpcr-
cx-
th;rn
it
bc
is
to
Note thet
lnarkir-rgs for lpcrturc;rnrl shuttcr specds
c-xPcsurc
tlrc
or
sctting oi
1l
es 1,/'i8o ol' ;r
of a secorrd bccause thcrc
rt 1,,'J8()
hlnr
your
you
be pcrfcctly
not
]()\X/ER
lnctcrs
ncw l'O\fER rnctcr is nrarked to
European systenr. Accorcling to thc cxposlrre
i;'2 may
(arnen.
rrrrr
oi a sccon.l.
trccor.r.rnrocllrc
to
cxposlrre
(;ur;rlso
sefc in:;cturir-tg tl're
cnoush to
grcat
(irnrrras
not nrlrkcci to lre
a.re
bc requircd on the
At thc sanre tirr-rc. thc cxposure
second.
rretcr indicates that
sct your TO\WER
nrake
arc
cngrrved
[n this c:rsc you
tttethotl by
is no
,rll
In
instances, thcrc
,iiscrel.ancics. Ii,
snrall
thcsc
you
rlnr
-Ji
Pro1.1v
an1' apprcciablc
with
r-rsec] with
Lrsccl
be
iris diaphragnr of
should sct the shutter at
r.r'hich
the tirlle at
set
(ilmctil
cxPosurc.
differencc in ex1'rosures.
l5
ELrrofsxll systcttt cf
thc
irr rttlny inst;rnces,
and,
systcnr.
this
u,ith cither the Anreritarr
lttctcr
nray
tinre
(ilrt
\!'c
is cnough lceu,iry
on
t./25
1.,i20
ilt
Tl-re
Hou'evcr,
uscd, a
[:cing
the TON7ER
indicated
bc
i(iO
l..
set the shuttcr
in
the
thc otl-ier hand.
of ;l sccontl,
of a.second ilnd
,-lilTerer-rces
are
DISTANCE
www.orphancameras.com
SCAtE
IN FEET
DEPIH
OF FIEI
SCATE
12. DISTANCE
FOCUSING RINGimages
the lens focusing
tion, you
in
flange (Illust. P).
The letter R indicqtes the
using on infro
red
lens into focus ond the
you
owoy,
should
position
film. In ofher
distonce
then move the
mork opposite R. The lens is then in focus
To repeot, the lens is focused
mount is fhen turned until the
distqnce scole
13. DEPTH
any lens is
called the depth of
ture setting and the
The depth of field
in
a certain plane at a distance from the subject
covers a
plane
distance behind
The smaller
the aperture
wos indicoted in lhe firsf ploce by lhe moin index.
which
FIEID SCATE-The range
OF
distance
actually
to the
indicates maximum
certain distance
the
subject. \Tithin these areas objects are in focus.
being used, the greater the depth of field.
In other words, with a small aperture things
the subject on
which the lens is focused, whereas
the smaller the depth of field and things
focus
beyond
the subject.
are
brought
can then
feet
as indicated on focusing ring on
ot which
words,
focusing
if you hoppen to bring
scole indicotes thot you ore l0 feet
focusing lever so os
the
in
usuol mqnner
index R
field
points to thot position on the
and depends on the
subject on
in front
of the subject and a certain
become diffused and out of
SCATE ON
Nfhen the 2
together
lever to the proper
read
should
using infrs red film.
when
which the
sharpness
photographed.
become sharp
the larger the aperture
by
the distance scale
be
to
sel the I0 foot
qnd
the helicol
of sharpness
relative
is focused.
lens
obtainable
far
turning
posi-
set when
the
of
aper-
This
beyond
In order to determine
range at a given
field
just
lens
what
is in
aperture
focus within
sharp
the depth of
and distance, a special scale is
cngreved or.r tl.rc base of thc
al)ertllre
siclcs of thc nrain inclcx
bc
calibrrtcd
thcn dctcrrninc
cen
r"'hich
thc aferture is sct at ii.l et a distancc of
.lepth of hcld
'l'his
fcct.
is
opcn at
focusir.rg.
rrc
i,./ I I ancl for
range
of
u'iihin focus.
with
the sr.nallcst apcrture
range
of approxinrately il
in
scale
lcns is actLrally iocusc.l to obtain
approximately 9 feet front thc crLmera to
the case of the
fron if2 to f116. Through the usc of
thc
u'hich
indicates
f7.1
there
and
)'ou
On tl're otl'rer
usecl on r sub
u.c u'erc
If
lens mount
5tt
nrtr ir,2 lens
(small
black trianqlc).
clistancc
rangcs ironr approxirnatcly
is rr vcry sl'rort
arc relatively close
in
hand,
ject
1 5 fcet
focus
to
possiblc
feet
to
front lntl
u'her.r
thc
l,tl6. then the objccts
of
ah'r'rost intinity
(Illust. P).
suliiciently' sharp focus. If
(r
fcet, thc scalc inclicates thc
clepth
to thc sLrbjcct on
the
arvay,
lens on a subject
Notc that
is
cngravcd on both
In this case,
this
scale, one
bchintl thc subject on
5l,f
ieet to about 6f{
u'hcr.r
ljcld
oi
u'hicl.r you
lens is stopped dou'n
jects
all ob
u,ould
u'ithin the
-il
about
15 feet au'ay'
be
within the
in focus.
the
lens
it u'ould
the lens
to
feet
are
When taking lan.lsclpcs or
infinity ancl stop tl.re lcns rlor'"'n to as
Fcrnrittir.re,
infinity
u,hen
Bear in
in a
plane
forc,
neglectecl,
be
ways
(rLrlcra
infrrrity ancl shoot all day. adjusting only
ercording tcl the
the beginner.
fieicl sralc.
should
and
will
irs largc l
mind,
at the distance to
for a clistanre
bc set on
bccrrusc, for all nrountirin s(cnes,
Let it
bc merell'
u,ill find
1'ou
in
fot us. l'his
be
forcgror-rnrl rLs
eslcrizrlly, that the
shot of a statuc or
focusing
thc
intrnitl'. This sirnplihes the usc of
light valucs
we
a.clvise that
suflicc
satisfactory
distance sl'rots,
that
lattcr
possible
which
thc
for all
scale
registered
as
worrv ver)'littlc about the
he
to
that tl.re ain.r of
say
resr-rlts.
finc an aperturc irs
lrrecticrlly
mirxilrtr.un sharpness obtainable
focuscd lcns has
t7
mcrely'
ci'crything
setting
is
house
is n'tost
included in a
to bc
rl,her-r
practicel
Lan lock
\'ou
the aferture ancl shutter
by
I'our
the lirst
tl-rc
sct
possible,
frorn I fcet to
ur.rivcrsally
set.
been
foreground
thc
purposes
thc TO\WER
your
cxposure
meter.
"pictr-rre
catnera on
light
usecl
landscape.
lies
Tl.rcrc-
cirn
should al-
rnnr
J5
camefa at
speed
For
depth of
taking"
NOTE:
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stopped
olso to be
posure
the mosl importont port
lorge
viduol being photogrophed.
For londscopes
to
down
governed
meter. For
on operfure
ond similor obiects the
f/5,6 or f/8 with lens ot infinity.
ogoin
condid snopshols,
the
of
possible
os
by the light
subiect, ond for
ond focus oround the
volues os
down to 1/5.6
stop
portroits
comero should
Of course,
indicoted
eyes of the indi-
this
on exond focus fo
try io
use os
be
is
Place
2,
ioning
it. Place
camera
Never place
camera
on pad, newspaper,
UPSIDE DOItrN, with
14. TOADING
CAMERA-
in
subdued light. However,
magazile
such as is used in the TO\7ER
mm
room light. Follow these steps:
l.
on
camera is still empty, turn winding
knob
your camera on a hard surface when working
3. Open camera
(iilust.
S
plate ofi
the
pull
S) on base plate
(shut) to O (open). Then lift the base
bottom
will
or cartridge
camera, one can
Be
sure to set
(Advance)
A
to
and
stop
or Sears catalog to give
facing
lens
by picking
(Illust. T). In some instances,
r-,,ill
be
necessarv to
be
THE
Always load camera
type loading,*
load it in
the reversing
Illust. R. \7hile
shutter release.
press
away
and turning frorn
very tight
remove it.
normal
it
from
up lcck lever
and
with
3t
lever
cush-
with
you.
a stiff
*NOTE:rne
ozines
lhe
film
the toking
or'
in
thot
mqrket
20
size.
hold
which is odequote
of 36
exposures, 24x36mm
35 mm mos-
ore now on
o strip
exposures
of
for
,i-,
a:t
i
j4
o
bo
|r
\Tithdraw take-up
4.
frorn
U)
spool in left
rnagazine in right
open
camera. Hold this
hand and loaded filrn
hand. Be
knurled knob on take-up
the center tube on mag zine
ed downward
(Illust.
end of the film under
far
as
as
possible.
Perforated
of spool adjacent to knurled
(Iilust.
spool
sure
spool, and
are
point-
V). Inseit
spring on take-up
edge of fiLn should lie
spool.
Push it
flush
under spring
knob. Do not attempt to wind film around
with flange
core of take-up spool.
TAKE UP
SPOOt
FItM
MAGAZINE
5. \7hen film is secure under
spring, draw it out of the
magazrne not
more than
2
perforations behind the trimmed
film out
a
further
Illust.
Hoid
6.
fll
F
.t,
6)
J
(€
KNUR,tED
thern into
lon'er
of camera.
turn rewind knob
cartridge.
KNOB
camera, making
Do
not use any force.
(Illust.
sure
If cartridge does not
A) slightiy
gazine as in lllust.
film
settles into
so
prongs
Do not
edge.
of
the
pull
cartridge anv
than is indicated in
N7.
take-up spool antl
slot along back
seat readily,
will fit into
the
X, and
base of
fu-,
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7.
is
still
visable to
turning
fore
Make one
ing
rectly in
film (Illust. Y). Press re-
lease
tions,
8. Replace
adjacent
ing
9.
Turn winding
Press
set
for use.
advance film,
and
the bottorrr plate
\7hile
is
off. it
winding
replacing bottom.
sure
button
you
to take-up spool (Illust. T) and closing
mechanisrn
release
counter to
you are ready
always ad-
wind film
full
turn,
cogs engage
perforations
to release
are ready to replace
bottom of camera by hooking
to S (shut).
button. Again turn winding knob one full
"O".
rVhen
the winding
you
by
knob be-
mak-
cor-
of
shutter.
knob
Press release
will notice
to take
If the small cogs
plate.
it
over pin on end
full
one
your
turn after bottom
button;
knob is again turned to
that the counter disc stops
first
your
picture.
mesh in the
it
down. Turn lock-
has
camera is now ready
cock shutter and
perfora-
of
camera
been closed.
stop. Then
on
No.
1,
As
you turn winding
knob, note
especially that
in
a counter-clockwise
this will
tion
to arrow
the windiog
if
you hear any
camera, stop immediately
small reverse
A
to R; then'rewind
base plate, remove
and reload
20
rewind
the
in
be
an opposite
on
knob fails
lever (Illust.
camera.
rewind
crunching
film
knob turns
direction;
direc-
knob. If
to turn,
film,
or
within
and turn
A)
from
open
cartridge
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