Seagull Models SEA EAGLE Instruction Manual

“Graphics and specifications may change without notice”.
MS:190
ASSEMBLY MANUAL
Specifications:
Wing span -----------------------------49.2.in (125cm). Wing area -----------------415.4sq.in (26.8sq dm). Weight ------------------------5.1-5.5lbs (2.3-2.5kg). Length ------------------------------50.7in (128.7cm). Engine ---------------------------0.46cu.in -2-stroke.
0.62cu.in -4-stroke . Radio -------------------4 channels with 5 servos. Electric conversion: optional
SEA EAGLE. Instruction Manual.
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INTRODUCTION.
Thank you for choosing the SEA EAGLE ARTF by SEAGULL MODELS COMPANY LTD. The SEA EAGLE was designed with the intermediate/advanced sport flyer in mind. It is a semi scale airplane
which is easy to fly and quick to assemble. The airframe is conventionally built using balsa, plywood to make it stronger than the average ARTF , yet the design allows the aeroplane to be kept light. You will find that most of the work has been done for you already.The motor mount has been fitted and the hinges are pre-installed . Flying the SEA EAGLE is simply a joy.
This instruction manual is designed to help you build a great flying aeroplane. Please read this manual thoroughly before starting assembly of your SEA EAGLE . Use the parts listing below to identify all parts.
WARNING.
Please be aware that this aeroplane is not a toy and if assembled or used incorrectly it is capable of causing injury to people or property. WHEN YOU FLY THIS AEROPLANE YOU ASSUME ALL RISK & RESPONSIBILITY.
If you are inexperienced with basic R/C flight we strongly recommend you contact your R/C supplier and join your local R/C Model Flying Club. R/C Model Flying Clubs offer a variety of training procedures designed to help the new pilot on his way to successful R/C flight. They will also be able to advise on any insurance and safety regulations that may apply.
KIT CONTENTS
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ADDITIONAL ITEMS REQUIRED.
Glow engine 0.46 -2-stroke. Glow engine 0.62 -4-stroke. Computer radio with 5 servos.
Glow plug to suit engine. Propeller to suit engine. Protective foam rubber for radio
system.
Silicone fuel line.
TOOLS & SUPPLIES NEEDED.
Thick cyanoacrylate glue. 30 minute epoxy. 5 minute epoxy. Hand or electric drill. Assorted drill bits. Modelling knife. Straight edge ruler. 2mm ball driver. Phillips head screwdriver. 220 grit sandpaper. 90° square or builder’s triangle. Wire cutters. Masking tape & T-pins. Thread-lock. Paper towels.
KIT CONTENTS.TS
The control surfaces, including the ailerons, elevators, and rudder, are prehinged with hinges installed, but the hinges are not glued in place. It is imperative that you properly adhere the hinges in place per the steps that follow using a high-quality thin C/A glue.
2) Remove each hinge from the wing panel and aileron and place a T-pin in the center of each hinge. Slide each hinge into the aileron until the T -pin is snug against the aileron. This will help ensure an equal amount of hinge is on either side of the hinge line when the aileron is mounted to the wing panel.
Note:
1) Carefully remove the aileron from one of the wing panels. Note the position of the hinges.
HINGING THE AILERON .
3) Slide the aileron on the wing panel until there is only a slight gap. The hinge is now centered on the wing panel and aileron. Remove the T-pins and snug the aileron against the wing panel. A gap of 1/64” or less should be maintained between the wing panel and aileron.
Hinge.
T-pin.
1 Fuselage 2 Wing Set 3 Tail Set 4 Cowling 5 Canopy 6 Main Landing Gear 7 Wing Tube 8 Fiberglass Wheel Pants 9 Tailwheel 10 Wheels 11 Pilot 12 Hardware Set
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8) After both ailerons are securely hinged, firmly grasp the wing panel and aileron to make sure the hinges are securely glued and cannot be pulled out. Do this by carefully applying medium pressure, trying to separate the aileron from the wing panel. Use caution not to crush the wing structure.
Work the aileron up and down several times to “work in” the hinges and check for proper movement.
Note:
4) Deflect the aileron and completely saturate each hinge with thin C/A glue. The ailerons front surface should lightly contact the wing during this procedure. Ideally, when the hinges are glued in place, a 1/64” gap or less will be maintained throughout the lengh of the aileron to the wing panel hinge line.
The hinge is constructed of a special material that allows the C/A to wick or penetrate and distribute throughout the hinge, securely bonding it to the wood structure of the wing panel and aileron.
Note:
Hinge.
C/A glue.
6) Using C/A remover/debonder and a paper towel, remove any excess C/A glue that may have accumulated on the wing or in the aileron hinge area.
5) Turn the wing panel over and deflect the aileron in the opposite direction from the opposite side. Apply thin C/A glue to each hinge, making sure that the C/A penetrates into both the aileron and wing panel.
7) Repeat this process with the other wing panel, securely hinging the aileron in place.
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Aileron control horn.
INSTALL THE AILERONS CONTROL
HORN.
1) Locate the hardware necessary to install the control horns for the ailerons.
HINGING THE RUDDER.
Glue the rudder hinges in place using the same techniques used to hinge the ailerons.
Hinge.
HINGING THE ELEVATOR.
Glue the rudder hinges in place using the same techniques used to hinge the ailerons.
Fiberglass control horn.
2)Position the Control horn on the Aileron and use 30-minute Epoxy
Elevator control horn.
Install the elevator control horn using the same method as same as the aileron control horns.
INSTALL ELEVATOR CONTROL HORN.
Fiberglass control horn.
Position the Control horn on the Aileron and use 30-minute Epoxy
INSTALL RUDDER CONTROL HORN.
Repeat steps to install the rudder control horn as same as steps done for ailerons.
Fiberglass control horn.
Rudder control horn.
Epoxy.
Epoxy.
Epoxy .
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5) With the stopper assembly in place, the weighted pick-up should rest away from the rear of the tank and move freely inside the tank. The top of the vent tube should rest just below the top of the tank. It should not touch the top of the tank. 6) When satisfied with the alignment of the stopper assembly tighten the 3 x 20mm machine screw until the rubber stopper ex­pands and seals the tank opening. Do not overtighten the assembly as this could cause the tank to split.
1) Using a modeling knife, carefully cut off the rear portion of one of the 3 nylon tubes leaving 1/2” protruding from the rear of the stopper. This will be the fuel pick up tube.
INST ALLING THE STOPPER ASSEMBL Y .
2) Using a modeling knife, cut one length of silicon fuel line. Connect one end of the line to the weighted fuel pick up and the other end to the nylon pick up tube.
Vent tube.
Fuel pick up tube.
Fuel fill tube.
3) Carefully bend the second nylon tube up at a 45º angle. This tube is the vent tube.
4) Test fit the stopper assembly into the tank. It may be necessary to remove some of the flashing around the tank opening using a modeling knife. If flashing is present, make sure none falls into the tank.
ENGINE MOUNT INST ALLATION.
1) Locate the items necessary to install the engine mount included with your model. .
2) Use four 4x30mm head bolts and four 4mm washers to attach the engine mount rails to the firewall. Tighten the screws . Make sure to use threadlock on the screws to help prevent them from vibrating loose.
4x30mm.
FUEL TANK INSTALLATION.
A
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You should mark which tube is the vent and which is the fuel pickup when you attach fuel tubing to the tubes in the stopper. Once the tank is installed inside the fuselage, it may be difficult to determine which is which.
7) Slide the fuel tank into the fuselage. Guide
the lines from the tank through the hole in the firewall.
Fuel tank.
8) Use plywood template to hold in place the fuel tank with C/A glue to secure the fuel tank inside the fuselage.
Vent tube.
Fuel pick up tube.
Fuel fill tube.
9) Connect the lines from the tank to the engine and muffler. The vent line will connect to the muffler and the line from the clunk to the carburetor.
C/A glue.
Blow through one of the lines to en­sure the fuel lines have not become kinked inside the fuel tank compartment. Air should flow through easily.
INSTALLING THE FUSELAGE SERVOS.
Throttle servo.
Elevator servo.
Rudder servo.
1) Install the rubber grommets and brass collets onto the throttle servo. T est fit the servo into the aileron servo mount.
2) Secure the servos with the screws pro­vided with your radio system.
Because the size of servos differ, you may need to adjust the size of the precut open­ing in the mount. The notch in the sides of the mount allow the servo lead to pass through.
Adjustable Servo connector.
Servo arm.
Loctite secure.
1 PCS.
Throttle servo arm.Elevator servo arm.
Rudder servo arm.
THROTTLE SERVO ARM INSTALLATION.
Install adjustable servo connector in the servo arm as same as picture below:
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2) Use a pin drill and 2mm drill bit to drill a small indentation in the mount for the engine mounting screw.
3) Use a drill to drill the four holes in the engine mount rails.
4) On the fire wall has the location for the throttle pusshrod tube (pre-drill).
4.5mm.
2mm.
3/ 32” Hole.
INSTALLING THE SWITCH.
Install the switch into the precut hole in the
side, in the fuselage.
Switch.
Trim and cut.
110mm.
MOUNTING THE ENGINE.
1) Position the engine with the drive washer (110mm) forward of the firewall as shown.
5) Slide the pushrod tube in the firewall and guide it through the fuel tank mount. Use medium C/A to glue the tube to the firewall and the fuel tank mount.
6) Connect the Z-bend in the 450mm throttle pushrod to the outer hole of the carburetor arm.
Pushrod tube hole.
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9) Move the throttle stick to the closed position and move the carburetor to closed. Use a 2.5mm hex wrench to tighten the screw that secures the throttle pushrod wire. Make sure to use threadlock on the screw so it does not vibrate loose.
1) Locate the items neccessary to install the wheel and wheel pants to the landing gear as shown.
WHEEL AND WHEEL PANTS
INSTALLATION.
wheel collar.
wheel.
Axle.
Washer .
M3.
4) Slide the collar to the axle and setscrew the collars to secure the collar to the axle and then slider the wheel on the axle with a drop of oil on the axle so the wheel will spin freely when installed. Prepare a second collar and tighten the setscrew using hex wrench to secure the collar to the axle.
3) You have to trim each axle using a tool cutting and cut-off wheel.
Caution when cutting the axles and
wear protective goggles.
2) Follow diagram below for wheel pant installation:Use a drill and 8mm drill bit to drill a hole in the wheel pants.
8) Reinstall the servo horn by sliding the connector over the pushrod wire. Center the throttle stick and trim and install the servo horn perpendicular to the servo center line.
Machine screw M3x25mm.
Pushrod wire.
7) Slide the throttle pushrod wire into the tube. Position the engine between the mounts. Use four M3x25mm machine screws to secure the engine to the mount as shown.
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C/A glue.
Landing Gear.
wheel Pant.
Locker glue.
7) Tighten the setcrews using a hex wrench to secure the collars on the axle over the flat spot to retain the wheel as shown.
Repeat steps as above to attach remain­ing wheel pants to the landing gear.
INSTALLING THE MAIN LANDING GEAR
TO FUSELAGE.
8) The blind nuts for securing the landing gear are already mounted inside the fuselage.
9) Using the hardware provided, mount the main landing gear to the fuselage.
10) Place the fuselage inverted on the workbench in a suitable stand. Set the landing gear in place and use a screwdrive to secure the landing gear to the fuselage using bolts M4x20mm and washers. Make sure to use the threadlock on the bolts so they don’t vibrate loose.
wheel Pant.
wheel.
M3.
wheel collar.
nut.
Axle.
Washer .
5) Place the wheel assembly in the wheel pants. The threaded portion of the axle will fit the notch of the wheel pant as shown.
6) Slide the threaded end of the axle through the hole in the bottom of the landing gear leg. Use a washer and locknut to tighten the axle to the landing gear. Make sure to use threadlock on the nut so it won’t vibrate loose in flight as shown.
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Machine screw M3x10mm.
2) While keeping the back edge of the cowl flush with the marks, align the front of the cowl with the crankshaft of the engine. The front of the cowl should be positioned so the crankshaft is in nearly the middle of the cowl opening. Use the spinner backplate as a guide. Hold the cowl firmly in place using pieces of masking tape.
Because of the size of the cowl, it may be nec­essary to use a needle valve extension for the high speed needle valve. Make this out of suf­ficient length 1.5mm wire and install it into the end of the needle valve. Secure the wire in place by tightening the set screw in the side of the needle valve.
Trim and cut.
Trim and cut.
COWLING.
1)Slide the fiberglass cowl over the engine and line up the back edge of the cowl with the marks you made on the fuselage then trim and cut as shown.
Trim and cut.
Thread locker glue.
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3) Install the muffler and muffler extension onto the engine and make the cutout in the cowl for muffler clearance. Connect the fuel and pressure lines to the carburetor, muffler and fuel filler valve. Secure the cowl to fuse­lage using the M3x10mm screws.
ELECTRIC POWER CONVERSION.
1) Locate the items neccessary to install the electric power conversion included with your model.
2) Attach the electric motor box to the firewall suitable with the cross lines drawn on the electric motor box and firewall. Using epoxy and balsa stick to secure the motor box to the firewall. Please see pictures below.
- Model size: .46 size models
- Propeller: 12x6 ~ 13x6
- ESC: 60A
- Lipo Batteries: 4 cell 3200mA
Recommendation EP parts as shown (not included with your model)
3) Attach the motor to the front of the electric motor box using four 3mm blind nut, four M3x15mm hex head bolts to secure the motor. Please see picture shown.
M4x20mm.
Needle valve.
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INSTALLING THE SPINNER.
Speed control.
5) Attach the speed control to the side of the motor box using two-sided tape and tie wraps. Connect the appropriate leads from the speed control to the motor. Make sure the leads will not interfere with the operation of the motor.
Install the spinner backplate, propeller and spinner cone.
Balsa stick.
Electric motor.
Epoxy.
110mm.
Epoxy .
M3x12mm.
4mm.
Blind nut.
4mm.
Battery.
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INSTALLING THE AILERON - FLAP SERVOS.
Servos.
Small weight.
Thread.
1) Using a small weight (Weighted fuel pick-up
works well) and string, feed the string through
the wing as indicated.
Because the size of servos differ, you may need to adjust the size of the precut open­ing in the mount. The notch in the sides of the mount allow the servo lead to pass through.
2) Place the servo between the mounting blocks and space it from the hatch. Use a pencil to mark the mounting hole locations on the blocks.
3) Use drill bit in a pin vise to drill the mouting holes in the blocks.
4) Apply 2-3 drops of thin C/A to each of the mounting holes. Allow the C/A to cure without using accelerator.
6) Secure the servo to the aileron hatch using Phillips screwdriver and the screws provided with the servo.
5) Use dental floss to secure the connection so they cannot become unplugged.
The propeller should not touch any part
of the spinner cone. If it does, use a
sharp modeling knife and carefully trim away the spinner cone where the propeller comes in contact with it.
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9) Set the aileron hatch in place and use a Phillips screw driver to install it with four wood screws.
8) A string has been provided in the wing to pull the aileron lead through to the wing root. Remove the string from the wing at the servo location and use the tape to attach it to the servo extension lead. Pull the lead through the wing and remove the string.
AILERON PUSHROD HORN INST ALLA TION
Mark.
Pen.
7) Apply 1-2 drops of thin C/A to each of the mounting tabs. Allow the C/A to cure without using accelerator.
M2x10mm.
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Snap keeper.
Servo arm.
3) Connect the linkage as shown and secure the control wire with a snap keeper .
Wing.
Aileron.
M2 lock.
8mm
Snap keeper.
2) Make a 90-degree bend at the mark and cut off the excess wire leaving 8mm past the bend.
M2 lock nut.
Metal clevis.
1) Mark the control wire where it crosses the servo arm hole.
Bend at the mark.
Cut.
8mm.
Cut.
3) Slide the stabilizer into place in the pre­cut slot in the rear of the fuselage. The stabi­lizer should be pushed firmly against the front of the slot.
INST ALLING THE HORIZONTAL ST ABILIZER.
1) Using a ruler and a pen, locate the centerline of the horizontal stabilizer , at the trail­ing edge, and place a mark. Use a triangle and extend this mark, from back to front, across the top of the stabilizer. Also extend this mark down the back of the trailing edge of the stabilizer .
Draw center line.
2) Using a modeling knife, carefully remove the covering at mounting slot of horizontal sta­bilizer ( both side of fuselage).
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INSTALLING VERITICAL FIN.
When cutting through the covering to re-
move it, cut with only enough pressure to only cut through the covering itself. Cutting into the balsa structure may weaken it.
Pen.
Epoxy.
Trim and cut.
5) Remove the stabilizer. Using the lines you just drew as a guide, carefully remove the covering from between them using a model­ing knife.
6) Using a modeling knife, carefully re­move the covering that overlaps the stabilizer mounting platform sides in the fuselage. Re­move the covering from both the top and the bottom of the platform sides.
7) When you are sure that everything is aligned correctly, mix up a generous amount of 30 Minute Epoxy. Apply a thin layer to the top and bottom of the stabilizer mounting area and to the stabilizer mounting platform sides in the fuselage. Slide the stabilizer in place and realign. Double check all of your mea­surements once more before the epoxy cures. Hold the stabilizer in place with T -pins or mask­ing tape and remove any excess epoxy using a paper towel and rubbing alcohol.
1) Using a modeling knife, remove the covering from over the precut hinge slot cut into the lower rear portion of the fuselage.
Remove covering.
4) With the stabilizer held firmly in place, use a pen and draw lines onto the stabilizer where it and the fuselage sides meet. Do this on both the right and left sides and top and bottom of the stabilizer.
Fill epoxy.
Fill epoxy.
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Fill epoxy.
90º
Vertical
Stabilizer.
Horizontal
Stabilizer.
Epoxy.
3) Slide the vertical stabilizer back in place. Using a triangle, check to ensure that the vertical stabilizer is aligned 90º to the hori­zontal stabilizer.
Fill epoxy.
2) While holding the vertical stabilizer firmly in place, use a pen and draw a line on each side of the vertical stabilizer where it meets the top of the fuselage.
4) When you are sure that everything is aligned correctly , mix up a generous amount of Flash 30 Minute Epoxy. Apply a thin layer to the mounting slot and to bottom of the vertical sta­bilizer mounting area. Apply epoxy to the bot­tom and top edges of the filler block and to the lower hinge also. Set the stabilizer in place and realign. Double check all of your measure­ments once more before the epoxy cures. Hold the stabilizer in place with T-pins or masking tape and remove any excess epoxy using a paper towel and rubbing alcohol. Allow the ep­oxy to fully cure before proceeding.
Hinges .
Epoxy.
MOUNTING THE TALI WHEEL.
1) Locate the items for this section of the manual.
Epoxy.
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M3 x 12mm.
1
Elevator pushrod.
490mm.
Cut.
4) Elevator and rudder pushrods assembly as pictures below.
3) Thread one clevis and M2 lock nut on to each elevator control rod. Thread the horns on until they are flush with the ends of the con­trol rods.
ELEVATOR PUSHROD HORN
INSTALLATION.
Elevator fiberglass control horn.
Rudder fiberglass control horn.
Elevator fiberglass control horn.
1) Install the elevator fiberglass control horn using the same method as with the aileron fiberglass control horns.
2) Position the elevator fiberglass control horn on the both side of elevator.
M2 lock nut.
Metal clevis.
Elevator pushrod.
M3 x 12mm.
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Pen.
8mm.
Wire keeper.
RUDDER PUSHROD HORN
INSTALLATION.
8mm.
M2 lock nut .
M2 clevis.
Rudder fiberglass control horn.
Elevator fiberglass control horn.
Pen.
Elevator pushrod.
Rudder pushrod.
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4) Position the canopy onto the fuselage. Trace around the canopy and onto the fuselage using a felt-tipped pen.
C/A glue.
8mm.
Wire keeper.
3) Position the pilot figure on the canopy floor as show. Locate the oval shaped on the canopy floor and remove the covering. Use epoxy to glue this into the base of the pilot figure and glue the cockpit panel in place with C/A glue, please see pictures as shown.
If you are going to install a pilot figure, please use a sanding bar to sand the base of the figure so that it is flat.
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INSTALLATION PILOT AND CANOPY.
1) Locate items necessary to install pilot, cockpit panel, and canopy.
2) A scale pilot is included with this ARF. The Seagull Pilot included fitting well to the cockpit. (or you can order others scale pilot figures made by Seagull factory. They are available at Seagull distributors.)
80mm.
1) If all the decals are precut and ready to stick. Please be certain the model is clean and free from oily fingerprints and dust. Position decal on the model where desired, using the photos on the box and aid in their location.
APPLY THE DECALS.
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M4x20mm.
Wing bolt.
ATTACHMENT WING-FUSELAGE.
Wing tube.
Attach the aluminium tube into fuselage.
Insert two wing panels as pictures below.
1) Plug the five servo leads and the switch lead into the receiver. Plug the battery pack lead into the switch also.
3) Route the antenna in the antenna tube
inside the fuselage and secure it to the bot­tom of fuselage using a plastic tape.
2) Wrap the receiver and battery pack in the protective foam rubber to protect them from vibration.
- Apply a bead of canopy glue around the inside edge of the canopy. Position the canopy onto the hatch. Use tape to hold the canopy secure until the glue fully cures.
2) If all the decals are not precut, please use scissors or a sharp hobby knife to cut the decals from the sheet. Please be certain the model is clean and free from oily fingerprints and dust. Position decal on the model where desired, using the photos on the box and aid in their location.
Recever
Battery.
INSTALLING THE BATTERY AND
RECEIVER.
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With the wing attached to the fuselage, all parts of the model installed ( ready to fly), and empty fuel tanks, hold the model at the marked balance point with the stabilizer level.
Lift the model. If the tail drops when you lift, the model is “tail heavy” and you must add weight* to the nose. If the nose drops, it is “nose heavy” and you must add weight* to the tail to balance.
Accurately mark the balance point on the top of the wing on both sides of the fuselage. The balance point is located
100 mm back from the leading edge of the wing at the wing root. This is the balance point at which your model should balance for your first flights. Later , you may wish to experiment by shifting the balance up to 10mm forward or back to change the flying characteristics. Moving the balance forward may improve the smoothness and arrow- like tracking, but it may then require more speed for take off and make it more difficult to slow down for landing. Moving the balance aft makes the model more agile with a lighter and snappier ”feel”. In any case,please start at the location we recommend .
BALANCING.
1) It is critical that your airplane be
balanced correctly. Improper balance will cause your plane to lose control and crash. THE CENTER OF GRA VITY IS LOCATED 100 MM BACK FROM THE LEADING EDGE OF THE WING AT THE WING ROOT .
 2) Mount the wing to the fuselage. Using a
couple of pieces of masking tape, place them on the top side of the wing
100 mm back from
the leading edge of the wing at the wing root.
3) Turn the airplane upside down. Place
your fingers on the masking tape and carefully lift the plane .
*If possible, first attempt to balance the model by changing the position of the receiver battery and receiver. If you are unable to obt ain good balance by doing so, then it will be necessary to add weight to the nose or tail to achieve the proper balance point.
100mm.
CONTROL THROWS.
Ailerons:
High Rate :
Up : 12 mm Down : 12 mm
Low Rate :
Up : 8 mm Down : 8 mm
Elevator:
High Rate :
Up : 15 mm Down : 15 mm
Low Rate :
Up : 10 mm Down : 10 mm
Rudder:
High Rate :
Right : 25 mm Left : 25 mm
Low Rate :
Right : 20 mm Left : 20 mm
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We wish you many safe and enjoyable flights with your SEA EAGLE.
7) Check the receiver antenna. It should be fully extended and not coiled up inside the fuselage.
3) Double check the balance of the air­plane. Do this with the fuel tank empty.
4) Check the control surfaces. All should move in the correct direction and not bind in any way .
5) If your radio transmitter is equipped with dual rate switches double check that they are on the low rate setting for your first few flights.
2) Check every bolt and every glue joint in the SEA EAGLE to ensure that everything is tight and well bonded.
6) Check to ensure the control surfaces are moving the proper amount for both low and high rate settings.
1) Completely charge your transmitter and receiver batteries before your first day of flying.
D) Check the throttle. Moving the throttle stick forward should open the carbu­retor barrel. If it does not, flip the servo re­versing switch on your transmitter to change the direction.
E) From behind the airplane, look at the aileron on the right wing half. Move the aileron stick to the right. The right aileron should move up and the other aileron should move down. If it does not, flip the servo re­versing switch on your transmitter to change the direction.
C) Check the rudder. Looking from behind the airplane, move the rudder stick to the right. The rudder should move to the right. If it does not, flip the servo reversing switch on your transmitter to change the direction.
A) Plug in your radio system per the manufacturer's instructions and turn every­thing on.
B) Check the elevator first. Pull back on the elevator stick. The elevator halves should move up. If it they do not, flip the servo reversing switch on your transmitter to change the direction.
8) Properly balance the propeller. An out of balance propeller will cause excessive vi­bration which could lead to engine and/or air­frame failure.
PREFLIGHT CHECK.
Check the operation and direction of the elevator, rudder, ailerons and throttle.
FLIGHT PREPARATION.
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