Publication number: 100865854, Rev. A July 2020
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Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A 4
www.seagate.comIntroduction
1.0Introduction
This manual describes the functional, mechanical and interface specifications for the following:
Seagate® Exos® X18 SATA drive models.
Table 1: Models
512E models
StandardSED
ST18000NM000J
ST16000NM000J
ST18000NM001J
ST16000NM001J
These drives provide the following key features:
256 MB data buffer.
7200 RPM spindle speed.
Full-track multiple-sector transfer capability without local processor intervention.
High instantaneous (burst) data-transfer rates (up to 600MB per second).
Native Command Queuing with command ordering to increase performance in demanding applications.
PowerChoice™ for selectable power savings
Perpendicular recording technology provides the drives with increased areal density.
SeaTools™ diagnostic software performs a drive self-test that eliminates unnecessary drive returns.
State-of-the-art cache and on-the-fly error-correction algorithms.
Support for S.M.A.R.T. drive monitoring and reporting.
Supports latching SATA cables and connectors.
T13 Fast Format conversion (see Section 2.2.1)
Top Cover Attached motor for excellent vibration tolerance
Worldwide Name (WWN) capability uniquely identifies the drive.
NOTESeagate recommends validating the configuration with the selected HBA/RAID
controller manufacturer to ensure use of full capacity is supported.
NOTEThe Self-Encrypting Drive models indicated on the cover of this product manual
have provisions for “Security of Data at Rest” based on the standards defined by the
Trusted Computing Group (see www.trustedcomputinggroup.org).
Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A5
www.seagate.comIntroduction
1.1About the Serial ATA interface
The Serial ATA interface provides several advantages over the traditional (parallel) ATA interface. The primary
advantages include:
Easy installation and configuration with true plug-and-play connectivity.
It is not necessary to set any jumpers or other configuration options.
Thinner and more flexible cabling for improved enclosure airflow and ease of installation.
Scalability to higher performance levels.
In addition, Serial ATA makes the transition from parallel ATA easy by providing legacy software support. Serial ATA
was designed to allow users to install a Serial ATA host adapter and Serial ATA disk drive in the current system and
expect all of the existing applications to work as normal.
The Serial ATA interface connects each disk drive in a point-to-point configuration with the Serial ATA host adapter.
There is no master/slave relationship with Serial ATA devices like there is with parallel ATA. If two drives are attached
on one Serial ATA host adapter, the host operating system views the two devices as if they were both “masters” on two
separate ports. This essentially means both drives behave as if they are Device 0 (master) devices.
NOTEThe host adapter may, optionally, emulate a master/slave environment to host software
where two devices on separate Serial ATA ports are represented to host software as a
Device 0 (master) and Device 1 (slave) accessed at the same set of host bus addresses. A
host adapter that emulates a master/slave environment manages two sets of shadow
registers. This is not a typical Serial ATA environment.
The Serial ATA host adapter and drive share the function of emulating parallel ATA device behavior to provide
backward compatibility with existing host systems and software. The Command and Control Block registers, PIO and
DMA data transfers, resets, and interrupts are all emulated.
The Serial ATA host adapter contains a set of registers that shadow the contents of the traditional device registers,
referred to as the Shadow Register Block. All Serial ATA devices behave like Device 0 devices. For additional
information about how Serial ATA emulates parallel ATA, refer to the “Serial ATA: High Speed Serialized AT Attachment”
specification. The specification can be downloaded from www.serialata.or
g.
Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A6
www.seagate.comDrive specifications
2.0Drive specifications
Unless otherwise noted, all specifications are measured under ambient conditions, at 25°C, and nominal power. For
convenience, the phrases the drive and this drive are used throughout this manual to indicate the Exos X18 SATA drive
models.
2.1Specification summary tables
The specifications listed in the following tables are for quick reference. For details on specification measurement or
definition, see the appropriate section of this manual.
Table 2 Drive specifications summary
Drive specification
Formatted (512 bytes/sector)*18TB16TB
Guaranteed sectors(see Section 2.2)
Heads1817
Disks9
Bytes per logical sector512
Bytes per physical sector4096
Recording density, KBPI (Kb/in max)2470
Track density, KTPI (ktracks/in avg.)482
Areal density, (Gb/in2 avg)1146
Spindle speed (RPM)7200
Internal data transfer rate (Mb/s max)2899
Sustained data transfer rate OD (MiB/s max) 258 (270 MB/s max)249 (261 MB/s max)
Altitude, nonoperating
(below mean sea level, max)
–304.8 m to 12,192 m
(–1000 ft to 40,000+ ft)
Operational Shock (2 ms)50 Gs
Non-Operational Shock (2 ms)200 Gs
Linear Random Operating Vibration5–500 Hz: 0.70 Grms
Random Rotary Operating Vibration20–1500Hz: 12.5 rads/s²
Linear Random Non-Operating Vibration2–500 Hz: 2.27 Grms
Drive acoustics, sound power (bels)
Idle2.8 (typical)
3.0 (max)
During periods of drive idle, some offline activity may occur according to the
SMART specification, which may increase acoustic and power to operational levels.
Performance seek3.2 (typical)
3.4 (max)
Nonrecoverable read errors1 sector per 10
Annualized Failure Rate (AFR)
Maximum Rated Workload
*
*
0.35% based on 8760 POH
Maximum rate of <550TB/year
15
bits read
Workloads exceeding the annualized rate may degrade the drive MTBF and impact product reliability. The Annualized Workload Rate is in units of TB per year, or TB per 8760 power on hours.
Workload Rate = TB transferred * (8760 / recorded power on hours).
WarrantyTo determine the warranty for a specific drive, use a web browser to access the following web
page: http://www.seagate.com/support/warranty-and-replacements/.
From this page, click on the “Is my Drive under Warranty” link. The following are required to be
provided: the drive serial number, model number (or part number) and country of purchase.The
system will display the warranty information for the drive.
Load-unload cycles 600,000
Supports Hotplug operation per
Yes
Serial ATA Revision 3.3 specification
* One GB equals one billion bytes when referring to hard drive capacity. Accessible capacity may vary depending on operating environment and
formatting.
* See Section 2.10, "Reliability" for rated MTBF device operating condition requirements.
Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A8
www.seagate.comDrive specifications
2.2Formatted capacity
ST models
ST18000NM000J, ST18000NM001J
ST16000NM000J, ST16000NM001J
Formatted
capacity*
18TB35,156,656,128
16TB31,251,759,1043,906,469,888
Guaranteed
sectors
Bytes per
logical sector
512
(Default)
Guaranteed
4,394,582,016
*One GB equals one billion bytes when referring to hard drive capacity. Accessible capacity may vary
depending on operating environment and formatting.
NOTELBA Counts for drive capacities greater than 8TB are calculated based upon the
SFF-8447 standard publication.
ftp://ftp.seagate.com/sff/SFF-8447.PDF
2.2.1Fast Format - logical sector size conversion
Drive supports either 512E or 4KN logical sector size formats
SET SECTOR CONFIGURATION EXT (B2h) command (ACS-4 Standard) quickly converts between 512 and 4096 byte logical
sector size formats
The selected sector size change occurs immediately upon command completion
Default shipping format is 512E
Table 3 SET SECTOR CONFIGURATION EXT command inputs
FieldDescription
FEATURECOMMAND CHECK field
COUNTBit Description
sectors
Bytes per
logical sector
4096
(see Section 2.2.1)
15 : 3 Reserved
2:0 SECTOR CONFIGURATION DESCRIPTOR INDEX field
LBAReserved
DEVICEBit Description
7 Obsolete
6 N/A
5 Obsolete
4 Transport Dependent
3:0 Reserved
COMMAND7:0 B2h
COMMAND CHECK field value is taken from the DESCRIPTOR CHECK field in the descriptor specified by the
SECTOR CONFIGURATION DESCRIPTOR INDEX field
SECTOR CONFIGURATION DESCRIPTOR INDEX field specifies the Sector Configuration descriptor in the Set Sector
Configuration log page
Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A9
www.seagate.comDrive specifications
Sector Configuration log (Log Address 2Fh)
The Sector Configuration log contains Sector Configuration descriptors. The Sector Configuration descriptors describe
sector configurations. The sector configuration is specified using the SET SECTOR CONFIGURATION EXT command.
Table 4Sector Configuration descriptors page format (log page 00h)
OffsetTy peDescription
0...15BytesSector Configuration descriptor 0
16...31BytesSector Configuration descriptor 1
... ... ...
112...127BytesSector Configuration descriptor 7
128...511BytesReserved
Table 5Sector Configuration descriptors format
OffsetTy peDescription
0ByteSector Configuration descriptor flags
Bit Description
7 DESCRIPTOR VALID bit
6:0 Reserved
1ByteLOGICAL TO PHYSICAL SECTOR RELATIONSHIP SETTING field
2...3WordDESCRIPTOR CHECK field
4...7DWordLOGICAL SECTOR SIZE SETTING field
8...15BytesReserved
Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A10
www.seagate.comDrive specifications
2.2.2LBA mode
When addressing these drives in LBA mode, all blocks (sectors) are consecutively numbered from 0 to n–1, where n is
the number of guaranteed sectors as defined above.
See Section 5.3.1, "Identify Device command" (words 60-61 and 100-103) for additional information about 48-bit
addressing support of drives with capacities over 137GB.
2.3Recording and interface technology
InterfaceSerial ATA (SATA)
Recording methodPerpendicular
Recording density, KBPI (Kb/in max)2470
Track density, KTPI (ktracks/in avg)482
Areal density (Gb/in2 avg)1146
Spindle speed (RPM) (± 0.2%)7200
Internal data transfer rate (Mb/s max)2899
Sustained data transfer rate (MiB/s max) (18TB models)258
Sustained data transfer rate (MiB/s max) (16TB models)249
Power-on to ready time is based on typical operating conditions, default full current spin-up profile, and clean
shutdown prior to measurement. To ensure a clean shutdown a Flush Cache, Standby, or Standby Immediate
command must be completed before removal of interface power.
Power-on to Ready (sec) (typ/max)25/30
Standby to Ready (sec) (typ/max)25/30
Ready to spindle stop (sec) (max)20
NOTEAn unexpected power loss event, spin up at cold or hot temperature extremes may
cause the drive to exceed the typical and max time to ready by 5 to 20 seconds.
Extended time to ready is dependent on cache state and environmental conditions
prior to the unexpected power loss and during the subsequent power on.
Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A11
www.seagate.comDrive specifications
2.5Power specifications
The drive receives DC power (+5V or +12V) through a native SATA power connector. See Figure 2 on page 22 .
2.5.1Power consumption
Power requirements for the drives are listed in Table 6. Typical power measurements are based on an average of
drives tested, under nominal conditions, using 5.0V and 12.0V input voltage at 35°C ambient temperature..
Table 6 DC power requirements (18TB and 16TB)
6.0Gb mode
Voltage+5V+12VWatts
Regulation± 5%± 10%Total
Avg Idle Current *0.300.315.26
Advanced Idle Current *
Delayed motor start (max) DC0.510.12
Operating current (random read 4K16Q):
Typical DC0.360.649.45
Maximum DC0.370.65
Maximum DC (peak)1.102.34
Operating current (random write 4K16Q)
Typical DC0.440.356.46
Maximum DC0.450.36
Maximum DC (peak)1.172.44
Operating current (sequential read 64K16Q)
Typical DC0.820.317.85
Maximum DC0.830.32
Maximum DC (peak)1.171.82
Operating current (sequential write 64K16Q)
Typical DC0.920.318.33
Maximum DC0.930.32
Maximum DC (peak)1.220.66
*During periods of drive idle, some offline activity may occur according to the S.M.A.R.T. specification,
which may increase acoustic and power to operational levels.
Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A12
www.seagate.comDrive specifications
2.5.1.1Typical current profiles
Figure 1. Typical 5V and 12V startup and operation current profiles
2.5.2Conducted noise
Noise is specified as a periodic and random distribution of frequencies covering a band from DC to 10 MHz. Maximum
allowed noise values given below are peak-to-peak measurements and apply at the drive power connector.
+5v=250 mV pp from 100 Hz to 20 MHz.
+12v=800 mV pp from 100 Hz to 8 KHz.
450 mV pp from 8 KHz to 20 KHz.
250 mV pp from 20 KHz to 5 MHz.
2.5.3Voltage tolerance
Voltage tolerance (including noise):
5V ± 5%12V ± 10%
Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A13
www.seagate.comDrive specifications
2.5.4Extended Power Conditions - PowerChoice™
Utilizing the load/unload architecture a programmable power management interface is provided to tailor systems for
reduced power consumption and performance requirements.
The table below lists the supported power conditions available in PowerChoice. Power conditions are ordered from
highest power consumption (and shortest recovery time) to lowest power consumption (and longest recovery time)
as follows: Idle_a power >= Idle_b power >= Idle_c power >= Standby_z power. The further users go down in the
table, the more power savings is actualized. For example, Idle_b results in greater power savings than the Idle_a
power condition. Standby results in the greatest power savings.
Power Condition NamePower Condition IDDescription
Idle_a81
Idle_b82
Idle_c83
Standby_z00
H
H
H
H
Reduced electronics
Heads unloaded. Disks spinning at full RPM
Heads unloaded. Disks spinning at reduced RPM
Heads unloaded. Motor stopped (disks not spinning)
Each power condition has a set of current, saved and default settings. Default settings are not modifiable. Default and
saved settings persist across power-on resets. The current settings do not persist across power-on resets. At the time
of manufacture, the default, saved and current settings are in the Power Conditions log match.
PowerChoice is invoked using one of two methods
Automatic power transitions which are triggered by expiration of individual power condition timers. These timer
values may be customized and enabled using the Extended Power Conditions (EPC) feature set using the
standardized Set Features command interface.
Immediate host commanded power transitions may be initiated using an EPC Set Features "Go to Power
Condition" subcommand to enter any supported power condition. Legacy power commands Standby Immediate
and Idle Immediate also provide a method to directly transition the drive into supported power conditions.
PowerChoice exits power saving states under the following conditions
Any command which requires the drive to enter the PM0: Active state (media access)
Power on reset
PowerChoice provides the following reporting methods for tracking purposes
Check Power Mode Command
Reports the current power state of the drive
Identify Device Command
EPC Feature set supported flag
EPC Feature enabled flag is set if at least one Idle power condition timer is enabled
Power Condition Log reports the following for each power condition
Nominal recovery time from the power condition to active
If the power condition is Supported, Changeable, and Savable
Default enabled state, and timer value
Saved enabled state, and timer value
Current enabled state, and timer value
PowerChoice Manufacture Default Power Condition Timer Values
Default power condition timer values have been established to assure product reliability and data integrity. A
minimum timer value threshold of two minutes ensures the appropriate amount of background drive maintenance
activities occur. Attempting to set a timer values less than the specified minimum timer value threshold will result in
an aborted EPC "Set Power Condition Timer" subcommand.
Power Condition NameManufacturer Default Timer Values
Idle_a100 ms
Idle_b2 min
Idle_c4 min
Standby_z15 min
Setting power condition timer values less than the manufacturer specified defaults or issuing the EPC "Go to Power
Condition" subcommand at a rate exceeding the default timers may limit this products reliability and data integrity.
PowerChoice Supported Extended Power Condition Feature Subcommands
EPC SubcommandDescription
00
01
02
03
04
05
H
H
H
H
H
H
Restore Power Condition Settings
Go to Power Condition
Set Power Condition Timer
Set Power Condition State
Enable EPC Feature Set
Disable EPC Feature Set
PowerChoice Supported Extended Power Condition Identifiers
Power Condition IdentifiersPower Condition Name
00
H
01 - 80
81
H
82
H
83
H
84 - FE
FF
H
H
H
Standby_z
Reserved
Idle_a
Idle_b
Idle_c
Reserved
All EPC Power Conditions
Seagate Exos X18 SATA Product Manual, Rev. A15
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