Seagate ST9500620SS, ST91000642SS, ST91000641SS, 100620418, ST9500621SS User Manual

Product Manual

Constellation.2TM SAS

Standard Models

ST91000640SS
ST9500620SS

Self-Encrypting Drive Models

ST91000641SS
ST9500621SS

SED FIPS 140-2 Models

ST91000642SS
ST9500622SS

100620418
Rev. H
April 2012

Revision history

Revision Date Sheets affected or comments

Rev. A 06/16/10 Initial release.
Rev. B 07/20/10 Trademark revision.
Rev. C 10/14/10 fc & 2, 5, 7, 20, 32, 34, 39, 43, 45-46 & 61.
Rev. D 02/14/11 10, 23-24, 29, 31, 36-37 & 53-55.
Rev. E 03/15/11 20, 25 & 40.
Rev. F 04/28/11 fc, 2, 5 & 53.
Rev. G 08/10/11 2, 4, 15, 18, 25-26, 39-40, 46, 54, 62 & backcover.
Rev. H 04/23/12 fc, 2, 12, 15, 39, 41-42, 50, 54 & 57.

© 2012, Seagate Technology LLC All rights reserved.

Publication number: 100620418, Rev. H April 2012

Seagate, Seagate Technology and the Wave logo are registered trademarks of Seagate Technology LLC
in the United States and/or other countries. Constellation and SeaTools are either trademarks or registered
trademarks of Seagate Technology LLC or one of its affiliated companies in the United States and/or other
countries. The FIPS logo is a certification mark of NIST, which does not imply product endorsement by
NIST, the U.S., or Canadian governments.All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property
of their respective owners.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of Seagate Technol­ogy LLC. Call 877-PUB-TEK1 (877-782-8351) to request permission.

When referring to drive capacity, one gigabyte, or GB, equals one billion bytes and one terabyte, or TB,
equals one trillion bytes. Your computer’s operating system may use a different standard of measurement
and report a lower capacity. In addition, some of the listed capacity is used for formatting and other func­tions, and thus will not be available for data storage. Actual quantities will vary based on various factors,
including file size, file format, features and application software. Actual data rates may vary depending on
operating environment and other factors. The export or re-export of hardware or software containing
encryption may be regulated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (for
more information, visit www.bis.doc.gov), and controlled for import and use outside of the U.S. Seagate
reserves the right to change, without notice, product offerings or specifications.

Contents

1.0 Seagate Technology support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.0 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.0 Applicable standards and reference documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.1 Electromagnetic compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.1.2 Electromagnetic compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1.3 European Union Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1.4 China Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.2 Reference documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.0 General description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4.1 Standard features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 Media description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.4 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.5 Formatted capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.6 Programmable drive capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.7 Factory-installed options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.0 Performance characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1 Internal drive characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5.2 Seek performance characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5.2.1 Access time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5.2.2 Format command execution time for 512-byte sectors (minutes) . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.2.3 General performance characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.3 Start/stop time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.4 Prefetch/multi-segmented cache control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.5 Cache operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.5.1 Caching write data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.5.2 Prefetch operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.0 Reliability specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.1 Error rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.1.1 Recoverable Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.1.2 Unrecoverable Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.1.3 Seek errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.1.4 Interface errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.2 Reliability and service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.2.1 Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) and Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) . . . . 16

6.2.2 Preventive maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.2.3 Hot plugging the drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.2.4 S.M.A.R.T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.2.5 Thermal monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.2.6 Drive Self Test (DST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.2.7 Product warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

7.0 Physical/electrical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

7.1 PowerChoiceTM power management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

7.1.1 PowerChoice reporting methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.2 AC power requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.3 DC power requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.3.1 Conducted noise immunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7.3.2 Power sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7.3.3 Current profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

11

2

3

8

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H i

7.4 Power dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7.5 Environmental limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

7.5.1 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

7.5.2 Relative humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

7.5.3 Effective altitude (sea level) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

7.5.4 Shock and vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

7.5.5 Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

7.5.6 Air cleanliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

7.5.7 Corrosive environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

7.5.8 Electromagnetic susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

7.6 Mechanical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

8.0 About FIPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

9.0 About self-encrypting drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.1 Data encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.2 Controlled access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

9.2.1 Admin SP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

9.2.2 Locking SP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

9.2.3 Default password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

9.3 Random number generator (RNG). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

9.4 Drive locking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

9.5 Data bands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

9.6 Cryptographic erase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

9.7 Authenticated firmware download . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

9.8 Power requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

9.9 Supported commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

10.0 Defect and error management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

10.1 Drive internal defects/errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

10.2 Drive error recovery procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

10.3 SAS system errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

10.4 Background Media Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

10.5 Media Pre-Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

10.6 Deferred Auto-Reallocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

10.7 Idle Read After Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

10.8 Protection Information (PI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

10.8.1 Levels of PI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

10.8.2 Setting and determining the current Type Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

10.8.3 Identifying a Protection Information drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

11.0 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

11.1 Drive orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

11.2 Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

11.3 Drive mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

11.4 Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

12.0 Interface requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

12.1 SAS features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

12.1.1 task management functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

12.1.2 task management responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

12.2 Dual port support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

12.3 SCSI commands supported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

12.3.1 Inquiry data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

12.3.2 Mode Sense data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

12.4 Miscellaneous operating features and conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

12.4.1 SAS physical interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

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ii Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

12.4.2 Physical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

12.4.3 Connector requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

12.4.4 Electrical description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

12.4.5 Pin descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

12.4.6 SAS transmitters and receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

12.4.7 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

12.5 Signal characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

12.5.1 Ready LED Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

12.5.2 Differential signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

12.6 SAS-2 Specification Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

12.7 Additional information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H iii

iv Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

List of Figures

Figure 1. 1TB model current profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Figure 2. 500GB model current profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 3. 1TB Models (3Gb) DC current and power vs. input/output operations per second. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Figure 4. 1TB Models (6Gb) DC current and power vs. input/output operations per second. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Figure 5. 500GB Models (3Gb) DC current and power vs. input/output operations per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Figure 6. 500GB Models (6Gb) DC current and power vs. input/output operations per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Figure 7. Location of the HDA temperature check point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 8. Recommended mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 9. Mounting configuration dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 10. Example of FIPS tamper evidence labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 11. Physical interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 12. Air flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 13. Physical interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 14. SAS device plug dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 15. SAS device plug dimensions (detail). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 16. SAS transmitters and receivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

33

35

38

40

49

50

63

64

65

67

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H v

vi Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

1.0 Seagate Technology support services

SEAGATE ONLINE SUPPORT and SERVICES

For information regarding products and services, visit http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/about/contact_us/

Available services include:

Presales & Technical support
Global Support Services telephone numbers & business hours
Authorized Service Centers

For information regarding Warranty Support, visit

http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/support/warranty_&_returns_assistance

For information regarding Data Recovery Services, visit http://www.i365.com

For Seagate OEM & Distribution partner portal, visit

For Seagate reseller portal, visit

http://spp.seagate.com

https://direct.seagate.com/portal/system

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H 1

2.0 Scope

This manual describes Seagate Technology® LLC, Constellation.2TM SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) disk drives.

Constellation.2 SAS drives support the SAS Protocol specifications to the extent described in this manual. The

SAS Interface Manual (part number 100293071) describes the general SAS characteristics of this and other

Seagate SAS drives. The Self-Encrypting Drive Reference Manual, part number 100515636, describes the
interface, general operation, and security features available on Self-Encrypting Drive models.

Product data communicated in this manual is specific only to the model numbers listed in this manual. The data
listed in this manual may not be predictive of future generation specifications or requirements. If you are
designing a system which will use one of the models listed or future generation products and need further
assistance, please contact your Field Applications Engineer (FAE) or our global support services group as
shown in Section 1.0.

Unless otherwise stated, the information in this manual applies to standard and Self-Encrypting Drive models.

Model Number Self-Encrypting Drive (SED) FIPS 140-2 Level 2

ST91000642SS Yes Yes

ST91000641SS Yes No

ST91000640SS No No

ST9500622SS Yes Yes

ST9500621SS Yes No

ST9500620SS No No

Note. Previous generations of Seagate Self-Encrypting Drive models were called Full Disk Encryption

(FDE) models before a differentiation between drive-based encryption and other forms of encryp­tion was necessary.

Note. The Self-Encrypting Drive models indicated on the cover of this product manual have provisions for

“Security of Data at Rest” based on the standards defined by the Trusted Computing Group (see
www.trustedcomputinggroup.org).

For more information on FIPS 140-2 Level 2 certification Section 8.0 on page 39.

2 Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

3.0 Applicable standards and reference documentation

The drives documented in this manual have been developed as system peripherals to the highest standards of
design and construction. The drives depends on host equipment to provide adequate power and environment
for optimum performance and compliance with applicable industry and governmental regulations. Special
attention must be given in the areas of safety, power distribution, shielding, audible noise control, and temper­ature regulation. In particular, the drive must be securely mounted to guarantee the specified performance
characteristics. Mounting by bottom holes must meet the requirements of Section 11.3.

3.1 Standards

The Constellation.2 family complies with Seagate standards as noted in the appropriate sections of this man-

ual and the Seagate SAS Interface Manual, part number 100293071.

The drives are recognized in accordance with UL 60950-1 as tested by UL, CSA 60950-1 as tested by CSA,
and EN60950-1 as tested by TUV.

The security features of Self-Encrypting Drive models are based on the “TCG Storage Architecture Core Spec­ification” and the “TCG Storage Workgroup Security Subsystem Class: Enterprise_A” specification with addi­tional vendor-unique features as noted in this product manual.

3.1.1 Electromagnetic compatibility

The drive, as delivered, is designed for system integration and installation into a suitable enclosure prior to
use. The drive is supplied as a subassembly and is not subject to Subpart B of Part 15 of the FCC Rules and
Regulations nor the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications.

The design characteristics of the drive serve to minimize radiation when installed in an enclosure that provides
reasonable shielding. The drive is capable of meeting the Class B limits of the FCC Rules and Regulations of
the Canadian Department of Communications when properly packaged; however, it is the user’s responsibility
to assure that the drive meets the appropriate EMI requirements in their system. Shielded I/O cables may be
required if the enclosure does not provide adequate shielding. If the I/O cables are external to the enclosure,
shielded cables should be used, with the shields grounded to the enclosure and to the host controller.

3.1.1.1 Electromagnetic susceptibility

As a component assembly, the drive is not required to meet any susceptibility performance requirements. It is
the responsibility of those integrating the drive within their systems to perform those tests required and design
their system to ensure that equipment operating in the same system as the drive or external to the system
does not adversely affect the performance of the drive. See Table 2 and 3, DC power requirements.

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H 3

3.1.2 Electromagnetic compliance

Seagate uses an independent laboratory to confirm compliance with the directives/standards for CE Marking
and C-Tick Marking. The drive was tested in a representative system for typical applications and comply with
the Electromagnetic Interference/Electromagnetic Susceptibility (EMI/EMS) for Class B products. The selected
system represents the most popular characteristics for test platforms. The system configurations include:

• Typical current use microprocessor

• Keyboard

• Monitor/display

• Printer

• Mouse

Although the test system with this Seagate model complies with the directives/standards, we cannot guarantee
that all systems will comply. The computer manufacturer or system integrator shall confirm EMC compliance
and provide the appropriate marking for their product.

Electromagnetic compliance for the European Union

If this model has the CE Marking it complies with the European Union requirements of the Electromagnetic
Compatibility Directive 2004/108/EC as put into place on 20 July 2007.

Australian C-Tick

If this model has the C-Tick Marking it complies with the Australia/New Zealand Standard AS/NZ CISPR22 and
meets the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Framework requirements of Australia’s Spectrum Manage­ment Agency (SMA).

Korean KCC

If these drives have the Korean Communications Commission (KCC) logo, they comply with KN22, KN 24, and
KN61000.

Taiwanese BSMI

If this model has the Taiwanese certification mark then it complies with Chinese National Standard, CNS13438.

4 Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

3.1.3 European Union Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS)

The European Union Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive, restricts the presence of chemi­cal substances, including Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium, PBB and PBDE, in electronic prod­ucts, effective July 2006. This drive is manufactured with components and materials that comply with the RoHS
Directive.

A number of parts and materials in Seagate products are procured from external suppliers. We rely on the rep­resentations of our suppliers regarding the presence of RoHS substances in these parts and materials. Our
supplier contracts require compliance with our chemical substance restrictions, and our suppliers document
their compliance with our requirements by providing material content declarations for all parts and materials for
the disk drives documented in this publication. Current supplier declarations include disclosure of the inclusion
of any RoHS-regulated substance in such parts or materials.

Seagate also has internal systems in place to ensure ongoing compliance with the RoHS Directive and all laws
and regulations which restrict chemical content in electronic products. These systems include standard operat­ing procedures that ensure that restricted substances are not utilized in our manufacturing operations, labora­tory analytical validation testing, and an internal auditing process to ensure that all standard operating
procedures are complied with.

3.1.4 China Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive

This product has an Environmental Protection Use Period (EPUP) of 20 years. The following
table contains information mandated by China's "Marking Requirements for Control of Pollution
Caused by Electronic Information Products" Standard.

"O" indicates the hazardous and toxic substance content of the part (at the homogenous material level) is lower
than the threshold defined by the China RoHS MCV Standard.

"X" indicates the hazardous and toxic substance content of the part (at the homogenous material level) is over
the threshold defined by the China RoHS MCV Standard.

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H 5

3.2 Reference documents

SAS Interface Manual

Seagate part number: 100293071

SCSI Commands Reference Manual

Seagate part number: 100293068

Self-Encrypting Drives Reference Manual

Seagate part number: 100515636

ANSI SAS Documents

SFF-8223 2.5” Drive Form Factor with Serial Connector
SFF-8460 HSS Backplane Design Guidelines
SFF-8470 Multi Lane Copper Connector
SFF-8482 SAS Plug Connector
ANSI INCITS.xxx Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Standard (T10/1562-D)
ISO/IEC 14776-xxx SCSI Architecture Model-3 (SAM-3) Standard (T10/1561-D)
ISO/IEC 14776-xxx SCSI Primary Commands-3 (SPC-3) Standard (T10/1416-D)
ISO/IEC 14776-xxx SCSI Block Commands-2 (SBC-2) Standard (T10/1417-D)

ANSI Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Documents

X3.270-1996 (SCSI-3) Architecture Model

Trusted Computing Group (TCG) Documents (apply to Self-Encrypting Drive models only)

TCG Storage Architecture Core Specification, Rev. 1.0
TCG Storage Security Subsystem Class Enterprise Specification, Rev. 1.0

Specification for Acoustic Test Requirement and Procedures

Seagate part number: 30553-001

In case of conflict between this document and any referenced document, this document takes precedence.

6 Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

4.0 General description

Constellation.2 drives provide high performance, high capacity data storage for a variety of systems including
engineering workstations, network servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The Serial Attached SCSI inter­face is designed to meet next-generation computing demands for performance, scalability, flexibility and high­density storage requirements.

Constellation.2 drives are random access storage devices designed to support the Serial Attached SCSI Proto-

col as described in the ANSI specifications, this document, and the SAS Interface Manual (part number

100293071) which describes the general interface characteristics of this drive. Constellation.2 drives are clas­sified as intelligent peripherals and provide level 2 conformance (highest level) with the ANSI SCSI-1 standard.
The SAS connectors, cables and electrical interface are compatible with Serial ATA (SATA), giving future users
the choice of populating their systems with either SAS or SATA hard disk drives. This allows you to continue to
leverage your existing investment in SCSI while gaining a 6Gb/s serial data transfer rate.

The Self-Encrypting Drive models indicated on the cover of this product manual have provisions for “Security
of Data at Rest” based on the standards defined by the Trusted Computing Group (see www.trustedcomputing­group.org).

The head and disk assembly (HDA) is sealed at the factory. Air recirculates within the HDA through a non­replaceable filter to maintain a contamination-free HDA environment.

Note. Never disassemble the HDA and do not attempt to service items in the sealed enclosure (heads,

media, actuator, etc.) as this requires special facilities. The drive does not contain user-replaceable
parts. Opening the HDA for any reason voids your warranty.

Constellation.2 drives use a dedicated load/unload zone at the outermost radius of the media to eliminate the
possibility of destroying or degrading data by landing in the data zone. The heads automatically go to the ramp
load/unload when power is removed from the drive.

An automatic shipping lock prevents potential damage to the heads and discs that results from movement dur­ing shipping and handling. The shipping lock disengages and the head load process begins when power is
applied to the drive.

Constellation.2 drives decode track 0 location data from the servo data embedded on each surface to eliminate
mechanical transducer adjustments and related reliability concerns.

The drives also use a high-performance actuator assembly with a low-inertia, balanced, patented, straight arm
design that provides excellent performance with minimal power dissipation.

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H 7

4.1 Standard features

Constellation.2 drives have the following standard features:

• Perpendicular recording technology

• 1.5 / 3 / 6 Gb Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) interface

• Integrated dual port SAS controller supporting the SCSI protocol

• Support for SAS expanders and fanout adapters

• Firmware downloadable using the SAS interface

• 128 - deep task set (queue)

• Supports up to 32 initiators

• Jumperless configuration.

• User-selectable logical block size (512, 520 or 528 bytes per logical block).

• SAS-SED models ST91000641SS and ST9500621SS.

• SAS-SED (FIPS 140-2) models ST91000642SS and ST9500622SS.

• Industry standard SFF 2.5-inch dimensions

• Programmable logical block reallocation scheme

• Flawed logical block reallocation at format time

• Programmable auto write and read reallocation

• Reallocation of defects on command (Post Format)

• ECC maximum burst correction length of 444 bits

• No preventive maintenance or adjustments required

• Embedded servo design

• Automatic shipping lock

• Dedicated head load/unload zone

• Self diagnostics performed when power is applied to the drive

• Zone bit recording (ZBR)

• Vertical, horizontal, or top down mounting

• Dynamic spindle brake

• 64 Mbyte data buffer (see Section 5.5).

• Drive Self Test (DST)

• Background Media Scan (BMS)

• Idle Read After Write (IRAW)

• Power Save

Constellation.2 SAS Self-Encrypting Drive models have the following additional features:

• Automatic data encryption/decryption

• Controlled access

• Random number generator

• Drive locking

• 16 independent data bands

• Cryptographic erase of user data for a drive that will be repurposed or scrapped

• Authenticated firmware download

4.2 Media description

The media used on the drive has a glass substrate coated with a thin film magnetic material, overcoated with a
proprietary protective layer for improved durability and environmental protection.

8 Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

4.3 Performance

• Programmable multi-segmentable cache buffer

• 600 MB/s maximum instantaneous data transfers.

• 7200 RPM spindle. Average latency = 4.16ms

• Background processing of queue

• Supports start and stop commands (spindle stops spinning)

• Adaptive seek velocity; improved seek performance

Note. There is no significant performance difference between Self-Encrypting Drive and standard (non-

Self-Encrypting Drive) models.

4.4 Reliability

• Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) of 0.62%

• Mean time between failures (MTBF) of 1,400,000 hours

• Balanced low mass rotary voice coil actuator

• Incorporates industry-standard Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.)

• 5-year warranty

4.5 Formatted capacities

Standard OEM models are formatted to 512 bytes per block. The block size is selectable at format time and
must be a multiple of 4 bytes. Users having the necessary equipment may modify the data block size before
issuing a format command and obtain different formatted capacities than those listed.

To provide a stable target capacity environment and at the same time provide users with flexibility if they
choose, Seagate recommends product planning in one of two modes:

1. Seagate designs specify capacity points at certain block sizes that Seagate guarantees current and future
products will meet. We recommend customers use this capacity in their project planning, as it ensures a
stable operating point with backward and forward compatibility from generation to generation. The current
guaranteed operating points for this product are:

Capacity (Blocks)

Sector Size

ST91000640SS, ST91000641SS &
ST91000642SS

Decimal Hex Decimal Hex
512 1,953,525,168 74706DB0 976,773,168 3A386030
520 1,923,076,936 729FD348 961,538,472 394FE9A8
528 1,876,331,336 6FD68B48 938,165,672 37EB45A8

ST9500620SS, ST9500621SS &
ST9500622SS

4.6 Programmable drive capacity

Using the Mode Select command, the drive can change its capacity to something less than maximum. See the

Mode Select (6) parameter list table in the SAS Interface Manual, part number 100293071. A value of zero in

the Number of Blocks field indicates that the drive will not change the capacity it is currently formatted to have.
A number other than zero and less than the maximum number of LBAs in the Number of Blocks field changes
the total drive capacity to the value in the Number of Blocks field. A value greater than the maximum number of
LBAs is rounded down to the maximum capacity.

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H 9

4.7 Factory-installed options

You may order the following items which are incorporated at the manufacturing facility during production or
packaged before shipping. Some of the options available are (not an exhaustive list of possible options):

• Other capacities can be ordered depending on sparing scheme and sector size requested.

• Single-unit shipping pack. The drive is normally shipped in bulk packaging to provide maximum protection
against transit damage. Units shipped individually require additional protection as provided by the single unit
shipping pack. Users planning single unit distribution should specify this option.

• The Safety and Regulatory Agency Specifications, part number 75789512, is usually included with each

standard OEM drive shipped, but extra copies may be ordered.

10 Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

5.0 Performance characteristics

This section provides detailed information concerning performance-related characteristics and features of Con­stellation.2 drives.

5.1 Internal drive characteristics

ST91000640SS ST9500620SS
ST91000641SS ST9500621SS
ST91000642SS ST9500622SS

Drive capacity 1000 500 Gbytes (formatted, rounded off value)
Read/write data heads 8 4
Bytes per track 732,998 732,998 Bytes (average, rounded off values)
Bytes per surface 125,069 125,069 MB (unformatted, rounded off value)
Tracks per surface (total) 165,800 165,800 Tracks (user accessible)
Tracks per inch 270,000 270,000 TPI (average)
Peak bits per inch 1,544,000 1,544,000 BPI
Areal density 417 417 Gb/in
Internal data rate 84 - 163 84 - 163 MB/s (variable with zone)
Disk rotation speed 7200 7200 rpm
Avg rotational latency 4.16 4.16 ms

2

5.2 Seek performance characteristics

See Section 12.4.1, "SAS physical interface" on page 63 and the SAS Interface Manual (part number

100293071) for additional timing details.

5.2.1 Access time

1

Including controller overhead2
(ms)

,

Not including controller overhead
(ms)

Read Write Read Write

Average Typical

Single track Typical

Full stroke Typical

,

3,4

3,4

7.7 8.7 7.5 8.5

0.23 0.44 0.23 0.44

17.26 18.28 17.06 18.08

43

1. Execution time measured from receipt of the Command to the Response.

2. Assumes no errors and no sector has been relocated.

3. Typical access times are measured under nominal conditions of temperature, voltage, and horizontal orientation as
measured on a representative sample of drives.

4. Access time = controller overhead + average seek time and applies to all data transfer commands.
Access to data = access time + latency time.

1, 2

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H 11

5.2.2 Format command execution time for 512-byte sectors (minutes) 1TB models 500GB models

Maximum (with verify)

Maximum (without verify)

384 188

192 94

Execution time measured from receipt of the last byte of the Command Descriptor Block (CDB) to the request
for a Status Byte Transfer to the Initiator (excluding connect/disconnect).

When changing sector sizes, the format times shown above may need to be increased by 30 minutes.

5.2.3 General performance characteristics

Minimum sector interleave 1 to 1

Data buffer to/from disk media (one 512-byte logical block)* 84 to 163 MB/s

Sustained transfer rate 105 to 115 MB/s

SAS Interface maximum instantaneous transfer rate 600 MB/s* per port

Logical block sizes

512 (default), 520 or 528.

Read/write consecutive sectors on a track Yes

Flaw reallocation performance impact (for flaws reallocated at format time using the
spare sectors per sparing zone reallocation scheme.)

Average rotational latency 4.16ms

*Assumes no errors and no relocated logical blocks. Rate measured from the start of the first logical block transfer to or
from the host.

(dual port = 1200 MB/s*)

Negligible

5.3 Start/stop time

The drive accepts the commands listed in the SAS Interface Manual less than 3 seconds after DC power has
been applied.

If the drive receives a NOTIFY (ENABLE SPINUP) primitive through either port and has not received a START
STOP UNIT command with the START bit equal to 0, the drive becomes ready for normal operations within 20
seconds (excluding the error recovery procedure).

If the drive receives a START STOP UNIT command with the START bit equal to 0 before receiving a NOTIFY
(ENABLE SPINUP) primitive, the drive waits for a START STOP UNIT command with the START bit equal to 1.
After receiving a START STOP UNIT command with the START bit equal to 1, the drive waits for a NOTIFY
(ENABLE SPINUP) primitive. After receiving a NOTIFY (ENABLE SPINUP) primitive through either port, the
drive becomes ready for normal operations within 20 seconds (excluding the error recovery procedure).

If the drive receives a START STOP UNIT command with the START bit and IMMED bit equal to 1 and does
not receive a NOTIFY (ENABLE SPINUP) primitive within 5 seconds, the drive fails the START STOP UNIT
command.

The START STOP UNIT command may be used to command the drive to stop the spindle. Stop time is 20 sec­onds (maximum) from removal of DC power. SCSI stop time is 20 seconds. There is no power control switch
on the drive.

12 Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

5.4 Prefetch/multi-segmented cache control

The drive provides a prefetch (read look-ahead) and multi-segmented cache control algorithms that in many
cases can enhance system performance. Cache refers to the drive buffer storage space when it is used in
cache operations. To select this feature, the host sends the Mode Select command with the proper values in
the applicable bytes in page 08h. Prefetch and cache operations are independent features from the standpoint
that each is enabled and disabled independently using the Mode Select command; however, in actual opera­tion, the prefetch feature overlaps cache operation somewhat as described in sections 5.5.1 and 5.5.2.

All default cache and prefetch mode parameter values (Mode Page 08h) for standard OEM versions of this
drive family are given in Table 10.

5.5 Cache operation

Note. Refer to the SAS Interface Manual for more detail concerning the cache bits.

Of the 64MB physical buffer space in the drive, approximately 30,000 kbytes are available as a data cache.
The remaining buffer space is reserved for internal drive use. The buffer is divided into logical segments from
which data is read and to which data is written.

The drive keeps track of the logical block addresses of the data stored in each segment of the buffer. If the

cache is enabled (see RCD bit in the SAS Interface Manual ), data requested by the host with a read command

is retrieved from the buffer, if possible, before any disk access is initiated. If cache operation is not enabled, the
buffer is still used, but only as circular buffer segments during disk medium read operations (disregarding
Prefetch operation for the moment). That is, the drive does not check in the buffer segments for the requested
read data, but goes directly to the medium to retrieve it. The retrieved data merely passes through some buffer
segment on the way to the host. All data transfers to the host are in accordance with buffer-full ratio rules. See

the explanation provided with the information about Mode Page 02h (disconnect/reconnect control) in the SAS
Interface Manual.

The following is a simplified description of the prefetch/cache operation:

Case A—read command is received and all of the requested logical blocks are already in the cache:

1. Drive transfers the requested logical blocks to the initiator.

Case B—A Read command requests data, and at least one requested logical block is not in any segment of

the cache:

1. The drive fetches the requested logical blocks from the disk and transfers them into a segment, and then
from there to the host in accordance with the Mode Select Disconnect/Reconnect parameters, page 02h.

2. If the prefetch feature is enabled, refer to section 5.5.2 for operation from this point.

Each cache segment is actually a self-contained circular buffer whose length is an integer number of logical
blocks. The drive dynamically creates and removes segments based on the workload. The wrap-around capa­bility of the individual segments greatly enhances the cache’s overall performance.

Note. The size of each segment is not reported by Mode Sense command page 08h, bytes 14 and 15.

The value 0XFFFF is always reported regardless of the actual size of the segment. Sending a size
specification using the Mode Select command (bytes 14 and 15) does not set up a new segment
size. If the STRICT bit in Mode page 00h (byte 2, bit 1) is set to one, the drive responds as it does
for any attempt to change an unchangeable parameter.

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H 13

5.5.1 Caching write data

Write caching is a write operation by the drive that makes use of a drive buffer storage area where the data to
be written to the medium is stored while the drive performs the Write command.

If read caching is enabled (RCD=0), then data written to the medium is retained in the cache to be made avail­able for future read cache hits. The same buffer space and segmentation is used as set up for read functions.
The buffer segmentation scheme is set up or changed independently, having nothing to do with the state of
RCD. When a write command is issued, if RCD=0, the cache is first checked to see if any logical blocks that
are to be written are already stored in the cache from a previous read or write command. If there are, the
respective cache segments are cleared. The new data is cached for subsequent Read commands.

If the number of write data logical blocks exceed the size of the segment being written into, when the end of the
segment is reached, the data is written into the beginning of the same cache segment, overwriting the data that
was written there at the beginning of the operation; however, the drive does not overwrite data that has not yet
been written to the medium.

If write caching is enabled (WCE=1), then the drive may return Good status on a write command after the data
has been transferred into the cache, but before the data has been written to the medium. If an error occurs
while writing the data to the medium, and Good status has already been returned, a deferred error will be gen­erated.

The Synchronize Cache command may be used to force the drive to write all cached write data to the medium.
Upon completion of a Synchronize Cache command, all data received from previous write commands will have
been written to the medium. Table 10 shows the mode default settings for the drive.

5.5.2 Prefetch operation

If the Prefetch feature is enabled, data in contiguous logical blocks on the disk immediately beyond that which
was requested by a Read command are retrieved and stored in the buffer for immediate transfer from the buf­fer to the host on subsequent Read commands that request those logical blocks (this is true even if cache
operation is disabled). Though the prefetch operation uses the buffer as a cache, finding the requested data in
the buffer is a prefetch hit, not a cache operation hit.

To enable Prefetch, use Mode Select page 08h, byte 12, bit 5 (Disable Read Ahead - DRA bit). DRA bit = 0
enables prefetch.

The drive does not use the Max Prefetch field (bytes 8 and 9) or the Prefetch Ceiling field (bytes 10 and 11).

When prefetch (read look-ahead) is enabled (enabled by DRA = 0), the drive enables prefetch of contiguous
blocks from the disk when it senses that a prefetch hit will likely occur. The drive disables prefetch when it
decides that a prefetch hit is not likely to occur.

14 Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

6.0 Reliability specifications

The following reliability specifications assume correct host and drive operational interface, including all inter­face timings, power supply voltages, environmental requirements and drive mounting constraints.

Seek error rate: Less than 10 errors in 108seeks
Read Error Rates

Recovered Data Less than 10 errors in 1012 bits transferred (OEM default settings)
Unrecovered Data Less than 1 sector in 1015 bits transferred

Miscorrected Data Less than 1 sector in 1021 bits transferred
Interface error rate: Less than 1 error in 1012 bits transferred
Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF): 1,400,000 hours
Annualized Failure Rate (AFR): 0.62%
Preventive maintenance: None required

1. Error rate specified with automatic retries and data correction with ECC enabled and all flaws reallocated.

6.1 Error rates

The error rates stated in this manual assume the following:

• The drive is operated in accordance with this manual using DC power as defined in paragraph 7.3, "DC
power requirements."

• Errors caused by host system failures are excluded from error rate computations.

• Assume random data.

• Default OEM error recovery settings are applied. This includes AWRE, ARRE, full read retries, full write
retries and full retry time.

1

6.1.1 Recoverable Errors

Recoverable errors are those detected and corrected by the drive, and do not require user intervention.

Recoverable Data errors will use correction, although ECC on-the-fly is not considered for purposes of recov­ered error specifications.

Recovered Data error rate is determined using read bits transferred for recoverable errors occurring during a
read, and using write bits transferred for recoverable errors occurring during a write.

6.1.2 Unrecoverable Errors

An unrecoverable data error is defined as a failure of the drive to recover data from the media. These errors
occur due to head/media or write problems. Unrecoverable data errors are only detected during read opera­tions, but not caused by the read. If an unrecoverable data error is detected, a MEDIUM ERROR (03h) in the
Sense Key will be reported. Multiple unrecoverable data errors resulting from the same cause are treated as 1
error.

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H 15

6.1.3 Seek errors

A seek error is defined as a failure of the drive to position the heads to the addressed track. After detecting an
initial seek error, the drive automatically performs an error recovery process. If the error recovery process fails,
a seek positioning error (Error code = 15h or 02h) will be reported with a Hardware error (04h) in the Sense

Recoverable seek errors are specified at Less than 10 errors in 108 seeks. Unrecoverable seek errors

Key.
(Sense Key = 04h) are classified as drive failures.

6.1.4 Interface errors

An interface error is defined as a failure of the receiver on a port to recover the data as transmitted by the
device port connected to the receiver. The error may be detected as a running disparity error, illegal code, loss
of word sync, or CRC error.

6.2 Reliability and service

You can enhance the reliability of Constellation.2 disk drives by ensuring that the drive receives adequate cool­ing. Section 7.0 provides temperature measurements and other information that may be used to enhance the
service life of the drive. Section 11.2 provides recommended air-flow information.

6.2.1 Annualized Failure Rate (AFR) and Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)

The production disk drive shall achieve an AFR of 0.62% (MTBF of 1,400,000 hours) when operated in an
environment that ensures the HDA case temperatures do not exceed the values specified in Section 7.5. Oper­ation at case temperatures outside the specifications in Section 7.5 may increase the product AFR (decrease
the MTBF). The AFR (MTBF) is a population statistic not relevant to individual units.

The AFR (MTBF) specification is based on the following assumptions for Enterprise Storage System environ­ments:

• 8760 power-on hours per year.

• 250 average on/off cycles per year.

• Operations at nominal voltages.

• Systems will provide adequate cooling to ensure the case temperatures specified in Section 7.5 are not
exceeded. Temperatures outside the specifications in Section 7.5 will increase the product AFR and
decrease the MTBF.

6.2.2 Preventive maintenance

No routine scheduled preventive maintenance is required.

6.2.3 Hot plugging the drive

When a disk is powered on by switching the power or hot plugged, the drive runs a self test before attempting
to communicate on its’ interfaces. When the self test completes successfully, the drive initiates a Link Reset
starting with OOB. An attached device should respond to the link reset. If the link reset attempt fails, or any
time the drive looses sync, the drive initiated link reset. The drive will initiate link reset once per second but
alternates between port A and B. Therefore each port will attempt a link reset once per 2 seconds assuming
both ports are out of sync.

If the self-test fails, the drive does not respond to link reset on the failing port.

Note. It is the responsibility of the systems integrator to assure that no temperature, energy, voltage haz-

ard, or ESD potential hazard is presented during the hot connect/disconnect operation. Discharge
the static electricity from the drive carrier prior to inserting it into the system.

16 Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H

Caution. The drive motor must come to a complete stop prior to changing the plane of operation. This time is

required to insure data integrity.

6.2.4 S.M.A.R.T.

S.M.A.R.T. is an acronym for Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology. This technology is intended
to recognize conditions that indicate imminent drive failure and is designed to provide sufficient warning of a
failure to allow you to back up the data before an actual failure occurs.

Note. The drive’s firmware monitors specific attributes for degradation over time but can’t predict instanta-

neous drive failures.

Each monitored attribute has been selected to monitor a specific set of failure conditions in the operating per­formance of the drive and the thresholds are optimized to minimize “false” and “failed” predictions.

Controlling S.M.A.R.T.

The operating mode of S.M.A.R.T. is controlled by the DEXCPT and PERF bits on the Informational Exceptions
Control mode page (1Ch). Use the DEXCPT bit to enable or disable the S.M.A.R.T. feature. Setting the DEX­CPT bit disables all S.M.A.R.T. functions. When enabled, S.M.A.R.T. collects on-line data as the drive performs
normal read and write operations. When the PERF bit is set, the drive is considered to be in “On-line Mode
Only” and will not perform off-line functions.

You can measure off-line attributes and force the drive to save the data by using the Rezero Unit command.
Forcing S.M.A.R.T. resets the timer so that the next scheduled interrupt is in two hours.

You can interrogate the drive through the host to determine the time remaining before the next scheduled mea­surement and data logging process occurs. To accomplish this, issue a Log Sense command to log page 0x3E.
This allows you to control when S.M.A.R.T. interruptions occur. Forcing S.M.A.R.T. with the RTZ command
resets the timer.

Performance impact

S.M.A.R.T. attribute data is saved to the disk so that the events that caused a predictive failure can be recre­ated. The drive measures and saves parameters once every two hours subject to an idle period on the drive
interfaces. The process of measuring off-line attribute data and saving data to the disk is uninterruptable. The
maximum on-line only processing delay is summarized below:

Maximum processing delay

On-line only delay
DEXCPT = 0, PERF = 1

S.M.A.R.T. delay times 235 milliseconds 650 milliseconds

Fully-enabled delay
DEXCPT = 0, PERF = 0

Reporting control

Reporting is controlled by the MRIE bits in the Informational Exceptions Control mode page (1Ch). Subject to
the reporting method, the firmware will issue to the host an 01-5Dxx sense code. The error code is preserved
through bus resets and power cycles.

Determining rate

S.M.A.R.T. monitors the rate at which errors occur and signals a predictive failure if the rate of degraded errors
increases to an unacceptable level. To determine rate, error events are logged and compared to the number of
total operations for a given attribute. The interval defines the number of operations over which to measure the
rate. The counter that keeps track of the current number of operations is referred to as the Interval Counter.

Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H 17

S.M.A.R.T. measures error rates. All errors for each monitored attribute are recorded. A counter keeps track of
the number of errors for the current interval. This counter is referred to as the Failure Counter.

Error rate is the number of errors per operation. The algorithm that S.M.A.R.T. uses to record rates of error is to
set thresholds for the number of errors and their interval. If the number of errors exceeds the threshold before
the interval expires, the error rate is considered to be unacceptable. If the number of errors does not exceed
the threshold before the interval expires, the error rate is considered to be acceptable. In either case, the inter­val and failure counters are reset and the process starts over.

Predictive failures

S.M.A.R.T. signals predictive failures when the drive is performing unacceptably for a period of time. The firm­ware keeps a running count of the number of times the error rate for each attribute is unacceptable. To accom­plish this, a counter is incremented each time the error rate is unacceptable and decremented (not to exceed
zero) whenever the error rate is acceptable. If the counter continually increments such that it reaches the pre­dictive threshold, a predictive failure is signaled. This counter is referred to as the Failure History Counter.
There is a separate Failure History Counter for each attribute.

6.2.5 Thermal monitor

Constellation.2 drives implement a temperature warning system which:

1. Signals the host if the temperature exceeds a value which would threaten the drive.

2. Signals the host if the temperature exceeds a user-specified value.

3. Saves a S.M.A.R.T. data frame on the drive which exceeds the threatening temperature value.

A temperature sensor monitors the drive temperature and issues a warning over the interface when the tem­perature exceeds a set threshold. The temperature is measured at power-up and then at ten-minute intervals
after power-up.

The thermal monitor system generates a warning code of 01-0B01 when the temperature exceeds the speci­fied limit in compliance with the SCSI standard. The drive temperature is reported in the FRU code field of
mode sense data. You can use this information to determine if the warning is due to the temperature exceeding
the drive threatening temperature or the user-specified temperature.

This feature is controlled by the Enable Warning (EWasc) bit, and the reporting mechanism is controlled by the
Method of Reporting Informational Exceptions field (MRIE) on the Informational Exceptions Control (IEC)
mode page (1Ch).

The current algorithm implements two temperature trip points. The first trip point is set at 68°C. The second trip
point is user-selectable using the Log Select command. The reference temperature parameter in the tempera­ture log page (see Table 1) can be used to set this trip point. The default value for this drive is 68°C, however,
you can set it to any value in the range of 0 to 68°C. If you specify a temperature greater than 68°C in this field,
the temperature is rounded down to 68°C. A sense code is sent to the host to indicate the rounding of the
parameter field.

Table 1: Temperature Log Page (0Dh)

Parameter Code Description

0000h

0001h

Primary Temperature

Reference Temperature

18 Constellation.2 SAS Product Manual, Rev. H