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y Physical Layer Processing
y Interference Mitigation
y Call Processing Function
y Closed Subscriber Groups (CSG) Function
y IP Processing
y Over the Air Receiver (OTAR) based GPS Locking Assistance Function
y Plug and Play Function
y Self Organizing Network (SON)
y Security
y Easy Operation and Maintenance
ABBREVIATION
Describes the acronyms used in this manual.
Conventions
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and thoroughly understood. Such information may or may not be enclosed in a rectangular
box, separating it from the main text, but is always preceded by an icon and/or a bold title.
NOTE Indicates additional information as a reference.
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WEEE Symbol Information .................................................................................................................... 4
BA TTER Y Symbol Information .............................................................................................................. 5
Revision History ..................................................................................................................................... 5
A network which LTE eSmallCell belongs to consists of the eSmallCell, Small Cell
Element Management System (EMS), Small Cell Gateway, Small Cell GW EMS, Evolved
Packet Core (EPC), etc. A Subnet of the Packet Data Network (PDN), which allows the
User Equipment (UE) to access external networks, comprises multiple eSmallCells and
Small Cell Gateway/EPC (MME and S-GW/P-GW).
The network configuration of the eSmallCell is as follows:
eSmallCell
Cluster
eSmallCell
Hot-Spot
Small Cell
Hot-Spot
Management traffic over IPSec
S1-U/S1-MME traffic over IPSec
The eSmallCell is located between the UE and Small Cell Gateway/EPC. It processes
packet calls by connecting to the UE wirelessly according to the LTE air standard.
The eSmallCell is responsible for transmission and receipt of wireless signals, modulation
and demodulation of packet traffic signals, packet scheduling for efficient utilization of
wireless resources, Hybrid Automatic Repeat request (HARQ)/ARQ processing, Packet
Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) for packet header compression, and wireless resources
control.
In addition, the eSmallCell performs handover by interworking with the Small Cell
Gateway/EPC.
EPC
The EPC is a system located between the eSmallCell/Small Cell Gateway and PDN.
The subcomponents of the EPC are the Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving GW
(S-GW) and PDN GW (P-GW).
CHAPTER 1. Network Architecture
y MME: Processes control messages using the NAS signaling protocol with the
eSmallCell and performs control plane functions such as UE mobility management,
Tracking Area (TA) list management, and bearer and session management.
y S-GW: Acts as the anchor for the user plane between the 2G/3G access system and the
LTE system, and manages and changes the packet transmission layer for downlink/
uplink data.
y P-GW: Allocates an IP address to the UE, acts as the anc hor for mobility between the LTE
and non-3GPP access systems, and manages/c hanges char ging a nd the transmission rate
according to the service level.
Small Cell Gateway
Small Cell Gateway manages the eSmallCell and interworks with the EPC network by the
eSmallCell aggregation. From the view of EPC, Small Cell Gateway acts as an eNB; from
the view of eNB, it acts as an EPC, i.e. the representative eNB for the EPC.
Small Cell EMS
The Small Cell EMS provides the user interface for the operator to operate and maintain
the eSmallCell. The Small Cell EMS is responsible for software management,
configuration management, performance management and fault management.
Also, the EMS interworks with service provider’s Network Management System (NMS)
and carries out the Plug and Play (PnP) and SON related functions.
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
The HSS is a database management system that stores and manages the parameters and
location information for all registered mobile subscribers. The HSS manages key data such
as the mobile subscriber’s access capability, basic services and supplementary services, and
provides a routing function to the subscribed receivers.
SeGW provides the security tunneling to the eSmallCell connected through the public IP
network. To configure the tunnel, SeGW performs the authentication of the eSmallCell by
interworking with the AAA server and sets the IPSec security tunneling to the authenticated
eSmallCell only.
SeGW also provides the network protection through firewall and anti-attack features.
Small Cell GW EMS
Small Cell GW EMS is the system to manage Small Cell Gateway. It manages the
configuration, error, status, performance, statistics providing a Graphic User Interface
(GUI) for the convenience of the user. Also, the EMS interworks with service provider’s
NMS.
eSmallCell, an LTE eNB, is located between the UE and the Small Cell Gateway/EPC.
It provides mobile communications services to subscribers according to the LTE air
interface standard.
The eSmallCell transmits/receives radio signals to/from the UE and processes the
modulation and demodulation of packet traffic signals. The eSmallCell is also responsible
for packet scheduling and radio bandwidth allocation and performs handover via interface
with the Small Cell Gateway/EPC.
The eSmallCell can be installed vertically or horizontally; and it can be installed on the
wall, floor or ceiling by using the mount brackets. The eSmallCell is an all-in-one unit.
If a fault occurs, the unit must be replaced with new one.
The configuration of the eSmallCell is shown below:
The eSmallCell consists of LTE 7 baseband and transceiver Integrated board Assembly
(L7IA) which is the digital & RF board.
CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
Transceiver Filter/LNA
Power
(Modem Interface)
FPGA
RFIC
RFIC
Amp
PAM
PAM
Antenna
LNA
Filter
LNA
PSE
GE/FE Backhaul
AC
AC
Adapter
GPS
DC 12 V
Clock
GPSR
IEEE1588v 2
GbE
PHY
Power
(DC/DC)
Digital
SoC
Modem
Processor
Figure 8. Internal Configuration of eSmallCell
The L7IA performs the functions of main controller, network interface, clock generation &
distribution, modem, transceiver, and power amplifier function. The transceiver performs
the Digital Up Conversion (DUC)/Digital Down Conversion (DDC), Crest Factor
Reduction (CFR), linearization and Digital to Analog convert (DAC)/Analog to Digital
convert (ADC) functions. Moreover, the L7IA performs the spurious wave suppression
function and has the built-in Low Noise Amplifier (LNA).
The L7IA operates with 1 Carrier/Omni 2Tx/2Rx and the maximum output of the L7IA is
250 mW/path for the output port.
Item Description
Digital Processing
Function
SoC function
- Performs the main processor functions of the system
- Performs the call processing, resource allocation, operation, and
maintenance functions
- Processes GTP, PDCP, OAM, RRC and RRM
- Processes RLC and MAC/PHY
- Processes OFDMA/SC-FDMA channel
- Processes subscriber data traffic
- Collects alarms and reports them to Small Cell EMS
- Controls IEEE1588v2
Other digital processing functions
- Receives GPS signals and generates and supplies clocks
- Synchronizes using IEEE 1588v2 packet
- Supports backhaul (GE/FE)
Transceiver Function - Supports 5/10 MHz 1 Carrier/Omni 2Tx/2Rx
- Max. output 250 + 250 mW (for the external antenna port of the enclosure)
- Filters transmitted/received RF signals
- Performs LNA function for Rx signals
Main Controller Function
The main processor of the eSmallCell takes the highest role, and performs the
communication path setup between UEand Small Cell Gateway/EPC, system operation
and maintenance, etc.
It also manages the st atu s for all ha rdwa re/s o ftware in the eSmallCell, allocates and manages
resources, collects alarms, and reports all status information to the eSmallCell EMS.
Clock Generation and Distribution Function
The L7IA is equipped with Beyond Enhanced GPS Engine Module (BEGEM) and
IEEE1588v2 block. The BEGEM enables each block of the eSmallCell to operate under a
synchronized clock system.
The BEGEM creates the PP2S (Even Clock) and digital 10 MHz using the synchronization
signal received via the GPS antenna while the IEEE1588v2 block creates the 1 PPS and
digital 10 MHz synchronized with the IEEE1588v2 Master and each delivers the created
data to the Clock Generation & Distribution block of the L7IA.
The Clock Generation & Distribution block generates the system clock (30.72 MHz), PP2S
(Even clock), 1 PPS, and System Frame Number (SFN) for synchronization using the
signals received, and distributes them to the hardware blocks in the system.
The clock distributed in the system is used to keep the internal synchronization in the
eSmallCell and operate the system.
The Clock Generation & Distribution block also generates the 1PPS which is the reference
clock used for the measuring equipment or repeater. And, the BEGEM also transmits time
information and location information through the TOD path.
Network Interface Function
The L7IA interfaces with the Small Cell Gateway/EPC via Gigabit Ethernet or Fast
Ethernet.
Subscriber Channel Processing Function
The L7IA is equipped with the modem supporting the LTE standard physical layer to
process the OFDMA/SC-FDMA channel, and the DSP processes the RLC/MAC.
The modem modulates the packet data received from upper level and transmits it to the
transceiver. Reversely, the modem demodulates the packet data received from the
transceiver, converts them to the format which is defined in the LTE standard physical
layer specifications, and transmits them to the upper processor.
The RF part of the L7IA consists of transceiver and AMP, and supports the RF path of the
2Tx/2Rx. The maximum output is 250 mW/path for the external antenna port of the
enclosure.
DAC/ADC and Power Amplification
For the downlink, the baseband signals are converted to analog signals through the Digital
to Analog Converter (DAC). The frequency of those analog signals is up converted through
the modulator and then those signals are amplified into high-power RF signals through the
power amplifier.
For the uplink, the frequency of the signals where low noise is amplified at LNA of L7IA is
down converted through the demodulator. These down-converted frequency signals are
converted to baseband signals through the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
The converted baseband signals are transmitted to the modem.
CHAPTER 2. System Hardware Structure
Reset Function
The L7IA can reset the hardware remotely. The reset command is transmitted to the
system’s CPLD upon the Small Cell EMS’scommand, and the CPLD monitors it and resets
the board power.
Factory Reset Function
When the user presses the RESET button for 10 or more seconds, the system recognizes it
and then becomes initialized as a factory default mode. At the time, only the value that the
user can set is changed to the factory default value and the set value is maintained in the
Small Cell EMS during the operation.
However, if the factory reset button is pressed before the eSmallCell is normally operated
(during the booting of the initialization), it will not respond.
Filter and LNAFunction
The L7IA includes a filter and LNA, and suppresses the out-of-band spurious wave
radiation. In the downlink path of the L7IA, the high-power amplified RF signal is
transmitted to the antenna through the filter after satisfying the spectrum mask defined for
each region. In the uplink path of the L7IA, the RF signal received via the filter is transmitted
to the digital processing part of the L7IA through low-noise amplification in the LNA.