samlexsolar SCC-30AB Owner's Manual

30 Amp
Solar Charge
Controller

SCC-30AB

Owner's
Manual

Please read this
manual before
operating your
charge controller.

2

1. Safety Instructions .............................................................................................. 3

2. General Description of PV / Solar System .......................................................... 5

3. General information - Batteries ...................................................................... 15

4. Introduction and Features ............................................................................... 24

5. Construction, Layout and Controls .................................................................. 30

6. Installation and Operation .............................................................................. 34

7. Troubleshooting ............................................................................................... 41

8. Specications .................................................................................................... 43

9. Warranty ........................................................................................................... 44

INDEX

3

1

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

Please read these instructions before installing or operating the Charge Controller to
prevent personal injury or damage to the Charge Controller.

General

Installation and wiring compliance

• Installation and wiring must comply with the local and National Electrical
Codes and must be done by a certied electrician.

Preventing electrical shock

• The negative system conductor should be properly grounded. Grounding
should comply with local codes.

• Disassembly / repair should be carried out by qualied personnel only.

• Disconnect all input and output side connections before working on any
circuits associated with the Charge Controller. Turning the on/off control on
the Charge Controller to off position may not entirely remove dangerous
voltages.

• Be careful when touching bare terminals of capacitors. The capacitors may
retain high lethal voltages even after the power has been removed. Discharge
the capacitors before working on the circuits.

Installation environment

• The Charge Controller should be installed indoor only in a well ventilated,
cool, dry environment

• Do not expose to moisture, rain, snow or liquids of any type.

Preventing re and explosion hazards

• Working with the Charge Controller may produce arcs or sparks. Thus, the
Charge Controller should not be used in areas where there are inammable
materials or gases requiring ignition protected equip ment. These areas may
include spaces containing gasoline powered machinery, fuel tanks, battery
compartments.

Precautions when working with batteries

• Batteries contain very corrosive diluted sulphuric acid as electrolyte.
Precautions should be taken to prevent contact with skin, eyes or clothing.

• Batteries generate hydrogen and oxygen during charging resulting in
evolution of explosive gas mixture. Care should be taken to ventilate the
battery area and follow the battery manufacturer’s recommendations.

• Never smoke or allow a spark or ame near the batteries.

4

1

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

• Use caution to reduce the risk of dropping a metal tool on the battery. It could
spark or short circuit the battery or other electrical parts and could cause an
explosion.

• Remove metal items like rings, bracelets and watches when working with
batteries. The batteries can produce a short circuit current high enough to weld a
ring or the like to metal and thus cause a severe burn.

• If you need to remove a battery, always remove the ground terminal from the
battery rst. Make sure that all the accessories are off so that you do not cause a
spark.

Charge Controller related

• It is to be ensured that the input voltage fed to the Charge Controller does not
exceed 50 VDC to prevent permanent damage to the Charge Controller. Ensure
that the maximum Open Circuit Voltage Voc of the 12 V nominal Solar Panel /
the Solar Array is less than 50 V. If two 12 V nominal Solar Panels are being used
in series to make a 24 V nominal Solar Array, make sure that the maximum Open
Circuit Voltage Voc of each of the 12 V Panels is less than 25 V.

• Do not exceed the maximum current rating of 30 A. The Short Circuit Current of
the Solar Array should be less than 30 A

• Do not exceed a battery voltage of 24V (nominal) . Do not use a battery less than
12V.

• Charge only 12, or 24 volt Lead-Acid batteries when using the standard battery
charging programs or Ni-Cd batteries when DIP Switch number 2~4 is in the ON
position.

• DO NOT short circuit the PV array or load while connected to the controller. This
will damage the controller.

• The controller should be protected from direct sunlight. Ensure adequate space
for air ow around the controller’s face plate.

• Do not install in a sealed compartment with batteries.

• Never allow the solar array to be connected to the controller with the battery
disconnected. This can be a dangerous condition with high open-circuit solar
voltage present at the terminals.

• Use only copper wire with minimum 75°C insulation rating and between 10 AWG
(5.2 mm2) and 14 AWG (2.1 mm2) gauge.

• The Negative system conductor should be properly grounded. Grounding should
comply with local codes.

5

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV / SOLAR SYSTEM

What is Photovoltaic (PV)?

The word ‘photo-voltaic’ is derived from two different words; the word ‘photos’,
from the Greek, meaning light and the word ‘voltaic’ developed from the name of the
Italian scientist, Volta, who studied electricity. This explains what a PV system does: it
converts light energy from the sun into electrical energy.

What is in a Photovoltaic (PV) system?

Non Grid-tied PV / Solar System

PV/Solar Panel (Module) or Array

Charge Controller

Battery

DC-AC Power Inverter

To AC
Loads

Fig. 2.1. Non Grid-tied PV System–Block Diagram

Fig. 2.1 shows a Block Diagram of a typical non-grid tied Photovoltaic (PV) System
with its main components. It consists of a PV / Solar Panel (Module), Charge Controller,
Batteries and Power Inverter. The PV / Solar Panel (Module) or Array converts the
solar light energy into DC electrical energy. The Charge Controller conditions the DC
electrical voltage and current produced by the PV / Solar Panel (Module) or Array to
charge a battery. The battery stores the DC electrical energy so that it can be used
when there is no solar energy available (night time, cloudy days etc). DC loads can be
powered directly from the PV / Solar Panel (Module) / Battery. The inverter converts
the DC power produced by the PV / Solar Panel (Module) / stored in the battery into
AC power to enable powering of AC loads.

6

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV / SOLAR SYSTEM

Grid-tied PV / Solar System

Fig. 2.2 shows a Block Diagram of a typical Grid-tied PV / Solar System. In this system,
the Solar Panels (Modules) / Arrays directly feed to an inverter and the inverter is
connected to an Electricity Transmission and Distribution System (referred to as the
Electricity Grid) such that the system can draw on the Grid’s reserve capacity in times
of need, and feed electricity back into the Grid during times of excess production.

PV/Solar Panel (Module) or Array

Charge Controller

Battery

DC-AC Power Inverter

To AC
Loads

Solar Array

Charge

Controller/Protection

DC-AC Power Inverter

To AC
Loads

Power to
and from grid

Two-way Metering

Fig. 2.2 Grid-tied PV / Solar System – Block Diagram

In order to safely transmit electricity to your loads and to comply with your power
provider’s grid-connection requirements, you may need the following additional
items:

• Power conditioning equipment

• Safety equipment

• Meters and instrumentation.

7

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV / SOLAR SYSTEM

PV / Solar Cell

12cm

Fig. 2.3. PV / Solar Cell

The basic element of a PV System is the photovoltaic (PV) cell, also called a Solar Cell.
An example of a PV / Solar Cell made of Mono-crystalline Silicon is shown in Fig. 2.3.
This single PV / Solar Cell is like a square but with its four corners missing (it is made
this way!).

Theory of Operation of PV / Solar Cell

Sunlight (photons)

External circuit

Encapsulate seal

Top electrical contact

P-Type material

(Boran-doped Silicon)

N-Type material

(Phosphorous-doped Silicon)

P/N junction

Base contact

Figure 2.4: Construction and Working of PV / Solar Cell

A PV / Solar Cell is a semiconductor device that can convert solar energy into DC
electricity through the “Photovoltaic Effect” (Conversion of solar light energy into
electrical energy). When light shines on a PV / Solar Cell, it may be reected, absorbed,
or passes right through. But only the absorbed light generates electricity.

8

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV / SOLAR SYSTEM

When light enters the PV / Solar Cell, some of the “Photons” (packets of electro­magnetic wave energy) from the light energy are absorbed by the semiconductor
atoms. The energy of the absorbed light is transferred to the negatively charged
electrons in the atoms of the solar cell. With their newfound energy, these electrons
escape from their normal positions in the atoms of the semiconductor photovoltaic
material and become part of the electrical ow, or current, in an electrical circuit. A
special electrical property of the PV / Solar Cell – a built-in electric eld – provides the
force, or voltage, needed to drive the current through an external load, such as a
light bulb.

To induce the built-in electric eld within a PV / Solar Cell, two layers of somewhat
differing semiconductor materials are placed in contact with one another (See Fig. 2.4).
One layer is an N-type semiconductor (e.g. Phosphorus doped Silicon) with an abundance
of “Electrons”, which have a Negative electrical charge. The other layer is a P-type
semiconductor (e.g. Boron doped Silicon) with an abundance of” Holes”, which have a
Positive electrical charge.

Although both materials are electrically neutral, N-type silicon has excess Electrons and
P-type silicon has excess Holes. Sandwiching these together creates a P-N Junction at their
interface, thereby creating an electric eld.

When N-type and P-type silicon come into contact, excess electrons move from the
N-type side to the P-type side. The result is a buildup of Positive charge along the
N-type side of the interface and a buildup of Negative charge along the P-type side.

Because of the ow of electrons and holes, the two semiconductors behave like a battery,
creating an electric eld at the surface where they meet – the P/N Junction. The electrical
eld causes the electrons to move from the semiconductor toward the Negative surface,
where they become available to the electrical circuit. At the same time, the Holes move in
the opposite direction, toward the positive surface, where they await incoming electrons.
The electrical current is fed to the external load through the top electrical contact surface
(normally in the form of a grid) and the bottom base contact.

The Open Circuit Voltage V

oc

of a PV /Solar Cell is just under 0.6 V

Factors Affecting Voltage and Current Output of the PV / Solar Cell

The amount of electric current generated by photon excitation in a PV / Solar Cell at
a given temperature is affected by the incident light in two ways:

• By the intensity of the incident light.

• By the wavelength of the incident rays.

9

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV / SOLAR SYSTEM

The materials used in PV / Solar Cells have different spectral responses to incident
light, and exhibit a varying sensitivity with respect to the absorption of photons at
given wavelengths.Each semiconductor material will have an incident radiation
threshold frequency, below which no electrons will be subjected to the photovoltaic
effect. Above the threshold frequency, the kinetic energy of the emitted
photoelectron varies according to the wavelength of the incident radiation, but
has no relation to the light intensity. Increasing light intensity will proportionally
increase the rate of photoelectron emission in the photovoltaic material. In actual
applications, the light absorbed by a PV cell will be a combination of direct solar
radiation, as well as diffused light bounced off of surrounding surfaces. PV / Solar
Cells are usually coated with anti-reective material so that they absorb the maximum
amount of radiation possible.

The output current of the PV / Solar Panel (Module) can increase due to what is
known as the “Edge of the Cloud Effect”. As the sun moves into a hole between the
clouds, your solar panels will see full direct sunlight combined with reected light
from the clouds! They will absorb more energy than they could on a cloudless day!
Thus, a factor of 1.25 times the Short Circuit Current Isc is recommended when sizing
the current capacity of the Charge Controller

The output current of the PV / Solar Cell has a positive Temperature Coefcient – The
output current increases with the rise of temperature. However, it is negligible – less
than 0.1 % / °C of the Short Circuit Current Isc

The output voltage of the PV / Solar Cell has a Negative Temperature Coefcient –
The output voltage increases with decrease in temperature. For example, a Silicon
Cell has a Temperature Coefcient of – 2.3 mV / °C / Cell. Hence, during cold winter
days, the voltage will rise. Hence, as a Thumb Rule, the voltage rating of the Charge
Controller should be sized as 1.25 times the Open Circuit Voltage rating Voc of the PV
/ Solar Panel (Module) to ensure that the Charge Controller is not damaged due to
over-voltage.

10

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV / SOLAR SYSTEM

PV Cell Types

PV cells are most commonly made of Silicon, and come in two varieties, crystalline and
thin-lm type, as detailed in Table 2.1

Cell types include Mono-crystalline Silicon, Poly-crystalline Silicon, Amorphous Silicon
(a-Si), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Copper Indium Diselenide (CuInSe2, „CIS“), Cadmium
Telluride, or a combination of two materials in a tandem cell.

Bulk type / Wafer-based (Crystalline)

Mono Crystalline Si Poly Crystalline Si Poly Crystalline Band

Pros High efciency

High efciency with

respect to price

-

Cons

Increased manufacturing cost caused by the

supply shortage of silicon

-

Thin lm type

Amorphous Si CIGS CdTe Polymer organic

Pros Low price

Low price

Able to automate
all manufacturing

process

Low manufacturing

Can be more efcient

(still in research)

Cons Low efciency Low efciency

Table 2.1 PV Cell Types

PV Module / Panel and PV Array

To increase their utility, a number of individual PV cells are interconnected together
in a sealed, weatherproof package called a Panel (Module). For example, a 12 V Panel
(Module) will have 36 cells connected in series and a 24 V Panel (Module) will have 72
PV Cells connected in series

To achieve the desired voltage and current, Modules are wired in series and parallel
into what is called a PV Array. The exibility of the modular PV system allows
designers to create solar power systems that can meet a wide variety of electrical
needs. Fig. 2.5 shows PV cell, Panel (Module) and Array.

11

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV / SOLAR SYSTEM

Cell

Module

Array

Figure 2.5. PV cell, Module and Array

The cells are very thin and fragile so they are sandwiched between a transparent
front sheet, usually glass, and a backing sheet, usually glass or a type of tough plastic.
This protects them from breakage and from the weather. An aluminum frame is tted
around the module to enable easy xing to a support structure.

The picture in Fig. 2.6 shows a small part of a Module with cells in it. It has a glass
front, a backing plate and a frame around it.

Aluminum
frame

Glass
front

Backing
Sheet

PV Cell

Fig. 2.6. Construction of a typical Mono-crystalline PV / Solar Panel

12

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV / SOLAR SYSTEM

Bypass Diodes

As mentioned, PV / Solar cells are wired in series and in parallel to form a PV / Solar
Panel (Module). The number of series cells indicates the voltage of the Panel (Module),
whereas the number of parallel cells indicates the current. If many cells are connected
in series, shading of individual cells can lead to the destruction of the shaded cell or of
the lamination material, so the Panel (Module) may blister and burst. To avoid such an
operational condition, Bypass Diodes are connected anti-parallel to the solar cells as in
Fig. 2.7. As a consequence, larger voltage differences cannot arise in the reverse-current
direction of the solar cells. In practice, it is sufcient to connect one bypass diode for
every 15-20 cells. Bypass diodes also allow current to ow through the PV module when
it is partially shaded, even if at a reduced voltage and power. Bypass diodes do not cause
any losses, because under normal operation, current does not ow through them.

+-

load

bypass diodes

A K

Figure 2.7: Parallel PV cell with bypass diodes

Current (I), Voltage (V) and Power (P) Curves of a PV / Solar
Panel (Module) and how the PV / Solar Panel (Module) is rated -
V

oc

, Vmp , I

sc ,

Imp , Pmax

Fig. 2.8 Current (I), Voltage (V) and Power (P) Curves

13

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV/SOLAR SYSTEM

A Current (I) versus Voltage (V) Curve of a PV / Solar Module (“I-V” Curve) shows the
possible combinations of its current and voltage outputs. A typical I-V curve for a 12 V
Module is shown at Fig. 2.8.

The power in a DC electrical circuit is the product of the voltage and the current.
Mathematically,

• Power (P) in Watts (W) = The Current (I) in Amperes (A) X the Voltage (V) in Volts
(V) i.e. W = V X A

A PV / Solar Cell or a Panel (Module) produces its maximum current when there is
no resistance in the circuit, i.e. when there is a short circuit between its Positive and
Negative terminals. This maximum current is known as the Short Circuit Current and is
abbreviated as I

sc

. When the Cell / Panel (Module) is shorted, the voltage in the circuit

is zero.

Conversely, the maximum voltage occurs when there is a break in the circuit. This is
called the Open Circuit Voltage (V

oc

). Under this condition, the resistance is innitely

high and there is no current, since the circuit is incomplete. Typical value of the open-

circuit voltage is located about 0.5 – 0.6 V for Crystalline Cells and 0.6 – 0.9 V for
Amorphous Cells.

These two extremes in load resistance, and the whole range of conditions in between
them, are depicted on the I-V Curve. Current, expressed in Amps, is on the vertical
Y-axis. Voltage, in Volts, is on the horizontal X-axis.
The power available from a photovoltaic device at any point along the curve is just
the product of Current (I) in Amps (A) and Voltage (V) in Volts (V) at that point and is
expressed in Watts. At the short circuit current point, the power output is zero, since
the voltage is zero. At the open circuit voltage point, the power output is also zero, but
this time it is because the current is zero.

Maximum Power Point and Rated Power of PV / Solar Panel (Module)

There is a point on the knee of the I-V Curve where the maximum power output
is located and this point is called the Maximum Power Point (MPP). The voltage and
current at this Maximum Power Point are designated as Vmp and Imp.

The values of Vmp and Imp can be estimated from V

oc

and Isc as follows:

Vmp ≈ (0.75 – 0.9) V

oc

Imp ≈ (0.85 – 0.95) I

sc

14

2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PV/SOLAR SYSTEM

The rated power of the PV / Solar Module in Watts (Pmax) is derived from the above
values of voltage Vmp and current Imp at this Maximum Power Point (MPP):

• Rated power in Watts, Pmax = Vmp X Imp

Example of I-V Curve and Ratings of a 12 V PV / Solar Panel

Fig. 2.9. Example of I-V Curve and Ratings of a 12 V PV / Solar Panel

The I-V Curve for a typical 12 Volt PV / Solar Panel is shown in Fig. 2.9.

This Maximum Power Point in the example curve given above is where Vmp is 17 Volts,
and the current Imp is 2.5 amps. Therefore, the rated or the maximum power Wmax in
watts is 17 Volts times 2.5 Amps, or 42.5 Watts.

Standard Test Conditions (STC) for Specifying PV / Solar Modules

The I-V curve is also used to compare the performance of PV / Solar Modules.
The curve is, therefore, generated based on the performance under Standard Test
Conditions (STC) of sunlight and device temperature of 25 °C. It assumes there is
no shading on the device. Standard sunlight conditions on a clear day are assumed
to be 1,000 Watts of solar energy per square meter (1000 W/m2 or 1 kW/m2). This is
sometimes called one sun, or a peak sun. Less than one sun will reduce the current
output of the PV device by a proportional amount. For example, if only one-half sun

(500 W/m2) is available, the amount of output current is roughly cut in half.

15

3

GENERAL INFORMATION: BATTERIES

Types of Batteries

There are several different types of battery chemistry including liquid Lead-Acid,
Nickel-Iron (NiFe), Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd), alkaline, and gel-cell. Batteries are either
sealed or vented. Simply, there are only two principal types of batteries: starting and
deep-cycle.

Starting batteries are designed for high cranking power, but not for deep cycling.
Used as energy storage, they will not last long in a deep cycle application. Starting
batteries use lots of thin plates to maximize the surface area of the battery. This allows
very high starting current but lets the plates warp when the battery is cycled. This
type of battery is not recommended for the storage of energy in solar applications.
However, they are recommended as starting battery for the back-up generator.

Deep cycle batteries are the type of battery best suited for use with inverters. The
physical dimension of the plates is thicker and the active material that holds the
charge is denser to increase cycle life. The “deep cycle” type of battery is designed to
have the majority of their capacity used before being recharged. They are available in
many sizes and in either “non-sealed” or “sealed” types.

Usual battery inverters are optimized for use with lead acid batteries that have
a nominal voltage of 2.0 volts per cell. Ni-Cd/NiFe batteries (also called alkaline
batteries) have a nominal cell voltage of 1.2 volts per cell. The nominal voltage of a
Ni-Cd / NiFe battery bank can be made the same as a lead acid bank just by juggling
the number of cells (10 cells for 12 volts, 20 cells for 24 volts and 40 cells for 48 volt
systems). However, the Ni-Cd/NiFe battery bank must be charged to a higher voltage
to fully recharge and will drop to a lower voltage during discharging compared to a
similarly sized lead acid type battery.

State of Charge (SOC) of the Battery

One important parameter that denes the energy content of the battery is the State
of Charge (SOC). This parameter indicates how much charge is available in the battery
referring to its capacity. It is the ratio of the difference of the rated capacity in Ampere
Hours (Ah) and the net Ah discharged or charged since the last full SOC. For example,
in a 100Ah capacity battery, if the net Ah discharged is 20 Ah, then the SOC is 80% ie
(100 Ah – 20 Ah) divided by 100 Ah. SOC is also called Residual Capacity.

Generally, the voltage of the battery cell is taken as the basis for calculating SOC
or the remaining capacity. Results can vary widely depending on actual voltage
level, temperature, discharge rate and the age of the cell and compensation for
these factors must be provided to achieve a reasonable accuracy. Fig 3.1 shows the
relationship between the Open Circuit Voltage and the Residual Capacity at constant

16

3

GENERAL INFORMATION: BATTERIES

temperature and discharge rate for a high capacity Lead Acid cell. Note that the cell
voltage diminishes in direct proportion to the remaining capacity.

Fig 3.1 SOC versus Open Circuit voltage

The Lead-Acid Batteries

A basic equivalent circuit of the Lead-Acid battery is modeled by a voltage source
with an equilibrium voltage (VE) in series with an internal resistor (Rin) (see Fig 3.2). It
must be noted here that this conguration can describe only a current state because
the magnitude of VE and Rin are not actually constant, but is function of many
parameters such as state of charge (SOC), temperature, current density, and aging of
the battery.

V

B

V

in

I

B

R

in

V

E

R

load

VBV

B

V

in

IBI

B

RinR

in

VEV

E

R

loadRload

Fig 3.2. Basic equivalent circuit of the Lead-Acid battery for a current state

17

3

GENERAL INFORMATION: BATTERIES

Furthermore, it is to consider that these parameters depend also on the current
direction (charging or discharge). When the battery were at rest or under open-circuit
condition VB = VE. When current is drawn from the battery, the voltage will be lower
than V

E

. When current is owing into the battery, the terminal voltage will be higher

than V

E

. For example, at each moment during discharge phase the terminal voltage

can be derived as follow:

V

B

=VE – Vin (3.1)

=VE – Rin× I

B

(3.2)

where: V

B

= terminal voltage [V]

VE = equilibrium voltage [V]

Vin = internal loss voltage [V]
R

in

= internal resistance [Ω]

I

B

= discharge current [A]

Obviously, higher discharge current results in reduction of the terminal voltage.
Therefore, to specify the state of the battery by the battery voltage, discharge current
should be also measured.

In case of discharge, the minimum voltage level acceptable for a Lead-Acid battery
is dened as discharge voltage threshold. Falling below this threshold is called deep
discharge, with which the battery may suffer damage. In case that the battery is
left longer after deep discharge, lead of the support structure is converted to lead­sulphate in rough-crystalline form, which during charging can be only bad or cannot
be converted again anymore. As a result, the battery loses a part of its storage
capacity; besides loss of support structure arises as well.

In practice, harmful deep discharge is to be prevented: the loads will be compulsory
disconnected from battery as soon as the discharge voltage threshold is reached
i.e. with the help of a so-called deep discharge protection (DDP). This threshold is
basically given in the data sheets by the manufacturer for different discharge currents.
Preferably, the value of this threshold should depend on the discharge current. The
relation between the discharge current and the voltage during discharge for the Lead­Acid battery is presented in Figure 3.3.

18

3

GENERAL INFORMATION: BATTERIES

Fig 3.3: Discharge characteristic curves

Figure 3.3 shows the discharge prole of a typical battery type at several constant
current rates. The typical end-of-discharge voltage at these discharge rates can
also be noticed where the voltage starts to drop steeply. Moreover, the end-of­discharge voltage varies between 1.75-1.9 V, depending on the battery type and the
discharge current. Higher service capacity is obtained at the lower discharge rates.
At higher discharge rates, the electrolyte in the pore structure of the plate becomes
depleted, and it cannot diffuse rapidly enough to maintain the cell voltage. However,
intermittent discharge, which allows time for electrolyte diffusion will improve the
performance under high discharge rates

Gassing

With 2.3 V – 2.4 V, namely the so-called Gassing Voltage, gas is developed at the
electrodes in the battery, by which the water is decomposed into hydrogen (H2)
and oxygen(O2). Both gases mix together in the battery providing detonating gas
(explosive!) and escape through ventilation opening in the vent plug. With the
gassing, the battery also loses water, which must be relled according to maintenance
within regular intervals. The gas is the unwelcome secondary reaction of the chemical
conversion during charging because current is consumed for the electrolysis and,
therefore, the storage efciency of the battery is made worse unnecessarily.

19

3

GENERAL INFORMATION: BATTERIES

After the gassing voltage is exceeded, voltage stays approximately constant. The
whole charging current during this period results in H2 and O2, which is dened
as loss.

Freezing of electrolyte

For applications with low ambient temperature, the Lead-Acid battery must also be
protected against freezing of electrolyte. The risk of freezing depends on the state of
charge. Figure 3-4 illustrates the freezing limit as a function of the state of charge.

- 80°

- 60°

- 40°

- 20°

0°

0 20 40 60 80 100

State of charge [%]

Temperature [°C]

slushy until hard

- 80°

- 60°

- 40°

- 20°

0°

0 20 40 60 80 100

State of charge [%]

Temperature [°C]

slushy until hard

Figure 3-4: Freezing limit of a Lead-Acid battery dependent on the State of Charge

Cycle life of Lead-Acid batteries

The cycle life refers to a capability of the battery to withstand a certain number of
charge/discharge cycles of given Depth of Discharge (DOD). Since the lifetime of the
battery also depends on the average depth of discharge during cycling (expressed in
percentage (%) of rated capacity), the cycling capability may be more conveniently
expressed by multiplying this average depth of discharge by the battery lifetime
expressed in number of cycles. The result is called the Nominal Cycling Capability,
which is expressed as the number of equivalent 100 % nominal capacity cycles.

The starter battery typically has a low cycling capability of less than 100 nominal
cycles, which means that it is able to withstand for example 500 cycles of maximally
20 % depth of discharge. The battery appropriate for PV application requires a good
cycling capability of at least 500 nominal cycles, which means that it should be able to
withstand for example 1000 cycles of 50 % depth of discharge (Fig. 3-5).

20

3

GENERAL INFORMATION: BATTERIES

Figure 3-5: Cycle life as a function of deep of discharge

Battery capacity

Previously, the storage capacity of a battery is expressed in Ah (Ampere-hours)
showing how many hours a certain current can be taken from the charged battery
until the battery is discharged, i.e. until the battery voltage drops to the discharge
voltage threshold.

Nowadays, it might be more favorable to express a battery capacity in dischargeable
energy, namely Wh (Watt-hours) or kWh (kilowatt-hours). However, these two ways of
expressing the battery capacity are equivalent because they are related via the battery
voltage, i.e. Ah × V = Wh.

Unfortunately, the capacity of a battery is not a constant quantity, but depends
on the amount of discharge current. The manufacturers, therefore, give the rated
capacity of their batteries always with regard to a certain discharge current.

The so-called Rated Battery Capacity refers to the capacity of the battery under given
standard conditions: it is common practical to dene the rated capacity at 20 °C by
discharging the battery with a Rated Battery Current (I

20

), which refers usually to a
constant current, with which the battery will be completely discharged in 20 hours.
Some battery manufacturers indicate the 100-hour discharge capacity for batteries
intended for PV applications. When comparing such capacity, it should be remembered
that, for a given battery, the 100-hour capacity is always at least 15 % higher than the
20-hour capacity .

21

3

GENERAL INFORMATION: BATTERIES

Besides, battery capacity is also affected by the temperature: it falls by about 1 % per
degree below about 20 °C. Moreover, extreme high temperatures accelerate aging,
self-discharge and electrolyte usage.

Requirements for solar batteries

Typical requirements for the battery to be used in long term storage are:

• low specic kWh-cost, i.e. the stored kWh during the whole life of the battery

• long lifetime

• high overall efciency

• very low self-discharge

• low maintenance cost

• easy installation and operation

• high power

- Specic kWh-cost

Usually, it refers to a sum of investment and operation costs of the battery divided by
the stored kWh (kWh

∑

) during its whole life. This cost is, thus, inuenced by the

battery’s lifetime.

- Lifetime

The lifetime of the battery should be long, especially in order to keep the specic kWh­cost and the installation cost low, particularly in remote areas.

- Overall efciency

The overall efciency (η

∑

) is derived from charge or coulombic efciency (ηI) and

voltage efciency (η

V

):

η

∑=ηI

× η

V

(3.3)

The coulombic efciency is usually measured at a constant discharge rate referring to
the amount of charge able to be recalled from the battery (Q

D

) relative to the amount

put in during charging (QC). Self-discharge will affect columbic efciency.

η

I=QD

/ Q

C

(3.4)

The battery will usually need more charge than was taken out to ll it back up to its
starting point. Typical average coulombic efciencies are 80 – 85 % for stand-alone
PV systems, with winter efciencies increasing to 90 – 95 %, due to higher coulombic
efciencies when the battery is at a lower state of charge and most of the charge
going straight to the load, rather than into the batteries.

22

3

GENERAL INFORMATION: BATTERIES

The voltage efciency is determined by the average discharge voltage (VD) and
average charging voltage (VC). V

C

is lower than VD particularly by internal resistance

of the battery.

η

V=VD

/ V

C

(3.5)

The overall efciency (η

S

) should be as high as possible, to be able to pass the biggest
proportion of the energy in the battery, which is generated by the PV generator
system, further to consumers.

- Self-discharge

The battery discharges itself even without load connected. This effect is caused by
secondary reactions at its electrodes and proceeds faster with higher temperature or
in older batteries. Thermodynamic instability of the active materials and electrolytes as
well as internal and external short-circuits lead to capacity losses, which are dened as
self-discharge. This loss should be small, particularly in respect of annual storage.

- Maintenance cost

The maintenance, e.g. water relling in case of Lead-Acid batteries, should be kept
as low as possible.

- Easy installation and operation

Since batteries are often used also by non-experts, easy installation and operation
are, therefore, favorable.

- Power

In special cases, battery must be highly loadable for a short time, e.g. at the start of
diesel generators or in case of momentary power extension of PV systems.

There are many types of batteries potentially available for use in stand-alone PV
systems. Useful data of available batteries given in Table 3.1 shows approximated
values and are provided as a guideline.

Table 3-1: Comparison between selection criteria of available batteries

Type

Cycle life until 80

% DOD

Coulombic

Efciency

ηI [%]

Self-discharge

[%/month]

Temp. range

[°C]

Lead Acid 500...1500 > 80 3…4 -15°...+50°

Ni-Cd 1500...3500 71 6…20 - 40°...+45°

Ni-Fe 3000 55 40 0°…+40°

23

3

GENERAL INFORMATION: BATTERIES

Since many values are dependent on charge and discharge conditions, they have
not been standardized for PV applications and for test purposes until now. Therefore,
the comparison between batteries and selection of the most suitable one for each
application are not easy. Due to particular operating conditions with PV applications
in practical operation, the cycle life given by manufacturer (and in Table 3.1) for
cycling load can be reduced more than half.

According to Table 3.1, it follows that in most cases, the Lead-Acid batteries would be
the best choices for PV applications. The selection of suitable choices should be based
on specic application.

Temperature Compensated Battery Charging

Temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions in the batteries as well as the
rate of diffusion and the resistivity of the electrolyte. Therefore, the charging
characteristics of the battery will vary with temperature. This is nearly linear and
the Voltage Coefcient of the temperature change can vary from -3 mV / ºC / Cell
at 50 ºC to -5 mV / ºC / Cell at -10 ºC. Please note that the Voltage Coefcient of
the temperature change is negative which means that as the temperature rises, the
charging voltage is required to be reduced and as the temperature is decreased, the
charging voltage has to be increased

The Absorption Voltage set point is normally specied at 25 ºC. Battery temperatures
often vary up to 15 ºC from the 25 ºC reference in PV Systems. The Absorption Voltage
for a 12 V sealed battery must then be adjusted as follows:

Battery Temperature Absorption Voltage

40 ºC 13.8V

25 ºC (Reference) 14.1V (Reference)

10 ºC 14.5V

In case temperature compensation is not provided, the warmer battery at 40 ºC will
begin to heat and outgas at 13.8 V and will continue to overcharge until the non­compensated Absorption Voltage set point is reached (14.1 V). In cooler temperatures,
the 10 ºC battery will experience severe undercharging resulting in sulfation.

24

4

INTRODUCTION & FEATURES

The SCC-30AB is a Series Type of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Charge Controller.
It is based on an advanced design using a microcontroller for digital accuracy and fully
automatic operation. It can be used for 12V or 24V systems for solar charging . The
PWM battery charging has been optimized for longer battery life. The unit is designed
for user-friendly operation. Please take the time to read this Owner’s Manual and
follow the instructions step by step to help you make full use of the charging system.

Features

• Advanced microcontroller based, high performance design for digital accuracy
and fully automatic and intelligent operation

• Dual voltage capability – can be used with 12 V / 24 V Solar Systems

• 30 A charging capacity – enables use of up to 360 W of 12 V or 720 Watts of 24 V
Solar Panels

• Series Mode PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) charging design for low loss higher
efciency charging and longer battery life

• 4 Stages of charging for 100% return of capacity and long battery life – Bulk,
Absorption, Float and Equalization Stages

• Choice of 8 sets of Absorption / Float / Equalization voltage settings to enable
complete and safe charging of a wide range of Lead Acid / Ni-Cd Batteries

• Convenient 2 X 16 character LCD Display with backlight for display of operating
information and data. Additional LED indication for displaying the charging
stages

• Optional remote Battery Temperature Sensor (BTS) for temperature
compensation to ensure improved charging of batteries that experience wider
temperature variations during the year

• MOSFET based reverse current blocking for night-time battery discharge
prevention. This allows much lower losses as compared to Diode based blocking

• Specially designed for RVs, boats and trucks – allows convenient and aesthetic
ush mounting on walls / panels

• Industry leading warranty

Requirements of Battery Charging in PV Systems

Batteries in PV Systems are commonly subject to abusive conditions that are generally

due to:

• Under charging due to low sun peak hours

• Excessive charging in high sun peak hours

• Inappropriate or ineffective charge control for the battery technology

25

4

INTRODUCTION & FEATURES

The individual or combined effects of sun peak hour changes, poor charge control
and the daily load changes can be potentially damaging to the battery. Cheaper
charge control strategies such as simple on/off PV array shedding (Non PWM control)
will generally provide the battery with sufcient charging current to complete the
Bulk Charge Phase which will return the battery to 80% State of Charge. After
the Bulk Charge Phase, the Taper or Absorption Charge Phase is very important in
preventing stratication, hard sulfation and pre-mature capacity loss.

PWM Battery Charging

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) battery charging is the most efcient and effective
method for recharging a battery in a solar system. The PV array is connected to the
battery through a series or parallel (called Shunt) connected MOSFET Switch. The
PWM control circuit switches on and switches off the MOSFET Switch at a frequency
of several hundred cycles per second. Thus, instead of a steady output from the
controller, it sends out a series of short charging pulses to the battery – like a very
rapid “on-off” switch. The controller constantly checks the state of the battery to
determine how long (wide) the pulses will be. In a fully charged battery with no load,
it may just “tick” and send very short pulses to the battery. In a discharged battery,
the pulses would be very long and almost continuous. The controller checks the state
of charge on the battery between pulses and adjusts itself each time. This technique
allows the current to be effectively “tapered” and the result is equivalent to “constant
voltage” charging

Series and Shunt Type of Charge Controller

When the MOSFET Switch is connected in series with the PV Array and the battery,
the Controller is called Series Type. When it is connected in parallel across the PV Array
/ the Battery, it is called Shunt Type. In Series Type, the MOSFET Switch is kept open
when the battery is fully charged. The PV Array stops supplying current during this
period. In the Shunt Type, when the battery is fully charged, the MOSFET Switch is
kept closed to shunt (divert) the full Short Circuit Current of the PV Array away from
the battery.

Advantages of Series Type of Charge Controller

A series Type of Charge Controller has the following advantages over a Shunt Type:

• Power systems experience temporary over voltage conditions. For example, when
lightning strikes, extremely high electrostatic energy is discharged. This energy
induces damaging high voltage transients in exposed and un-protected electrical
circuit elements like cables etc and these high voltage transients are fed to the
electrical devices and cause damage if the device is not adequately protected.

26

4

INTRODUCTION & FEATURES

PV Systems and associated cabling are installed in exposed locations and hence,
they are more prone to the damaging effects of high voltage transients. Large PV
Systems employ numerous lightning protection devices like Lightning Rods, Surge
Suppressors, shielded cables etc. However, in small PV systems, these protections
are seldom incorporated. Because there is less system level protection, small PV
Charge Controllers are more susceptible to damage by high voltage transients.
Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSS) are used to protect the input and
output sections of the Charge Controller. The TVSS clamps the high voltage
of the transient to a safe level. The Clamping Voltage is seen by the MOSFET
and temporarily stresses the MOSFET. In a Series Type of Charge Controller,
the MOSFET Switch is located between the input terminals and the battery.
Hence, the voltage seen across the MOSFET Switch during high voltage transient
condition is lower and is equal to the Clamping Voltage of the TVSS minus the
battery voltage. This produces lower stress. On the other hand, in a Shunt Type
Charge Controller, the MOSFET Switch sees the full Clamping Voltage and,
therefore, it is stressed to a higher degree.

• Lesser switching noise. During charging, the Shunt MOSFET Switch experiences
higher level of stress because it is in a high temperature reverse bias standoff
position

• The voltage applied across the Series MOSFET Switch is lesser and hence, it
experiences lesser stress and is, therefore, more reliable

A Shunt Type requires a Schottky Diode in series with the battery to prevent short
circuiting of the battery during the time the MOSFET switch shunts the PV Array. In a
Series Type, this Schottky Diode is not required. Elimination of the Schottky Diode in
the Series Type has the following associated advantages:

• Lower voltage drop, less heating and consequent lower losses

• Reverse leakage through the Schottky is eliminated

Battery Charging Algorithm

Selecting the best method for charging your battery together with a good
maintenance program will ensure a healthy battery and long service life. Although the
SCC-30AB’s battery charging is fully automatic, the following information is important
for getting the best performance from your SCC-30AB Charge Controller and battery.

27

4

INTRODUCTION & FEATURES

Four Stages of Solar Charging

Fig. 4.1 represents the 4 stages of charging used in the SCC-30AB

VOLTAGE

TIME

NIGHTNIGHT

4
FLOAT

3

EQUALIZE
2
PWM
ABSORPTION

1
BULK

CHARGING

Fig. 4.1 Solar Charging Stages

1. Bulk Charging: In this stage, the battery will accept all the current provided by the
solar array. The value of this current will be equal to the Short Circuit Current Isc of
the solar array

2. PWM Absorption: When the battery reaches the Absorption Voltage, the PWM
begins to hold the voltage constant. This is to avoid over-heating and over-gassing
the battery. The current will taper off to safe levels as the battery becomes more fully
charged.

3. Equalization: Many batteries benet from a periodic boost charge to stir the
electrolyte, equalize the cell voltages, and complete the chemical reactions (See
additional details on Equalization given below)

4. Float: When a battery becomes fully charged, dropping down to the oat stage
will provide a very low rate of maintenance charging while reducing the heating
and gassing of a fully charged battery. When the battery is fully recharged, there can
be no more chemical reactions and all the charging current is turned into heat and
gassing. The purpose of oat is to protect the battery from long-term overcharge.
From the PWM absorption stage, charging is dropped to the oat voltage. This is
typically 13.4V.

28

4

INTRODUCTION & FEATURES

Equalization

Routine equalization cycles are often vital to the performance and life of a battery
— particularly in a solar system. During battery discharge, sulfuric acid is consumed
and soft lead sulfate crystals form on the plates. If the battery remains in a partially
discharged condition, the soft crystals will turn into hard crystals over time. This
process, called “lead sulfation,” causes the crystals to become harder over time and
more difcult to convert back to soft active materials.

Sulfation from chronic undercharging of the battery is the leading cause of battery
failures in solar systems. In addition to reducing the battery capacity, sulfate build-up
is the most common cause of buckling plates and cracked grids. Deep cycle batteries
are particularly susceptible to lead sulfation.

Normal charging of the battery can convert the sulfate back to the soft active
material if the battery is fully recharged. However, a solar battery is seldom completely
recharged, so the soft lead sulfate crystals harden over a period of time. Only a long
controlled overcharge, or equalization, at a higher voltage can reverse the hardening
sulfate crystals.

In addition to slowing or preventing lead sulfation, there are also other benets of
equalization of the solar system battery. These include:

-Balance the individual cell voltages

Over time, individual cell voltages can drift apart due to slight differences in the cells.
For example, in a 12 cell (24V) battery, one cell is less efcient in recharging to a nal
battery voltage of 28.8 volts (2.4 V/c). Over time, that cell only reaches 1.85 volts, while
the other 11 cells charge to 2.45 volts per cell. The overall battery voltage is 28.8V, but
the individual cells are higher or lower due to cell drift. Equalization cycles help to
bring all the cells to the same voltage.

-Mix the electrolyte

In ooded batteries, especially tall cells, the heavier acid will fall to the bottom of the
cell over time. This stratication of the electrolyte causes loss of capacity and corrosion
of the lower portion of the plates. Gassing of the electrolyte from a controlled
overcharging (equalization) will stir and remix the acid into the battery electrolyte.

NOTE: Excessive overcharging and gassing too vigorously can damage the battery
plates and cause shedding of active material from the plates. An equalization that is
too high or for too long can be damaging. Review the requirements for the particular
battery being used in your system.

29

4

INTRODUCTION & FEATURES

When to Equalize

The ideal frequency of equalizations depends on the battery type (Lead Calcium,
Lead-Antimony, etc.), the depth of discharging, battery age, temperature, and other
factors.

One very broad guide is to equalize ooded batteries every 1 to 3 months or every
5 to 10 deep discharges. Some batteries, such as the L-16 group, will need more
frequent equalizations.

The difference between the highest cell and lowest cell in a battery can also indicate
the need for equalization. Either the specic gravity or the cell voltage can be
measured. The battery manufacturer can recommend the specic gravity or voltage
values for your particular battery.

30

5

CONSTRUCTION, LAYOUT & CONTROLS

General

SCC-30AB is designed for ush mounting on a wall / panel. The controls and
indications are built on the Front Panel face plate that has 4 countersunk holes for
ush mounting (Fig. 5.1). All the electronics, DIP switches for settings, terminal strip
for connections for the PV Array and the Battery and terminal for the optional Battery
Temperature Sensor (BTS) are mounted on a PCB that is in turn mounted at the back
of the face plate (Fig. 5.2). For ush mounting on the wall / panel, a suitable cutout is
required to be made in the wall / panel to accommodate the PCB at the back of the
unit. As the components at the back of the unit will be hidden and protected behind
the wall / panel, the components at the back of the unit are exposed and do not have
a protective cover. PLEASE HANDLE THE UNIT CAREFULLY TO PREVENT ANY DAMAGE

TO THE EXPOSED COMPONENTS AT THE BACK OF THE UNIT.

NOTE: As the unit will be connected to 12 V / 24 V Nominal Solar Array / battery system, there is
no likelihood of electrical shock.

Fig. 5.1 Front Panel of SCC-30AB

Fig. 5.2. Back view of SCC-30AB

31

5

CONSTRUCTION, LAYOUT & CONTROLS

Controls & Indications

The description and the functions of the controls and indications are given below:

Front Panel

Charge Status LED Indications

LED State Indication

Blinking Green

Charging is in the state of Bulk or Absorption depending upon the number of blinks as follows:

For 12 V Battery For 24 V Battery

- 1 Green Blink > 0.75 V below Absorption Voltage setting > 1.5 V below Absorption voltage setting

- 2 Green Blinks 0.75 V below Absorption Voltage setting 1.5 V below Absorption Voltage setting

- 3 Green Blinks 0.5 V below Absorption Voltage setting 1.0 V below Absorption Voltage setting

- 4 Green Blinks 0.25 V below Absorption Voltage setting 0.5 V below Absorption Voltage setting

- 5 Green Blinks At Absorption Voltage setting At Absorption Voltage setting
Solid Green Charging is in the state of Float

Solid Orange Charging is in the state of Equalization

Solid Red Charging is in the state of fault: Over current

Blinking Red Charging is in the state of fault: Over Temperature

Push Buttons

Display
Reset Amp-Hours

Push to change the display as in Fig. 5.3.
Push and hold to reset Amp-Hours.

Equalization
Start/Stop

When DIP Switch 5 is set at OFF, hold Restart/Stop Equalization for 5 sec
to manually start equalization. Press it for 2 sec to stop equalization.

LCD Display

The LCD Display is a 2 Line, 16 character display with backlighting. The Push Switch
marked “PUSH Select Display” and “HOLD – Reset Amp Hours” is used to manipulate
the LCD functions. Every time the Push Switch is pressed, the screen display scrolls. The
scrolling sequence is shown in Fig. 5.3.

• The LCD provides the following information:

• Solar PV Array 0~30 Amps DC

• Battery Voltage: 4 to 80 Volts DC

• Watts: 0 to 3600 Watts (Volts time Amps)

• Amp-hours: 0 to 655536Ah; can be reset to 0

• Totalizing Amp-Hours: 0 to 65536 Ah; reset to 0 when power is disconnected

• Control mode and battery charging status

32

5

CONSTRUCTION, LAYOUT & CONTROLS

• Display of BULK and FLOAT voltage setting value

• Display of Equalization Voltage, Equalization Time and Equalization Interval

• Display of heat sink (the front panel metal plate acts as the heat sink) temperature
and battery temperature through the optional Battery Temperature Sensor (BTS).

* NOTE: As the display is not capable of showing negative values, battery temperature below 0 ºC will not

be displayed. Voltage compensation will, however, be carried out even below 0 ºC.

• Fault Messages

PUSH: Display Select

Amp Watts BatV

0.0 0.0 12.0

Amp-Hours

0 Ah

Total Amp-Hours

0 Ah

Mode: Charger
State: Bulk

Bulk Float

14.0V 13.4V

EQU EQU-T CYCLE

14.2V 1hr 28day

Heatsink BTS

25oC 25oC

PUSH: Display Select

PUSH: Display SelectPUSH: Display Select

PUSH: Display Select

PUSH: Display Select

PUSH: Display Select

Charger / Conversion Control Mode

Display Flow

Fig. 5.3. LCD Display Flow

*

33

5

CONSTRUCTION, LAYOUT & CONTROLS

Fault Messages

The LCD displays might have the following fault messages when SCC-30AB stops

operating.

Table 5.1. Fault messages

Display Description Cause of Fault

Alarm: OC

Over Current

Over Current The current exceeds 45 A

Alarm: OT Heat Sink over temperature

Heat sink temperature exceeds

90 ºC

Alarm: CPF00

Link Master error

Display Panel error

The CPU is not able to exchange data

with the Display Panel

Back of the Unit

The back of the unit (Fig 5.2) has the following input / output connections and DIP

Switches for various settings.

Table 5.2. Control Terminal Connection (At the back of the unit)

Name Description

PV+ Connecting terminal for Solar Array Positive
PV– Connecting terminal for Solar Array Negative
Battery + Connecting terminal for Battery cable Positive
Battery– Connecting terminal for Battery cable Negative

DIP Switch 1

ON* Selection of battery voltage for 12V system

OFF Selection of battery voltage for 24V system

DIP Switch 2,3, 4 Battery charge control mode: Battery charging algorithm

DIP Switch 5

ON Selection of Auto Equalization
OFF* Selection of Manual Equalization

BTS Battery Temperature Sensor for temperature compensation

*NOTE: Factory preset condition

34

6

INSTALLATION & OPERATION

Warning!

This unit will be damaged if the battery is connected in reverse polarity.
ENSURE that the battery + and - wires are correctly connected before proceeding.
Damage due to reverse battery connection is not covered under warranty!

Installation Steps

This section provides a brief overview of how to get started using the SCC-30AB
controller. However, please review the entire manual to ensure best performance and
years of trouble-free service.

Notes:

• The SCC-30AB prevents reverse current leakage at night through an internal
MOSFET Switch, so an external Blocking Diode is not required in the system.

• The connector terminals will accept a maximum wire size of AWG #10 (up to 5.2
mm2).

• Tighten each terminal clamping screw to 20 inch-pounds of torque.

• The SCC-30AB is designed to regulate power from a PV array. Other chargers can
be connected directly to the battery, however, with no effect on the SCC-30AB.

Steps

1. As explained earlier in Chapter 4, SCC-30AB is designed for ush mounting on a wall
panel. It has a face plate and a projecting part at the back consisting of the PCB with
the Terminal Strip, connector for the Battery Temperature Sensor (BTS) and the DIP
switches. The wall / panel will be required to be cut to accommodate the projections
of the circuit board mounted on the back of the faceplate. All the wiring – 2 wires
from the Solar Array, 2 wires to the battery and 2 wires to the Battery Temperature
Sensor (if used) will be led to the connections at the back of the unit from behind the
wall / panel. Make sure that the pocket created behind the cut-out in the wall / panel
is clear so that the back portion carrying the PCB is not damaged when the unit is
pushed back into the cut-out section of the wall / the panel for ush mounting.

The front face plate of the SCC-30AB acts as the heat sink for the heat dissipating components
mounted on the PCB at the back of the Front Panel face plate. Hence, please ensure that the
Front Panel face plate is not located near a heat generating source and that there is adequate
cooling air ow across the face plate to remove the heat dissipated from its surface.

A drawing for making the cutout in the wall / panel is given at Fig 6.1 (not to scale). A
full scale template is also included in the gift box to help direct marking the area to be
cut out. 4 screws have been provided to x the unit to the wall / panel.

35

6

INSTALLATION & OPERATION

25 mm

25 mm

25 mm

25 mm

25 mm

25 mm 25 mm

25 mm

6 mm

6 mm

6 mm

6 mm

190 mm

108 mm

- Cut the wall / panel along the dotted line
with a jig saw.

- This will create a pocket in the wall / panel
for ush mounting of Charge Controller SCC-30AB.

Outline of the front panel

Fig. 6.1. Drawing for making the cut-out in the wall / panel

2. Make sure the PV currents will not exceed the ratings of the SCC-30AB.

3. The connections to the SCC-30AB terminals are shown in the drawing at Fig. 5.2.
A barrier type of Terminal Strip has been provided for connecting the PV array and
the battery. M-4 screws with clamping washers are used to make the connection. A
at or a #2 Philips head screw driver may be used to tighten these screws. Tighten
each terminal clamping screw to 20 inch-pounds of torque. The distance between the
barriers is 9 mm and a standard Spade Type of terminal lug meant for # 8 Stud and
AWG #10 – AWG #12 wire may be used at the end of the wires to be connected to
these terminals. 4 such terminal lugs are provided with the unit for ease of installation

4. Set the DIP Switch 1 for the voltage system, set the DIP Switch 2, 3, 4 for battery
charging algorithm.

5. Connect the BATTERY rst. Be careful that bare wires do not touch the metal case
of the controller.

• The BATTERY must be connected before the Solar Panel (Module)/Array to
properly start the microcontroller, activate protections & guide installation.

• A battery below 9 volts may not start the microcontroller properly. Make sure the
battery is charged before installing the system.

36

6

INSTALLATION & OPERATION

6. Connect the Solar Panel (Module)/Array next. The green LED indicator will light if
the Solar Panel (Module)/Array is connected during the daytime and the Solar Panel
(Module)/Array is wired correctly.

• Remember that the Solar Panel (Module)/Array will generate power whenever in
sunlight. Also, be careful not to short circuit the Solar Panel (Module)/Array while
connected to the controller, since this will damage the controller.

7. For most effective surge protection, it is recommended that the Negative system

conductor be properly grounded.

Dip Switch Settings

Five DIP Switches permit the following parameters to be adjusted at the installation

site:

DIP Switch 1

ON* Selection of battery voltage for 12V system

OFF Selection of battery voltage for 24V system

DIP Switch 2, 3, 4 Battery charge control mode: Battery charging algorithm (see Table 6.1)

DIP Switch 5

ON Selection of Auto Equalization

OFF* Selection of Manual Equalization

*NOTE: Factory preset condition

Battery Charging Notes

The SCC-30AB manages many different charging conditions and system

congurations. Some useful functions to know are given below.

Solar Overload: Enhanced radiation or “edge of cloud effect” conditions can
generate more current than the controller’s rating. The Budget will reduce this
overload up to 130% of rated current by regulating the current to safe levels. If the
current from the solar array exceeds 150%, the controller will interrupt charging.

Battery Types: The SCC-30AB’s standard battery charging programs are suitable for
a wide range of Lead-Acid battery types. These standard programs are select by DIP
Switch 2~4.

37

6

INSTALLATION & OPERATION

Standard Battery Charging Programs

The SCC-30AB provides 8 standard battery charging algorithms (programs) that
are selected with the DIP Switches. These standard algorithms are suitable for
Lead-Acid batteries ranging from sealed (Gel, AGM, maintenance free) to ooded
to L-16 cells and Ni-Cd etc.

Table 6.1 below summarizes the major parameters of the standard charging algo­rithms. Note that all the voltages are for 12V systems. For 24 V system, multiply
the voltages by 2.

All values are 25ºC (77ºF).

Table 6.1. Standard Battery Charging Programs

Note: All the voltages given in the Table are for 12V Battery System.

For 24V Battery Systems multiply the voltage values by 2.

DIP

Switches

(2-3-4)

A

Battery TypeBPWM Absorption

Voltage

C

Float

Voltage

D

Equalize

Voltage

E

Equalize

Time

(hours)

F

Equalize

Interval

(days)

Off-Off-Off 1 – Sealed 14.0 13.4 None - -

Off-Off-On 2 – Sealed 14.1 13.4 14.2 1 28
Off-On-Off 3 - Sealed 14.3 13.4 14.4 2 28

Off-On-On 4 - Flooded 14.4 13.4 15.1 3 28

On-Off-Off 5 - Flooded 14.6 13.4 15.3 3 28

On-Off-On 6 - Flooded 14.8 13.4 15.3 3 28
On-On-Off 7 - L-16 15.0 13.4 15.3 3 14

On-On-On 8-Ni-Cd 16.0 14.5 None - -

A. Battery Type– These are generic Lead-Acid – wet cell (Lead Antimony, Lead

Calcium), sealed AGM, sealed Gel Cell and Ni-Cd battery types.

B. Voltage–This is the PWM Absorption Stage with constant voltage charging. The

“PWM Absorption voltage” is the maximum battery voltage that will be held
constant. As the battery becomes more charged, the charging current tapers
off until the battery is fully charged.

C. Float Voltage–When the battery is fully charged, the charging voltage will be

reduced to 13.4 volts for all battery types. It will be 14.5V for Ni-Cd.

D. Equalization Voltage–During an equalization cycle, the charging voltage will

be held constant at this voltage.

E. Equalization Time–The charging at the selected equalization voltage will

continue for this number of hours.

F. Equalization Interval–Equalizations are typically done once a month. Most of the

cycles are 28 days so the equalization will begin on the same day of the month. It
can be set by DIP Switch 2~4 for different interval days. Each new cycle will be reset
as the equalization starts so that a setting day period will be maintained.

38

6

INSTALLATION & OPERATION

Equalization Procedure

Standard Equalization Programs

Both automatic and manual equalizations can be performed using the standard

charging programs.

Manual Equalization

The SCC-30AB is shipped with the DIP Switch set for manual equalization only.
This is to avoid an unexpected or unwanted automatic equalization. In the Manual
Mode, the pushbutton is used to both start and stop a manual equalization. Hold
the pushbutton down for 5 seconds to start and 3 seconds to stop an equalization
(depending on whether an equalization is in progress or not).

There are no limits to how many times the pushbutton can be used to start and stop
equalizations. Equalizations will be terminated automatically as per the charging
program selected if the pushbutton is not used to manually stop the equalization.

Automatic Equalization

If the equalization DIP Switch 5 is moved to the ON position, the equalizations will
begin automatically as per the charging program selected. Other than starting, the
automatic and manual equalizations are the same and follow the standard charging
program selected. The push button can be used to start and stop equalizations in both
the manual and automatic mode.

Typical Equalization

The automatic equalizations will occur at the selected charging program from DIP
Switch 2~4. When equalization begins (Auto or Manual), the battery charging voltage
increases up to the Equalization Voltage Veq. The battery will remain at Veq for the
time specied in the selected charging program.

The equalization process will continue until the voltage has been held above the
bulk setting for a cumulative period of one, two or three hours. A second manual
equalization cycle can be started with the pushbutton, if needed.

If the equalization cannot be completed in one day, it will continue the next day
or days until nished. After equalization is completed, charging will return to PWM
Absorption.

39

6

INSTALLATION & OPERATION

Temperature Compensated Battery Charging

An optional Battery Temperature Sensor (BTS) is available for temperature
compensated battery charging. The BTS consists of a temperature sensing probe that
is installed on the + battery post. A pair of 10 ft. wires (marked + & -) connect the
temperature sensing probe to the 2 terminals marked BTS at the back of the unit. (Fig.

5.2).

As the battery gets warmer, the gassing increases. As the battery gets colder,
it becomes more resistant to charging. Depending on how much the battery
temperature varies, it is important to adjust the charging for temperature changes.

Various voltage set points given in the specications are indicated at a reference
temperature of 25 ºC / 77 ºF.

There are three battery charging parameters that are affected by temperature:

PWM Absorption

This is the most important part of charging that is affected by temperature
because the charging may go into PWM absorption almost every day. If the battery
temperature is colder, the charging will begin to regulate too soon and the battery
may not be recharged with a limited solar resource. If the battery temperature rises,
the battery may heat and gas too much.

Equalization

A colder battery will lose part of the benet of the equalization. A warmer battery
may heat and gas too much.

Float

Float is less affected by temperature changes, but it may also undercharge or gas too
much depending on how much the temperature changes.

The Battery Temperature Sensor corrects the three charging set points noted above
by the following values (reference temperature is 25 ºC / 75 ºF):

• 12 volt battery: –0.030 volts per °C (–0.017 volts per °F)

• 24 volt battery: –0.060 volts per °C (–0.033 volts per °F)

The temperature sensed by the BTS at the battery is displayed on the LCD screen
under the screen display “Heatsink BTS” (see Fig. 5.3). As the LCD display is not
capable of displaying negative values, battery temperature below 0 ºC will not be
displayed. Voltage compensation will, however, be carried out below 0 ºC.

40

6

INSTALLATION & OPERATION

Variations in battery temperature can affect charging, battery capacity, and battery
life. The greater the range of battery temperatures, the greater the impact on the
battery. For example, if the temperature falls to 10°C (50°F) this 15°C (27°F) change in
temperature will change the PWM Absorption, equalization and oat set points by

0.90V in a 24V system.

Typical compensation is given in Table 6.2 below:

Temperature 12 Volt 24 Volt

50ºC / 122ºF – 0.75 V –1.50 V
45ºC / 113ºF – 0.60 V – 1.20 V
40ºC / 104ºF – 0.45 V – 0.90 V

35ºC / 95ºF – 0.30 V – 0.60 V
30ºC / 86ºF – 0.15 V – 0.30 V

25ºC / 77ºF (Reference) 0 V (Reference) 0 V (Reference)

20ºC / 68ºF + 0.15 V + 0.30 V
15ºC / 59ºF + 0.30 V + 0.60 V
10ºC / 50ºF + 0.45 V + 0.90 V

5ºC / 41ºF + 0.60 V + 1.20 V
0ºC / 32ºF + 0.75 V + 1.50 V

Table 6.2 Temperature Compensation

41

7

TROUBLEShOOTING

The SCC-30AB is very rugged and designed for the most extreme operating conditions.
Most PV system problems will be caused by connections, voltage drops, and loads.
Troubleshooting the SCC-30AB controller is simple. Some basic troubleshooting
procedures are listed below.

Protections & Fault Messages on the LCD Display

The LCD displays might have the following fault messages when SCC-30AB stops
operating due to protections/system error:

Display Description Cause of Fault

Alarm: OC

Over Current

Over Current The current exceeds 45 A

Alarm: OT Heat Sink over temperature

Heat sink temperature

exceeds 90° C

Alarm: CPF00

Link Master error

Display Panel error

The CPU is not able to

exchange data with the

Display Panel

SYMPTOM 1. BATTERY IS NOT CHARGING

• Check the green LED indicator. The green CHARGING LED should be on if it is
daytime.

• Check that the proper battery charging algorithm (program) has been selected by
DIP Switches.

• Check that all wire connections in the system are correct and tight. Check the
polarity (+ and –) of the connections.

• Measure the PV array open-circuit voltage and conrm it is within normal
limits. If the voltage is low or zero, check the connections at the PV array itself.
Disconnect the PV array from the controller when working on the PV array.

• Check that the load is not drawing more energy than the PV array can provide.

• Check if there are excessive voltage drops between the controller and the
battery. This will cause undercharging of the battery.

• Check the condition of the battery. Determine if the battery voltage declines
at night with no load. If it is unable to maintain its voltage, the battery may be
failing.

• Measure the PV voltage and the battery voltage at the SCC-30AB terminals. If the
voltage at the terminals is the same (within a few tenths of volts) the PV array is
charging the battery. If the PV voltage is close to the open circuit voltage of the
panels and the battery voltage is low, the controller is not charging the batteries
and may be damaged.

42

7

TROUBLEShOOTING

SYMPTOM 2. BATTERY VOLTAGE IS TOO HIGH

• First check the operating conditions to conrm that the voltage is higher than
specications.

• Check that the proper battery charging algorithm (program) has been selected by
DIP Switches.

• Check that all wire connections in the system are correct and tight.

• Disconnect the PV array and momentarily disconnect the lead from the BATTERY
positive terminal BAT+. Reconnect the battery terminal and leave the PV array
disconnected. The Green charging light should not be lit. Measure the voltage
at the PV array terminals PV+ and PV- (with the array still disconnected). If
the Green charging light is on or battery voltage is measured at the PV array
terminals PV+ and PV- , the controller may be damaged.

43

8

SPECIFICATIONS

SYSTEM

Nominal system voltage 12 VDC or 24 VDC (Selected by DIP Switch)

Current rating 30 A
Set point accuracy + / - 50 mV

Minimum voltage to start the micro­controller, activate protections and guide
operation

9 VDC

Total self consumption current 50 mA

INPUT SIDE (Solar panel / array)

Maximum open circuit voltage Voc of the
solar panel / array

50 VDC

Maximum operating voltage of the solar
panel / array

34 VDC

Maximum short circuit current Isc of the
solar panel / array

30 A

BATTERY CHARGING

Charging algorithm PWM

Charging stages

Bulk, Absorption, Float,

Equalize (Selectable)

Battery Temperature Compensation

With optional Battery Temperature Sensor

(BTS) supplied with 10 ft / 3 M of wire

Coefcient of temperature compensation
when using optional Battery Temperature
Sensor (BTS)

12 V: -5mV/ ºC / cell (25 ºC reference)

24 V: -10mV/ ºC / cell (25 ºC reference)

Temperature compensation range 0 ºC to +50 ºC

PROTECTIONS

High temp shutdown (Temp of the face

plate that is used as a heat sink)

90 ºC - disconnect solar panel / array

70 ºC - re-connect solar panel / array

Over current (overload) shut down 45 A

DISPLAY

Backlit LCD 2 lines X 16 characters, alpha numeric
LED 1 LED for status display

ENVIRONMENTAL

Ambient temperature -10 ºC to +45 ºC
Storage temperature -55 ºC to +85 ºC
Humidity 95% Non Condensing

MECHANICAL

Dimensions (L X W X D) 7.48 X 4.25 X 1.38 inches / 190 X 108 X 35 mm

Weight (With gift box) 1.2 lbs / 0.55Kg

Net weight 0.8 lb / 0.36 Kg

Enclosure / face plate Powder coated steel, for indoor use only

ACCESSORIES INCLUDED

Insulated spade lugs for input / output

connections

4 pieces

For # 8 stud; AWG 12-10 wire size

Self tapping screws for xing the face
plate

4 pieces

7X19, 5/8”; Type 25 point; Flat head; Philips

drive

Specications subject to change without notice

44

9

wARRANTY

5 YEAR Limited Warranty

SCC-30AB manufactured by Samlex America, Inc. (the “Warrantor”) is warranted to
be free from defects in workmanship and materials under normal use and service.
This warranty is in effect for 5 years from the date of purchase by the user (the
“Purchaser”).

For a warranty claim, the Purchaser should contact the place of purchase to obtain a
Return Authorization Number.

The defective part or unit should be returned at the Purchaser’s expense to the
authorized location. A written statement describing the nature of the defect, the
date of purchase, the place of purchase, and the Purchaser’s name, address and
telephone number should also be included.

If upon the Warrantor’s examination, the defect proves to be the result of defective
material or workmanship, the equipment will be repaired or replaced at the
Warrantor’s option without charge, and returned to the Purchaser at the Warrantor’s
expense.

No refund of the purchase price will be granted to the Purchaser, unless the Warrantor
is unable to remedy the defect after having a reasonable number of opportunities to
do so.

Warranty service shall be performed only by the Warrantor. Any attempt to remedy
the defect by anyone other than the Warrantor shall render this warranty void.

There shall be no warranty for defects or damages caused by faulty installation or
hook-up, abuse or misuse of the equipment including exposure to excessive heat, salt
or fresh water spray, or water immersion.

No other express warranty is hereby given and there are no warranties which extend
beyond those described herein. This warranty is expressly in lieu of any other
expressed or implied warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability,
tness for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used, or tness for a
particular purpose, or any other obligations on the part of the Warrantor or its
employees and representatives.

45

9

wARRANTY

There shall be no responsibility or liability whatsoever on the part of the Warrantor or
its employees and representatives for injury to any persons, or damage to person or
persons, or damage to property, or loss of income or prot, or any other consequential
or resulting damage which may be claimed to have been incurred through the use or
sale of the equipment, including any possible failure of malfunction of the equipment,
or part thereof.

The Warrantor assumes no liability for incidental or consequential damages of any
kind.

Samlex America Inc. (the “Warrantor”)
110-17 Fawcett Road
Coquitlam BC, V3K 6V2 Canada
[phone]

46

NOTES

47

NOTES

110-17 Fawcett Rd
Coquitlam, B.C.
Canada V3K 6V2

T: 604 525 3836
F: 604 525 5221

TF: 1 800 561 5885

e-mail: [e-mail]
website: www.samlexamerica.com

SCC-30AB_Charge_Controller_Manual_Sep2010