R&S®QAR
Quality Automotive Radome Tester
User Manual
(;ÜÖ02)
1178720002
User Manual
Version 04
This document describes the following R&S®QAR models and options:
●
R&S®QAR QAR Panel for reflectivity measurements (1336.6008.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z10 Transmitter Module (1336.5401.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z20 Platform (1336.5418.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z21 Platform for radar positioning measurements (1336.5524.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z30 Calibration set (1336.5430.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z40 Verification kit for radome measurements (1336.5447.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z41 Verification kit for bumper measurements (1336.5499.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z42 Verification kit for radar positioning measurements (1336.5530.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z50 DUT Mounting table (1336.5424.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z60 Reference reflector (1336.5453.02)
●
R&S®QAR-Z61 Stand reference reflector (1336.5476.02)
●
R&S®QAR-K10 Radome measurements (1336.5501.02)
●
R&S®QAR-K60 Bumper measurements (1336.5482.02)
●
R&S®QAR-K100 Radar positioning measurements (1336.5518.02)
The document corresponds to the following software versions:
●
Radome measurements: 1.3.0.70 or higher
●
Bumper measurements: 1.3.0.40 or higher
●
Radar positioning measurements: 1.4.0.221 or higher
© 2019 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Fax: +49 89 41 29 12 164
Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
1178.7200.02 | Version 04 | R&S®QAR
Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol, e.g. R&S®QAR is indicated as
R&S QAR.
R&S®QAR
Contents
Contents
1 Safety Instructions.................................................................................7
2 Documentation Overview......................................................................9
3 R&S QAR Tour......................................................................................10
3.1 Main Power Supply..................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Power Button...............................................................................................................12
3.3 Transmitter Module Control....................................................................................... 13
3.4 Monitor Connectors.................................................................................................... 14
3.5 LAN Interface...............................................................................................................14
3.6 USB Ports.................................................................................................................... 15
4 Preparing for Use.................................................................................16
4.1 Unpacking the R&S QAR............................................................................................16
4.2 Installing the R&S QAR.............................................................................................. 16
4.2.1 Installing the R&S QAR on the Floor.............................................................................17
4.2.2 Installing the R&S QAR on the Platform (R&S QAR-Z20)............................................ 19
4.2.3 Installing the Radome Measurement Elements............................................................ 21
4.2.4 Installing the Bumper Measurement Elements............................................................. 23
4.2.5 Installing the R&S QAR on the Platform (R&S QAR-Z21)............................................ 24
4.3 Connecting the R&S QAR.......................................................................................... 26
4.4 Switching the R&S QAR On and Off..........................................................................27
4.5 Operating System....................................................................................................... 28
4.5.1 Virus Protection.............................................................................................................29
4.5.2 Service Packs and Updates.......................................................................................... 29
4.5.3 User Accounts...............................................................................................................29
5 Operating the R&S QAR...................................................................... 30
5.1 Radome Measurements..............................................................................................30
5.1.1 Test Setup..................................................................................................................... 31
5.1.2 Graphical User Interface............................................................................................... 32
5.1.3 Measurements.............................................................................................................. 34
5.1.4 Configuration.................................................................................................................37
5.1.5 Verification.....................................................................................................................40
3User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Contents
5.2 Bumper Measurements.............................................................................................. 44
5.2.1 Test Setup..................................................................................................................... 45
5.2.2 Graphical User Interface............................................................................................... 45
5.2.3 Measurements.............................................................................................................. 48
5.2.4 Configuration.................................................................................................................49
5.2.5 Verification.....................................................................................................................51
5.3 Radar Positioning Measurements............................................................................. 53
5.3.1 Test Setup..................................................................................................................... 53
5.3.2 Graphical User Interface............................................................................................... 55
5.3.3 Measurement................................................................................................................ 57
5.3.4 Configuration.................................................................................................................59
5.3.5 Verification.....................................................................................................................63
6 Remote Control - SCPI.........................................................................66
6.1 Remote Control Interface and Protocol.................................................................... 66
6.2 Remote Commands.................................................................................................... 67
6.2.1 Common Commands.................................................................................................... 67
6.2.2 Radome Measurements................................................................................................72
6.2.3 Bumper Measurements.................................................................................................78
7 Remote Control - OPC......................................................................... 81
7.1 OPC Variables..............................................................................................................81
7.1.1 From PLC Communication............................................................................................82
7.1.2 To PLC Communication................................................................................................ 83
7.1.3 Variables Data Types.................................................................................................... 85
7.2 Device States...............................................................................................................86
7.3 Timing Diagram........................................................................................................... 87
7.4 Error Handling............................................................................................................. 88
7.4.1 Initialization Errors.........................................................................................................88
7.4.2 Measurement Errors..................................................................................................... 89
8 Maintenance......................................................................................... 91
8.1 Cleaning Information.................................................................................................. 91
4User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Contents
8.2 Software Update..........................................................................................................92
Glossary................................................................................................93
Index......................................................................................................95
5User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Contents
6User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Safety Instructions
1 Safety Instructions
The R&S QAR Quality Automotive Radome Tester is manufactured according to the
highest technical standards. To use the scanner safely, follow the instructions provided
here and throughout the product documentation. Keep the documentation nearby and
offer it to other users.
Use the R&S QAR only as intended and within its performance limits. The limits are
described in the product documentation, such as the data sheet, manuals and this brochure. If you are unsure about the appropriate use, contact the Rohde & Schwarz customer service.
Using the R&S QAR requires specialists or specially trained personnel. The operators
also need sound knowledge of at least one of the languages in which the user interface
and the product documentation are available.
If any part of the product is damaged or broken, stop using the product. Never open
the casing of the R&S QAR or its components. Only service personnel authorized by
Rohde & Schwarz are allowed to repair the product.
Lifting, carrying and installing the R&S QAR
The R&S QAR is heavy and can cause physical injuries when it falls or tips over.
The R&S QAR must be installed and set up by trained staff. When you carry, lift or
move the R&S QAR, use the carrying handles on the back side of the R&S QAR. During the installation, make sure that the installation site is only accessible to people
working on the installation. Hold the R&S QAR into position until all screws are tight to
prevent it from falling over.
Because of its weight, at least two strong people are required to move or install the
R&S QAR.
If you have to move the pallet the R&S QAR is delivered on, always use a forklift.
During transport, installation or repair, wear appropriate protective clothing that complies with your local rules and regulations. If you are unsure of which equipment to use,
ask your safety inspector.
We recommend to wear:
●
Safety shoes with toe cap and ESD protection.
●
Protective gloves
ESD protected shoes and gloves also protect the hardware from being damaged.
Choosing the operating site
Use the R&S QAR only indoors. The R&S QAR is not waterproof and water that enters
can electrically connect the casing with live parts. This can lead to electric shock, serious personal injury or death if you touch the casing.
For more information on environmental operating conditions, such as ambient temperature, and humidity, see the data sheet.
7User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Safety Instructions
Installing cables
A R&S QAR installation consisting of the R&S QAR, monitor and transmitter module
requires cable connections (power cables, LAN cables etc.). Make sure to secure all
cables on the floor and cover them up.
Loose cables are a tripping hazard. Tripping on cables can cause physical injuries.
Properly covered cables also minimize the risk of cable damage.
Supplying the R&S QAR with power
Always complete all connections (LAN, USB etc.) before connecting the R&S QAR to
the power supply. Otherwise, the R&S QAR can get damaged.
You can connect the R&S QAR to the power distribution system normally used to supply energy-consuming equipment, such as household appliances and similar loads.
Electrically powered products have risks, such as electric shock, fire, personal injury or
even death.
Take the following measures for your safety:
●
Only use the power cable delivered with the R&S QAR. It complies with countryspecific safety requirements. Only insert the plug into an approved grounded outlet.
●
For components that need an external AC adapter, only use the one that is delivered with the components.
●
Only use intact cables and route them carefully so that they cannot be damaged.
Check the power cables regularly to ensure that they are undamaged.
●
If the voltage or frequency is higher than 230 V or 50 Hz, the leakage current of the
R&S QAR can be above the limits. In that case, a protective ground connection
must be established for each panel before connecting them to the power supply.
●
Only connect the R&S QAR to supply networks with a fuse protection of maximum
20 A.
●
Ensure that you can disconnect the product from the power supply at any time. Pull
the power plug to disconnect the product. The power plug must be easily accessible.
Meaning of safety labels
Safety labels on the product warn against potential risks.
Potential hazard
Read the product documentation to avoid personal injury or product damage.
Electrical hazard
Indicates live parts. Risk of electric shock, fire, personal injury or even death.
Protective conductor terminal
Connect this terminal to a grounded external conductor or to protective ground. This protects
you against electric shock should an electric problem occur.
8User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Documentation Overview
2 Documentation Overview
This section provides an overview of the R&S QAR user documentation.
User manual
Contains a description of the R&S QAR system, including the features available in the
R&S QAR software. The printed user manual is part of the delivery.
Service manual
Contains information about checking the rated specifications, module replacement and
repair, software update and troubleshooting.
Safety instructions
Contains safety instructions, operating conditions and further important information.
The printed safety instructions are part of the delivery.
Data sheet and brochure
The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S QAR, its options and
accessories.
The brochure provides an overview of the R&S QAR and its characteristics.
Open-source acknowledgment (OSA)
The open-source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the
used open source software. The OSA is integrated in the software ("Info" > "Open
Source Acknowledgement").
9User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
R&S QAR Tour
3 R&S QAR Tour
The R&S QAR is a millimeter wave imaging system operating in the frequency band of
automotive radar sensors. With its support of spatially resolved reflection and transmission loss measurements, the R&S QAR provides an intuitive and powerful way to evaluate how radomes and bumpers influence the radar performance.
The R&S QAR consists of a panel that contains the measuring electronics like transmitting and receiving antennas. It also contains a PC with dedicated software to operate and control the measurements.
●
Radome measurements
The basic configuration enables you to measure the reflection of a radome.
The high resolution of the resulting images enables you to identify even the smallest disturbance in the radome. The R&S QAR uses the frequency range between
72 GHz and 82 GHz. Therefore, any faults visible in the millimeter wave image
directly correlate to the performance of the radome in combination with a radar
sensor.
An optional transmitter module (R&S QAR-Z10) extends the functionality of the
R&S QAR to measure the transmission loss of a radome.
Additional equipment like an optional platform (R&S QAR-Z20) on which you can
mount the R&S QAR, or a table for the device under test (DUT mounting table,
R&S QAR-Z50) are also available.
●
Bumper measurements
An optional reference reflector (R&S QAR-Z60) is available to measure the mean
transmission loss (attenuation) caused by a bumper.
The reflector measures the attenuation in 102 points and therefore enables you to
evaluate the homogeneity of the bumper painting and its overall radar penetrability.
●
Radar positioning measurements
The basic configuration enables you to measure the position of the radar in the car
and compare it with the theoretical position indicated in the manufacturer's CAD
files.
You can set acceptance limits and verify in a few seconds if the radar is correctly
positioned.
Additional equipment like an optional platform (R&S QAR-Z21) on which you can
mount the R&S QAR, or a verification set (R&S QAR-Z42) are also available.
Parts of delivery
●
1 x R&S QAR
●
2 x supports
●
1 x power cable
Required equipment to run measurements
●
Monitor (with DVI cable)
The monitor should have a resolution of at least 1650 x 1050 (we recommend
1920 x 1200).
●
USB Keyboard
10User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
●
USB Mouse
Connectors
The R&S QAR has several connectors on its back side.
R&S QAR Tour
Main Power Supply
8
7
6
1
Figure 3-1: Connectors
1 = AC inlet and main power switch
2 = Ground terminal
3 = Transmitter module control
4 = Power supply for a monitor (including 2 fuses)
5 = LAN interface
6 = Display connector (DVI)
7 = USB ports (4x)
8 = Power button
2
5
4
3
3.1 Main Power Supply
The AC inlet and main power switch are located on the back of the R&S QAR.
The power cable to connect the panel to the power supply is part of the delivery.
11User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
R&S QAR Tour
Power Button
For more information about supplying the panel with power, see Chapter 4.4, "Switch-
ing the R&S QAR On and Off", on page 27.
Circuit breaker
The main power switch contains an RCD (residual-current device) that protects the
internal power circuit of the R&S QAR. If the RCD detects electrical anomalies, it will
switch off automatically the R&S QAR.
Protective ground connection
Depending on the voltage and frequency of the main power supply, you need to establish a protective ground connection.
●
200 V to 230 V AC and 50 Hz
No additional protective ground needed.
●
230 V to 240 V AC or a frequency greater than 50 Hz
Additional protective ground needed.
For the separate protective ground, you need a green/yellow ground wire with a
cross section of at least 4 mm2 in addition to the main protective earthing terminal.
The ground wire must be connected permanently to the ground terminal on the
side of each R&S QAR panel and earth.
The ground terminal is located on the back of the scanner. Connect the terminal to
the protective grounding system of the building or room where the scanner is
installed.
If the voltage drops to 70 % for 500 ms, a reboot occurs
Figure 3-2: Ground bolt
Risk of electric shock
If the voltage is greater than 230 V or the frequency is greater than 50 Hz, the leakage
current of the R&S QAR can be above the limits and therefore cause an electric shock.
In that case, a protective ground connection must be established before connecting the
R&S QAR to the main power supply.
3.2 Power Button
The power button is located on the back of the R&S QAR. Use it to switch the
R&S QAR on and off.
12User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
R&S QAR Tour
Transmitter Module Control
Figure 3-3: Power button
For more information about switching the R&S QAR on and off, see Chapter 4.4,
"Switching the R&S QAR On and Off", on page 27.
3.3 Transmitter Module Control
The connectors for the optional transmitter module for transmission loss measurements are located on the back of the R&S QAR.
Transmitter control
The "External Transmitter Control" connector controls the transmitter module.
RF out
The "RF Out" connector (SMA) outputs the signal for the transmission measurement.
Tighten the connector (torque 0.6Nm).
Required tools:
●
Torque wrench (R&S order number 0041.1218.00).
Risk of instrument damage
Do not feed a DC or RF signal into the RF output, because it is specified as an output
only. Otherwise, the R&S QAR can get damaged.
13User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
R&S QAR Tour
LAN Interface
3.4 Monitor Connectors
A DVI interface and power supply (AC outlet) for a monitor are located on the back
side of the R&S QAR. Use them to connect an external monitor to operate the
R&S QAR.
Figure 3-4: DVI interface
Fuses F1 and F2
Two fuses of the same type (1 A, designation: EN 60127-2/5 T1H250V) are located
above the AC outlet. In case of defects, check both fuses.
Replacing a fuse
1. Disconnect the R&S QAR from the power supply.
2. Open the fuse holder by turning it counterclockwise, for example with a screwdriver.
3. Replace the fuse.
4. Close the fuse holder.
3.5 LAN Interface
The R&S QAR provides a LAN interface on the back of the R&S QAR. Use it to integrate the R&S QAR into a local network.
Figure 3-5: LAN interface
14User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
3.6 USB Ports
The R&S QAR provides 4 USB ports on the back side. The two top ports are USB 3.0
type A. The two bottom ports are USB 2.0 type A.
They offer multiple uses:
●
Connection of a keyboard to operate the R&S QAR.
●
Connection of a mouse to operate the R&S QAR.
●
Connection of a memory stick (for example to update the software).
Figure 3-6: USB port (one of four)
R&S QAR Tour
USB Ports
15User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
4 Preparing for Use
Before you can use the R&S QAR, install it and connect the devices as described in
the next subchapters.
● Unpacking the R&S QAR........................................................................................16
● Installing the R&S QAR...........................................................................................16
● Connecting the R&S QAR.......................................................................................26
● Switching the R&S QAR On and Off.......................................................................27
● Operating System................................................................................................... 28
4.1 Unpacking the R&S QAR
1. Remove the cardboard box carefully.
2. Remove the wooden supporting elements.
Installing the R&S
QAR
3. Lift the R&S QAR off the pallet using the handles attached to the R&S QAR.
Shipping the R&S QAR
We recommend using the original packaging if the R&S QAR has to be shipped.
4.2 Installing the R&S QAR
Using the R&S QAR requires you to install it firmly to some kind of support fixture in
order to prevent it from toppling over. You can install the R&S QAR in different ways,
depending on the equipment you have bought.
If you would like to use a fixture different to those described here, contact
Rohde & Schwarz.
Required tools
Here is a complete list of tools you need for installation on the platform and the installation of the DUT mounting table and the transmitter module.
●
Allen wrench size 5 (for screws ISO 10642 M8x20)
●
Allen wrench size 6 (for screws ISO 4762 M8x40)
●
Allen wrench size 10 (for screws ISO 4762 M12x55)
●
Torx wrench size TX20
●
Open-end wrench size 19
●
Spirit level
●
Torque wrench
●
Power drill (for floor installation only)
16User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
●
Anchor bolts size 12 mm, for example a Fischer FAZ II 12 (for floor installation
only)
● Installing the R&S QAR on the Floor.......................................................................17
● Installing the R&S QAR on the Platform (R&S QAR-Z20)...................................... 19
● Installing the Radome Measurement Elements...................................................... 21
● Installing the Bumper Measurement Elements....................................................... 23
● Installing the R&S QAR on the Platform (R&S QAR-Z21)...................................... 24
4.2.1 Installing the R&S QAR on the Floor
You can install the R&S QAR on the floor or on the optional platform. When you do not
use the platform, the R&S QAR must be attached to the floor.
Required tools:
●
Allen wrench size 5 (for screws ISO 10642 M8x20)
●
Allen wrench size 6 (for screws ISO 4762 M8x40)
●
Power drill
●
Anchor bolts size 12 mm, for example a Fischer FAZ II 12.
Preparing for Use
Installing the R&S QAR
The anchor bolts and power drill are not part of the delivery.
If you have one of the the optional platforms, see:
●
Chapter 4.2.2, "Installing the R&S QAR on the Platform (R&S QAR-Z20)",
on page 19
●
Chapter 4.2.5, "Installing the R&S QAR on the Platform (R&S QAR-Z21)",
on page 24
1. Drill 4 holes into the ground.
The locations of the drill holes and distances between each other are indicated in
Figure 4-1.
Figure 4-1: Location and distances of drill holes
17User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Installing the R&S QAR
A = Drill hole location for R&S QAR
B = Drill hole location for DUT mounting table
Whenever you lift, move or carry the R&S QAR, use the handles on its back side.
2. Screw the two supports to the side of the R&S QAR with two socket head screws
(ISO 10642 M8x20, Allen wrench size 5) on each side of the R&S QAR (see Fig-
ure 4-2).
Figure 4-2: R&S QAR installation, including support installation
3. Screw the two supports to the R&S QAR with the socket head screws (ISO 4762
M8x40, Allen wrench size 6) on each side of the R&S QAR (see Figure 4-2).
18User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Installing the R&S
QAR
Figure 4-3: Support installation (top view)
4. Lift the R&S QAR into a stable position and in a right angle to the floor.
5. Secure the R&S QAR by screwing the two supports to the floor.
The drill holes in the floor define the position of the supports. Two anchor bolts with
a size of 12 mm secure each support.
Make sure that all screws are screwed on tightly.
4.2.2 Installing the R&S QAR on the Platform (R&S QAR-Z20)
Required tools:
●
Allen wrench size 5 (for screws ISO 10642 M8x20)
●
Allen wrench size 6 (for screws ISO 4762 M8x40)
●
Allen wrench size 10 (for screws ISO 4762 M12x55)
●
Open-end wrench size 19
●
Spirit level.
Installing the platform
1. Place the platform on a stable and horizontal surface that can support the weight of
the R&S QAR.
2. Check with a spirit level if the platform itself is level.
3. If necessary, remove any irregularities by adjusting the height of the feet until the
platform is level.
● A clockwise movement lowers the corresponding platform area.
19User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Installing the R&S QAR
● A counterclockwise movement raises the corresponding platform area.
4. Tighten the feet with the check nuts using the open-end wrench.
Figure 4-4: Platform alignment
Mounting the R&S QAR
When the platform is in place, you can mount the R&S QAR on the platform.
Whenever you lift, move or carry the R&S QAR, use the handles on its back side.
1. Screw the two supports to the R&S QAR with two socket head screws (size 5) on
each side of the R&S QAR (see Figure 4-5).
Figure 4-5: R&S
QAR installation, including support mounting
20User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Installing the R&S
QAR
2. Lift the R&S QAR onto the platform into a stable position and in a right angle to the
floor.
3. Secure the R&S QAR by screwing the two supports to the platform.
The mounting holes in the platform define the position of the supports.
Four screws secure each support:
● Two socket head screws with a size 10 on the outside.
● Two socket head screws with a size 6 on the inside.
Note: Insert a washer between screw and support as shown in Figure 4-5.
4. Make sure that all eight screws are screwed on tightly to the platform.
4.2.3
Figure 4-6: Support installation (top view)
Installing the Radome Measurement Elements
Radome measurements require the DUT mounting table and the transmitter module.
Required tools:
●
Allen wrench size 5.
●
Torx wrench size TX20.
●
Power drill (floor installation only).
●
Anchor bolts size 12 mm, for example a Fischer FAZ II 6 (floor installation only).
Installing the DUT mounting table on the platform
You can install the optional mounting table on the platform. The platform has several
mounting holes that you can use to secure the table. The mounting holes you choose
define the distance of the mounting table to the R&S QAR.
1. Place the mounting table on the platform at the distance you need.
2. Screw the mounting table to the platform with the four socket head screws (size 5).
21User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Installing the R&S
QAR
Note: Insert a washer between screw and mounting table as shown in Figure 4-7.
Figure 4-7: DUT mounting table and transmitter module installation
Installing the DUT mounting table on the floor
Altenatively, you can install the DUT mounting table directly on the floor.
1. Drill holes into the floor.
The locations and distances of the drill holes are indicated in Figure 4-1.
2. Screw the table to the floor with four anchor bolts, size 6 mm, for example a
Fischer FAZ II 6.
The anchor bolts are not included in the delivery.
Attaching the transmitter module to the mounting table
You can install the transmitter module required for transmission loss measurements on
top of the DUT mounting table. The DUT mounting table already comes with the necessary mounting holes.
1. Place the transmitter module on top of the mounting table.
2. Screw the transmitter module to the mounting table using the torx wrench.
22User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Figure 4-8: DUT mounting table from above
Installing the R&S
QAR
For more information about cable connections, see Chapter 3.3, "Transmitter Mod-
ule Control", on page 13.
4.2.4 Installing the Bumper Measurement Elements
The basic setup for bumper measurements consists of the R&S QAR and a reference
reflector.
The reference reflector has to be placed at a specific height and at specific distances
from the R&S QAR, as shown in Figure 4-10 and Figure 4-9. There is a tolerance of
+/-2mm (lateral distance) and +/-5.8mm (frontal distance).
Required tools:
●
Allen wrench size 5.
●
Torx wrench size TX25.
Installing the refecrence reflector stand
1. Place the stand on the platform at the specified distance.
2. Screw the stand to the platform with the four socket head screws (size 5).
Note: Insert a washer between screw and stand.
23User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Figure 4-9: Lateral view - height and frontal distance
Installing the R&S
QAR
Figure 4-10: Top view - lateral distance
Installing the reference reflector
1. Hold the reference reflector to the stand.
Verify that the top of the reflector pins are parallel to the R&S QAR front by using,
for example, a spirit level. Check the lateral distance by performing the verification
described in Chapter 5.2.5, "Verification", on page 51.
2. Screw the reference reflector to the stand using the torx wrench.
4.2.5 Installing the R&S QAR on the Platform (R&S QAR-Z21)
Required tools:
●
Allen wrench size 5 (for screws ISO 10642 M8x20)
●
Allen wrench size 6 (for screws ISO 4762 M8x40)
●
Allen wrench size 10 (for screws ISO 4762 M12x55)
●
Open-end wrench size 19
●
Spirit level.
24User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Installing the R&S
QAR
Installing the platform
1. Place the platform on a stable and horizontal surface that can support the weight of
the R&S QAR.
2. Check with a spirit level if the platform itself is level.
3. If necessary, remove any irregularities by adjusting the height of the feet until the
platform is level.
● A clockwise movement lowers the corresponding platform area.
● A counterclockwise movement raises the corresponding platform area.
4. Tighten the feet with the check nuts using the open-end wrench.
Figure 4-11: Platform alignment
Mounting the R&S
QAR
When the platform is in place, you can mount the R&S QAR on the platform.
Whenever you lift, move or carry the R&S QAR, use the handles on its back side.
1. Screw the two supports to the R&S QAR with four socket head screws (size 5) on
each side of the R&S QAR (see Figure 4-12).
2. Lift the R&S QAR onto the platform into a stable position and in a right angle to the
floor.
The position is defined by the two pins on the platform as shown in Figure 4-12.
Those two pins fit into the two mounting holes on the frame of the R&S QAR.
25User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Connecting the R&S QAR
Figure 4-12: R&S QAR installation, including support mounting
3. Secure the R&S QAR by screwing the two supports to the platform. Two socket
head screws with a size 10 secure each support.
The mounting holes in the platform define the position of the supports.
Note: Insert a washer between screw and support as shown in Figure 4-12.
4. Tighten all four screws to the platform.
4.3 Connecting the R&S QAR
You can connect various devices to the R&S QAR. The following overview shows the
possible connections.
26User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Switching the R&S
QAR On and Off
Monitor (DVI + power)
Keyboard (USB)
Mouse (USB)
LAN
R&S QAR
Transmitter module
(Radome measurements)
AC Power
Figure 4-13: Connection overview in a system with optional transmitter module
1. Connect a monitor to the DVI port on the R&S QAR.
As a power source, you can use a household AC outlet or the integrated power
supply to supply the monitor with power (for monitors with a light-current extension
cable).
Note: The monitor should have at least a resolution of 1650 x 1050 (we recommend 1920 x 1200). Lower resolutions can lead to an incorrect display of the measurement data.
2. Connect a keyboard and a mouse to two of the USB ports.
3. Optional: Establish a connection to your LAN via the LAN interface.
4. Optional (radome measurements): Connect the transmitter module to the
R&S QAR via the SMA and transmitter control connectors on both devices.
5. Connect the R&S QAR to the mains power supply with the power cord that is part
of the delivery.
Note: Always connect all devices before connecting the R&S QAR to the mains
supply.
4.4 Switching the R&S QAR On and Off
Supplying the R&S QAR with power
Always complete all connections (LAN, USB etc.) before connecting the R&S QAR to
the mains supply.
27User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Preparing for Use
Operating System
Refer to the datasheet for power rating and electrical safety compliance.
1. Make sure that the protective ground connection is established.
For more information, see "Protective ground connection" on page 12.
2. Connect the power cable to the AC inlet.
3. Connect the power cable to the mains supply.
4. Turn on the main power switch (position "I").
The R&S QAR is supplied with power.
See Chapter 3.1, "Main Power Supply", on page 11 for more information about the
AC inlet and the main power switch.
Turning on the R&S QAR
► Press the power button.
The system boots. The software installed on the integrated PC starts automatically.
If the software does not start automatically, start it manually double-clicking the
shortcut on the Windows desktop.
You can now use the R&S QAR.
See Chapter 3.2, "Power Button", on page 12 for more information about the power
button.
Warm-up time
Let the R&S QAR warm up for at least 90 minutes before using it.
Turning off the R&S QAR
► Press the power button.
The system shuts down.
See Chapter 3.2, "Power Button", on page 12 for more information about the power
button.
Disconnecting the R&S QAR from the mains supply
1. Turn off the main power switch (position "0").
The R&S QAR is disconnected from the mains supply.
2. Remove the power cable from the mains supply.
4.5 Operating System
The R&S QAR contains Windows 7 Embedded operating system.
Update Windows 7 Embedded as described in the next subchapters and change the
configuration only to add new devices or update the network settings.
28User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Risk of altering the R&S QAR configuration
The drivers and software installed are adapted for using the R&S QAR. Only install
software updates released by Rohde & Schwarz.
4.5.1 Virus Protection
Take appropriate steps to protect your instruments from infection. Use strong firewall
settings and scan any removable storage device used with a Rohde & Schwarz instrument regularly. It is also recommended that you install anti-virus software on the instrument. Rohde & Schwarz does NOT recommend running anti-virus software in the
background ("on-access" mode) on Windows-based instruments, due to potentially
degrading instrument performance. However, Rohde & Schwarz does recommend running it during non-critical hours.
For details and recommendations, see the following Rohde & Schwarz white paper:
●
1DC01: Malware Protection Windows 7
Preparing for Use
Operating System
4.5.2 Service Packs and Updates
Microsoft regularly creates security updates and other patches to protect Windowsbased operating systems. These are released through the Microsoft Update website
and associated update server. Instruments using Windows, especially those that connect to a network, should be updated regularly.
For details and recommendations, see the following Rohde & Schwarz white paper:
●
1DC01: Malware Protection Windows 7
4.5.3 User Accounts
The Windows 7 Embedded operating system installed on the R&S QAR has two predefined user accounts:
●
standard user account
– username - Operator
– password - operator
●
administrator account (can install software, updates or create user accounts)
– username - Administrator
– password - emodar8Administrator
Changing the passwords
For security reasons, we recommend that you to change the passwords.
29User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
5 Operating the R&S QAR
The application to operate the R&S QAR is installed on a PC that is integrated into the
R&S QAR. It starts automatically when you turn on the R&S QAR.
You can access the application by connecting a monitor, a keyboard and a mouse to
the R&S QAR. Alternatively, you can access the application via "Remote Desktop" from
another computer, if the R&S QAR is in a LAN.
If the application does not start automatically, you can start it manually with the shortcut on the Windows desktop.
The operation depends on the application you have:
●
Chapter 5.1, "Radome Measurements", on page 30
●
Chapter 5.2, "Bumper Measurements", on page 44
●
Chapter 5.3, "Radar Positioning Measurements", on page 53.
Warm-up time
Let the R&S QAR warm up for at least 90 minutes before using it.
5.1 Radome Measurements
The typical procedure when measuring a radome (DUT) is as follows:
1. Start the R&S QAR to start the system and the measurement application.
For more information about the functionality of the measurement application, see
Chapter 5.1.2, "Graphical User Interface", on page 32.
2. Normalize the test setup.
For more information about the normalization, see Chapter 5.1.3.1, "Normaliza-
tion", on page 35.
3. Measure the DUT.
For more information about the measurement and its results, see Chapter 5.1.3,
"Measurements", on page 34.
4. Save and restore measurement data.
For more information about saving and restoring measurement data, see "Manag-
ing measurement results" on page 39.
30User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
5.1.1 Test Setup
Basic test setup
The basic test setup for radome measurements consists of the R&S QAR and a DUT
that is placed at a certain distance from the R&S QAR.
Figure 5-1: Basic test setup (distances in mm)
In Figure 5-1, the red box indicates the area in which the R&S QAR takes the image of
the DUT. Note that the DUT must be positioned slightly off-center to the center of the
R&S QAR as indicated in Figure 5-1 (141 mm).
Test setup with platform and DUT mounting table
When you use the optional platform and DUT mounting table, the test setup is already
predefined. The R&S QAR is in a given position, and the DUT, when positioned on the
table, is already in the necessary distance to the R&S QAR and the floor. Note that the
position of the mounting table is variable, depending on the mounting holes you have
used to attach the mounting table. For more information, see Chapter 4.2.3, "Installing
the Radome Measurement Elements", on page 21.
31User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
Figure 5-2: R&S QAR test setup with platform, mounting table and transmitter module
Numbers without brackets = dimensions in mm
Numbers in brackets = dimensions in inch
5.1.2 Graphical User Interface
The graphical user interface (GUI) contains several elements.
1 2 3
10
11
12
4
Figure 5-3: Software graphical user interface
1 = Menu bar
2 = Measurement description
3 = Result display (reflection)
5 6 7 8
9
32User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
4 = Numeric results (reflection)
5 = Reflection mask editor
6 = Normalize reflection measurement
7 = Operating temperature
8 = System messages (incl. remaining warm-up time)
9 = Optional - Numeric results (transmission)
10 = Optional: Result display (transmission loss)
11 = Optional: Normalize transmission button
12 = Measure button
Result display
The result display shows the data that was collected during the measurement as a millimeter wave image.
Transmission loss result display
Only available with the optional transmitter module.
The transmission loss result display shows the results of the transmission measurement.
Numeric results
Several numeric results of the reflection and transmission measurements are displayed.
●
Mean reflection
●
Standard deviation
●
Optional: One-way mean attenuation within frequency range 76 GHz to 77 GHz
●
Optional: One-way mean attenuation within frequency range 76 GHz to 81 GHz
Settings and control buttons
Several settings and buttons allow you to control the measurement.
●
"Measure"
Initiates a measurement.
For more information, see Chapter 5.1.3.2, "Reflection Measurement",
on page 36 and Chapter 5.1.3.3, "Transmission Measurement", on page 37.
●
"Normalize Reflection"
Initiates the normalization of the reflection measurement.
For more information, see Chapter 5.1.3.1, "Normalization", on page 35.
●
Optional: "Normalize Transmission"
Initiates the normalization of the transmission measurement.
For more information, see Chapter 5.1.3.1, "Normalization", on page 35.
●
System messages
Shows various status messages of the system like a missing normalization or the
remaining warm-up time. The full warm-up time is 90 minutes.
33User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
Menu bar
The menu bar contains various settings.
●
"File"
Contains functionality to import and export measurement results, and functionality
to close the software.
●
"Options"
Contains functionality to configure the measurement and result displays.
●
"Info"
Contains various information about the software.
Keyboard shortcuts
The following keyboard shortcuts are available.
Table 5-1: Keyboard shortcuts
Ctrl-S Saves the currently displayed measurement results.
See "Managing measurement results" on page 39
for details.
Ctrl-O Opens a dialog box to load measurement results.
Ctrl-Q Closes the application.
F3 Initiates a reflection normalization
F4 Initiates a transmission normalization
F5 Initiates a measurement.
5.1.3 Measurements
The R&S QAR provides several measurement types: reflection measurements and
transmission measurements. Transmission measurements require the optional transmitter module. Both measurements usually consist of two steps, normalization and the
actual measurement.
Measuring a DUT
1. Set up the normalization.
2. Start the normalization with "Normalize Reflection" (or the F3 key) and "Normalize
Transmission" (or the F4 key).
For details on how to normalize the measurement, see Chapter 5.1.3.1, "Normali-
zation", on page 35.
See "Managing measurement results" on page 39
for details.
3. Place the DUT in front of the R&S QAR, for example on the optional mounting
table.
4. Start the reflection and transmission measurement with "Measure" (or the F5 key).
34User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
5.1.3.1 Normalization
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
The measurement itself lasts less than a second. The results are displayed after a
few seconds.
For details on how to run the measurement, see Chapter 5.1.3.2, "Reflection Mea-
surement", on page 36 and Chapter 5.1.3.3, "Transmission Measurement",
on page 37.
● Normalization.......................................................................................................... 35
● Reflection Measurement......................................................................................... 36
● Transmission Measurement....................................................................................37
Normalization is a separate measurement that determines systematic, reproducible
measurement deviations. Determining these measurement deviations allows you to
remove those deviations from the actual measurement results, which in turn improves
the accuracy of the measurement.
Normalizing reflection measurements
Normalizing the reflection measurement requires a clean, smooth and flat metallic
plate for a high reflectivity, for example aluminum. The recommended size is between
100 mm x 100 mm and 200 mm x 200 mm.
If you have the verification objects, and it fits your setup, you can use the plate labeled
E to normalize the reflection.
1. Place the plate at the same location where you are going to mount the DUT for the
actual measurement.
Make sure that the plate is parallel to the R&S QAR. We recommend using the
same fixture for the metal plate as for the DUT.
2. Select the "Normalize Reflection" button to initiate the measurement.
When the normalization measurement is done, the R&S QAR saves the correction
data. All subsequent measurements are corrected accordingly.
A valid normalization results in an image with high reflectivity. The mean reflectivity
should be approximately 0 dB and should not exceed a certain deviation from that
value - refer to the datasheet for exact values.
3. Optional: Scan the metal plate with the "Measure" button to verify the normalization.
If the results do not meet the expectations, repeat the normalization.
If the second normalization still yields unexpected results, verify the test setup. For
details about the verification procedure, see Chapter 5.1.5, "Verification",
on page 40.
35User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
Normalizing the transmission measurement
Normalizing the transmission measurement is done by a free-space measurement and
requires no additional devices. However, make sure that the line of sight between
R&S QAR and transmitter module is free of obstacles.
1. Select the "Normalize Transmission" button to initiate the measurement.
When the normalization measurement is done, the R&S QAR saves the correction
data. All subsequent measurements are corrected accordingly.
2. Optional: scan the free space with the "Measure" button to verify the normalization.
A valid normalization results in a straight trace at approximately 0 dB attenuation.
The trace should not exceed a certain deviation from that value - refer to the datasheet for exact values.
If the results do not meet the expectations, repeat the normalization.
If the second normalization still yields unexpected results, verify the test setup. For
details about the verification procedure, see Chapter 5.1.5, "Verification",
on page 40.
5.1.3.2 Reflection Measurement
The reflection measurement determines the amount of energy that is being reflected by
the DUT. This energy does not pass through the radome and contributes to performance degradation as a result. Reflected signals reduce the performance of the radar
and can even interfere with the received signals, leading to effects as described in
application note 1MA267. Areas with a high reflectivity can have various causes, for
example material defects, undesired interaction between several layers of materials,
excessive amount of certain materials, or foreign objects.
The R&S QAR achieves spatially resolved reflection measurements of a DUT by linking the information collected by the distributed transmit and receive antennas in a
coherent operation. The resulting millimeter wave image allows for an intuitive evaluation of the DUTs reflection behavior.
Measurement results
The application shows the results of the spatially resolved reflection measurement as a
millimeter wave image with a linear scale from 10 % to 100 %. The x- and y-axis show
the dimensions of the image in mm (300 mm x 300 mm by default). The image is a
grayscale image. Small values, represented by dark areas, correspond to a low reflection, high values, represented by bright areas, correspond to a high reflection.
In addition to the image, the mean reflection and the standard deviation of the reflection are calculated as numeric results. Both values are shown under the millimeter
wave image in logarithmic units (dB) and as a percentage, with 100 % representing a
maximum reflection of 0 dB.
The application calculates the numeric results over a certain area of the complete millimeter wave image. The evaluation area is indicated by a mask that is superimposed
on the image. You can customize the size and form of this mask to analyze certain
36User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
5.1.3.3 Transmission Measurement
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
areas in more detail. For more information about working with the mask, see "Working
with evaluation masks" on page 38.
The mean reflection indicates the radar transparency of the DUT. The lower the mean
reflection, the better the radar transparency of the DUT. A higher mean reflection
results in beam refraction, increased transmission loss and standing waves between
the DUT and the radar sensor. For optimal radar compatibility, the DUT's mean reflection has to be minimized.
The reflection's standard deviation indicates the homogeneity of the DUT. Inhomogeneous DUTs alter the incident wave's phase fronts, cause angle errors, blind spots and
increased side lobes. For optimal radar compatibility, the DUT's reflection standard
deviation has to be minimized.
Because the incident signal is split in a reflected and a transmitted part, it is of interest
to measure not only the reflection but also the transmission properties.
Measuring the transmitted signal, requires the optional transmitter module that is located behind the DUT (on the DUT table). The transmitter uses 64 discrete frequency
points to cover a selected frequency span between 72 GHz and 82 GHz. This allows
for an exact evaluation of the DUT's transmission frequency response.
The frequency response yields detailed information regarding the RF transmission loss
of the DUT at the exact frequency band intended for radar operation. This is therefore
independent of the actual signal waveform utilized by the radar unit, which facilitates
the testability and optimization of the radome itself.
The transmission diagram shows the frequency response of the DUT. The minimum
and maximum values indicate the degree of frequency matching achieved by the DUT.
Ideally, the minimum of the frequency response is located at the operating frequency
range of the radar sensor that is to be used in combination with the DUT. Shifted minima indicate issues with the DUT's electrical thickness.
The R&S QAR calculates the one-way mean attenuation for specific frequency ranges
(76 GHz to 77 GHz and 76 GHz to 81 GHz). The results are displayed below the diagram in logarithmic units (dB).
The one-way mean attenuation is calculated as follows:
-20·log10(mean transmission coefficient)
The mean transmission coefficient is calculated over the respective frequency range.
5.1.4 Configuration
The R&S QAR provides several tools to configure the radome measurement.
37User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
Working with evaluation masks
The evaluation mask available for the reflection measurement defines the area that is
evaluated for the mean reflection and the standard deviation of the reflection measurement.
1. Select "Edit Mask".
In editing mode, you can change the shape and location of the evaluation mask.
2. Move, delete or design an evaluation mask.
a) Move the mask by dragging it around with the mouse and dropping it in its new
location.
b) Delete a selected mask with the "Del" key on your keyboard. To select a mask,
click on it.
c) Create a mask by clicking somewhere in the result display and drawing a line
with the mouse.
One click confirms a line of the mask shape. Add as many lines as you like to
design the mask. A double-click confirms the final shape of the mask.
Using that method, you can design any shape you like around the DUT.
3. Select "Edit Mask" again to exit the editing mode.
The R&S QAR reevaluates the mean reflection and the standard deviation.
4. Optional: Export the evaluation mask.
a) Select "Options" > "Reflection Mask"
b) Select "Save Bitmap" to save the shape and location of the mask as a bitmap
(.bmp file).
c) Select "Export Coordinates" to save the shape and location of the mask as
coordinates in a .json file.
Alternatively, you can design a mask with an external graphics editor or a text editor and import it.
If you design the mask as a bitmap, make sure that the canvas size is 601 x 601
pixels, and that the image has a single channel. Take a mask you have designed in
the application to see what a bitmap looks like.
If you design a mask as text, make sure that you define the coordinates of the xand y-axis correctly. Take a mask you have designed in the software to see what
the .json file looks like.
Importing evaluation masks
If you have designed and saved an evaluation mask previously, you can import it any
time you need it.
Before importing a mask, make sure that the mask editing mode is off.
1. Select "Options" > "Reflection Mask"
2. Select "Load Bitmap" to import the shape and location of the mask from a bitmap
(.bmp file).
38User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
3. Select "Import Coordinates" to import the shape and location of the mask from
coordinates in a .json file.
Selecting the image color scheme
The R&S QAR provides several color schemes for the image of the reflection measurement.
1. Select "Options" > "Display".
2. Select one of the color schemes from the "Colormap" dropdown menu.
The R&S QAR adjusts the colors accordingly.
Managing measurement results
You can export the measurement data, for example to store it on an external memory
device or copy it to a different computer for further analysis with different software. You
can also restore data that you have taken at some point and review it in the application.
1. Select "Options" > "Recording".
2. Define the default directory in which to save the results in the "Result Folder" input
field.
For each measurement, the R&S QAR creates a folder that contains the measurement data.
3. Select "Autosave" to use the auto save functionality..
When you are using the autosave feature, the R&S QAR automatically stores the
results after each measurement.
Tip: You can always save the measurement results deliberately with the keyboard
shortcut Ctrl-S or from the "File" menu.
4. Select the data you want to save from the "Results To Save" dropdown menu.
A measurement dataset contains the following files.
<yyyy-mm-dd-hh-mm-ss>_cfg.txt
●
<yyyy-mm-dd-hh-mm-ss>_PanelConf.mat
Contains information about the configuration of the R&S QAR during the measurement.
<yyyy-mm-dd-hh-mm-ss>_image.png
●
<yyyy-mm-dd-hh-mm-ss>_transmissionloss.png
Image of the reflection and transmission loss measurement.
Protocol.csv
●
Contains the numerical measurement results.
<yyyy-mm-dd-hh-mm-ss>_results.mat
●
Contains the raw 2D imaging data.
Only if you have selected the data package "Statistics + Pictures + Data". This
data package is necessary if you want to restore the measurement results later
on.
<yyyy-mm-dd-hh-mm-ss>_volume.mat
●
39User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
Contains the raw 3D imaging data.
Only if you have selected the data package "Statistics + Pictures + Data + Volume".
This data package requires approx. 500 MB of disk space for each image. It
also takes a long time to save this data package, approx. 30 seconds for each
image.
Tip: You can restore measurement results at any time with the keyboard shortcut
Ctrl-O or from the "File" menu.
Restoring measurement results requires at least the raw 2D imaging data
(results.mat). The data package "Statistics + Pictures" only contains the
images (.png) and statistics (numerical results etc.) and is therefore not sufficient
to restore results.
Taking pictures with a webcam
You can connect a webcam to the R&S QAR that takes a picture of the DUT during the
measurement. This picture is stored together with the measurement data.
The R&S QAR supports all webcams that are recognized as an "Imaging Device" in
the Windows 7 Embedded device manager. Note that the webcam feature of the
R&S QAR always uses the first imaging device in the list to take pictures.
1. Select "Options" > "Recording".
2. Select "Save Webcam Picture".
Using a barcode scanner
You can connect a barcode scanner to the R&S QAR to scan the barcode of a DUT
and use this as a reference that the DUT with a certain barcode has passed or failed
the test. The barcode is displayed in the user interface and is stored together with the
other measurement data.
The R&S QAR supports the barcode scanner Honeywell Xenon 1900 by Honeywell
International Inc.
1. Select "Options" > "Recording".
2. Select "Use Barcode Scanner".
3. Select the (serial) port the barcode scanner is connected to from the dropdown
menu.
5.1.5 Verification
The R&S QAR provides a verification procedure to validate the quality of the measurements. Verification consists of a series of measurements with standardized DUTs
which are located at a fix distance from the R&S QAR.
If verification fails, calibrate the R&S QAR. If calibration still results in a failed verification, check the hardware for defects.
40User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
Warm-up time
Let the R&S QAR warm up for at least 90 minutes before using it.
Figure 5-4: Test setup for verification with objects
Required equipment
All required equipment is included in the delivery of the R&S QAR-Z40.
●
Verification objects
– 1 x metal plate
– 1 x metal plate with cut-outs
– 3 x plastic plate with different thicknesses
●
Frame for verification objects
●
Allen wrench size 5
Handling the verification objects
●
Store the verification objects in the bag they were delivered in.
●
Keep the verification objects clean and without fingerprints.
●
Do not scratch the verification objects.
●
Clean the objects with a lint-free duster or a damp rag. Do not use chemicals.
41User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
Mounting the frame for the verification objects
The verification objects come with a frame that holds the objects. Screw the frame to
the DUT mounting table.
Figure 5-5: Installation of the verification object frame
1. Place the frame on the mounting table. The position of the frame is defined by the
mounting holes in the DUT mounting table.
2. Screw the frame to the mounting table with the Allen wrench. The required socket
head screws are included in the delivery of the R&S QAR-Z40.
Performing verification
The verification process consists of five consecutive measurements with the verification objects (square plates). The verification objects are labeled A to E.
1. Select verification mode in the application ("Options" > "Verification").
In verification mode, the R&S QAR eliminates unwanted responses in the signal by
applying a time gate to evaluate the data. For verification, using this method is
mandatory.
2. Normalize the reflection measurement.
a) Put the metal plate labeled "E" into the frame.
b) Select "Normalize Reflection" to initiate a measurement.
c) Wait until the results are displayed.
d) Remove the metal plate from the frame.
The resulting image should show a homogeneous image (the colors should not
deviate too much). The mean reflection should be around 0 dB.
42User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
The limits for the normalization of the reflection measurement are universal, not
device-specific.
3. Verify the reflection measurement.
a) Put the metal plate with cut-outs labeled D into the frame.
b) Initiate a measurement.
c) Remove the metal plate from the frame.
The resulting image should show a clear image of the verification object. The
patterns should be clearly visible.
Verification OK Verification not OK
Operating the R&S QAR
Radome Measurements
4. If you are using the transmitter module:
Normalize the transmission measurement.
a) Remove all objects in front of the R&S QAR (except for the table and the
frame).
b) Select "Normalize Transmission" to initiate a free-space measurement.
The resulting trace should be a straight line at approximately 0 dB attenuation.
5. If you are using the transmitter module:
Verify the transmission measurement.
a) Put the plastic plate labeled A into the frame.
b) Initiate a measurement.
c) Remove the plastic plate from the frame.
d) Do the same for the other two plastic plates labeled B and C.
After each measurement, check the mean transmission loss against the limits a
and a81 specified on the stickers attached to the verification plates. The sticker
shows the attenuation characteristics of the plate and the deviation the result may
have.
Each sticker contains two values.
77
43User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Bumper Measurements
The first value "a77" is the one-way mean attenuation in the frequency range from
76 GHz to 77 GHz.
The second value "a81" is the one-way mean attenuation in the frequency range
from 76 GHz to 81 GHz.
The limits for the transmission verification measurement are plate-specific.
5.2 Bumper Measurements
In real cases, the vehicle built-in radar sends a signal that crosses the bumper, is
reflected and crosses the bumper again. Similarly, the R&S QAR antennas send signals that cross the bumper, are reflected from the reference reflector pins and cross
the bumper back. The received signals are measured and compared to the free-space
measurement (normalization) to obtain the transmission loss (or two-way attenuation)
caused by the bumper in multiple points.
The R&S QAR uses 64 discrete frequency points to cover the frequency range 76 GHz
- 81 GHz. Thanks to the multistatic imaging of the reflector pins, the analyzed bumper
is irradiated from different angles (from -38° to +24°), as shown in figure Figure 5-6.
Figure 5-6: Irradiation area: 3D, top view and lateral view
The mean two-way attenuation is calculated as follows:
-20·log10(mean attenuation coefficient).
The mean attenuation coefficient is calculated as an average between the values
obtained for all discrete frequency points and for all the reflector pins used.
44User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Bumper Measurements
The typical procedure when measuring the transmission loss (attenuation) caused by a
bumper is as follows:
1. Start the R&S QAR.
The software starts automatically. For more information, see Chapter 5.2.2,
"Graphical User Interface", on page 45.
2. Normalize the measurement, as described in Chapter 5.2.3.1, "Normalization",
on page 48.
3. Place the bumper to measure in the right position, as described in Chapter 5.2.1,
"Test Setup", on page 45.
4. Measure the attenuation, as described in Chapter 5.2.3.2, "Attenuation Measure-
ment", on page 49.
5. Save the measurement results, if needed.
See also "Managing measurement results" on page 49.
5.2.1 Test Setup
► Place the bumper between the R&S QAR and the reference reflector, at a mini-
mum distance of 30 mm from the reflector pins.
5.2.2 Graphical User Interface
The graphical user interface (GUI) contains several elements.
45User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Bumper Measurements
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 9
Figure 5-7: Software user interface
1 = Menu bar
2 = Bumper type drop-down list and scanned barcode
3 = System messages
4 = Normalize button
5 = Numeric results (mean attenuation)
6 = Results indicator
7 = Measure button
8 = Operating temperature
9 = Save button
10 = Result display
11 = Mode
8
10
11
Result display
Shows the millimeter wave image of the data collected from the reference reflector pins
during the scan.
The image indicates the effects of the presence of the object and enables you to evaluate immediately its characteristics, for example, the homogeneity.
You can hide and unhide the image with the arrow icon (
).
Numeric results and indicator
Two-way mean attenuation within the frequency range 76 GHz - 81 GHz, calculated as
the arithmetical mean of the values registered by the pins used.
If the attenuation is below the threshold, the indicator is green.
46User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Bumper Measurements
Bumper type selection
Selects the configuration for the measurement (type of bumper you are measuring).
The configuration determines which pins of the reference reflector to use for the measurement. The "default" configuration uses all pins.
Settings and control buttons
Several settings and buttons allow you to control the measurement.
●
"Measure"
Starts a measurement.
For more information, see Chapter 5.2.3.2, "Attenuation Measurement",
on page 49.
●
"Save"
Saves the measurement results.
For more information, see "Managing measurement results" on page 49.
●
"Normalize"
Starts the normalization.
For more information, see Chapter 5.2.3.1, "Normalization", on page 48.
●
System messages
Shows various status messages of the system like a missing normalization or the
remaining warm-up time. The full warm-up time is 90 minutes.
Menu bar
The menu bar contains various settings.
●
"File"
Contains functionality to import and export measurement results, and functionality
to close the software.
●
"Options"
Contains functionality to configure the measurement and result displays.
For more information, see "Managing measurement results" on page 49.
●
"Info"
Contains various information about the software.
Keyboard shortcuts
The following keyboard shortcuts are available.
Table 5-2: Keyboard shortcuts
Ctrl-S Saves the currently displayed measurement results.
See "Managing measurement results" on page 49
for details.
Ctrl-O Opens a dialog box to load measurement results.
See "Managing measurement results" on page 49
for details.
47User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Bumper Measurements
Ctrl-Q Closes the software.
F5 Initiates a measurement.
5.2.3 Measurements
For bumper measurements, the R&S QAR provides a reflection measurement. Bumper
measurements require the optional reference reflector. The measurement usually consist of two steps, normalization and the actual measurement.
Measuring a DUT
1. Set up the normalization.
2. Start the normalization with "Normalize".
For details on how to normalize the measurement, see Chapter 5.2.3.1, "Normali-
zation", on page 48.
3. Place the DUT between the R&S QAR and the reference reflector.
4. Start the reflection measurement with "Measure" (or the F5 key).
The measurement itself lasts less than a second. The results are displayed after a
few seconds.
For details on how to run the measurement, see Chapter 5.2.3.2, "Attenuation
Measurement", on page 49.
● Normalization.......................................................................................................... 48
● Attenuation Measurement.......................................................................................49
5.2.3.1 Normalization
Normalization is a measurement done in the free space, to obtain a reference value for
the bumper measurements. You do not need any object to measure or additional element.
Normalization enables you also to check the positioning and the status of the reference
reflector. If the position is wrong, or the reflector is damaged, you get a warning.
Perform the following steps:
1. Make sure that nothing is obstructing the view between R&S QAR and the reference reflector.
2. Choose the configuration needed from the "bumper type" drop-down menu.
3. Click the "Normalize" button to start the measurement.
The R&S QAR measures the deviations and saves the correction data. All subsequent measurements are corrected accordingly.
4. Optional: scan the free space by clicking the "Measure" button to verify the normalization.
48User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
5.2.3.2 Attenuation Measurement
Operating the R&S QAR
Bumper Measurements
The expected result is an attenuation around 0 dB. For a range of acceptable
results, see the datasheet.
If the results do not meet the expectations, repeat the normalization.
If the second normalization still yields unexpected results, perform the verification,
as described in Chapter 5.2.5, "Verification", on page 51.
1. Set a threshold, if needed, by choosing "Options" > "Threshold".
2. Click the "measure" button. Or press F5.
Do not move the bumper during the measurement.
The measurement takes a few seconds, then the results appear on the GUI. See
"Numeric results and indicator" on page 46 and "Result display" on page 46.
If you change the position of the reference reflector, or set a different configuration to
use in the "bumper type" drop-down list, perform a new normalization before measuring.
5.2.4 Configuration
The R&S QAR provides several tools to configure the radome measurements.
Managing measurement results
You can export the measurement data, for example to store it on an external memory
device or copy it to a different computer for further analysis with different software. You
can also restore data that you have taken at some point and review them in the software.
1. Select "Options" > "Recording".
2. Define the default directory in which to save the results in the "Result Folder" input
field.
For each measurement, the R&S QAR creates a folder that contains the measurement data.
3. Select "Autosave" to use the auto save functionality..
When you are using the autosave feature, the R&S QAR automatically stores the
results after each measurement.
Tip: You can always save the measurement results deliberately with the keyboard
shortcut Ctrl-S or from the "File" menu.
4. Select the data you want to save from the "Results To Save" dropdown menu.
A measurement dataset contains the following files.
<yyyymmdd-hhmmss>_cfg.txt
●
49User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Bumper Measurements
Contains information about the configuration of the R&S QAR during the measurement.
<yyyymmdd-hhmmss>_check_results.json
●
Contains information about options.
<yyyymmdd-hhmmss>_image.png
●
Image of the measurement.
<yyyymmdd-hhmmss>_result_QARQT.mat
●
Contains the raw 2D imaging data.
Only if you have selected the data package "Statistics + Pictures + Data". This
data package is necessary if you want to restore the measurement results later
on.
<yyyy-mm-dd-hh-mm-ss>_volume.mat
●
Contains the raw 3D imaging data.
Only if you have selected the data package "Statistics + Pictures + Data + Volume".
This data package requires approx. 500 MB of disk space for each image. It
also takes a long time to save this data package, approx. 30 seconds for each
image.
Tip: You can restore measurement results at any time with the keyboard shortcut
Ctrl-O or from the "File" menu.
Restoring measurement results requires at least the raw 2D imaging data
(result_QARQT.mat). The data package "Statistics + Pictures" only contains the
images (.png) and statistics (numerical results etc.) and is therefore not sufficient
to restore results.
Taking pictures with a webcam
You can connect a webcam to the R&S QAR that takes a picture of the DUT during the
measurement. This picture is stored together with the measurement data.
The R&S QAR supports all webcams that are recognized as an "Imaging Device" in
the Windows 7 Embedded device manager. Note that the webcam feature of the
R&S QAR always uses the first imaging device in the list to take pictures.
1. Select "Options" > "Recording".
2. Select "Save Webcam Picture".
Using a barcode scanner
You can connect a barcode scanner to the R&S QAR to scan the barcode of a DUT
and use this as a reference that the DUT with a certain barcode has passed or failed
the test. The barcode is displayed in the user interface and is stored together with the
other measurement data.
The R&S QAR supports the barcode scanner Honeywell Xenon 1900 by Honeywell
International Inc.
1. Select "Options" > "Recording".
2. Select "Use Barcode Scanner".
50User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Bumper Measurements
3. Select the (serial) port the barcode scanner is connected to from the dropdown
menu.
5.2.5 Verification
The R&S QAR provides a verification procedure to validate the quality of the measurements. The verification consists of a series of measurements with standardized plates
placed at a fix distance from the R&S QAR.
If verification fails, calibrate the R&S QAR. If calibration still results in a failed verification, check the hardware for defects.
Warm-up time
The warm-up time of the R&S QAR must be at least 90 minutes before you can start
verification.
Required equipment
All required equipment is included in the delivery of the R&S QAR-Z41.
●
Verification objects
– 1 x metal frame
– 3 x plastic plate with different thicknesses
●
Frame for verification objects
●
Allen wrench size 5
Handling the verification objects
●
Store the verification objects in the bag they were delivered in.
●
Keep the verification objects clean and free from fingerprints.
●
Do not scratch the verification objects.
●
Clean the objects with a lint-free duster or a damp rag. Do not use chemicals.
Mounting the frame
The verification objects come with a frame that can hold the verification objects. The
frame can be screwed to the reference reflector stand.
1. Place the frame onto the reference reflector.
51User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Bumper Measurements
Figure 5-8: Placing the frame
2. Attach the verification plate to the frame. An arrow on the sticker indicates the correct orientation.
Figure 5-9: Placing the verification plate
Performing verification
The verification process consists of three consecutive measurements using the verification plates.
The plates are labeled "A" to "C". Each plate has a sticker with an arrow indicating the
correct orientation and the expected attenuation value with acceptable error margin.
1. Normalize the measurement as described in Chapter 5.2.3.1, "Normalization",
on page 48.
2. Put the plate labeled "A" into the support, as shown in Figure 5-8.
3. Set the "default" bumper type.
4. Initiate a measurement.
5. Check the mean attenuation against the values specified on the sticker.
6. Remove the plate from the support by pushing from the back of the plate.
52User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
7. Repeat the steps for the plates labeled "B" and "C".
If the verification fails, calibrate the R&S QAR, as described in the service manual, or
call your local R&S representative.
If after calibration the verification fails again, check the hardware for defects.
5.3 Radar Positioning Measurements
The typical procedure when measuring a radar position is as follows:
1. Start the R&S QAR to start the system and the software.
For more information about the functionality of the software, see Chapter 5.3.2,
"Graphical User Interface", on page 55.
2. Park the car in front of R&S QAR.
See Chapter 5.3.1, "Test Setup", on page 53.
3. Measure the DUT.
See Chapter 5.3.3, "Measurement", on page 57.
4. Save measurement data.
See "Managing measurement results" on page 62.
5.3.1 Test Setup
For radar positioning measurements, the test setup consists of the R&S QAR and the
DUT, for example a radar module installed behind the bumper of a car. To measure the
position of the radar module, you simply park the car in front of the R&S QAR. Make
sure to park the car at the correct position as indicated in Figure 5-10 to get valid measurement results.
53User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
Figure 5-10: Test setup for radar positioning measurements (side view)
The optimal distance to the front of the car depends on the location of the radar module relative to the radome's location on the car.
●
The distance between R&S QAR and radar module is between 60 cm and 80 cm.
●
The distance from floor to radar module is between 34 cm and 68 cm.
●
The offset of the radar module relative to the center of the R&S QAR panel is
14.5 cm to the right of the center of the panel.
54User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
Figure 5-11: Test setup for radar positioning measurements (view from above)
5.3.2 Graphical User Interface
The graphical user interface (GUI) contains several elements.
55User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Figure 5-12: Software graphical user interface
11
8
9
10
1 = Menu bar
2 = Car type
3 = Description
4 = Numeric positioning results
5 = Numeric detection results
6 = Overall result
7 = Status bar
8 = Operational mode
9 = Result display
10 = Measure button
11 = System messages
Result display (graphic and numeric)
Graphic and numeric measurement results. For more information, see Chapter 5.3.3,
"Measurement", on page 57.
Settings and control buttons
Several settings and buttons allow you to control the measurement.
●
"Car Type"
Selects the measurement configuration (CAD data of the car). For more information, see "Selecting the working mode" on page 60.
●
"Description"
Optional description of the measurement. The description is part of the folder name
in which the results are stored.
●
"Measure"
56User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
Initiates a measurement.
For more information, see Chapter 5.1.3.2, "Reflection Measurement", on page 36
and Chapter 5.1.3.3, "Transmission Measurement", on page 37.
●
System messages
Shows various status messages of the system like a missing normalization or the
remaining warm-up time. The full warm-up time is 90 minutes.
Menu bar
The menu bar contains various settings.
●
"File"
Contains functionality to import and export measurement results and configurations, and functionality to close the software.
●
"Options"
Contains functionality to configure the measurement and result displays.
●
"Info"
Contains various information about the software.
Status bar
Shows various information:
●
The folder where measurements are saved.
●
The temperature of the connected R&S QAR.
Double-click on the temperature icon to view the temperature of the last few hours.
●
The connection state ("Online": successful boot up of the connected hardware).
Keyboard shortcuts
The following keyboard shortcuts are supported:
Table 5-3: Keyboard shortcuts
Ctrl-S Saves the currently displayed measurement results.
Ctrl-O Opens a dialog box to load measurement results.
5.3.3 Measurement
See "Managing measurement results" on page 62
for details.
See "Managing measurement results" on page 62
for details.
The radar positioning measurement verifies the correct positioning of a radar module,
for example behind the bumper of a car.
To measure the position of the radar module, the R&S QAR generates a three-dimensional point cloud of the car that is in front of it. This image shows the bumper and the
location of the radar sensor mounted behind the bumper. To determine the correct
location of the radar sensor, the R&S QAR compares the recorded image to the CAD
data of the radar sensor and the bumper or radome.
57User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
After the position and orientations of both radar and sensor and have been found in the
image, the R&S QAR uses the CAD model of the radar sensors emission cone to calculate the intersection area of the emission cone and the radome.
Finally, the R&S QAR calculates the shortest distance between the intersection area of
the radar emission cone and the boundaries of the allowed area.
Measuring the DUT
1. Select the configuration from the "Car Type" drop-down list.
2. Select "Options" > "Alarm Limits" to define acceptance limits.
For more information, see "Managing measurement results" on page 62.
3. Select "Measure".
The R&S QAR measures the DUT, which takes a few seconds. Do not move the
radar during the measurement.
After a few seconds, the results appear in the user interface.
Graphic results
The image shows the CAD data and, as an overlay, the measurement results.
The colors have the following meaning:
●
The green contour corresponds to the border polygon.
●
The orange contour corresponds to the theoretical radar beam intersection.
●
The red contour corresponds to the measured radar beam intersection.
●
The yellow lines correspond to the measured distances.
You can display the graphical results as a 2D screenshot or as 3D image.
► Select "Options" > "Save Settings" > "Save Screenhot".
● If you turn on "Save Screenhot", the image is a 2D image that shows the DUT
from the front.
● If you turn off "Save Screenhot", the image is a 3D image. You can turn the
image in any direction and view it from different angles. To do so, select the
image with the mouse pointer and move it in the direction you want.
Numeric results
Only available in advanced mode.
The numeric results show the measured distances and angles.
●
Numeric results that are within the tolerance limits are displayed in a black font.
●
Numeric results that are outside the tolerance limits are displayed in a red font.
The decision if a radar sensor is positioned correctly is based on the evaluation of eight
measurement points. For each measurement point, the R&S QAR calculates the shortest distance between the radar beam intersection on the radome and a specified border polygon (green contour in the graphic results).
58User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
The upper part of the table of the numeric result summary shows the deviation
between specified distances and measured distances for all eight measurement points.
By default, the results are shown in ascending order, from smallest to largest distance.
You can also define a different order based on the index number of the measurement
point.
1. Select "Options" > "View Positions".
2. Select "Show following view positions", and define the order of measurement
points, for example "1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8".
The lower part of the table shows the deviation of the DUT to the specified position in
absolute terms.
●
The minimum distance is the smallest distance that has been measured at one of
the measurement points.
●
The gap values indicate the deviation of the position in the corresponding direction.
For example, an x-gap of 1 mm indicates that the DUT has a wrong position on the
longitudinal axis.
●
The angle values indicate that the DUT is tilted by a certain amount in the corresponding direction. For example, an x-angle of 5 ° indicates that the DUT is tilted
slightly by its x-axis.
Overall test result
The overall test passes if all values are within the tolerances and limits.
●
In simple mode, the overall test result is indicated by a green (pass) or red (fail)
traffic light.
●
In advanced mode, all numerical values must have a black font ("Status" = "OK").
A single value in red font results in a failed test ("Status" = "Not OK").
5.3.4 Configuration
The R&S QAR provides several tools to configure the measurement.
Selecting the user interface
The radar positioning measurement application provides two user interfaces, simple
and advanced.
► Select "Options" > "Advanced Mode" to switch between user interfaces.
● The simple user interface shows the graphical result and the overall test result
(pass or fail).
● The advanced user interface also shows the numerical results.
A checkmark in front of the "Advanced Mode" menu item indicates that
advanced mode is active.
59User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
Selecting the working mode
The system mode selects the radar positioning measurement test setup you are using.
You can either integrate the R&S QAR in a custom automated system ("Inline" mode)
or use it in a stand-alone setup.
Inline mode: The R&S QAR is part of an automated system. An adjustment of the
imaging height for the R&S QAR is not necessary. Instead, the system mechanically
adjusts the location of the R&S QAR in relation to the location of the radar sensor.
Stand-alone mode: The R&S QAR is installed on the platform (R&S QAR-Z21). For a
valid measurement, the R&S QAR has to adjust its imaging height in relation to the
location of the radar sensor. The R&S QAR takes this information from the car type
configuration.
► Select "Options" > "Inline".
A checkmark in front of the "Inline" menu item indicates that inline mode is active.
Selecting the car type
The car type configuration provides information about the car, the location of the radar
sensor and the measurement points (positions). The configuration is based on the
CAD data of the car.
In stand-alone working mode, the car type configuration also defines the imaging
height of the R&S QAR.
Because every car type has different characteristics, you have to load the corresponding configuration.
1. Select "File" > "Configuration" > "Import Configuration"
2. Select the configuration from the "Car Type" dropdown menu.
The R&S QAR loads the corresponding data and adapts its imaging volume and
height. Loading another car type takes about 3 minutes.
3. Optional: If you change any settings that have an effect on the car type configuration (for example limits), select "File" > "Configuration" > "Export Configuration" to
export the updated configuration.
Defining alarm limits
Alarm limits define by how much the position of the radar module may deviate from the
ideal position. If the results show a deviation greater than the limits, the test fails.
1. Select "Options" > "Alarm Limits" to open the corresponding dialog box.
60User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
Figure 5-13: Set alarm limits dialog box
2. Define the limits as necessary.
● Angle limits
Maximal difference between theoretical and measured rotation angles. If the
measured difference is higher than the maximum limit, it means that the radar
is too turned around an axis and you get a "Not OK" status (red traffic light).
● Distance limit
Minimum distance from the radar window border. If the measured distance is
lower than the minimum limit, it means that the radar beam is too close to the
border and you get a "Not OK" status (red traffic light).
● Difference limit for the verification set
Only applicable when using the verification sets. Maximal difference between
theoretical and measured position. If the measured difference is higher than the
maximum limit, you get a "Not OK" status (red traffic light).
If verification fails, check the position of all devices (R&S QAR, verification kit
and verification plate). Also check if you have selected the correct verification
plate from the "Car Type" dropdown menu.
If verification still fails, contact Rohde & Schwarz. Stop any further measurements.
Selecting the user interface language
You can display the user interface in various languages.
► Select "Options" > "Languages".
Changing the language requires a restart of the application.
61User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
Managing measurement results
You can export the measurement data, for example to store it on an external memory
device or copy it to a different computer for further analysis with different software. You
can also restore data that you have taken at some point and review it in the application.
1. Select "Options" > "Save Settings".
2. Define the default directory in which to save the results in the "Result Folder" input
field.
For each measurement, the R&S QAR creates a folder that contains the measurement data.
3. Select "Autosave After Measurement" to use the auto save functionality.
When you are using the autosave feature, the R&S QAR automatically stores the
results after each measurement.
Tip: You can always save the measurement results deliberately with the keyboard
shortcut Ctrl-S or from the "File" menu.
4. Select "Save Screenshot" to store a screenshot of the graphical result.
5. Select the data you want to save from the "Save Option" dropdown menu.
A measurement dataset contains the following files.
● "Result"
Stores the numeric results in a .txt file.
● "Result and Volume"
Contains the numeric results and the raw measurement data (3D view) in
a .mat file.
Tip: You can restore measurement results at any time with the keyboard shortcut
Ctrl-O or from the "File" menu.
If you restore 3D volume data ("Result and Volume"), the results show:
● A 3D view in the graphic result display.
● All numeric results.
If you restore the numeric results ("Result") and a screenshot ("Save Screenshot"),
the results show:
● A screenshot of the results in the graphic result display.
● All numeric results.
If you restore the results only ("Result") without a screenshot, the results show:
● Nothing in the graphic result display.
● All numeric results.
Remote controlling radar positioning measurements
You can remote control radar positioning measurements via a Modbus protocol.
1. Select "Options" > "Modbus Communication".
Several new input fields and control buttons appear in the user interface.
2. Define a local or remote IP address.
62User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
3. Select "Connect" to connect with the remote computer.
Using a barcode scanner
You can connect a barcode scanner to the R&S QAR to scan the barcode of a DUT
and use this as a reference that the DUT with a certain barcode has passed or failed
the test. The barcode is displayed in the user interface and is stored together with the
other measurement data.
The R&S QAR supports the barcode scanner Honeywell Xenon 1900 by Honeywell
International Inc.
1. Select "Options" > "Recording".
2. Select "Use Barcode Scanner".
3. Select the (serial) port the barcode scanner is connected to from the dropdown
menu.
5.3.5 Verification
The R&S QAR provides a verification procedure to validate the quality of the measurements. Verification consists of a series of measurements with standardized DUTs
which are located at a fix distance from the R&S QAR.
If verification fails, validate the verification setup. If verification still fails several times in
a row, despite a valid setup, contact Rohde & Schwarz customer support to calibrate
the R&S QAR. If calibration still results in a failed verification, check the hardware for
defects.
Warm-up time
The warm-up time of the R&S QAR must be at least 90 minutes before you can start
verification.
Required equipment
All required equipment is included in the delivery of the R&S QAR-Z42.
●
3 Verification objects with different characteristics
●
Mounting frame for verification objects
Handling the verification objects
●
Store the verification objects in the bag they were delivered in.
●
Keep the verification objects clean and free from fingerprints.
●
Do not scratch the verification objects.
●
Clean the objects with a lint-free duster or a damp rag. Do not use chemicals.
63User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
Installing the mounting frame for the verification objects
The verification set includes a mounting frame that holds the verifications objects. For
verification, you have to place the mounting frame in front of the R&S QAR at a defined
location.
●
The distance between the R&S QAR and the front edge of the mounting frame is
65 cm.
Figure 5-14: Verification setup (side view)
●
The verification object has an offset of 14.5 cm to the right of the center of the
R&S QAR.
Figure 5-15: Verification setup (view from above)
Verifying the system
The verification is a series of three consecutive measurements with the verification
objects. The verification objects are labeled A to C.
1. Insert one of the verification objects into the mounting frame.
2. Select the corresponding DUT configuration from the "Car Type" dropdown menu.
64User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Operating the R&S QAR
Radar Positioning Measurements
3. Start a measurement ("Measure").
4. Repeat the procedure for all three verification objects.
Verification passes if the measurement results for all three objects are within the
limits (measurement result is "OK").
5. Optional: If necessary, change the verification limits ("Options" > "Alarm Limits" >
"Difference Limit for the Verification Set").
However, we recommend to use the default limits (3 mm).
65User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control Interface and Protocol
6 Remote Control - SCPI
● Remote Control Interface and Protocol...................................................................66
● Remote Commands................................................................................................ 67
6.1 Remote Control Interface and Protocol
For the R&S QAR, the remote control interface is the LAN interface. The LAN interface
consists of a connector, a network interface card and protocols.
The network card can be operated with the following interfaces:
●
10 Mbit/s Ethernet IEEE 802.3
●
100 Mbit/s Ethernet IEEE 802.3u
●
1Gbit/s Ethernet IEEE 802.3ab
For remote control via a network, the PC and the instrument must be connected via the
LAN interface to a common network with TCP/IP network protocol. They are connected
using a commercial RJ45 cable (shielded or unshielded twisted pair category 5). The
TCP/IP network protocol and the associated network services are preconfigured on the
instrument. Software for instrument control and the VISA program library must be
installed on the PC (controller).
Remote Control - SCPI
IP address
Only the IP address or a valid DNS host name is required to set up the connection.
The host address is part of the "VISA resource string" used by the programs to identify
and control the instrument.
The VISA resource string has the form:
TCPIP::host address[::LAN device name][::INSTR]
where:
●
TCPIP designates the network protocol used
●
host address is the IP address or host name of the device
inst0 selects the VXI-11 protocol
●
LAN device name defines the protocol and the instance number of a sub-instrument;
●
INSTR indicates the instrument resource class (optional)
Example:
●
Instrument has the IP address 192.1.2.3; the valid resource string using VXI-11
protocol is:
TCPIP::192.1.2.3::INSTR
Note: Identifying instruments in a network. If several instruments are connected to the
network, each instrument has its own IP address and associated resource string. The
controller identifies these instruments by means of the resource string.
66User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
VISA library
A VISA installation is a prerequisite for remote control using the LAN interface.
VISA is a standardized software interface library providing input and output functions to
communicate with instruments. High level programming platforms use VISA as an
intermediate abstraction layer.
The I/O channel (LAN or TCP/IP) is selected at initialization time by one of the following:
●
The channel–specific address string ("VISA resource string")
●
An appropriately defined VISA alias (short name).
For more information about VISA, refer to the VISA user documentation.
VXI-11 protocol
The VXI-11 standard is based on the open network computing remote procedure call
(ONC RPC) protocol which in turn relies on TCP/IP at the network/transport layer. The
TCP/IP network protocol and the associated network services are preconfigured.
TCP/IP ensures connection-oriented communication, where the order of the
exchanged messages is adhered to and interrupted links are identified. With this protocol, messages cannot be lost.
SCPI compatibility
SCPI commands (standard commands for programmable instruments) are used for
remote control. The SCPI standard is based on standard IEEE 488.2 and aims at the
standardization of instrument-specific commands, error handling and the status registers. The tutorial "Automatic Measurement Control - A tutorial on SCPI and IEEE
488.2" from John M. Pieper (R&S order number 0002.3536.00) offers detailed informa-
tion on concepts and definitions of SCPI. The instrument supports the SCPI version
1999.
Commands that are not taken from the SCPI standard follow the SCPI syntax rules.
6.2 Remote Commands
● Common Commands.............................................................................................. 67
● Radome Measurements..........................................................................................72
● Bumper Measurements...........................................................................................78
6.2.1 Common Commands
6.2.1.1 Measurements
MEASurement:LOAD <Directory>
This command restores a set of measurement results.
67User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
Setting parameters:
<Directory> String that contains the location of the results.
The location is always a complete directory, because measurement results are made up out of several files.
Example: //Restore measurement results
MEAS:LOAD 'c:\qar\results\measurement'
Usage: Setting only
MEASurement:SAVE <Description>
This command saves the current measurement results.
Prerequisites for this command
●
Measurement results must be available.
●
Define the location in which the results should be stored (MEASurement:RESult:
DIRectory).
Setting parameters:
<Description> String that is the basis of the folder name in which the R&S QAR
saves the results.
In addition to the folder description, the R&S QAR adds a time
stamp to the folder name. For example, a description
NewResults would create a folder
20180101-125959_NewResults.
Example: //Save measurement results
Usage: Setting only
MEASurement:STARt
This command initiates a measurement.
We recommend to define a timeout of at least 10 seconds to allow for the measurement to finish.
Example:
Usage: Event
6.2.1.2 Configuration
MEASurement:RESult:BCS:PORT <Port>
This command defines the port the barcode scanner is connected to.
MEAS:STAR
MEAS:DIR 'c:\results'
MEAS:SAVE 'NewResults'
//Initiate measurement
MEAS:STAR
68User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
Prerequisites for this command
●
Turn on barcode scanner (MEASurement:RESult:BCS:USE).
Parameters:
<Port> String that contains the (serial) port the barcode scanner uses.
Example: //Select barcode scanner port
MEAS:RES:BCS:USE ON
MEAS:RES:BCS:PORT 'COM1'
MEASurement:RESult:BCS:USE <State>
This command turns the usage of a barcode scanner on and off.
Parameters:
<State> ON | 1
Turns on the barcode scanner.
OFF | 0
Turns off the barcode scanner.
*RST: OFF
Example: //Turn on barcode scanner
MEAS:RES:BCS:USE
MEASurement:RESult:DIRectory <Directory>
This command defines the folder in which the measurement results are stored.
Parameters:
<Directory> String containing the path to the lcoation in which results should
be stored.
*RST: 'c:\temp'
Example: //Define result folder
MEAS:RES:DIR 'c:\results'
MEASurement:RESult:SAVE:AUTO <State>
This command turns automatic saving of the measurement results on and off.
Parameters:
<State> ON | 1
Automatically saves the results after the measurement is done.
OFF | 0
Results are not saved automatically.
*RST: ON
Example: //Turn on automatic saving of results
MEAS:RES:SAVE:AUTO ON
69User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
MEASurement:RESult:SAVE:WBC <State>
This command turns the webcam on and off.
Parameters:
<State> ON | 1
Webcam takes a picture of the DUT during the measurement.
OFF | 0
Turns off the webcam.
*RST: ON
Example: //Turn off webcam
MEAS:RES:SAVE:WBC OFF
MEASurement:RESult:SAVE:WHAT <Data>
This command selects which data to store when saving.
Parameters:
<Data> 0
Stores statistics and pictures.
1
Stores statistics, pictures and data.
2
Stores statistics, pictures, data and volume.
*RST: 1
Example: //Select data to be stored
6.2.1.3 System
SYSTem:ERRor:CODE?
This command queries system errors.
Return values:
<ErrorCode>
Example: //Query system error code
Usage: Query only
Code Message Description
0 Ok No error
101 Calibration data missing Restore calibration data in C:\CalDataK1
102 Could not load QAR configuration Reinstall software
103 Invalid operation mode Reinstall software
MEAS:RES:SAVE:WHAT 0
SYST:ERR:CODE?
70User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
Code Message Description
104 No configuration found for operation
mode '<opmode>'
106 Error occurred during initialization Contact service
107 QAR hardware not initialized Contact service
108 Invalid measurement type '<type>' Correct measurement type
109 Invalid configuration '<config>' Correct measurement configuration
110 Results are invalid Dismiss measurement results and repeat the
111 Measurement has failed Dismiss measurement results and repeat the
Reinstall software
measurement.
measurement.
SYSTem:ERRor:MESSage?
This command queries system errors.
Return values:
<ErrorMessage> String containing the error message.
For a list of messages, see SYSTem:ERRor:CODE?.
Example: //Query system error message
SYST:ERR:MESS?
Usage: Query only
SYSTem:EXIT
This command closes the R&S QAR software GUI.
Example:
//Close GUI
SYST:EXIT
Usage: Event
SYSTem:REBoot
This command reboots the R&S QAR.
Example:
//Reboot system
SYST:REB
Usage: Event
SYSTem:SHUTdown
This command switches off the R&S QAR.
Example:
//Switch off system
SYST:SHUT
71User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
Usage: Event
SYSTem:STATus:CODE?
This command queries the system status.
Return values:
<StatusCode>
Example: //Query system status
SYST:STAT:CODE?
Usage: Query only
Code Message Description
0 Ready for measurement
1 Device initializing Wait until hardware initialization is
2 Error Check log files for initialization
SYSTem:TEMPerature?
This command queries the system temperature.
Return values:
<Temperature> Default unit: ° Celsius
Example: //Query system temperature
SYST:TEMP?
Usage: Query only
6.2.2 Radome Measurements
6.2.2.1 Measurements
done.
errors.
Remote commands described elsewhere:
●
MEASurement:LOAD on page 67
●
MEASurement:SAVE on page 68
●
MEASurement:STARt on page 68
MEASurement:REFLection:NORMalization:REQuired?
This command queries the normalization state of the reflection measurement.
Return values:
<State>
72User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
0
Measurement is normalized.
1
Measurement is not normalized. In that case, you should normalize the measurement before starting it.
Example: //Query normalization state
MEAS:REFL:NORM:REQ?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:REFLection:NORMalization:STARt
This command initiates the normalization of a reflection measurement.
We recommend to define a timeout of at least 10 seconds to allow for the measurement to finish.
Example:
Usage: Event
MEASurement:REFLection:STATistics<n>:MEAN?
This command queries the mean reflection.
Prerequisites for this command
●
Reflection measurement results must be available.
Suffix:
<n>
Return values:
<Reflection> The unit is either dB or PCT.
Example: //Query mean reflection
//Normalize reflection measurement
MEAS:REFL:NORM:STAR
.
1: Result in dB
2: Result in %
3: Linear result
You can query the unit of a result with MEASurement:
REFLection:STATistics<n>:UNIT?.
MEAS:STAR
MEAS:REFL:STAT2:MEAN?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:REFLection:STATistics<n>:STD?
This command queries the standard deviation of the reflection measurement.
Prerequisites for this command
●
Reflection measurement results must be available.
73User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
Suffix:
<n>
Return values:
<Deviation> The unit is either dB or PCT.
Example: //Query standard deviation of the reflection measurement
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:REFLection:STATistics<n>:UNIT?
This command queries the unit of the reflection measurement results.
Prerequisites for this command
●
Reflection measurement results must be available.
Suffix:
<n>
.
1: Result in dB
2: Result in %
3: Linear result
You can query the unit of a result with MEASurement:
REFLection:STATistics<n>:UNIT?.
MEAS:STAR
MEAS:REFL:STAT:STD?
.
1: Result in dB
2: Result in %
3: Linear result
Return values:
<Unit> String containing the unit.
Example: //Query result unit
MEAS:STAR
MEAS:REFL:STAT:UNIT?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:TRANsmission:BAND<n>:STARt:FREQuency?
This command queries the start frequency of the transmission measurement.
Suffix:
<n>
Return values:
<StartFrequency> Default unit: GHz
Example: //Query start frequency of second frequency band
Usage: Query only
.
1: First evaluated frequency band.
2: Second evaluated frequency band.
MEAS:TRAN:BAND2:STAR:FREQ?
74User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
MEASurement:TRANsmission:BAND<n>:STATistics<m>:MEAN?
This command queries the one-way mean attenuation of the transmission measurement.
Suffix:
<n>
<m> 1: Logarithmic result.
Return values:
<Tranmission> Default unit: dB
Example: //Query logarithmic result of second frequency band
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:TRANsmission:BAND<n>:STATistics<m>:UNIT?
This command queries the unit of a result.
Suffix:
<n>
<m> 1: Logarithmic result.
.
1: First evaluated frequency band.
2: Second evaluated frequency band.
2: Linear result.
You can query the unit of a result with MEASurement:
TRANsmission:BAND<n>:STATistics<m>:UNIT?.
MEAS:TRAN:BAND2:STAT1:MEAN?
.
1: First evaluated frequency band.
2: Second evaluated frequency band.
2: Linear result.
Return values:
<Unit> String that contains the unit of a result.
Example: //Query unit of the first result in the second frequency band.
MEAS:TRAN:BAND2:STAT1:UNIT?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:TRANsmission:BAND<n>:STOP:FREQuency?
This command queries the stop frequency of the transmission measurement.
Suffix:
<n>
Return values:
<StopFrequency> Default unit: GHz
Example: //Query stop frequency of second frequency band
Usage: Query only
.
1: First evaluated frequency band.
2: Second evaluated frequency band.
MEAS:TRAN:BAND2:STOP:FREQ?
75User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
MEASurement:TRANsmission:NORMalization:REQuired?
This command queries the normalization state of the transmission measurement.
Return values:
<State> 0
Measurement is normalized.
1
Measurement is not normalized. In that case, you should normalize the measurement before starting it.
Example: //Query normalization state
MEAS:TRAN:NORM:REQ?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:TRANsmission:NORMalization:STARt
This command initiates the normalization of a transmission measurement.
We recommend to define a timeout of at least 10 seconds to allow for the measurement to finish.
Example:
Usage: Event
MEASurement:TRANsmission:VMOD <State>
This command turns the verification mode for a transmission loss measurement on and
off.
Setting parameters:
<State> ON | OFF | 1 | 0
Example: //Turn on verification mode
6.2.2.2 Configuration
Remote commands described elsewhere:
●
MEASurement:RESult:BCS:PORT on page 68
●
MEASurement:RESult:BCS:USE on page 69
●
MEASurement:RESult:DIRectory on page 69
●
MEASurement:RESult:SAVE:AUTO on page 69
●
MEASurement:RESult:SAVE:WBC on page 70
●
MEASurement:RESult:SAVE:WHAT on page 70
//Normalize transmission measurement
MEAS:TRAN:NORM:STAR
*RST: OFF
MEAS:TRAN:VMOD ON
76User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
MEASurement:REFLection:MASK:EXPort <FileName>
This command exports the coordinates of an evaluation mask and stores them in
the .json file format.
Setting parameters:
<FileName> String that contains the file name and its location. Note that the
file name must have the .json file extension.
Example: //Export mask coordinates
MEAS:REFL:MASK:EXP 'c:\masks\mymask.json'
Usage: Setting only
MEASurement:REFLection:MASK:IMPort
This command imports the coordinates of an evaluation mask.
Setting parameters:
<FileName> String that contains the file name and its location. Note that the
file name must have the .json file extension.
Example: //Import mask coordinates
MEAS:REFL:MASK:IMP 'c:\masks\mymask.json'
Usage: Setting only
MEASurement:REFLection:MASK:LOAD <FileName>
This command imports the shape of an evaluation mask.
Setting parameters:
<FileName> String that contains the file name and its location. Note that the
file name must have the .bmp file extension.
Example: //Import mask image
MEAS:REFL:MASK:LOAD 'c:\masks\mymask.bmp'
Usage: Setting only
<FileName>
MEASurement:REFLection:MASK:SAVE <FileName>
This command exports the shape of an evaluation mask and stores them in the .bmp
file format.
Setting parameters:
<FileName> String that contains the file name and its location. Note that the
file name must have the .bmp file extension.
Example: //Export mask image
MEAS:REFL:MASK:SAVE 'c:\masks\mymask.bmp'
Usage: Setting only
77User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
6.2.3.1 Measurements
6.2.3 Bumper Measurements
Remote commands described elsewhere:
●
MEASurement:LOAD on page 67
●
MEASurement:SAVE on page 68
●
MEASurement:STARt on page 68
MEASurement:ATTenuation:MEAN?
This command queries the mean attenuation.
Prerequisites for this command:
●
Attenuation measurement results must be available.
Return values:
<Attenuation> Default unit: dB
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
Example: //Query mean attenuation
MEAS:STAR
MEAS:ATT:MEAN?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:ATTenuation:STD?
This command queries the standard deviation of the attenuation measurement.
Prerequisites for this command:
●
Attenuation measurement results must be available.
Return values:
<Deviation> Default unit: dB
Example: //Query standard deviation of the attenuation measurement
MEAS:STAR
MEAS:ATT:STD?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:ATTenuation:UNIT?
This command queries the unit of the attenuation measurement.
Prerequisites for this command:
●
Attenuation measurement results must be available.
Return values:
<Unit> String containing the unit
78User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Remote Commands
Example: //Query unit of the attenuation measurement
MEAS:STAR
MEAS:ATT:UNIT?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:BTYPe <BumperType>
This command sets the bumper type.
Parameters:
<BumperType> String containing the bumper type name
Example: //Set the bumper type.
MEAS:BTYP 'RR_L'
MEASurement:NORMalize:REQuired?
This command queries the normalization state of the attenuation measurement.
Return values:
<State> 0
Measurement is normalized.
1
Measurement is not normalized. In that case, you should normalize the measurement before starting it.
Example: //Query normalization state
MEAS:NORM:REQ?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:NORMalize:STARt
This command initiates the normalization of an attenuation measurement.
We recommend to define a timeout of at least 10 seconds to allow for the measurement to finish.
Example:
Usage: Event
//Normalize transmission measurement
MEAS:NORM:STAR
MEASurement:OK?
This command returns 1 if the measured mean attenuation at a specified location is
below threshold.
79User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - SCPI
Prerequisites for this command:
●
Attenuation measurement results must be available.
Return values:
<State> 1
Measured attenuation is below threshold.
0
Measured attenuation is above threshold.
Example: //Query if attenuation is below threshold
MEAS:STAR
MEAS:OK?
Usage: Query only
MEASurement:THReshold <BumperType>, <Threshold>
MEASurement:THReshold? <BumperType>
This command sets/queries the threshold value of a bumper type.
Remote Commands
Parameters:
<Threshold> Threshold value in dB
Parameters for setting and query:
<BumperType> String containing the bumper type name
Example: //Query the threshold value for the bumper type RR_L
6.2.3.2 Configuration
Remote commands described elsewhere:
●
MEASurement:RESult:BCS:PORT on page 68
●
MEASurement:RESult:BCS:USE on page 69
●
MEASurement:RESult:DIRectory on page 69
●
MEASurement:RESult:SAVE:AUTO on page 69
●
MEASurement:RESult:SAVE:WBC on page 70
●
MEASurement:RESult:SAVE:WHAT on page 70
:MEAS:THR? 'RR_L'
//Set a new threshold value for the bumper type RR_L
:MEAS:THR 'RR_L', 1.0
80User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
OPC Variables
7 Remote Control - OPC
OLE for process control (OPC) is an interface that enables you to communicate with
the R&S QAR through a Programmable logic controller (PLC).
Rohde & Schwarz provides a client application, R&S QAROPCClient, that connects to
an OPC server that hosts the variables used for communication with the PLC.
OPC server
FromPLC
R&S QAR
Figure 7-1: OPC communication between R&S QAR and PLC
7.1 OPC Variables
This chapter describes the variables that the OPC server hosts for the R&S QAROPCClient application.
The exact OPC node paths for each variable have to be configured in the following file:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientRadome\config\
opc_client.cfg
PLC
ToPLC
Figure 7-2: Common variables
81User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
OPC Variables
Figure 7-3: Radome measurements variables
Figure 7-4: Bumper measurements variables
7.1.1 From PLC Communication
The following table displays all variables written by the PLC and read by the R&S QAR.
All variable names have the prefix:
CompactLogix.Compact Logix_PLC.Global.QAR.FromPLC
82User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
OPC Variables
Table 7-1: OPC variables read by R&S QAR
Variable name Type Description
Configuration String Measurement configuration (i.e. "G05-Base")
Type_Measurement String Measurement type. Can be “standard” or “reflec-
tion_normalization” or, for radome measurements,
“transmission_normalization”.
Path_Results String PC path to store measurement results (i.e. "C:\QAR
\Results")
Path_Diagnostics String PC path to store diagnostic results (i.e. "C:\QAR\Diag-
nostics")
Trigger.Measure Bool Trigger to start measurement
Trigger.Diagnostics Bool Trigger to start diagnostics
Heartbeat Bool Signal pulse to ensure communications
Results_Received Bool Signal to acknowledge reception of results
Radome measurements:
RadomeMeasurement.Reflection.Window.Width
RadomeMeasurement.Reflection.Window.Height
RadomeMeasurement.Reflection.Window.XCenter
RadomeMeasurement.Reflection.Window.YCenter
RadomeMeasurement.Transmission.Verification_Mode
7.1.2 To PLC Communication
The following tables display all variables written by the R&S QAR and read by the PLC.
All variable names have the prefix:
CompactLogix.CompactLogix_PLC.Global.QAR.ToPLC
Table 7-2: To PLC - Common variables
Variable name Type Description
Configuration_x.Configuration_<dd>
Double Reflection statistics window width.
Double Reflection statistics window height.
Double Reflection statistics window x center.
Double Reflection statistics window y center.
Bool Verification mode.
String Stored and available measurement or bumper configu-
rations (i.e. "G05-Base").
<dd> is a two digit number from 00 to 50.
For example,
Configuration_x.Configuration_01
Error_Flag Bool True if error occurred.
Error_Msg String Error message.
83User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
OPC Variables
Variable name Type Description
RadomeMeasurement.Reflection.Normalize_Required
RadomeMeasurement.Transmission.Normalize_Required
Process_Time_Sec Float Elapsed time in seconds for analyzing the current mea-
Heartbeat Bool Signal pulse to ensure communications
Table 7-3: To PLC - Radome measurements variables
Variable name Type Description
RadomeMeasurement.Reflection.Statistics_<n>.Mean
RadomeMeasurement.Reflection.Statistics_<n>.Std_Dev
RadomeMeasurement.Reflection.Statistics_<n>.Unit
RadomeMeasurement.Timestamp String Current measurement timestamp
RadomeMeasurement.Transmission.Band_<n>.Statistics_<m>.Mean
Bool True if reflection normalization is required.
Bool True if transmission normalization is required.
surement.
Float Reflection mean value
Float Reflection standard deviation
String Reflection units (i.e. "dB”, “%”, "Linear”)
Float Transmission mean value
RadomeMeasurement.Transmission.Band_<n>.Statistics_<m>.Unit
RadomeMeasurement.Transmission.Band_<n>.StartFrequency.Value
RadomeMeasurement.Transmission.Band_<n>.StartFrequency.Unit
RadomeMeasurement.Transmission.Band_<n>.StopFrequency.Value
RadomeMeasurement.Transmission. Band_<n>.StopFrequency.Unit
String Transmission unit (i.e. “dB”, “Linear”)
Float Transmission start frequency value
String Frequency unit (i.e. “GHz”)
Float Transmission stop frequency value
String Frequency unit (i.e. “GHz”)
For reflection measurements, the index <n>= 1|2|3 selects the statistic values with specific unit (db, %, linear).
For transmission measurements, the index <n>= 1|2 selects the frequency band of the
statistics. Index <m>= 1|2 selects statistic values with specific unit (db, Linear).
84User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
OPC Variables
Table 7-4: To PLC - Bumper measurements variables
Variable name Type Description
Error_Code Integer Error code.
Normalize_Required Bool True if normalization is required.
Process_Time_Sec Float Elapsed time in seconds for analyzing the current mea-
surement.
BumperMeasurement.Attenuation_Mean
BumperMeasurement.Attenuation_Std_Dev
BumperMeasurement.Timestamp String Current measurement timestamp
BumperMeasurement.Unit String Current measurement units (i.e. "dB")
BumperMeasurement.Error_Flag Bool True if measurement results are invalid
State.Initializing Bool True if the R&S QAR device is initializing
State.Malfunction Bool True if the R&S QAR failed the diagnostics test
State.Processing Bool True if the R&S QAR is analyzing a measurement
State.Ready_ToMeasure Bool True if the R&S QAR is ready for a measurement
State.Results_Ready Bool True if R&S QAR measurement results (BumperMea-
7.1.3 Variables Data Types
The following table displays the number of bits required for each data type.
Table 7-5: Variables data types
Float Current measurement attenuation mean value
Float Current measurement attenuation mean value
surement.*) can be read by the PLC.
Data type Number of bits
Bool 1
Float 32
Double 64
Integer 32
All variables with data type "String" are represented by a byte array containing the
string data (.DATA) and the number of characters in the string (.LEN). For example, if
variable V has type "String", it is represented as V.DATA /V.LEN. The OPC variable
V.DATA is a byte array and V.LEN is a 32 Bit Integer.
The following table displays the maximum length of the string variables.
85User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
Device States
Table 7-6: String variables length
Variable name Maximum string length
Configuration_x.Configuration_<dd> 83
Error_Msg 320
Path_Results 260
Path_Diagnostics 260
Timestamp 32
*.Unit 8
7.2 Device States
While operating, the R&S QAR gets different states as shown in Figure 7-5.
1. The device starts in State.Initializing.
2. The initialization runs:
● If initialization succeeds, the next state is State.Ready_ToMeasure.
You can now trigger a measurement.
● If errors occur during initialization, the next state is State.Malfunction.
It indicates that the device needs repair or replacement.
3. After data acquisition, the data analysis starts and the device switches to
State.Processing.
While R&S QAR has this state, you can move the DUT.
4. The next state is:
● State.Results_Ready - the PLC can now read the results.
● State.Malfunction - if you trigger diagnostics but they fail.
5. When the PLC receives the results, it returns Results_Received.
The R&S QAR clears and deletes the current measurement results and goes back
to State.Ready_ToMeasure.
86User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
Timing Diagram
Ready_ToMeasureInitializing
If initialization fails
Malfunction Processing
If diagnostic fails
Results_Ready
Results_Received=true
Figure 7-5: R&S QAR states
7.3 Timing Diagram
The timing of communication for measurements and diagnostics between the PLC and
the R&S QAR is identical. After the R&S QAR sets State.Results_Ready, PLC can
read the results. R&S QAR discards measurement results after the PLC sets
Results_Received.
87User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
Error Handling
PLC
Type_Measurement
Configuration
Trigger.MeasureRadome
or
Trigger.Diagnostics
Results_Received
R&S QAR
State.Initializing
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T10
T9
State.Ready_ToMeasure
State.Processing
State.Results_Ready
Figure 7-6: Timing diagram for measurements and diagnostics
7.4 Error Handling
Errors can occur during R&S QAR initialization or while performing measurements.
They are listed in the next subchapters.
7.4.1 Initialization Errors
You cannot solve errors that occur during device initialization. The application saves
the errors to a log, sets the state to State.Malfunction and terminates.
88User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
Error Handling
Table 7-7: Initialization errors
Error code Error message Description Solution
102 Could not load
R&S QAR configuration
103 Invalid operation
mode
104 No configuration
found for operation
mode ‘<opmode>’
106 Error occurred dur-
ing initialization
Application cannot
load the configuration.
Application configuration is corrupt.
No measurement
configurations
present.
Restore directory config in
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientRadome
or
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientBumper
Restore
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientRadome\
config\qar_cfg.json
or
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientBumper\
config\qar_cfg.json
Restore
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientRadome\
QARMeasurementConfigs
or
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientBumper\
QARMeasurementConfigs
Replace the R&S QAR device. Send to the service the log files stored in
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientRadome
or in
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientBumper
107 R&S QAR hard-
ware not initialized
7.4.2 Measurement Errors
If errors occur during a measurement, the Error_Flag, Error_Msg and
Error_Code are set and the device switches to State.Results_Ready.
Replace the R&S QAR device. Send to the service the log files stored in
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientRadome
or in
C:\Program Files (x86)\
Rohde-Schwarz\QAROPCClientBumper
89User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Remote Control - OPC
Error Handling
Table 7-8: Measurement Errors
Error code Error message Description Solution
108 Invalid measure-
ment type ‘<measType>’
109 Invalid configuration
‘<config>’
110 Results are invalid Measurement
111 Measurement has
failed
113 Invalid result path
114 Could not create
result directory
‘<directory>’
115 Failed to save
results.
116 Diagnostics failed.
Invalid type of
measurement
given.
Invalid measurement configuration given.
results are invalid.
Measurement has
failed.
Path_Results
does not exist.
The directory for
saving the results
cannot be created.
Measurement
result could not
be saved.
Set correct measurement type.
Set correct measurement configuration.
Ignore measurement results.
Repeat the measurement.
Ignore measurement results.
Repeat the measurement.
Set Path_Results to a valid path.
Check whether Path_Results has write permissions.
Ignore measurement results.
Repeat the measurement.
Try to repeat diagnostics.
90User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Maintenance
Cleaning Information
8 Maintenance
Daily maintenance or inspection is not required for the R&S QAR.
We recommend to do a verification at least every six months.
● Cleaning Information...............................................................................................91
● Software Update..................................................................................................... 92
8.1 Cleaning Information
The R&S QAR and its accessories are sensitive devices. Clean the R&S QAR in an
appropriate manner to prevent the components from getting damaged.
Cleaning the R&S QAR panel
1. Clean the front side of the R&S QAR panel only if necessary (visible dirt particles).
If cleaning the front side becomes necessary, do so carefully with a dry, lint-free
duster or a vacuum cleaner with a soft attachment.
The cover attached to the front side is sensitive to mechanical influences and can
break if you apply too much pressure.
Do not use liquids to clean the front side. Using liquids on front side of the
R&S QAR can lead to inaccurate measurements.
2. Clean the frame and rear side of the R&S QAR with a lint‑free duster. In the case of
stubborn dirt, you can also wipe the frame and rear side with a damp rag.
3. Clean the platform using a broom or vacuum cleaner.
Remove any stubborn dirt using a damp rag. A neutral, non‑abrasive cleaning
agent can be added to the cleaning water.
While cleaning the platform, take care not to damage the front side of the panels.
Make sure that the platform does not become too wet during cleaning. Too much
liquid can damage the base. Any escaped liquid (including water) must be removed
immediately.
Never clean the platform with a floor cleaning machine.
Cleaning the mounting equipment (R&S QAR-Z50, -Z61 and -Z42)
1. Before cleaning the mounting equipment, remove the measuring equipment like
the cables, the transmitter module or the reference reflector. If this is not possible,
do not touch the measuring equipment. The measuring equipment has to be
cleaned with different standards (see below).
2. Clean the mounting equipment with a soft, lint-free dust cloth. If necessary, you can
dampen the cloth.
Do not use chemical cleaning agents or solvents like alcohol or cellulose lacquer
thinners.
91User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Maintenance
Software Update
Cleaning the transmitter module (R&S QAR-Z10)
1. Clean the horn antenna, cables and cable connectors carefully with a dry and soft,
lint-free dust cloth. Other cleaning materials can leave residue on the rubber coating of the absorber.
If there are bigger dirt particles in the inside of the horn antenna, pick them out
carefully with tweezers.
2. Clean the rest of the transmitter module with a soft, lint-free dust cloth. If necessary, you can dampen the cloth.
If you are using a damp cloth, make sure that the horn antenna and cable connectors do not get wet.
Cleaning the reference reflector (R&S QAR-Z60)
► Clean the reference reflector carefully with a dry and soft, lint-free dust cloth.
If there are bigger dirt particles between the pins, pick them out carefully with
tweezers.
8.2 Software Update
A software update requires an executable file that you can download and copy to a
memory stick.
Ask your local Rohde & Schwarz support for the corresponding file.
1. Copy the file into the root directory of the memory stick. No other files should be
present.
2. Connect the memory stick to one of the USB ports on the R&S QAR.
3. Log in as an administrator.
4. Open the Windows Explorer and navigate to the memory stick.
5. Run the installer file.
The software update takes a few minutes.
When the software update is done, the system restarts.
92User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Glossary
C
Calibration: Determines reproducible system characteristics and reduces the corre-
sponding measurement deviations, thus increasing measurement accuracy significantly.
The calibration set is available as accessory (R&S QAR-Z30).
D
DUT: Device under test. For the R&S QAR, the DUT is usually a radome or a bumper.
M
Mean reflection: Mean value of the reflection measured in the analyzed area of the
DUT.
A low mean reflection corresponds to a high transparency of the DUT.
Measurement software: Software to configure, control and run measurements with
the R&S QAR.
The software is installed on the R&S QAR.
Glossary
Mounting table: Pedestal that holds the DUT and the transmitter module.
Available as accessory (R&S QAR-Z50).
N
Normalization: Process that takes the current measurement results as a reference
and subtracts them from subsequent measurement results.
Normalization object: A shiny metal plate required for the normalization of the reflection measurement.
O
OLE: Object linking and embedding
OPC: OLE for process control
P
Platform: Flat plate where to fix the R&S QAR and its accessories.
Available as accessory (R&S QAR-Z20).
PLC: Programmable logic controller
R
Radome: Protective cover of radar antennas, whose RF characteristics you want to
test with the R&S QAR.
93User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Glossary
Reflection: The part of the signal that is reflected by the DUT.
Result display: Diagram that shows the measurement results.
S
Standard deviation: Result that indicates the dispersion of the measured reflection
values. The standard deviation indicates the homogeneity of the DUT.
T
Transmission loss: Measure of attenuation of the DUT over a certain frequency
range.
Transmission loss measurements require the optional transmitter module.
Transmitter module: Device required to measure transmission loss.
Available as accessory (R&S QAR-Z10).
V
Verification: Test procedure to check if the R&S QAR yields accurate measurement
results.
It requires the verification plates.
Verification kit: Objects required for the verification of the R&S QAR.
The verification kit is available as an accessory (R&S QAR-Z40 or R&S QAR-Z41).
94User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
Index
Index
B
Barcode scanner ................................................... 40, 50, 63
Bumper measurements ..................................................... 44
Attenuation measurement ........................................... 49
Normalization .............................................................. 48
Positioning the bumper ............................................... 45
User interface ............................................................. 45
Verification .................................................................. 51
C
Car type ............................................................................. 60
Connections ................................................................. 11, 26
LAN ............................................................................. 14
Monitor ........................................................................ 14
Power supply ......................................................... 11, 27
Transmitter module ..................................................... 13
USB ............................................................................ 15
D
Delivery ............................................................................. 10
Documentation overview ..................................................... 9
E
Export data ........................................................................ 62
I
Import data ........................................................................ 62
Installation
DUT mounting table .................................................... 21
Floor ............................................................................ 17
Platform ................................................................ 19, 24
Reference reflector ..................................................... 23
Transmitter module ..................................................... 22
Verification .................................................................. 64
L
Languages ........................................................................ 61
Limits ................................................................................. 60
M
Maintenance ...................................................................... 91
Measurement .............................................................. 48, 57
Measurement configuration ............................................... 60
N
Normalization
Bumper measurements .............................................. 48
Radome measurements ............................................. 35
O
OPC .................................................................................. 81
Device states .............................................................. 86
Errors .......................................................................... 88
Timing diagram ........................................................... 87
Variables ..................................................................... 81
Operating system .............................................................. 28
service packs .............................................................. 29
Operation .......................................................................... 30
Bumper measurements .............................................. 44
Radar positioning measurement ................................. 53
Radome measurements ....................................... 30, 34
Overview ........................................................................... 10
P
Packaging ......................................................................... 16
Power button ..................................................................... 12
Protective ground connection ............................................ 12
R
Radar positioning limits ..................................................... 60
Radar positioning measurement ................................. 53, 57
User interface ............................................................. 55
Radome measurements .............................................. 30, 34
Color scheme .............................................................. 39
Configuration .............................................................. 37
Evaluation mask ......................................................... 38
Export data ........................................................... 39, 49
Import data ............................................................ 39, 49
Mask ........................................................................... 38
Normalization .............................................................. 35
Reflection measurement ............................................. 36
Reflection measurement mask ................................... 38
Test setup ................................................................... 31
Test setup for verification ............................................ 41
Transmission measurement ........................................ 37
User interface ............................................................. 32
Verification .................................................................. 40
Verification installation ................................................ 42
Verification results ....................................................... 42
Reference reflector ............................................................ 23
Remote control
OPC ............................................................................ 81
SCPI ........................................................................... 66
S
Safety .................................................................................. 7
SCPI
Compatibility ............................................................... 67
Interface ...................................................................... 66
Protocol ....................................................................... 66
Remote commands ..................................................... 67
Service packs .................................................................... 29
Software update ................................................................ 92
T
Test setup for verification .................................................. 63
Transmitter module ........................................................... 37
U
User accounts ................................................................... 29
User interface
Bumper measurements .............................................. 45
Radar positioning measurements ............................... 55
Radome measurements ............................................. 32
95User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
R&S®QAR
User interface language .................................................... 61
User interface mode .......................................................... 59
V
Verification ......................................................................... 63
Bumper measurements .............................................. 51
Radome measurements ............................................. 40
Verification results ............................................................. 64
Virus protection ................................................................. 29
W
Webcam ...................................................................... 40, 50
Windows 7 Embedded ...................................................... 28
Working mode ................................................................... 60
Index
96User Manual 1178.7200.02 ─ 04
Loading...