R&S FPL1000 User Manual

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R&S®FPL1000 I/Q Analyzer User Manual

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1178338602 Version 10

This manual applies to the following R&S®FPL1000 models with firmware version 1.60 and later:

●

R&S®FPL1003 (1304.0004K03) - FPL1000 with maximum frequency 3 GHz

●

R&S®FPL1007 (1304.0004K07) - FPL1000 with maximum frequency 7.5 GHz

In addition to the I/Q Analyzer application in the base unit, the following options are described:

●

R&S FPL1000-B5, Additional Interfaces (1323.1883.02)

●

R&S FPL1000-B40, Bandwidth extension 40 MHz (1323.1931.02)

●

R&S FPL1-K9 Power Sensor Support(1323.1754.02)

© 2020 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0 Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding. R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners.

1178.3386.02 | Version 10 | R&S®FPL1000

Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol, e.g. R&S®FPL is indicated as R&S FPL.

R&S®FPL1000

1.1 Documentation-Overview.............................................................................................5

1.2 Conventions Used in the Documentation...................................................................7

2.1 Starting the I/Q Analyzer Application..........................................................................9

2.2 Understanding the Display Information....................................................................10

4.1 Processing Analog I/Q Data from RF Input.............................................................. 17

4.2 Basics on FFT..............................................................................................................20

Contents

1 Preface.................................................................................................... 5

2 Welcome to the I/Q Analyzer Application............................................ 9

3 Measurement and Result Displays.....................................................13

4 Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing............................... 17

4.3 Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files...........................................................................26

4.4 I/Q Data Import and Export.........................................................................................26

5 Configuration........................................................................................28

5.1 Configuration Overview..............................................................................................28

5.2 Import/Export Functions............................................................................................ 30

5.3 Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output.................................................... 33

5.4 Amplitude.....................................................................................................................44

5.5 Frequency Settings.....................................................................................................49

5.6 Trigger Settings...........................................................................................................51

5.7 Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings................................................................54

5.8 Display Configuration.................................................................................................60

5.9 Adjusting Settings Automatically..............................................................................61

6 Analysis................................................................................................ 64

6.1 Trace Settings..............................................................................................................64

6.2 Spectrogram Settings.................................................................................................68

6.3 Trace / Data Export Configuration.............................................................................73

6.4 Marker Usage...............................................................................................................76

7 How to Perform Measurements in the I/Q Analyzer Application..... 99

7.1 How to Capture Baseband (I/Q) Data as RF Input....................................................99

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7.2 How to Analyze Data in the I/Q Analyzer................................................................ 100

9.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 103

9.2 Common Suffixes......................................................................................................108

9.3 Activating I/Q Analyzer Measurements...................................................................108

9.4 Configuring I/Q Analyzer Measurements................................................................ 113

9.5 Configuring the Result Display................................................................................154

9.6 Capturing Data and Performing Sweeps................................................................ 162

9.7 I/Q Analysis................................................................................................................168

9.8 Retrieving Results.....................................................................................................217

9.9 Importing and Exporting I/Q Data and Results...................................................... 227

Contents

8 How to Export and Import I/Q Data...................................................101

9 Remote Commands to Perform Measurements with I/Q Data....... 103

9.10 Programming Examples........................................................................................... 229

Annex.................................................................................................. 232

A Formats for Returned Values: ASCII Format and Binary Format.. 232

B Reference: Format Description for I/Q Data Files........................... 233

C I/Q Data File Format (iq-tar)...............................................................235

C.1 I/Q Parameter XML File Specification......................................................................236

C.2 I/Q Data Binary File................................................................................................... 239

List of Commands..............................................................................241

Index....................................................................................................248

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1 Preface

1.1 Documentation-Overview

1.1.1 Getting Started Manual

Preface

Documentation-Overview

This chapter provides safety-related information, an overview of the user documentation and the conventions used in the documentation.

This section provides an overview of the R&S FPL1000 user documentation. Unless specified otherwise, you find the documents on the R&S FPL1000 product page at:

www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/FPL1000

Introduces the R&S FPL1000 and describes how to set up and start working with the product. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general information, e.g. safety instructions, etc.

A printed version is delivered with the instrument. A PDF version is available for download on the Internet.

1.1.2 User Manuals and Help

Separate user manuals are provided for the base unit and the firmware applications:

●

Base unit manual Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control commands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument interfaces and error messages. Includes the contents of the getting started manual.

●

Firmware application manual Contains the description of the specific functions of a firmware application, including remote control commands. Basic information on operating the R&S FPL1000 is not included.

The contents of the user manuals are available as help in the R&S FPL1000. The help offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for the base unit and the firmware applications.

All user manuals are also available for download or for immediate display on the Internet.

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1.1.3 Service Manual

1.1.4 Instrument Security Procedures

1.1.5 Printed Safety Instructions

Preface

Documentation-Overview

Describes the performance test for checking the rated specifications, module replacement and repair, firmware update, troubleshooting and fault elimination, and contains mechanical drawings and spare part lists.

The service manual is available for registered users on the global Rohde & Schwarz information system (GLORIS):

https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com

Deals with security issues when working with the R&S FPL1000 in secure areas. It is available for download on the Internet.

Provides safety information in many languages. The printed document is delivered with the product.

1.1.6 Data Sheets and Brochures

The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S FPL1000. It also lists the firmware applications and their order numbers, and optional accessories.

The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific characteristics.

See www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/FPL1000

1.1.7 Release Notes and Open Source Acknowledgment (OSA)

The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.

The open-source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the used open source software.

See www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/FPL1000

1.1.8 Application Notes, Application Cards, White Papers, etc.

These documents deal with special applications or background information on particular topics.

See www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/FPL1000

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1.1.9 Calibration Certificate

1.2 Conventions Used in the Documentation

1.2.1 Typographical Conventions

Preface

Conventions Used in the Documentation

The document is available on https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com/calcert. You need the device ID of your instrument, which you can find on a label on the rear panel.

The following text markers are used throughout this documentation:

Convention Description

"Graphical user interface elements"

[Keys] Key and knob names are enclosed by square brackets.

Filenames, commands, program code

Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.

Links Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.

"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by quota-

All names of graphical user interface elements on the screen, such as dialog boxes, menus, options, buttons, and softkeys are enclosed by quotation marks.

Filenames, commands, coding samples and screen output are distinguished by their font.

tion marks.

1.2.2 Conventions for Procedure Descriptions

When operating the instrument, several alternative methods may be available to perform the same task. In this case, the procedure using the touchscreen is described. Any elements that can be activated by touching can also be clicked using an additionally connected mouse. The alternative procedure using the keys on the instrument or the on-screen keyboard is only described if it deviates from the standard operating procedures.

The term "select" may refer to any of the described methods, i.e. using a finger on the touchscreen, a mouse pointer in the display, or a key on the instrument or on a keyboard.

1.2.3 Notes on Screenshots

When describing the functions of the product, we use sample screenshots. These screenshots are meant to illustrate as many as possible of the provided functions and possible interdependencies between parameters. The shown values may not represent realistic usage scenarios.

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Preface

Conventions Used in the Documentation

The screenshots usually show a fully equipped product, that is: with all options installed. Thus, some functions shown in the screenshots may not be available in your particular product configuration.

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2 Welcome to the I/Q Analyzer Application

Welcome to the I/Q Analyzer Application

Starting the I/Q Analyzer Application

The R&S FPL1 I/Q Analyzer is a firmware application that adds functionality to perform I/Q data acquisition and analysis to the R&S FPL1000.

The R&S FPL1 I/Q Analyzer features:

●

Acquisition of analog I/Q data

●

Import of stored I/Q data from other applications

●

Spectrum, magnitude, I/Q vector and separate I and Q component analysis of any I/Q data on the instrument

●

Export of I/Q data to other applications

This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application provides, including remote control operation.

All functions not discussed in this manual are the same as in the base unit and are described in the R&S FPL1000 User Manual. The latest version is available for download at the product homepage http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/FPL1000.

Additional information

Several application notes discussing I/Q analysis are available from the Rohde & Schwarz website:

1EF85: Converting R&S I/Q data files

1EF92: Wideband Signal Analysis

1MA257: Wideband mm-Wave Signal Generation and Analysis

1EF84: Differential measurements with Spectrum Analyzers and Probes

Installation

The R&S FPL1 I/Q Analyzer application is part of the standard base unit and requires no further installation.

2.1 Starting the I/Q Analyzer Application

The I/Q Analyzer is an application on the R&S FPL1000.

To activate the I/Q Analyzer application

1. Select the [MODE] key. A dialog box opens that contains all applications currently available on your

R&S FPL1000.

2. Select the "I/Q Analyzer" item.

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Welcome to the I/Q Analyzer Application

Understanding the Display Information

The R&S FPL1000 opens a new channel setup for the I/Q Analyzer application.

The measurement is started immediately with the default settings.

It can be configured in the I/Q Analyzer "Overview" dialog box, which is displayed when you select the "Overview" softkey from any menu (see Chapter 5.1, "Configura-

tion Overview", on page 28).

Multiple Channel Setups and Sequencer Function

When you activate an application, a new channel setup is created which determines the measurement settings for that application (channel setup). The same application can be activated with different measurement settings by creating several channel setups for the same application.

The number of channel setups that can be configured at the same time depends on the available memory on the instrument.

Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently active channel setup. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecutively, a Sequencer function is provided.

If activated, the measurements configured in the currently defined channel setups are performed one after the other in the order of the tabs. The currently active measurement is indicated by a

The result displays of the individual channel setups are updated in the tabs (as well as the "MultiView" ) as the measurements are performed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently displayed tab.

For details on the Sequencer function see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

symbol in the tab label.

2.2 Understanding the Display Information

The following figure shows a measurement diagram during I/Q Analyzer operation. All different information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the following sections.

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Welcome to the I/Q Analyzer Application

Understanding the Display Information

2 3

Figure 2-1: Screen elements in the I/Q Analyzer application

1 = Channel Setup bar for firmware and measurement settings 2+3 = Window title bar with diagram-specific (trace) information 4 = Diagram area with marker information 5 = Diagram footer with diagram-specific information, depending on result display 6 = Instrument status bar with error messages and date/time display

Channel Setup bar information

In the I/Q Analyzer application, the R&S FPL1000 shows the following settings:

Table 2-1: Information displayed in the channel setup bar for the I/Q Analyzer application

Ref Level Reference level

(m.+el.)Att (Mechanical and electronic) RF attenuation

Ref Offset Reference level offset

Freq Center frequency

Meas Time Measurement time

Rec Length Defined record length (number of samples to capture)

SRate Defined sample rate for data acquisition

RBW (Spectrum evaluation only) Resolution bandwidth calculated from the

sample rate and record length

In addition, the channel setup bar also displays information on instrument settings that affect the measurement results even though this is not immediately apparent from the display of the measured values (e.g. transducer or trigger settings). This information is displayed only when applicable for the current measurement. For details see the R&S FPL1000 Getting Started manual.

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Welcome to the I/Q Analyzer Application

Understanding the Display Information

Window title bar information

For each diagram, the header provides the following information:

Figure 2-2: Window title bar information in the I/Q Analyzer application

1 = Window number 2 = Window type 3 = Trace color 4 = Trace number 5 = Detector 6 = Trace mode

Diagram footer information

The information in the diagram footer (beneath the diagram) depends on the evaluation:

●

Center frequency

●

Number of sweep points

●

Range per division (x-axis)

●

Span (Spectrum)

Status bar information

Global instrument settings, the instrument status and any irregularities are indicated in the status bar beneath the diagram.

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3 Measurement and Result Displays

Measurement and Result Displays

Access: "Overview" > "Display Config"

Or: [MEAS] > "Display Config"

The I/Q Analyzer can capture I/Q data. The I/Q data that was captured by or imported to the R&S FPL1000 can then be evaluated in various different result displays. Select the result displays using the SmartGrid functions.

For details on working with the SmartGrid see the R&S FPL1000 Getting Started manual.

Result displays for I/Q data:

Magnitude .................................................................................................................... 13

Spectrum ......................................................................................................................13

I/Q-Vector .....................................................................................................................14

Real/Imag (I/Q) .............................................................................................................15

Marker Table ................................................................................................................ 15

Marker Peak List .......................................................................................................... 16

Magnitude

Shows the level values in time domain.

Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND? '1',RIGH,MAGN, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 155 Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 221

Spectrum

Displays the frequency spectrum of the captured I/Q samples.

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Measurement and Result Displays

The specified Analysis Bandwidth is indicated by vertical blue lines. Note that a peak search is performed only within the indicated Analysis Bandwidth ,

unless you specify Search Limits ( Left / Right ) in the marker settings. Remote command:

LAY:ADD:WIND? '1',RIGH,FREQ, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 155 Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 221

I/Q-Vector

Displays the captured samples in an I/Q-plot. The samples are connected by a line.

Note: For the I/Q vector result display, the number of I/Q samples to record ( "Record Length" ) must be identical to the number of trace points to be displayed ("Sweep Points"; for I/Q Analyzer: 10001). For record lengths outside the valid range of sweep points the diagram does not show valid results.

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Measurement and Result Displays

Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND? '1',RIGH,VECT, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 155 Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 221

Real/Imag (I/Q)

Displays the I and Q values in separate diagrams.

Remote command: LAY:ADD:WIND? '1',RIGH,RIM, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 155 Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 221

Marker Table

Displays a table with the current marker values for the active markers. This table is displayed automatically if configured accordingly. (See " Marker Table Display " on page 80).

Tip: To navigate within long marker tables, simply scroll through the entries with your finger on the touchscreen.

Remote command: LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, MTAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 155 Results:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 187 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:Y on page 226

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Measurement and Result Displays

Marker Peak List

The marker peak list determines the frequencies and levels of peaks in the spectrum or time domain. How many peaks are displayed can be defined, as well as the sort order. In addition, the detected peaks can be indicated in the diagram. The peak list can also be exported to a file for analysis in an external application.

Remote command: LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, PEAK, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 155 Results:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 187 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:Y on page 226

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4 Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Pro-

Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

Processing Analog I/Q Data from RF Input

cessing

Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used when describing I/Q data acquisition on the R&S FPL1000 in general, and in the I/Q Analyzer application in particular, is provided here for a better understanding of the required configuration settings.

The I/Q Analyzer provides various possibilities to acquire the I/Q data to be analyzed:

●

Capturing analog I/Q data from the [RF Input] connector

●

Importing I/Q data from a file

Background information for all these scenarios and more is provided in the following sections.

● Processing Analog I/Q Data from RF Input.............................................................17

● Basics on FFT.........................................................................................................20

● Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files........................................................................ 26

● I/Q Data Import and Export..................................................................................... 26

4.1 Processing Analog I/Q Data from RF Input

Complex baseband data

In the telephone systems of the past, baseband data was transmitted unchanged as an analog signal. In modern phone systems and in radio communication, however, the baseband data is modulated on a carrier frequency, which is then transmitted. The receiver must demodulate the data based on the carrier frequency. When using modern modulation methods (e.g. QPSK, QAM etc.), the baseband signal becomes complex. Complex data (or: I/Q data) consists of an imaginary (I) and a real (Q) component.

Sweep vs sampling

The standard Spectrum application on the R&S FPL1000 performs frequency sweeps on the input signal and measurements in the frequency and time domain. Other applications on the R&S FPL1000, such as the I/Q Analyzer, sample and process the individual I and Q components of the complex signal.

I/Q Analyzer - processing complex data from RF input

The I/Q Analyzer is a standard application used to capture and analyze I/Q data on the R&S FPL1000. By default, it assumes the I/Q data is modulated on a carrier frequency and input via the "RF Input" connector on the R&S FPL1000.

The A/D converter samples the IF signal at a rate of 100 MHz. The digital signal is down-converted to the complex baseband, lowpass-filtered, and the sample rate is

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Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

Processing Analog I/Q Data from RF Input

reduced. The analog filter stages in the analyzer cause a frequency response which adds to the modulation errors. An equalizer filter before the resampler compensates for this frequency response. The continuously adjustable sample rates are realized using an optimal decimation filter and subsequent resampling on the set sample rate.

A dedicated memory (capture buffer) is available in the R&S FPL1000 for a maximum of 25 Msamples (25*1000*1000) of complex samples (pairs of I and Q data). The number of complex samples to be captured can be defined (for restrictions refer to Chap-

ter 4.1.1, "Sample Rate and Maximum Usable I/Q Bandwidth for RF Input",

on page 18).

The block diagram in Figure 4-1 shows the analyzer hardware from the IF section to the processor.

Figure 4-1: Block diagram illustrating the R&S FPL1000 signal processing for analog I/Q data (with-

out bandwidth extension options)

4.1.1 Sample Rate and Maximum Usable I/Q Bandwidth for RF Input

Definitions

●

Input sample rate (ISR): the sample rate of the useful data provided by the device connected to the input of the R&S FPL1000

●

(User, Output) Sample rate (SR): the user-defined sample rate (e.g. in the "Data Acquisition" dialog box in the "I/Q Analyzer" application) which is used as the basis for analysis or output

●

Usable I/Q (Analysis) bandwidth: the bandwidth range in which the signal remains undistorted in regard to amplitude characteristic and group delay; this range can be used for accurate analysis by the R&S FPL1000

●

Record length: Number of I/Q samples to capture during the specified measurement time; calculated as the measurement time multiplied by the sample rate

For the I/Q data acquisition, digital decimation filters are used internally in the R&S FPL1000. The passband of these digital filters determines the maximum usable I/Q bandwidth. In consequence, signals within the usable I/Q bandwidth (passband)

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Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

Processing Analog I/Q Data from RF Input

remain unchanged, while signals outside the usable I/Q bandwidth (passband) are suppressed. Usually, the suppressed signals are noise, artifacts, and the second IF side band. If frequencies of interest to you are also suppressed, try to increase the output sample rate, which increases the maximum usable I/Q bandwidth.

Bandwidth extension options

You can extend the maximum usable I/Q bandwidth provided by the R&S FPL1000 in the basic installation by adding options. These options can either be included in the initial installation (B-options) or updated later (U-options). The maximum bandwidth provided by the individual option is indicated by its number, for example, B40 extends the bandwidth to 40 MHz.

As a rule, the usable I/Q bandwidth is proportional to the output sample rate. Yet, when the I/Q bandwidth reaches the bandwidth of the analog IF filter (at very high output sample rates), the curve breaks.

● Relationship Between Sample Rate, Record Length and Usable I/Q Bandwidth... 19

4.1.1.1 Relationship Between Sample Rate, Record Length and Usable I/Q Bandwidth

Up to the maximum bandwidth, the following rule applies:

Usable I/Q bandwidth = 0.8 * Output sample rate

Regarding the record length, the following rule applies:

Record length = Measurement time * sample rate

Maximum record length for RF input

The maximum record length is the maximum number of samples that can be captured.

Table 4-1: Maximum record length

Sample rate Maximum record length

100 Hz to 100 MHz 25 Msamples

The Figure 4-2 shows the maximum usable I/Q bandwidths depending on the output sample rates.

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4.2 Basics on FFT

Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

Basics on FFT

Usable I/Q bandwidth [MHz]

35 30 25 20 15

12.8

Figure 4-2: Relationship between maximum usable I/Q bandwidth and output sample rate

RF-Input:

BW = 0.80 *

out

2010

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

With 40 MHz

bandwidth ext. option

bandwidth

Output sample

rate f

Without

extension

[MHz]

out

The I/Q Analyzer measures the power of the signal input over time. To convert the time domain signal to a frequency spectrum, an FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) is performed which converts a vector of input values into a discrete spectrum of frequencies.

4.2.1 Window Functions

The Fourier transformation is not performed on the entire captured data in one step. Only a limited number of samples is used to calculate an individual result. This process is called windowing.

t[s]

FFT

f[Hz]

After sampling in the time domain, each window is multiplied with a specific window function. Windowing helps minimize the discontinuities at the end of the measured signal interval and thus reduces the effect of spectral leakage, increasing the frequency resolution.

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Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

Basics on FFT

Various different window functions are provided in the R&S FPL1000 to suit different input signals. Each of the window functions has specific characteristics, including some advantages and some trade-offs. Consider these characteristics to find the optimum solution for the measurement task.

Ignoring the window function - rectangular window

The rectangular window function is in effect not a function at all, it maintains the original sampled data. This may be useful to minimize the required bandwidth. However, be aware that if the window does not contain exactly one period of your signal, heavy sidelobes may occur, which do not exist in the original signal.

Table 4-2: Characteristics of typical FFT window functions

Window type Frequency

Rectangular Best Worst Worst No function applied.

Blackman-Harris (default)

Gauss (Alpha = 0.4)

Flattop Worst Best Good Accurate single tone measurements

5-Term Good Good Best Measurements with very high

4.2.2 Overlapping

The I/Q Analyzer calculates multiple FFTs per measurement by dividing one captured record into several windows. Furthermore, the I/Q Analyzer allows consecutive windows to overlap. Overlapping "reuses" samples that were already used to calculate the preceding FFT result.

Magnitude

resolution

Good Good Good Harmonic detection and spurious

Good Good Good Weak signals and short duration

resolution

Sidelobe suppression

Measurement recommendation

Separation of two tones with almost equal amplitudes and a small frequency distance

emission detection

dynamic range

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Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

Basics on FFT

In advanced FFT mode with averaging, the overlapping factor can be set freely. The higher the overlap factor, the more windows are used. This leads to more individual results and improves detection of transient signal effects. However, it also extends the duration of the calculation. The size of the window can be defined manually according to the record length, the overlap factor, and the FFT length.

An FFT overlap of 67%, for example, means the second FFT calculation uses the last 67% of the data of the first FFT. It uses only 33% new data. The third FFT still covers 33% of the first FFT and 67% of the second FFT, and so on.

Figure 4-3: Overlapping FFTs

In "Manual" or "Auto" FFT mode, an FFT length of 4096 and a window length of 4096 (or the record length, if shorter) is used to calculate the spectrum.

Combining results - trace detector

If the record length permits, multiple overlapping windows are calculated and combined to create the final spectrum using the selected trace detector. If necessary, the trace detector is also used to reduce the number of calculated frequency points (defined by the FFT length) to the defined number of sweep points. By default, the Autopeak trace detector is used.

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Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

Basics on FFT

Since the frequency points are reduced to the number of sweep points, using a detector other than "Auto Peak" and fewer than 4096 sweep points can lead to false level results.

4.2.3 Dependencies Between FFT Parameters

FFT analysis in the R&S FPL1000 is highly configurable. Several parameters, including the resolution bandwidth, record length, and FFT length, are user-definable. Note, however, that several parameters are correlated and not all can be configured independently of the others.

Record Length

Defines the number of I/Q samples to capture. By default, the number of sweep points is used. The record length is calculated as the measurement time multiplied by the sample rate.

If you change the record length, the Meas Time is automatically changed, as well.

For FFTs using only a single window ( "Single" mode), the record length (which is then identical to the FFT length) must not exceed 512k.

FFT Length

Defines the number of frequency points determined by each FFT calculation. The more points are used, the higher the resolution in the spectrum becomes, but the longer the calculation takes.

In "Auto" or "Manual" mode, an FFT length of 4096 is used.

If the FFT length is longer than the Window Length the sample data is filled up with zeros up to the FFT length. The FFT is then performed using interpolated frequency points.

For an FFT length that is not a power of 2, a DFT (discrete Fourier transform) is performed, which requires more time for calculation, but avoids the effects of interpolation.

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LengthWindow

RateSample

BandwidthNormalizedRBW 

RateSample*BandwidthNormalized

RBW

max



Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

Basics on FFT

To display all calculated frequency points (defined by the FFT length), the number of sweep points is set to the FFT length automatically in advanced FFT mode.

Window Length

Defines the number of samples to be included in a single window in averaging mode. (In single mode, the window length corresponds to the " Record Length " on page 56.)

Values from 3 to 4096 are available in "Manual" mode; in "Advanced" FFT mode, values from 3 to 524288 are available. However, the window length must not be longer than the FFT Length .

If the window length is shorter than the FFT Length , the sample data is filled up with zeros up to the FFT length.

If the window length is longer than the Record Length (that is, not enough samples are available), a window length the size of the Record Length is used for calculation.

The window length and the Window Overlap determine how many FFT calculations must be performed for each record in averaging mode (see " Transformation Algorithm

" on page 57).

4.2.4 Frequency Resolution of FFT Results - RBW

The resolution bandwidth defines the minimum frequency separation at which the individual components of a spectrum can be distinguished. Small values result in high precision, as the distance between two distinguishable frequencies is small. Higher values decrease the precision, but increase measurement speed.

The RBW is determined by the following equation:

Equation 4-1: Definition of RBW

(Note: The normalized bandwidth is a fixed value that takes the noise bandwidth of the window function into consideration.)

The maximum RBW is restricted by the Analysis Bandwidth , or by the following equation, whichever is higher:

If a higher spectral resolution is required, the number of samples must be increased by using a higher sample rate or longer record length.

The minimum achievable RBW depends on the sample rate and record length, according to the following equation:

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 

LengthcordRe,4096min

RateSampleBandwidth*Normalized

RBW

min



Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

Basics on FFT

To simplify operation, some parameters are coupled and automatically calculated, such as record length and RBW.

RBW mode

Depending on the selected RBW mode, the resolution bandwidth is either determined automatically or can be defined manually.

Auto mode:

This is the default mode in the I/Q Analyzer. The RBW is determined automatically depending on the Sample Rate and Window Length , where the window length corresponds to the Record Length , or a maximum of 4096.

If the record length is larger than the window length, multiple windows are combined; the FFT length is 4096.

A Flatop window function is used.

Manual mode:

The RBW is user-definable.

The Window Length is adapted to comply with Equation 4-1. Since only window lengths with integer values can be employed, the Sample Rate is adapted, if necessary, to obtain an integer window length value.

If the record length is larger than the window length, multiple windows are combined; the FFT length is 4096.

A Flatop window function is used.

Advanced FFT mode

The RBW is determined by the advanced FFT parameters, depending on the selected

FFT Calculation Methods method.

4.2.5 FFT Calculation Methods

FFT calculation can be performed using different methods.

Single

In single mode, one FFT is calculated for the entire record length, that means the window length is identical to the record length.

If the defined FFT Length is larger than the record length, zeros are appended to the captured data to reach the FFT length.

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I/Q Data Import and Export

Figure 4-4: FFT parameters for single FFT calculation

Averaging

In averaging mode, several overlapping FFTs are calculated for each record; the results are combined to determine the final FFT result for the record.

The number of FFTs to be combined is determined by the Window Overlap and the

Window Length .

Figure 4-5: FFT parameters for averaged FFT calculation

4.3 Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files

The I/Q data to be evaluated in a particular R&S FPL1000 application can not only be captured by the application itself, it can also be loaded from a file, provided it has the correct format. The file is then used as the input source for the application.

The I/Q data must be stored in a format with the file extension .iq.tar. For a detailed description see Chapter C, "I/Q Data File Format (iq-tar)", on page 235.

An application note on converting Rohde & Schwarz I/Q data files is available from the Rohde & Schwarz website:

1EF85: Converting R&S I/Q data files

When using input from an I/Q data file, the [RUN SINGLE] function starts a single measurement (i.e. analysis) of the stored I/Q data, while the [RUN CONT] function repeatedly analyzes the same data from the file.

4.4 I/Q Data Import and Export

Baseband signals mostly occur as so-called complex baseband signals, i.e. a signal representation that consists of two channels; the in phase (I) and the quadrature (Q)

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I/Q Data Import and Export

channel. Such signals are referred to as I/Q signals. The complete modulation information and even distortion that originates from the RF, IF or baseband domains can be analyzed in the I/Q baseband.

Importing and exporting I/Q signals is useful for various applications:

●

Generating and saving I/Q signals in an RF or baseband signal generator or in external software tools to analyze them with the R&S FPL1000 later

●

Capturing and saving I/Q signals with an RF or baseband signal analyzer to analyze them with the R&S FPL1000 or an external software tool later

As opposed to storing trace data, which may be averaged or restricted to peak values, I/Q data is stored as it was captured, without further processing. The data is stored as complex values in 32-bit floating-point format. Multi-channel data is not supported. The I/Q data is stored in a format with the file extension .iq.tar.

An application note on converting Rohde & Schwarz I/Q data files is available from the Rohde & Schwarz website:

1EF85: Converting R&S I/Q data files

The import and export functions are available in the "Save/Recall" menu which is displayed when you select the

"Import/Export Functions", on page 30).

"Save" or "Open" icon in the toolbar (see Chapter 5.2,

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5 Configuration

Configuration

Configuration Overview

Access: [MODE] > "I/Q Analyzer"

The I/Q Analyzer is a special application on the R&S FPL1000.

For details see the "Applications, Measurement Channels, and Result Displays" chapter in the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

When you switch to an I/Q Analyzer channel setup the first time, a set of parameters is passed on from the currently active application. After initial setup, the parameters for the channel setup are stored upon exiting and restored upon re-entering the channel setup. Thus, you can switch between applications quickly and easily.

When you activate a channel setup for the I/Q Analyzer application, data acquisition from the input signal is started automatically with the default configuration. The "I/Q Analyzer" menu is displayed and provides access to the most important configuration functions.

The remote commands required to perform these tasks are described in Chapter 9,

"Remote Commands to Perform Measurements with I/Q Data", on page 103.

Importing and Exporting I/Q Data

The I/Q data to be evaluated in the I/Q Analyzer application can not only be captured by the I/Q Analyzer itself, it can also be imported to the R&S FPL1000, provided it has the correct format. Furthermore, the captured I/Q data from the I/Q Analyzer can be exported for further analysis in external applications.

For details see Chapter 4.4, "I/Q Data Import and Export", on page 26.

● Configuration Overview...........................................................................................28

● Import/Export Functions..........................................................................................30

● Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output................................................... 33

● Amplitude................................................................................................................ 44

● Frequency Settings................................................................................................. 49

● Trigger Settings.......................................................................................................51

● Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings............................................................... 54

● Display Configuration..............................................................................................60

● Adjusting Settings Automatically.............................................................................61

5.1 Configuration Overview

Access: all menus

Throughout the channel setup configuration, an overview of the most important currently defined settings is provided in the "Overview" .

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Configuration

Configuration Overview

Multiple access paths to functionality

The easiest way to configure a channel setup is via the "Overview" dialog box, which is available from all menus.

Alternatively, you can access the individual dialog boxes from the corresponding menu items, or via tools in the toolbars, if available.

In this documentation, only the most convenient method of accessing the dialog boxes is indicated - usually via the "Overview" .

Figure 5-1: Configuration Overview for I/Q Analyzer Master

In addition to the main measurement settings, the "Overview" provides quick access to the main settings dialog boxes. The individual configuration steps are displayed in the order of the data flow. Thus, you can easily configure an entire channel setup from input over processing to output and analysis by stepping through the dialog boxes as indicated in the "Overview" .

The "Overview" for the I/Q Analyzer provides quick access to the following configuration dialog boxes (listed in the recommended order of processing):

1. Input settings See Chapter 5.3.1, "Radio Frequency Input", on page 33

2. Amplitude settings See Chapter 5.4, "Amplitude", on page 44

3. Frequency settings See Chapter 5.5, "Frequency Settings", on page 49

4. Optionally, Trigger/Gate settings See Chapter 5.6, "Trigger Settings", on page 51

5. Bandwidth settings See Chapter 5.7, "Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings", on page 54

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Import/Export Functions

6. Analysis settings and functions See Chapter 6, "Analysis", on page 64

7. Display configuration See Chapter 5.8, "Display Configuration", on page 60

To configure settings

► Select any button in the "Overview" to open the corresponding dialog box.

Select a setting in the channel bar (at the top of the channel setup tab) to change a specific setting.

For step-by-step instructions on configuring I/Q Analyzer measurements, see Chap-

ter 7, "How to Perform Measurements in the I/Q Analyzer Application", on page 99.

Preset Channel Setup

Select the "Preset Channel" button in the lower left-hand corner of the "Overview" to restore all measurement settings in the current channel setup to their default values.

Do not confuse the "Preset Channel" button with the [Preset] key, which restores the entire instrument to its default values and thus closes all channel setups on the R&S FPL1000 (except for the default channel setup)!

Remote command:

SYSTem:PRESet:CHANnel[:EXEC] on page 112

Specific Settings for

The channel setup may contain several windows for different results. Thus, the settings indicated in the "Overview" and configured in the dialog boxes vary depending on the selected window.

Select an active window from the "Specific Settings for" selection list that is displayed in the "Overview" and in all window-specific configuration dialog boxes.

The "Overview" and dialog boxes are updated to indicate the settings for the selected window.

5.2 Import/Export Functions

Access: "Save" / "Open" icon in the toolbar > "Import" / "Export"

The R&S FPL1000 provides various evaluation methods for the results of the performed measurements. However, you may want to evaluate the data with further, external applications. In this case, you can export the measurement data to a standard format file (ASCII or XML). Some of the data stored in these formats can also be reimported to the R&S FPL1000 for further evaluation later, for example in other applications.

The following data types can be exported (depending on the application):

●

Trace data

●

Table results, such as result summaries, marker peak lists etc.

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Import/Export Functions

●

I/Q data

The following data types can be imported (depending on the application):

●

I/Q data

I/Q data can only be imported and exported in applications that process I/Q data, such as the I/Q Analyzer or optional applications.

See the corresponding user manuals for those applications for details.

These functions are only available if no measurement is running. In particular, if Continuous Sweep / Run Cont is active, the import/export functions are

not available.

Import ...........................................................................................................................31

└ I/Q Import .......................................................................................................31

└ File Explorer..........................................................................................31

Export ...........................................................................................................................31

└ Export Trace to ASCII File ............................................................................. 32

└ File Type ..............................................................................................32

└ Decimal Separator ...............................................................................32

└ File Explorer..........................................................................................33

└ Trace Export Configuration ............................................................................33

└ I/Q Export .......................................................................................................33

└ File Explorer..........................................................................................33

Import Access: "Save/Recall" > Import

Provides functions to import data.

I/Q Import ← Import

Opens a file selection dialog box to select an import file that contains I/Q data. This function is only available in single sweep mode and only in applications that process I/Q data, such as the I/Q Analyzer or optional applications.

Input from I/Q data files is imported as it was stored, including any correction factors, for example from transducers or SnP files. Any currently configured correction factors at the time of import, however, are not applied.

Remote command:

MMEMory:LOAD:IQ:STATe on page 227

File Explorer ← I/Q Import ← Import

Opens the Microsoft Windows File Explorer. Remote command:

not supported

Export Access: "Save/Recall" > Export

Opens a submenu to configure data export.

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Import/Export Functions

Export Trace to ASCII File ← Export

Saves the selected trace or all traces in the currently active result display to the specified file and directory in the selected ASCII format.

"File Explorer": Instead of using the file manager of the R&S FPL1000 firmware, you can also use the Microsoft Windows File Explorer to manage files.

Remote command:

MMEMory:STORe<n>:TRACe on page 225

File Type ← Export Trace to ASCII File ← Export

Determines the format of the ASCII file to be imported or exported. Depending on the external program in which the data file was created or is evaluated,

a comma-separated list (CSV) or a plain data format (DAT) file is required. Remote command:

FORMat:DEXPort:FORMat on page 224

Decimal Separator ← Export Trace to ASCII File ← Export

Defines the decimal separator for floating-point numerals for the data export/import files. Evaluation programs require different separators in different languages.

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Remote command:

FORMat:DEXPort:DSEParator on page 224

File Explorer ← Export Trace to ASCII File ← Export

Opens the Microsoft Windows File Explorer. Remote command:

not supported

Trace Export Configuration ← Export

Opens the "Traces" dialog box to configure the trace and data export settings.

I/Q Export ← Export

Opens a file selection dialog box to define an export file name to which the I/Q data is stored. This function is only available in single sweep mode.

It is not available in the Spectrum application, only in applications that process I/Q data, such as the I/Q Analyzer or optional applications.

For details, see the description in the R&S FPL1000 I/Q Analyzer User Manual ("Importing and Exporting I/Q Data").

Note: Storing large amounts of I/Q data (several Gigabytes) can exceed the available (internal) storage space on the R&S FPL1000. In this case, it can be necessary to use an external storage medium.

Remote command:

MMEMory:STORe<n>:IQ:STATe on page 228 MMEMory:STORe<n>:IQ:COMMent on page 228

File Explorer ← I/Q Export ← Export

Opens the Microsoft Windows File Explorer. Remote command:

not supported

5.3 Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

The R&S FPL1000 can analyze signals from different input sources and provide various types of output (such as noise source control signals).

● Radio Frequency Input............................................................................................33

● Settings for Input from I/Q Data Files......................................................................35

● Power Sensors........................................................................................................36

● Independent CW Source Settings...........................................................................42

● Output Settings....................................................................................................... 43

5.3.1 Radio Frequency Input

Access: "Overview" > "Input" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency"

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RF Input Protection

The RF input connector of the R&S FPL1000 must be protected against signal levels that exceed the ranges specified in the data sheet. Therefore, the R&S FPL1000 is equipped with an overload protection mechanism. This mechanism becomes active as soon as the power at the input mixer exceeds the specified limit. It ensures that the connection between RF input and input mixer is cut off.

The RF input connector of the R&S FPL1000 must be protected against signal levels that exceed the ranges specified in the data sheet. Therefore, the R&S FPL1000 is equipped with an overload protection mechanism for DC and signal frequencies up to 30 MHz. This mechanism becomes active as soon as the power at the input mixer exceeds the specified limit. It ensures that the connection between RF input and input mixer is cut off.

When the overload protection is activated, an error message is displayed in the status bar ( "INPUT OVLD" ), and a message box informs you that the RF Input was disconnected. Furthermore, a status bit (bit 3) in the STAT:QUES:POW status register is set. In this case you must decrease the level at the RF input connector and then close the message box. Then measurement is possible again. Reactivating the RF input is also possible via the remote command INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:PROTection:RESet.

The power sensor functions are described in the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

Radio Frequency State ................................................................................................ 34

Impedance ................................................................................................................... 35

SAW filter...................................................................................................................... 35

Radio Frequency State

Activates input from the "RF Input" connector.

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Remote command:

INPut<ip>:SELect on page 115

Impedance

For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the R&S FPL1000 can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.

Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a 75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impedance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/ 50Ω).

This value also affects the unit conversion (see " Reference Level " on page 45). This function is not available for input from the optional Digital Baseband Interface or

from the optional Analog Baseband Interface . For analog baseband input, an impedance of 50 Ω is always used.

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 115

SAW filter

The R&S FPL1000 hardware contains both a wide and a narrow IF path. Depending on the used analysis bandwidth, the R&S FPL1000 determines which IF path to use automatically. The wide IF path allows for a smoother signal at the center frequency, while the narrow IF path supresses possibly distorting signals further away from the center frequency. Using this setting, you can affect which IF path is used.

"Auto"

"Off" Remote command:

INPut<ip>:FILTer:SAW on page 114

The R&S FPL1000 determines which IF path to use automatically, depending on the used analysis bandwidth.

The wide IF path is always used.

5.3.2 Settings for Input from I/Q Data Files

Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source" > "I/Q File"

Or: [INPUT/OUTPUT] > "Input Source Config" > "Input Source" > "I/Q File"

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For details, see Chapter 4.3, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files", on page 26.

I/Q Input File State........................................................................................................ 36

Select I/Q data file ........................................................................................................36

I/Q Input File State

Enables input from the selected I/Q input file. If enabled, the application performs measurements on the data from this file. Thus,

most measurement settings related to data acquisition (attenuation, center frequency, measurement bandwidth, sample rate) cannot be changed. The measurement time can only be decreased, to perform measurements on an extract of the available data only.

Note: Even when the file input is disabled, the input file remains selected and can be enabled again quickly by changing the state.

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:SELect on page 115

Select I/Q data file

Opens a file selection dialog box to select an input file that contains I/Q data. The I/Q data must have a specific format (.iq.tar) as described in Chapter C, "I/Q

Data File Format (iq-tar)", on page 235.

The default storage location for I/Q data files is C:\Users\Public\Documents\Rohde-Schwarz\Analyzer\user.

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:FILE:PATH on page 117

5.3.3 Power Sensors

The R&S FPL1000 can also analyze data from a connected power sensor.

The "Sensor" connector is provided by the "Additional Interfaces" option R&S FPL1B5. Additionally, the power sensor measurement requires the option R&S FPL1-K9.

● Basics on Power Sensors....................................................................................... 36

● Power Sensor Settings............................................................................................37

● How to Work With a Power Sensor.........................................................................41

5.3.3.1 Basics on Power Sensors

For precise power measurement, up to 4 power sensors can be connected to the instrument via the optional power sensor interface (on the rear panel) or the USB connectors. Both manual operation and remote control are supported.

For a detailed list of supported sensors, see the data sheet.

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Signal

source

Figure 5-2: Power sensor support – standard test setup

Using the power sensor with several applications

The power sensor cannot be used from the R&S FPL1000 firmware and the R&S Power Viewer Plus (virtual power meter for displaying results of the R&S NRP power sensors) simultaneously.

Result display

The results of the power sensor measurements are displayed in the marker table. For each power sensor, a row is inserted. The sensor index is indicated in the "Type" column.

5.3.3.2 Power Sensor Settings

Power

sensor

Signal

analyzer

Access: "Overview" > "Input" > "Power Sensor" tab

The power sensor measurement requires the option R&S FPL1-K9.

Each sensor is configured on a separate tab.

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State .............................................................................................................................38

Continuous Value Update ............................................................................................ 38

Select ........................................................................................................................... 38

Zeroing Power Sensor ................................................................................................. 39

Frequency Manual ....................................................................................................... 39

Frequency Coupling .....................................................................................................39

Unit/Scale .....................................................................................................................39

Meas Time/Average .....................................................................................................39

Setting the Reference Level from the Measurement Meas -> Ref ...............................40

Reference Value ...........................................................................................................40

Use Ref Level Offset ....................................................................................................40

Sensor Level Offset.......................................................................................................40

Average Count ( Number of Readings )........................................................................40

Duty Cycle ....................................................................................................................40

State

Switches the power measurement for all power sensors on or off. Note that in addition to this general setting, each power sensor can be activated or deactivated individually by the Select setting on each tab. However, the general setting overrides the individual settings.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer[:STATe] on page 124

Continuous Value Update

If activated, the power sensor data is updated continuously during a sweep with a long sweep time, and even after a single sweep has completed.

This function cannot be activated for individual sensors. Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer:UPDate[:STATe] on page 125

Select

Selects the individual power sensor for usage if power measurement is generally activated ( State function).

The detected serial numbers of the power sensors connected to the instrument are provided in a selection list. For each of the four available power sensor indexes ( "Power Sensor 1" ... "Power Sensor 4" ), which correspond to the tabs in the configuration dialog, one of the detected serial numbers can be assigned. The physical sensor is thus assigned to the configuration setting for the selected power sensor index.

By default, serial numbers not yet assigned are automatically assigned to the next free power sensor index for which "Auto Assignment" is selected.

Alternatively, you can assign the sensors manually by deactivating the "Auto" option and selecting a serial number from the list.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer[:STATe] on page 124 SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:PMETer:DEFine on page 118

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SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:PMETer:CONFigure:AUTO[:STATe]

on page 117

SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:PMETer:COUNt? on page 118

Zeroing Power Sensor

Starts zeroing of the power sensor. For details on the zeroing process refer to the R&S FPL1000 User Manual. Remote command:

CALibration:PMETer:ZERO:AUTO ONCE on page 119

Frequency Manual

Defines the frequency of the signal to be measured. The power sensor has a memory with frequency-dependent correction factors. This allows extreme accuracy for signals of a known frequency.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer:FREQuency on page 122

Frequency Coupling

Selects the coupling option. The frequency can be coupled automatically to the center frequency of the instrument or to the frequency of marker 1.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer:FREQuency:LINK on page 122

Unit/Scale

Selects the unit with which the measured power is to be displayed. Available units are dBm, dB, W and %.

If dB or % is selected, the display is relative to the reference value that is defined with either the "Meas -> Ref" setting or the "Reference Value" setting.

Remote command:

UNIT<n>:PMETer:POWer on page 125 UNIT<n>:PMETer:POWer:RATio on page 125

Meas Time/Average

Selects the measurement time or switches to manual averaging mode. In general, results are more precise with longer measurement times. The following settings are recommended for different signal types to obtain stable and precise results:

"Short"

"Normal" "Long"

"Manual"

Stationary signals with high power (> -40dBm), because they require only a short measurement time and short measurement time provides the highest repetition rates.

Signals with lower power or modulated signals Signals at the lower end of the measurement range (<-50 dBm) or

Signals with lower power to minimize the influence of noise Manual averaging mode. The average count is set with the Average

Count ( Number of Readings ) setting.

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Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer:MTIMe on page 123 [SENSe:]PMETer:MTIMe:AVERage[:STATe] on page 123

Setting the Reference Level from the Measurement Meas -> Ref

Sets the currently measured power as a reference value for the relative display. The reference value can also be set manually via the Reference Value setting.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:PMETer:RELative[:MAGNitude]:AUTO ONCE on page 120

Reference Value

Defines the reference value in dBm used for relative power meter measurements. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:PMETer:RELative[:MAGNitude] on page 120

Use Ref Level Offset

If activated, takes the reference level offset defined for the analyzer into account for the measured power (see " Shifting the Display ( Offset )" on page 45).

If deactivated, takes the Sensor Level Offset into account. Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer:ROFFset[:STATe] on page 124

Sensor Level Offset

Takes the specified offset into account for the measured power. Only available if Use

Ref Level Offset is disabled.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer:SOFFset on page 124

Average Count ( Number of Readings )

Defines the number of readings (averages) to be performed after a single sweep has been started. This setting is only available if manual averaging is selected ( Meas

Time/Average setting).

The values for the average count range from 0 to 256 in binary steps (1, 2, 4, 8, …). For average count = 0 or 1, one reading is performed. The general averaging and sweep count for the trace are independent from this setting.

Results become more stable with extended average, particularly if signals with low power are measured. This setting can be used to minimize the influence of noise in the power sensor measurement.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer:MTIMe:AVERage:COUNt on page 123

Duty Cycle

Sets the duty cycle to a percent value for the correction of pulse-modulated signals and activates the duty cycle correction. With the correction activated, the sensor calculates the signal pulse power from this value and the mean power.

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5.3.3.3 How to Work With a Power Sensor

Configuration

Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PMETer:DCYCle[:STATe] on page 121 [SENSe:]PMETer:DCYCle:VALue on page 121

The following step-by-step instructions demonstrate how to set up a power sensor. For details on individual functions and settings see Chapter 5.3.3.2, "Power Sensor Set-

tings", on page 37.

The remote commands required to perform these tasks are described in Chap-

ter 9.4.1.3, "Working with Power Sensors", on page 117.

How to Set Up a Power Sensor

Up to 4 external power sensors can be configured separately and used for precise power measurement. All power sensors can be activated and deactivated individually.

The following procedure describes in detail how to configure and activate power sensors.

1. To display the "Power Sensor" tab of the "Input" dialog box, do one of the following:

● Select "Input" from the "Overview" .

● Select the [INPUT/OUTPUT] key and then the "Power Sensor Config" softkey.

2. Select the tab for the power sensor index you want to configure, e.g. "Power Sensor 1" .

3. Press "Select" to analyze the power sensor data according to the current configuration when power measurement is activated.

4. From the selection list with serial numbers of connected power sensors, select the sensor you want to configure. To have newly connected power sensors assigned to a tab automatically (default), select "Auto" .

5. Define the frequency of the signal whose power you want to measure. a) To define the frequency manually, select "Frequency Manual" and enter a fre-

quency.

b) To determine the frequency automatically, select "Frequency Coupling" and

then either "Center" , to use the center frequency, or "Marker" , to use the frequency defined by marker 1.

6. Select the unit for the power result display.

7. Select the measurement time for which the average is calculated, or define the number of readings to average. To define the number of readings to be taken into account manually, select "Manual" and enter the number in the "Number of Readings" field.

8. To activate the duty cycle correction, select "DutyCycle" and enter a percentage as the correction value.

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Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

9. If you selected "dB" or "%" as units (relative display), define a reference value: a) To set the currently measured power as a reference value, press the "Meas ->

Ref" button. b) Alternatively, enter a value manually in the "Reference Value" field. c) Optionally, select the "Use Ref Level Offset" option to take the reference level

offset set for the analyzer into account for the measured power.

10. If necessary, repeat steps 3-10 for another power sensor.

11. Set the "Power Sensor State" at the top of the "Power Sensor" tab to "On" to activate power measurement for the selected power sensors.

The results of the power measurement are displayed in the marker table (Function: "Sensor <1...4>" ).

How to Zero the Power Sensor

1. To display the "Power Sensor" tab of the "Input" dialog box, do one of the following:

● Select "Input" from the "Overview" .

● Select the [INPUT/OUTPUT] key and then the "Power Sensor Config" softkey.

2. Select the tab that is assigned to the power sensor you want to zero.

3. Press the "Zeroing Power Sensor" button. A dialog box is displayed that prompts you to disconnect all signals from the input of the power sensor.

4. Disconnect all signals sending input to the power sensor and press [ENTER] to continue.

5. Wait until zeroing is complete. A corresponding message is displayed.

5.3.4 Independent CW Source Settings

Access: Toolbar > "Generator Config"

The independent CW signal is available in all R&S FPL1000 applications if the optional Internal Generator R&S FPL1-B9 is installed.

For details, see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

State..............................................................................................................................42

Level..............................................................................................................................43

Level Offset...................................................................................................................43

CW Frequency.............................................................................................................. 43

State

Enables or disables the internal generator. The generator signal is output at the GEN Output 50 Ω connector on the front panel.

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Configuration

Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

Remote command:

OUTPut<up>[:STATe] on page 126

Level

Defines the output power of the internal generator. The default output power is -20 dBm. The range is from -60 dBm to +10 dBm. Remote command:

SOURce<si>:POWer[:LEVel][:IMMediate][:AMPLitude] on page 127

Level Offset

Defines an offset to the output power of the internal generator. Used to adapt the level display, for example to cable loss.

Remote command:

SOURce<si>:POWer[:LEVel][:IMMediate]:OFFSet on page 127

CW Frequency

Defines the frequency of the internal generator signal as an independent CW source. The step size depends on the measurement mode.

If the internal generator is used as a tracking generator, the frequency is coupled to the frequency of the analyzer. Thus, this setting is not available.

Remote command:

SOURce<si>:INTernal:FREQuency on page 126

5.3.5 Output Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Output"

The R&S FPL1000 can provide signals to different output connectors.

These connectors are only available if the R&S FPL1-B5 option is installed.

For details on connectors, refer to the R&S FPL1000 Getting Started manual, "Front / Rear Panel View" chapters.

Noise Source Control....................................................................................................44

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Configuration

Amplitude

Noise Source Control

The R&S FPL1000 provides a connector ("NOISE SOURCE CONTROL") with a 28 V voltage supply for an external noise source. By switching the supply voltage for an external noise source on or off in the firmware, you can enable or disable the device as required.

This connector is only available if the R&S FPL1-B5 option is installed. External noise sources are useful when you are measuring power levels that fall below

the noise floor of the R&S FPL1000 itself, for example when measuring the noise level of an amplifier.

In this case, you can first connect an external noise source (whose noise power level is known in advance) to the R&S FPL1000 and measure the total noise power. From this value you can determine the noise power of the R&S FPL1000. Then when you measure the power level of the actual DUT, you can deduct the known noise level from the total power to obtain the power level of the DUT.

Remote command:

DIAGnostic:SERVice:NSOurce on page 128

5.4 Amplitude

Access: "Overview" > "Amplitude"

Amplitude settings are identical to the Spectrum application, except for a new scaling function for I/Q Vector and Real/Imag results (see " Y-Axis Max " on page 49).

For background information on amplitude settings see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

The "Auto Settings" are described in Chapter 5.9, "Adjusting Settings Automatically", on page 61.

5.4.1 Amplitude Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Amplitude"

Amplitude settings determine how the R&S FPL1000 must process or display the expected input power levels.

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Configuration

Amplitude

Reference Level ...........................................................................................................45

└ Shifting the Display ( Offset ).......................................................................... 45

└ Unit .................................................................................................................46

└ Setting the Reference Level Automatically ( Auto Level )...............................46

Attenuation Mode / Value ............................................................................................. 47

Impedance ................................................................................................................... 47

Preamplifier ..................................................................................................................47

Reference Level

Defines the expected maximum input signal level. Signal levels above this value may not be measured correctly, which is indicated by the "IF Overload" status display ( "OVLD" for analog baseband or digital baseband input).

Defines the expected maximum reference level. Signal levels above this value may not be measured correctly. This is indicated by an "IF Overload" status display.

The reference level can also be used to scale power diagrams; the reference level is then used as the maximum on the y-axis.

Since the hardware of the R&S FPL1000 is adapted according to this value, it is recommended that you set the reference level close above the expected maximum signal level. Thus you ensure an optimum measurement (no compression, good signal-tonoise ratio).

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel on page 131

Shifting the Display ( Offset ) ← Reference Level

Defines an arithmetic level offset. This offset is added to the measured level. In some result displays, the scaling of the y-axis is changed accordingly.

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Configuration

Amplitude

Define an offset if the signal is attenuated or amplified before it is fed into the R&S FPL1000 so the application shows correct power results. All displayed power level results are shifted by this value.

The setting range is ±200 dB in 0.01 dB steps. Note, however, that the internal reference level (used to adjust the hardware settings to

the expected signal) ignores any "Reference Level Offset" . Thus, it is important to keep in mind the actual power level the R&S FPL1000 must handle. Do not rely on the displayed reference level (internal reference level = displayed reference level - offset).

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel:OFFSet on page 132

Unit ← Reference Level

The R&S FPL1000 measures the signal voltage at the RF input. In the default state, the level is displayed at a power level of 1 mW (= dBm). Via the

known input impedance (50 Ω or 75 Ω, see " Impedance " on page 35), conversion to other units is possible.

The following units are available and directly convertible:

●

dBm

●

dBmV

●

dBμV

●

dBμA

●

dBpW

●

Volt

●

Ampere

●

Watt

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 115 CALCulate<n>:UNIT:POWer on page 131

Setting the Reference Level Automatically ( Auto Level ) ← Reference Level

Automatically determines a reference level which ensures that no overload occurs at the R&S FPL1000 for the current input data. At the same time, the internal attenuators are adjusted so the signal-to-noise ratio is optimized, while signal compression and clipping are minimized.

To determine the required reference level, a level measurement is performed on the R&S FPL1000.

If necessary, you can optimize the reference level further. Decrease the attenuation level manually to the lowest possible value before an overload occurs, then decrease the reference level in the same way.

You can change the measurement time for the level measurement if necessary (see "

Changing the Automatic Measurement Time ( Meastime Manual )" on page 63).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:LEVel on page 154

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Configuration

Amplitude

Attenuation Mode / Value

The RF attenuation can be set automatically as a function of the selected reference level (Auto mode). This ensures that no overload occurs at the RF Input connector for the current reference level. It is the default setting.

In "Manual" mode, you can set the RF attenuation in 5 dB steps down to 0 dB (with option R&S FPL1-B22: in 1 dB steps). Other entries are rounded to the next integer value. The range is specified in the data sheet. If the defined reference level cannot be set for the defined RF attenuation, the reference level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "limit reached" is displayed.

NOTICE! Risk of hardware damage due to high power levels. When decreasing the attenuation manually, ensure that the power level does not exceed the maximum level allowed at the RF input, as an overload may lead to hardware damage.

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:ATTenuation on page 132 INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:AUTO on page 133

Impedance

For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the R&S FPL1000 can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.

This value also affects the unit conversion (see " Reference Level " on page 45). This function is not available for input from the optional Digital Baseband Interface or

from the optional Analog Baseband Interface . For analog baseband input, an impedance of 50 Ω is always used.

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 115

Preamplifier

If the (optional) internal preamplifier hardware is installed, a preamplifier can be activated for the RF input signal.

You can use a preamplifier to analyze signals from DUTs with low output power. Note that if an optional external preamplifier is activated, the internal preamplifier is

automatically disabled, and vice versa. The input signal is amplified by 20 dB if the preamplifier option is activated. Remote command:

INPut<ip>:GAIN:STATe on page 133

5.4.2 Scaling the Y-Axis

The individual scaling settings that affect the vertical axis are described here.

Access: "Overview" > "Amplitude" > "Scale" tab

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Configuration

Amplitude

Or: [AMPT] > "Scale Config"

Range ...........................................................................................................................48

Ref Level Position ........................................................................................................ 48

Scaling ......................................................................................................................... 49

Y-Axis Max ................................................................................................................... 49

Range

Defines the displayed y-axis range in dB. The default value is 100 dB. Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe] on page 134

Ref Level Position

Defines the reference level position, i.e. the position of the maximum AD converter value on the level axis in %.

0 % corresponds to the lower and 100 % to the upper limit of the diagram. Values from -120 % to +600 % are available. Larger values are useful for small scales,

such as a power range of 10 dB or 20 dB, and low signal levels, for example 60 dB below the reference level. In this case, large reference level position values allow you to see the trace again.

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RPOSition on page 135

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Configuration

Frequency Settings

Scaling

Defines the scaling method for the y-axis. "Logarithmic"

"Linear with Unit"

"Linear Percent"

"Absolute"

"Relative"

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:Y:SPACing on page 135 DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:MODE

on page 134

Logarithmic scaling (only available for logarithmic units - dB..., and A, V, Watt)

Linear scaling in the unit of the measured signal

Linear scaling in percentages from 0 to 100

The labeling of the level lines refers to the absolute value of the reference level (not available for "Linear Percent" )

The scaling is in dB, relative to the reference level (only available for logarithmic units - dB...). The upper line of the grid (reference level) is always at 0 dB.

Y-Axis Max

Defines the maximum value of the y-axis in the currently selected diagram in either direction (in Volts). Thus, the y-axis scale starts at -<Y-Axis Max> and ends at +<Y-Axis Max>.

The maximum y-axis value depends on the current reference level. If the reference level is changed, the "Y-Axis Max" value is automatically set to the new reference level (in V).

This command is only available if the evaluation mode for the I/Q Analyzer is set to "I/Q-Vector" or "Real/Imag (I/Q)" .

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe] on page 134

5.5 Frequency Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Frequency"

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Configuration

Frequency Settings

Center Frequency ........................................................................................................ 50

Center Frequency Stepsize ..........................................................................................50

Frequency Offset ..........................................................................................................50

Center Frequency

Defines the center frequency of the signal in Hertz. The allowed range of values for the center frequency depends on the frequency span. span > 0: span

and span

max

/2 ≤ f

min

depend on the instrument and are specified in the data sheet.

min

center

≤ f

– span

max

min

Remote command:

[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 136

Center Frequency Stepsize

Defines the step size by which the center frequency is increased or decreased using the arrow keys.

The step size can be coupled to another value or it can be manually set to a fixed value.

"= Center"

Sets the step size to the value of the center frequency. The used value is indicated in the "Value" field.

"Manual"

Defines a fixed step size for the center frequency. Enter the step size in the "Value" field.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP on page 137

Frequency Offset

Shifts the displayed frequency range along the x-axis by the defined offset. This parameter has no effect on the instrument's hardware, or on the captured data or

on data processing. It is simply a manipulation of the final results in which absolute frequency values are displayed. Thus, the x-axis of a spectrum display is shifted by a constant offset if it shows absolute frequencies. However, if it shows frequencies relative to the signal's center frequency, it is not shifted.

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5.6 Trigger Settings

Configuration

Trigger Settings

A frequency offset can be used to correct the display of a signal that is slightly distorted by the measurement setup, for example.

The allowed values range from -1 THz to 1 THz. The default setting is 0 Hz. Remote command:

[SENSe:]FREQuency:OFFSet on page 137

Access: "Overview" > "Trigger" ( > "Trigger In/Out" )

Trigger settings determine when the input signal is measured.

Conventional gating as in the Spectrum application is not available for the I/Q Analyzer; however, a special gating mode is available in remote control, see Chap-

ter 9.4.4.2, "Configuring I/Q Gating", on page 142.

For step-by-step instructions on configuring triggered measurements, see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

Trigger Source ..............................................................................................................52

└ Trigger Source ............................................................................................... 52

└ Free Run ..............................................................................................52

└ External Trigger 1 ................................................................................ 52

└ IF Power .............................................................................................. 52

└ I/Q Power .............................................................................................52

└ Time .....................................................................................................53

└ Trigger Level ..................................................................................................53

└ Repetition Interval ..........................................................................................53

└ Drop-Out Time ............................................................................................... 53

└ Trigger Offset .................................................................................................53

└ Hysteresis ...................................................................................................... 53

└ Trigger Holdoff ............................................................................................... 54

└ Slope ..............................................................................................................54

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Configuration

Trigger Settings

Trigger Source

The trigger settings define the beginning of a measurement.

Trigger Source ← Trigger Source

Selects the trigger source. If a trigger source other than "Free Run" is set, "TRG" is displayed in the channel bar and the trigger source is indicated.

Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 141

Free Run ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Source

No trigger source is considered. Data acquisition is started manually or automatically and continues until stopped explicitly.

Remote command: TRIG:SOUR IMM, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 141

External Trigger 1 ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Source

Data acquisition starts when the TTL signal fed into the trigger input connector of the R&S FPL1000 meets or exceeds the specified trigger level.

(See " Trigger Level " on page 53). Remote command:

TRIG:SOUR EXT

See TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 141

IF Power ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Source

The R&S FPL1000 starts capturing data as soon as the trigger level is exceeded around the third intermediate frequency.

For frequency sweeps, the third IF represents the start frequency. The trigger bandwidth at the third IF depends on the RBW and sweep type.

For measurements on a fixed frequency (e.g. zero span or I/Q measurements), the third IF represents the center frequency.

This trigger source is only available for RF input. For details on available trigger levels and trigger bandwidths, see the data sheet. Remote command:

TRIG:SOUR IFP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 141

I/Q Power ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Source

This trigger source is only available in the I/Q Analyzer application and in applications that process I/Q data.

Triggers the measurement when the magnitude of the sampled I/Q data exceeds the trigger threshold.

The trigger bandwidth corresponds to the bandwidth setting for I/Q data acquisition. (See " Analysis Bandwidth " on page 55). Remote command:

TRIG:SOUR IQP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 141

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Configuration

Trigger Settings

Time ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Source

Triggers in a specified " Repetition Interval " on page 53. Remote command:

TRIG:SOUR TIME, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 141

Trigger Level ← Trigger Source

Defines the trigger level for the specified trigger source. For details on supported trigger levels, see the data sheet. Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:IFPower on page 140 TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:IQPower on page 140 TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel[:EXTernal<port>] on page 140

Repetition Interval ← Trigger Source

Defines the repetition interval for a time trigger. The shortest interval is 2 ns. The repetition interval should be set to the exact pulse period, burst length, frame

length or other repetitive signal characteristic. Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:TIME:RINTerval on page 142

Drop-Out Time ← Trigger Source

Defines the time the input signal must stay below the trigger level before triggering again.

Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:DTIMe on page 138

Trigger Offset ← Trigger Source

Defines the time offset between the trigger event and the start of the sweep.

Offset > 0: Start of the sweep is delayed

Offset < 0: Sweep starts earlier (pretrigger)

Only possible for zero span (e.g. I/Q Analyzer application) and gated trigger switched off Maximum allowed range limited by the sweep time: Pretrigger

= sweep time

max

Tip: To determine the trigger point in the sample (for "External" or "IF Power" trigger source), use the TRACe:IQ:TPISample? command.

For the "Time" trigger source, this function is not available. Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:HOLDoff[:TIME] on page 138

Hysteresis ← Trigger Source

Defines the distance in dB to the trigger level that the trigger source must exceed before a trigger event occurs. Setting a hysteresis avoids unwanted trigger events caused by noise oscillation around the trigger level.

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Configuration

Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings

This setting is only available for "IF Power" trigger sources. The range of the value is between 3 dB and 50 dB with a step width of 1 dB.

Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:IFPower:HYSTeresis on page 139

Trigger Holdoff ← Trigger Source

Defines the minimum time (in seconds) that must pass between two trigger events. Trigger events that occur during the holdoff time are ignored.

Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:IFPower:HOLDoff on page 139

Slope ← Trigger Source

For all trigger sources except time, you can define whether triggering occurs when the signal rises to the trigger level or falls down to it.

For gated measurements in "Edge" mode, the slope also defines whether the gate starts on a falling or rising edge.

Remote command:

TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SLOPe on page 141

5.7 Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Bandwidth"

● Data Acquisition...................................................................................................... 54

● Sweep Settings....................................................................................................... 58

5.7.1 Data Acquisition

Access: "Overview" > "Bandwidth" > "Data Acquisition" tab

The data acquisition settings define which parts of the input signal are captured for further evaluation in the applications.

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Configuration

Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings

Figure 5-3: Data acquisition settings with advanced FFT parameters

Sample Rate ................................................................................................................ 55

Analysis Bandwidth ......................................................................................................55

Meas Time ....................................................................................................................56

Record Length ..............................................................................................................56

Swap I/Q ...................................................................................................................... 56

RBW .............................................................................................................................56

Advanced FFT mode / Basic Settings ..........................................................................57

└ Transformation Algorithm ...............................................................................57

└ FFT Length .................................................................................................... 57

└ Window Function ........................................................................................... 57

└ Window Overlap .............................................................................................58

└ Window Length .............................................................................................. 58

Sample Rate

Defines the I/Q data sample rate of the R&S FPL1000. This value depends on the defined Analysis Bandwidth .

Up to the maximum bandwidth (12.8 MHz without extension options), the following rule applies:

sample rate = analysis bandwidth / 0.8

Remote command:

TRACe:IQ:SRATe on page 150

Analysis Bandwidth

Defines the flat, usable bandwidth of the final I/Q data. This value depends on the defined Sample Rate .

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Configuration

Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings

Up to the maximum bandwidth (12.8 MHz without extension options), the following rule applies:

analysis bandwidth = 0.8 * sample rate

Remote command:

TRACe:IQ:BWIDth on page 148

Meas Time

Defines the I/Q acquisition time. By default, the measurement time is calculated as the number of I/Q samples ( "Record Length" ) divided by the sample rate. If you change the measurement time, the Record Length is automatically changed, as well.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]SWEep:TIME on page 167

Record Length

Defines the number of I/Q samples to record. By default, the number of sweep points is used. The record length is calculated as the measurement time multiplied by the sample rate. If you change the record length, the Meas Time is automatically changed, as well.

Note: For the I/Q vector result display, the number of I/Q samples to record ( "Record Length" ) must be identical to the number of trace points to be displayed ("Sweep Points"). Thus, the sweep points are not editable for this result display. If the "Record Length" is edited, the sweep points are adapted automatically.

Remote command:

TRACe:IQ:RLENgth on page 148 TRACe:IQ:SET on page 149

Swap I/Q

Activates or deactivates the inverted I/Q modulation. If the I and Q parts of the signal from the DUT are interchanged, the R&S FPL1000 can do the same to compensate for it.

On I and Q signals are interchanged

Inverted sideband, Q+j*I

Off I and Q signals are not interchanged

Normal sideband, I+j*Q

Remote command:

[SENSe:]SWAPiq on page 148

RBW

Defines the resolution bandwidth for Spectrum results. The available RBW values depend on the sample rate and record length.

(See Chapter 4.2.4, "Frequency Resolution of FFT Results - RBW", on page 24). Depending on the selected RBW mode, the value is either determined automatically or

can be defined manually. As soon as you enter a value in the input field, the RBW mode is changed to "Manual" .

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Configuration

Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings

If the "Advanced Fourier Transformation Params" option is enabled, advanced FFT mode is selected and the RBW cannot be defined directly.

Note that the RBW is correlated with the Sample Rate and Record Length (and possibly the Window Function and Window Length ). Changing any one of these parameters may cause a change to one or more of the other parameters. For more information see

Chapter 4.2, "Basics on FFT", on page 20.

"Auto mode"

"Manual mode"

"Advanced FFT mode"

Remote command:

[SENSe:]IQ:BWIDth:MODE on page 145 [SENSe:]IQ:BWIDth:RESolution on page 146

(Default) The RBW is determined automatically depending on the

Sample Rate and Record Length .

The RBW can be defined by the user. The user-defined RBW is used and the Window Length (and possibly

Sample Rate ) are adapted accordingly.

This mode is used if the "Advanced Fourier Transformation Params" option is enabled. The RBW is determined by the advanced FFT parameters.

Advanced FFT mode / Basic Settings

Shows or hides the "Advanced Fourier Transformation" parameters in the "Data Acquisition" dialog box.

Note that if the advanced FFT mode is used, the RBW settings are not available.

Transformation Algorithm ← Advanced FFT mode / Basic Settings

Defines the FFT calculation method. "Single"

"Averaging"

Remote command:

[SENSe:]IQ:FFT:ALGorithm on page 146

FFT Length ← Advanced FFT mode / Basic Settings

Defines the number of frequency points determined by each FFT calculation. The more points are used, the higher the resolution in the spectrum becomes, but the longer the calculation takes.

Note: If you enter the value manually, any integer value from 3 to 524288 is available. Remote command:

[SENSe:]IQ:FFT:LENGth on page 147

One FFT is calculated for the entire record length; if the FFT Length is larger than the record length, zeros are appended to the captured data.

Several overlapping FFTs are calculated for each record; the results are combined to determine the final FFT result for the record. The number of FFTs to be averaged is determined by the Window Overlap and the Window Length .

Window Function ← Advanced FFT mode / Basic Settings

In the I/Q analyzer you can select one of several FFT window types.

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Configuration

Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings

The following window types are available:

●

Blackman-Harris

●

Flattop

●

Gauss

●

Rectangular

●

5-Term

Remote command:

[SENSe:]IQ:FFT:WINDow:TYPE on page 147

Window Overlap ← Advanced FFT mode / Basic Settings

Defines the part of a single FFT window that is re-calculated by the next FFT calculation when using multiple FFT windows.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]IQ:FFT:WINDow:OVERlap on page 147

Window Length ← Advanced FFT mode / Basic Settings

Defines the number of samples to be included in a single FFT window in averaging mode. (In single mode, the window length corresponds to the " Record Length " on page 56.)

However, the window length may not be longer than the FFT Length . Remote command:

[SENSe:]IQ:FFT:WINDow:LENGth on page 147

5.7.2 Sweep Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Bandwidth" > "Sweep" tab

Sweep Points................................................................................................................ 59

Sweep/Average Count ................................................................................................. 59

Continuous Sweep / Run Cont .....................................................................................59

Single Sweep / Run Single ...........................................................................................60

Continue Single Sweep ................................................................................................60

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Configuration

Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings

Sweep Points

In the I/Q Analyzer application, a specific frequency bandwidth is swept for a specified measurement time. During this time, a defined number of samples (= "Record Length" ) are captured. These samples are then evaluated by the applications. Therefore, in this case the number of sweep points does not define the amount of data to be acquired, but rather the number of trace points that are evaluated and displayed in the result diagrams.

Note: For some result displays, the sweep points may not be editable as they are determined automatically, or restrictions may apply. For the I/Q vector result display, the number of I/Q samples to record ( "Record Length" ) must be identical to the number of trace points to be displayed ("Sweep Points"). Thus, the sweep points are not editable for this result display. If the "Record Length" is edited, the sweep points are adapted automatically. For record lengths outside the valid range of sweep points, i.e. less than 101 points or more than 100001 points, the diagram does not show valid results. Using fewer than 4096 sweep points with a detector other than "Auto Peak" may lead to wrong level results. For details see "Combining results - trace detector" on page 22.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]SWEep[:WINDow<n>]:POINts on page 166

Sweep/Average Count

Defines the number of sweeps to be performed in the single sweep mode. Values from 0 to 200000 are allowed. If the values 0 or 1 are set, one sweep is performed.

The sweep count is applied to all the traces in all diagrams. If the trace modes "Average" , "Max Hold" or "Min Hold" are set, this value also deter-

mines the number of averaging or maximum search procedures. In continuous sweep mode, if "Sweep Count" = 0 (default), averaging is performed

over 10 sweeps. For "Sweep Count" =1, no averaging, maxhold or minhold operations are performed.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]SWEep:COUNt on page 166 [SENSe:]AVERage<n>:COUNt on page 173

Continuous Sweep / Run Cont

After triggering, starts the sweep and repeats it continuously until stopped. This is the default setting.

After triggering, starts the measurement and repeats it continuously until stopped. While the measurement is running, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey and the [RUN

CONT] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again. The results are not deleted until a new measurement is started.

Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey only controls the sweep mode for the currently selected channel setup. However, the sweep mode only takes effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel setup, and only for a channel-defined sequence. In this case, a channel setup in continuous sweep mode is swept repeatedly.

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Display Configuration

Furthermore, the [RUN CONT] key controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps. [RUN CONT] starts the Sequencer in continuous mode.

Remote command:

INITiate<n>:CONTinuous on page 163

Single Sweep / Run Single

After triggering, starts the number of sweeps set in "Sweep Count". The measurement stops after the defined number of sweeps has been performed.

While the measurement is running, the "Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN SINGLE] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again.

Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, the "Single Sweep" softkey only controls the sweep mode for the currently selected channel setup. However, the sweep mode only takes effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel setup, and only for a channel-defined sequence. In this case, the Sequencer sweeps a channel setup in single sweep mode only once. Furthermore, the [RUN SINGLE] key controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps. [RUN SINGLE] starts the Sequencer in single mode.

If the Sequencer is off, only the evaluation for the currently displayed channel setup is updated.

For details on the Sequencer, see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual. Remote command:

INITiate<n>[:IMMediate] on page 164

Continue Single Sweep

After triggering, repeats the number of sweeps set in "Sweep Count", without deleting the trace of the last measurement.

While the measurement is running, the "Continue Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN SINGLE] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again.

Remote command:

INITiate<n>:CONMeas on page 163

5.8 Display Configuration

Access: "Overview" > "Display Config"

The captured signal can be displayed using various evaluation methods. All evaluation methods available for the current application are displayed in the evaluation bar in SmartGrid mode.

For a description of the available evaluation methods see Chapter 3, "Measurement

and Result Displays", on page 13.

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5.9 Adjusting Settings Automatically

Configuration

Adjusting Settings Automatically

Up to 6 evaluations can be displayed in the I/Q Analyzer at any time, including several graphical diagrams, marker tables or peak lists.

The selected evaluation method not only affects the result display in a window, but also the results of the trace data query in remote control (see TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 221).

Access: "Overview" > "Amplitude" / "Frequency" > "Auto Settings"

Some settings can be adjusted by the R&S FPL1000 automatically according to the current measurement settings. In order to do so, a measurement is performed. You can configure this measurement.

Adjusting settings automatically during triggered measurements

When you select an auto adjust function, a measurement is performed to determine the optimal settings. If you select an auto adjust function for a triggered measurement, you are asked how the R&S FPL1000 should behave:

●

(default:) The measurement for adjustment waits for the next trigger

●

The measurement for adjustment is performed without waiting for a trigger. The trigger source is temporarily set to "Free Run" . After the measurement is completed, the original trigger source is restored. The trigger level is adjusted as follows:

– For IF Power and RF Power triggers:

Trigger Level = Reference Level - 15 dB

– For Video trigger:

Trigger Level = 85 %

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:TRIGger on page 153

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Configuration

Adjusting Settings Automatically

Adjusting all Determinable Settings Automatically ( Auto All )...................................... 62

Adjusting the Center Frequency Automatically ( Auto Frequency ).............................. 62

Setting the Reference Level Automatically ( Auto Level ).............................................62

Resetting the Automatic Measurement Time ( Meastime Auto )...................................62

Changing the Automatic Measurement Time ( Meastime Manual ).............................. 63

Upper Level Hysteresis ................................................................................................63

Lower Level Hysteresis ................................................................................................63

Adjusting all Determinable Settings Automatically ( Auto All )

Activates all automatic adjustment functions for the current measurement settings. This includes:

●

Auto Frequency

●

Auto Level

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:ALL on page 151

Adjusting the Center Frequency Automatically ( Auto Frequency )

The R&S FPL1000 adjusts the center frequency automatically. The optimum center frequency is the frequency with the highest S/N ratio in the fre-

quency span. As this function uses the signal counter, it is intended for use with sinusoidal signals.

To set the optimal reference level, see " Setting the Reference Level Automatically

( Auto Level )" on page 46).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:FREQuency on page 153

Setting the Reference Level Automatically ( Auto Level )

To determine the required reference level, a level measurement is performed on the R&S FPL1000.

You can change the measurement time for the level measurement if necessary (see "

Changing the Automatic Measurement Time ( Meastime Manual )" on page 63).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:LEVel on page 154

Resetting the Automatic Measurement Time ( Meastime Auto )

Resets the measurement duration for automatic settings to the default value. Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:LEVel:DURation:MODE on page 152

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Adjusting Settings Automatically

Changing the Automatic Measurement Time ( Meastime Manual )

This function allows you to change the measurement duration for automatic setting adjustments. Enter the value in seconds.

Note: The maximum possible measurement duration depends on the currently selected measurement and the installed (optional) hardware. Thus, the measurement duration actually used to determine the automatic settings may be shorter than the value you define here.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:LEVel:DURation:MODE on page 152 [SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:LEVel:DURation on page 151

Upper Level Hysteresis

When the reference level is adjusted automatically using the Auto Level function, the internal attenuators and the preamplifier are also adjusted. To avoid frequent adaptation due to small changes in the input signal, you can define a hysteresis. This setting defines an upper threshold the signal must exceed (compared to the last measurement) before the reference level is adapted automatically.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:HYSTeresis:UPPer on page 153

Lower Level Hysteresis

When the reference level is adjusted automatically using the Auto Level function, the internal attenuators and the preamplifier are also adjusted. To avoid frequent adaptation due to small changes in the input signal, you can define a hysteresis. This setting defines a lower threshold the signal must fall below (compared to the last measurement) before the reference level is adapted automatically.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]ADJust:CONFigure:HYSTeresis:LOWer on page 152

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6 Analysis

6.1 Trace Settings

Analysis

Trace Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis"

General result analysis settings concerning the trace, markers etc. are identical to the analysis functions in the Spectrum application, except for the lines and special marker functions, which are not available for I/Q data.

The remote commands required to perform these tasks are described in Chapter 6,

"Analysis", on page 64.

● Trace Settings.........................................................................................................64

● Spectrogram Settings..............................................................................................68

● Trace / Data Export Configuration...........................................................................73

● Marker Usage..........................................................................................................76

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Traces"

Or: [TRACE] > "Trace Config"

You can configure the settings for up to 6 individual traces.

Trace data can also be exported to an ASCII file for further analysis. For details see

Chapter 6.3, "Trace / Data Export Configuration", on page 73.

For I/Q Vector evaluation mode, only 1 trace is available and the detector is not editable.

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Trace Settings

Trace 1 / Trace 2 / Trace 3 / Trace 4 / Trace 5 / Trace 6 ..............................................65

Trace Mode ..................................................................................................................65

Detector ........................................................................................................................66

Hold ..............................................................................................................................66

Smoothing ....................................................................................................................66

Average Mode ..............................................................................................................67

Predefined Trace Settings - Quick Config ....................................................................67

Trace 1 / Trace 2 / Trace 3 / Trace 4 (Softkeys)............................................................68

Copy Trace ...................................................................................................................68

Trace 1 / Trace 2 / Trace 3 / Trace 4 / Trace 5 / Trace 6

Selects the corresponding trace for configuration. The currently selected trace is highlighted.

Remote command: Selected via numeric suffix of:TRACe<1...6> commands

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>[:STATe] on page 170

Trace Mode

Defines the update mode for subsequent traces. "Clear/ Write" "Max Hold"

"Min Hold"

Overwrite mode (default): the trace is overwritten by each sweep. The maximum value is determined over several sweeps and dis-

played. The R&S FPL1000 saves each trace point in the trace memory only if the new value is greater than the previous one.

The minimum value is determined from several measurements and displayed. The R&S FPL1000 saves each trace point in the trace memory only if the new value is lower than the previous one.

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Analysis

Trace Settings

"Average"

"View" "Blank" Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:MODE on page 168

Detector

Defines the trace detector to be used for trace analysis. The trace detector is used to combine multiple FFT window results to create the final

spectrum. (Note: in previous versions of the R&S FPL1000, the I/Q Analyzer always used the linear average detector.) If necessary, the trace detector is also used to reduce the number of calculated frequency points (defined by the FFT length) to the defined number of sweep points. By default, the Autopeak trace detector is used.

Note: Using a detector other than Auto Peak and fewer than 4096 sweep points may lead to wrong level results. For details see "Combining results - trace detector" on page 22.

"Auto"

"Type"

Remote command:

[SENSe:][WINDow<n>:]DETector<t>[:FUNCtion] on page 172 [SENSe:][WINDow<n>:]DETector<t>[:FUNCtion]:AUTO on page 173

The average is formed over several sweeps. The Sweep/Average Count determines the number of averaging procedures.

The current contents of the trace memory are frozen and displayed. Removes the selected trace from the display.

Selects the optimum detector for the selected trace and filter mode. This is the default setting.

Defines the selected detector type. Note: If the EMI (R&S FPL1-K54) measurement option is installed

and the filter type "CISPR" is selected, additional detectors are available, even if EMI measurement is not active.

Hold

If activated, traces in "Min Hold" , "Max Hold" and "Average" mode are not reset after specific parameter changes have been made.

Normally, the measurement is started again after parameter changes, before the measurement results are analyzed (e.g. using a marker). In all cases that require a new measurement after parameter changes, the trace is reset automatically to avoid false results (e.g. with span changes). For applications that require no reset after parameter changes, the automatic reset can be switched off.

The default setting is off. Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:MODE:HCONtinuous

on page 169

Smoothing

If enabled, the trace is smoothed by the specified value (between 1 % and 50 %). The smoothing value is defined as a percentage of the display width. The larger the smoothing value, the greater the smoothing effect.

For more information see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

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Trace Settings

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:SMOothing[:STATe]

on page 171

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:SMOothing:APERture

on page 171

Average Mode

Defines the mode with which the trace is averaged over several sweeps. This setting is generally applicable if trace mode "Average" is selected. For FFT sweeps, the setting also affects the VBW (regardless of whether or not the

trace is averaged). (See the chapter on ACLR power measurements in the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.) How many sweeps are averaged is defined by the " Sweep/Average Count "

on page 59. "Linear"

The power level values are converted into linear units prior to averaging. After the averaging, the data is converted back into its original unit.

"Logarithmic"

For logarithmic scaling, the values are averaged in dBm. For linear scaling, the behavior is the same as with linear averaging.

"Power"

Activates linear power averaging. The power level values are converted into unit Watt prior to averaging. After the averaging, the data is converted back into its original unit. Use this mode to average power values in Volts or Amperes correctly. In particular, for small VBW values (smaller than the RBW), use power averaging mode for correct power measurements in FFT sweep mode.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]AVERage<n>:TYPE on page 171

Predefined Trace Settings - Quick Config

Commonly required trace settings have been predefined and can be applied very quickly by selecting the appropriate button.

Function Trace Settings

Preset All Traces Trace 1: Clear Write

Traces 2-6: Blank

Set Trace Mode Max | Avg | Min

Set Trace Mode Max | ClrWrite | Min

Trace 1: Max Hold

Trace 2: Average

Trace 3: Min Hold

Traces 4-6: Blank

Trace 1: Max Hold

Trace 2: Clear Write

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Spectrogram Settings

Function Trace Settings

Trace 3: Min Hold

Traces 4-6: Blank

Trace 1 / Trace 2 / Trace 3 / Trace 4 (Softkeys)

Displays the "Traces" settings and focuses the "Mode" list for the selected trace. Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>[:STATe] on page 170

Copy Trace Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Traces" > "Copy Trace"

Or: [TRACE] > "Copy Trace" Copies trace data to another trace. The first group of buttons (labeled "Trace 1" to "Trace 6" ) selects the source trace. The

second group of buttons (labeled "Copy to Trace 1" to "Copy to Tace 6" ) selects the destination.

Remote command:

TRACe<n>:COPY on page 173

6.2 Spectrogram Settings

Access: [TRACE] > "Spectrogram Config"

The individual settings available for spectrogram display are described here. For settings on color mapping, see Chapter 6.2.2, "Color Map Settings", on page 71.

Settings concerning the frames and how they are handled during a sweep are provided as additional sweep settings for spectrogram display.

See Chapter 5.7.2, "Sweep Settings", on page 58.

Search functions for spectrogram markers are described in Chapter 6.4.2.2, "Marker

Search Settings for Spectrograms", on page 84.

● General Spectrogram Settings................................................................................68

● Color Map Settings..................................................................................................71

6.2.1 General Spectrogram Settings

Access: [TRACE] > "Spectrogram Config"

This section describes general settings for spectrogram display.

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Spectrogram Settings

State..............................................................................................................................69

3D Spectrogram State...................................................................................................69

Select Frame.................................................................................................................70

History Depth ............................................................................................................... 70

3-D Display Depth.........................................................................................................70

Time Stamp ..................................................................................................................70

Color Mapping ..............................................................................................................70

Continuous Sweep / Run Cont .....................................................................................70

Single Sweep / Run Single ...........................................................................................71

Clear Spectrogram .......................................................................................................71

State

Activates and deactivates a Spectrogram subwindow. "On"

"Off" Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:SPECtrogram:LAYout on page 177

3D Spectrogram State

Activates and deactivates a 3-dimensional spectrogram. As opposed to the common 2dimensional spectrogram, the power is not only indicated by a color mapping, but also in a third dimension, the z-axis.

For details see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

Displays the Spectrogram as a subwindow in the original result display.

Closes the Spectrogram subwindow.

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Spectrogram Settings

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:SPECtrogram:THReedim[:STATe] on page 178

Select Frame

Selects a specific frame, loads the corresponding trace from the memory, and displays it in the Spectrum window.

Note that activating a marker or changing the position of the active marker automatically selects the frame that belongs to that marker.

This function is only available in single sweep mode or if the sweep is stopped, and only if a spectrogram is selected.

The most recent frame is number 0, all previous frames have a negative number. For more details see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:SPECtrogram:FRAMe:SELect on page 176

History Depth

Sets the number of frames that the R&S FPL1000 stores in its memory. The maximum number of frames depends on the "Sweep Points" on page 59. For an overview of the maximum number of frames depending on the number of

sweep points, see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual. If the memory is full, the R&S FPL1000 deletes the oldest frames stored in the memory

and replaces them with the new data. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:SPECtrogram:HDEPth on page 177

3-D Display Depth

Defines the number of frames displayed in a 3-dimensional spectrogram. For details see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

Time Stamp

Activates and deactivates the timestamp. The timestamp shows the system time while the measurement is running. In single sweep mode or if the sweep is stopped, the timestamp shows the time and date of the end of the sweep.

When active, the timestamp replaces the display of the frame number. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:SPECtrogram:TSTamp[:STATe] on page 179 CALCulate<n>:SPECtrogram:TSTamp:DATA? on page 179

Color Mapping

Opens the "Color Mapping" dialog. For details see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual.

Continuous Sweep / Run Cont

After triggering, starts the sweep and repeats it continuously until stopped. This is the default setting.

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Spectrogram Settings

After triggering, starts the measurement and repeats it continuously until stopped. While the measurement is running, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey and the [RUN

CONT] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again. The results are not deleted until a new measurement is started.

Remote command:

INITiate<n>:CONTinuous on page 163

Single Sweep / Run Single

After triggering, starts the number of sweeps set in "Sweep Count". The measurement stops after the defined number of sweeps has been performed.

While the measurement is running, the "Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN SINGLE] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again.

If the Sequencer is off, only the evaluation for the currently displayed channel setup is updated.

For details on the Sequencer, see the R&S FPL1000 User Manual. Remote command:

INITiate<n>[:IMMediate] on page 164

Clear Spectrogram

Resets the spectrogram result display and clears the history buffer. This function is only available if a spectrogram is selected. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:SPECtrogram:CLEar[:IMMediate] on page 175

6.2.2 Color Map Settings

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Traces" > "Spectrogram" > "Color Mapping"

or: [TRACE] > "Spectrogram Config" > "Color Mapping"

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Spectrogram Settings

In addition to the available color settings, the dialog box displays the current color map and provides a preview of the display with the current settings.

Figure 6-1: Color Mapping dialog box

1 = Color map: shows the current color distribution 2 = Preview pane: shows a preview of the spectrogram with any changes that you make to the color

scheme 3 = Color curve pane: graphical representation of all settings available to customize the color scheme 4/5 = Color range start and stop sliders: define the range of the color map or amplitudes for the spectrogram 6 = Color curve slider: adjusts the focus of the color curve 7 = Histogram: shows the distribution of measured values 8 = Scale of the horizontal axis (value range)

Start / Stop ................................................................................................................... 72

Shape ...........................................................................................................................72

Hot / Cold / Radar / Grayscale ..................................................................................... 73

Auto ..............................................................................................................................73

Set to Default ............................................................................................................... 73

Close.............................................................................................................................73

Start / Stop

Defines the lower and upper boundaries of the value range of the spectrogram. Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:SPECtrogram:COLor:LOWer on page 180 DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:SPECtrogram:COLor:UPPer on page 181

Shape

Defines the shape and focus of the color curve for the spectrogram result display. "-1 to <0" "0" ">0 to 1"

More colors are distributed among the lower values Colors are distributed linearly among the values More colors are distributed among the higher values

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Trace / Data Export Configuration

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:SPECtrogram:COLor:SHAPe on page 181

Hot / Cold / Radar / Grayscale

Sets the color scheme for the spectrogram. Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:SPECtrogram:COLor[:STYLe] on page 181

Auto

Defines the color range automatically according to the existing measured values for optimized display.

Set to Default

Sets the color mapping to the default settings. Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:SPECtrogram:COLor:DEFault on page 180

Saves the changes and closes the dialog box.

6.3 Trace / Data Export Configuration

Access: "Save" > "Export" > "Trace Export Configuration"

Or: [TRACE] > "Trace Config" > "Trace / Data Export"

The R&S FPL1000 provides various evaluation methods for the results of the performed measurements. However, you may want to evaluate the data with other, external applications. In this case, you can export the measurement data to an ASCII file.

The standard data management functions (e.g. saving or loading instrument settings) that are available for all R&S FPL1000 applications are not described here.

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Trace / Data Export Configuration

Export all Traces and all Table Results ........................................................................74

Include Instrument & Measurement Settings ............................................................... 74

Trace to Export .............................................................................................................74

Decimal Separator ....................................................................................................... 75

Export Trace to ASCII File ............................................................................................75

└ File Type ........................................................................................................ 75

└ Decimal Separator ......................................................................................... 76

└ File Explorer....................................................................................................76

Export all Traces and all Table Results

Selects all displayed traces and result tables (e.g. Result Summary, marker table etc.) in the current application for export to an ASCII file.

Alternatively, you can select one specific trace only for export (see Trace to Export ). The results are output in the same order as they are displayed on the screen: window

by window, trace by trace, and table row by table row. Remote command:

FORMat:DEXPort:TRACes on page 225

Include Instrument & Measurement Settings

Includes additional instrument and measurement settings in the header of the export file for result data.

Remote command:

FORMat:DEXPort:HEADer on page 224

Trace to Export

Defines an individual trace to be exported to a file. This setting is not available if Export all Traces and all Table Results is selected.

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Trace / Data Export Configuration

Decimal Separator

Defines the decimal separator for floating-point numerals for the data export/import files. Evaluation programs require different separators in different languages.

Remote command:

FORMat:DEXPort:DSEParator on page 224

Export Trace to ASCII File

Saves the selected trace or all traces in the currently active result display to the specified file and directory in the selected ASCII format.

"File Explorer": Instead of using the file manager of the R&S FPL1000 firmware, you can also use the Microsoft Windows File Explorer to manage files.

Remote command:

MMEMory:STORe<n>:TRACe on page 225

File Type ← Export Trace to ASCII File

Determines the format of the ASCII file to be imported or exported. Depending on the external program in which the data file was created or is evaluated,

a comma-separated list (CSV) or a plain data format (DAT) file is required.

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6.4 Marker Usage

Analysis

Marker Usage

Remote command:

FORMat:DEXPort:FORMat on page 224

Decimal Separator ← Export Trace to ASCII File

Defines the decimal separator for floating-point numerals for the data export/import files. Evaluation programs require different separators in different languages.

Remote command:

FORMat:DEXPort:DSEParator on page 224

File Explorer ← Export Trace to ASCII File

Opens the Microsoft Windows File Explorer. Remote command:

not supported

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis"

The following marker settings and functions are available in the I/Q Analyzer application.

For "I/Q-Vector" displays markers are not available.

In the I/Q Analyzer application, the resolution with which the frequency can be measured with a marker is always the filter bandwidth, which is derived from the defined sample rate.

(See Chapter 4.1.1, "Sample Rate and Maximum Usable I/Q Bandwidth for RF Input", on page 18).

● Marker Settings.......................................................................................................76

● Marker Search Settings and Positioning Functions................................................ 81

● Marker Search Settings for Spectrograms..............................................................89

● Marker Functions.................................................................................................... 92

6.4.1 Marker Settings

Or: [MKR] > "Marker Config"

The remote commands required to define these settings are described in Chap-

ter 9.7.3.1, "Setting Up Individual Markers", on page 182.

● Individual Marker Setup.......................................................................................... 77

● General Marker Settings......................................................................................... 80

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6.4.1.1 Individual Marker Setup

Analysis

Marker Usage

Up to 17 markers or delta markers can be activated for each window simultaneously. Initial marker setup is performed using the "Marker" dialog box.

The markers are distributed among 3 tabs for a better overview. By default, the first marker is defined as a normal marker, whereas all others are defined as delta markers with reference to the first marker. All markers are assigned to trace 1, but only the first marker is active.

Selected Marker ...........................................................................................................77

Marker State .................................................................................................................77

Marker Position X-value ...............................................................................................78

Frame (Spectrogram only)............................................................................................ 78

Marker Type .................................................................................................................78

Reference Marker ........................................................................................................ 78

Linking to Another Marker ............................................................................................78

Assigning the Marker to a Trace .................................................................................. 79

Select Marker ...............................................................................................................79

All Markers Off ..............................................................................................................79

Selected Marker

Marker name. The marker which is currently selected for editing is highlighted orange. Remote command:

Marker selected via suffix <m> in remote commands.

Marker State

Activates or deactivates the marker in the diagram.

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Marker Usage

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>[:STATe] on page 187 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>[:STATe] on page 185

Marker Position X-value

Defines the position (x-value) of the marker in the diagram. For normal markers, the absolute position is indicated. For delta markers, the position relative to the reference marker is provided.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 187 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:X on page 185

Frame (Spectrogram only)

Spectrogram frame the marker is assigned to. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:FRAMe on page 195 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:FRAMe on page 199

Marker Type

Toggles the marker type. The type for marker 1 is always "Normal" , the type for delta marker 1 is always

"Delta" . These types cannot be changed. Note: If normal marker 1 is the active marker, switching the "Mkr Type" activates an

additional delta marker 1. For any other marker, switching the marker type does not activate an additional marker, it only switches the type of the selected marker.

"Normal"

"Delta"

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>[:STATe] on page 187 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>[:STATe] on page 185

Reference Marker

Defines a marker as the reference marker which is used to determine relative analysis results (delta marker values).

If the reference marker is deactivated, the delta marker referring to it is also deactivated.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:MREFerence on page 184

A normal marker indicates the absolute value at the defined position in the diagram.

A delta marker defines the value of the marker relative to the specified reference marker (marker 1 by default).

Linking to Another Marker

Links the current marker to the marker selected from the list of active markers. If the xaxis value of the initial marker is changed, the linked marker follows to the same position on the x-axis. Linking is off by default.

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Marker Usage

Using this function you can set two markers on different traces to measure the difference (e.g. between a max hold trace and a min hold trace or between a measurement and a reference trace).

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<ms>:LINK:TO:MARKer<md> on page 186 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<ms>:LINK:TO:MARKer<md> on page 183 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:LINK on page 183

Assigning the Marker to a Trace

The "Trace" setting assigns the selected marker to an active trace. The trace determines which value the marker shows at the marker position. If the marker was previously assigned to a different trace, the marker remains on the previous frequency or time, but indicates the value of the new trace.

If a trace is turned off, the assigned markers and marker functions are also deactivated.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:TRACe on page 187

Select Marker

The "Select Marker" function opens a dialog box to select and activate or deactivate one or more markers quickly.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>[:STATe] on page 187 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>[:STATe] on page 185

All Markers Off

Deactivates all markers in one step. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:AOFF on page 186

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6.4.1.2 General Marker Settings

Analysis

Marker Usage

Some general marker settings allow you to influence the marker behavior for all markers.

Marker Table Display ....................................................................................................80

Marker Info ...................................................................................................................80

Marker Stepsize ........................................................................................................... 81

Marker Table Display

Defines how the marker information is displayed. "On"

"Off"

"Auto"

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:MTABle on page 188

Marker Info

Turns the marker information displayed in the diagram on and off.

Displays the marker information in a table in a separate area beneath the diagram.

No separate marker table is displayed. If Marker Info is active, the marker information is displayed within the diagram area.

(Default) If more than two markers are active, the marker table is displayed automatically. If Marker Info is active, the marker information for up to two markers is displayed in the diagram area.

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6.4.2 Marker Search Settings and Positioning Functions

Analysis

Marker Usage

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:MINFo[:STATe] on page 188

Marker Stepsize

Defines the size of the steps that the marker position is moved using the rotary knob. "Standard"

"Sweep Points"

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SSIZe on page 189

The marker position is moved in steps of (Span/1000), which corresponds approximately to the number of pixels for the default display of 1001 sweep points. This setting is most suitable to move the marker over a larger distance.

The marker position is moved from one sweep point to the next. This setting is required for a very precise positioning if more sweep points are collected than the number of pixels that can be displayed on the screen. It is the default mode.

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Marker" > "Search"

or: [MKR TO]

Several functions are available to set the marker to a specific position very quickly and easily, or to use the current marker position to define another characteristic value. In order to determine the required marker position, searches may be performed. The search results can be influenced by special settings.

For more information on searching for signal peaks see Chapter 6.4.4.2, "Marker Peak

List", on page 95.

In I/Q Analyzer mode, the search settings for "Real/Imag (I/Q)" evaluation include an additional parameter, see " Branch for Peaksearch " on page 84.

Note that in the Spectrum diagram in I/Q mode, a peak search is performed only within the indicated Analysis Bandwidth , unless you specify Search Limits ( Left / Right ) in the marker settings.

The remote commands required to define these settings are described in Chap-

ter 9.7.3.5, "Positioning the Marker", on page 203.

● Marker Search Settings...........................................................................................81

● Marker Search Settings for Spectrograms..............................................................84

● Positioning Functions..............................................................................................87

6.4.2.1 Marker Search Settings

Access: [MKR TO] > "Search Config"

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Analysis

Marker Usage

Markers are commonly used to determine peak values, i.e. maximum or minimum values, in the measured signal. Configuration settings allow you to influence the peak search results.

For Spectrograms, special marker settings are available, see Chapter 6.4.2.2, "Marker

Search Settings for Spectrograms", on page 84.

Search Mode for Next Peak .........................................................................................82

Exclude LO ...................................................................................................................82

Peak Excursion ............................................................................................................ 83

Auto Max Peak Search / Auto Min Peak Search ..........................................................83

Search Limits ............................................................................................................... 83

└ Search Limits ( Left / Right )........................................................................... 83

└ Search Threshold ...........................................................................................83

└ Use Zoom Limits ............................................................................................84

└ Deactivating All Search Limits ....................................................................... 84

Branch for Peaksearch .................................................................................................84

Search Mode for Next Peak

Selects the search mode for the next peak search. "Left"

"Absolute"

"Right"

Remote command:

Chapter 9.7.3.5, "Positioning the Marker", on page 203

Determines the next maximum/minimum to the left of the current peak.

Determines the next maximum/minimum to either side of the current peak.

Determines the next maximum/minimum to the right of the current peak.

Exclude LO

If activated, restricts the frequency range for the marker search functions.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

"On"

"Off"

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:LOEXclude on page 190

Peak Excursion

Defines the minimum level value by which a signal must rise or fall so that it is identified as a maximum or a minimum by the search functions.

Entries from 0 dB to 80 dB are allowed; the resolution is 0.1 dB. The default setting for the peak excursion is 6 dB.

For Analog Modulation Analysis, the unit and value range depend on the selected result display type.

For more information, see Chapter 6.4.4.2, "Marker Peak List", on page 95. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:PEXCursion on page 190

The minimum frequency included in the peak search range is ≥ 5 × resolution bandwidth (RBW). Due to the interference by the first local oscillator to the first intermediate frequency at the input mixer, the LO is represented as a signal at 0 Hz. To avoid the peak marker jumping to the LO signal at 0 Hz, this frequency is excluded from the peak search.

No restriction to the search range. The frequency 0 Hz is included in the marker search functions.

Auto Max Peak Search / Auto Min Peak Search

If activated, a maximum or minimum peak search is performed automatically for marker 1 after each sweep.

For spectrogram displays, define which frame the peak is to be searched in. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MAXimum:AUTO on page 203 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MINimum:AUTO on page 205

Search Limits

The search results can be restricted by limiting the search area or adding search conditions.

Search Limits ( Left / Right ) ← Search Limits

If activated, limit lines are defined and displayed for the search. Only results within the limited search range are considered.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits[:STATe] on page 191 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits:LEFT on page 192 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits:RIGHt on page 192

Search Threshold ← Search Limits

Defines an absolute threshold as an additional condition for the peak search. Only peaks that exceed the threshold are detected.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:THReshold on page 193

Use Zoom Limits ← Search Limits

If activated, the peak search is restricted to the active zoom area defined for a single zoom.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits:ZOOM[:STATe] on page 193

Deactivating All Search Limits ← Search Limits

Deactivates the search range limits. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits[:STATe] on page 191 CALCulate<n>:THReshold:STATe on page 193

Branch for Peaksearch

Defines which data is used for marker search functions in I/Q data. This function is only available for the display configuration "Real/Imag (I/Q)" (see "

Real/Imag (I/Q) " on page 15).

Note: The search settings apply to all markers, not only the currently selected one. "Real"

Marker search functions are performed on the real trace of the I/Q measurement.

"Imag"

Marker search functions are performed on the imaginary trace of the I/Q measurement.

"Magnitude"

Marker search functions are performed on the magnitude of the I and Q data.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SEARch on page 191

6.4.2.2 Marker Search Settings for Spectrograms

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Markers" > "Search"

or: [MKR TO] > "Search Config"

Spectrograms show not only the current sweep results, but also the sweep history. Thus, when searching for peaks, you must define the search settings within a single time frame (x-direction) and within several time frames (y-direction).

These settings are only available for spectrogram displays.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

Search Mode for Next Peak in X-Direction .................................................................. 85

Search Mode for Next Peak in Y-Direction ...................................................................85

Marker Search Type .....................................................................................................86

Marker Search Area .....................................................................................................86

Peak Excursion ............................................................................................................ 86

Search Limits ............................................................................................................... 87

└ Search Limits ( Left / Right )........................................................................... 87

└ Search Threshold ...........................................................................................87

└ Use Zoom Limits ............................................................................................87

└ Deactivating All Search Limits ....................................................................... 87

Search Mode for Next Peak in X-Direction

Selects the search mode for the next peak search within the currently selected frame. "Left"

"Absolute"

"Right"

Remote command:

Chapter 9.7.3.5, "Positioning the Marker", on page 203

Determines the next maximum/minimum to the left of the current peak.

Determines the next maximum/minimum to either side of the current peak.

Determines the next maximum/minimum to the right of the current peak.

Search Mode for Next Peak in Y-Direction

Selects the search mode for the next peak search within all frames at the current marker position.

"Up"

Determines the next maximum/minimum above the current peak (in more recent frames).

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Analysis

Marker Usage

"Absolute"

"Down"

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:ABOVe on page 196 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:ABOVe

on page 201

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:BELow on page 196 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:BELow

on page 201

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:NEXT on page 197 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:NEXT on page 201 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:ABOVe on page 197 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:ABOVe

on page 202

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:BELow on page 197 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:BELow

on page 202

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:NEXT on page 198 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:NEXT on page 202

Determines the next maximum/minimum above or below the current peak (in all frames).

Determines the next maximum/minimum below the current peak (in older frames).

Marker Search Type

Defines the type of search to be performed in the spectrogram. "X-Search" "Y-Search" "XY-Search" Remote command:

Defined by the search function, see Chapter 9.7.3.4, "Marker Search (Spectrograms)", on page 194

Marker Search Area

Defines which frames the search is performed in. "Visible" "Memory" Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:SARea on page 195 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:SARea on page 200

Peak Excursion

Defines the minimum level value by which a signal must rise or fall so that it is identified as a maximum or a minimum by the search functions.

Entries from 0 dB to 80 dB are allowed; the resolution is 0.1 dB. The default setting for the peak excursion is 6 dB.

Searches only within the currently selected frame. Searches within all frames but only at the current frequency position. Searches in all frames at all positions.

Only the visible frames are searched. All frames stored in the memory are searched.

For Analog Modulation Analysis, the unit and value range depend on the selected result display type.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

For more information, see Chapter 6.4.4.2, "Marker Peak List", on page 95. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:PEXCursion on page 190

Search Limits

The search results can be restricted by limiting the search area or adding search conditions.

Search Limits ( Left / Right ) ← Search Limits

If activated, limit lines are defined and displayed for the search. Only results within the limited search range are considered.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits[:STATe] on page 191 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits:LEFT on page 192 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits:RIGHt on page 192

Search Threshold ← Search Limits

Defines an absolute threshold as an additional condition for the peak search. Only peaks that exceed the threshold are detected.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:THReshold on page 193

Use Zoom Limits ← Search Limits

If activated, the peak search is restricted to the active zoom area defined for a single zoom.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits:ZOOM[:STATe] on page 193

Deactivating All Search Limits ← Search Limits

Deactivates the search range limits. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits[:STATe] on page 191 CALCulate<n>:THReshold:STATe on page 193

6.4.2.3 Positioning Functions

Access: [MKR ->]

The following functions set the currently selected marker to the result of a peak search or set other characteristic values to the current marker value.

Peak Search .................................................................................................................88

Search Next Peak ........................................................................................................ 88

Search Minimum .......................................................................................................... 88

Search Next Minimum ..................................................................................................88

Center Frequency = Marker Frequency ....................................................................... 88

Reference Level = Marker Level .................................................................................. 88

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Analysis

Marker Usage

Peak Search

Sets the selected marker/delta marker to the maximum of the trace. If no marker is active, marker 1 is activated.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MAXimum[:PEAK] on page 204 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:MAXimum[:PEAK] on page 207

Search Next Peak

Sets the selected marker/delta marker to the next (lower) maximum of the assigned trace. If no marker is active, marker 1 is activated.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MAXimum:NEXT on page 204 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MAXimum:RIGHt on page 205 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MAXimum:LEFT on page 204 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:MAXimum:NEXT on page 207 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:MAXimum:RIGHt on page 208 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:MAXimum:LEFT on page 207

Search Minimum

Sets the selected marker/delta marker to the minimum of the trace. If no marker is active, marker 1 is activated.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MINimum[:PEAK] on page 206 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:MINimum[:PEAK] on page 208

Search Next Minimum

Sets the selected marker/delta marker to the next (higher) minimum of the selected trace. If no marker is active, marker 1 is activated.

For spectrogram displays, define which frame the next minimum is to be searched in. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MINimum:NEXT on page 206 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MINimum:LEFT on page 205 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:MINimum:RIGHt on page 206 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:MINimum:NEXT on page 208 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:MINimum:LEFT on page 208 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:MINimum:RIGHt on page 209

Center Frequency = Marker Frequency

Sets the center frequency to the selected marker or delta marker frequency. A peak can thus be set as center frequency, for example to analyze it in detail with a smaller span.

This function is not available for zero span measurements. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:CENTer on page 136

Reference Level = Marker Level

Sets the reference level to the selected marker level.

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6.4.3 Marker Search Settings for Spectrograms

Analysis

Marker Usage

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:REFerence on page 130

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Markers" > "Search"

or: [MKR TO] > "Search Config"

These settings are only available for spectrogram displays.

Search Mode for Next Peak in X-Direction .................................................................. 89

Search Mode for Next Peak in Y-Direction ...................................................................90

Marker Search Type .....................................................................................................90

Marker Search Area .....................................................................................................90

Peak Excursion ............................................................................................................ 91

Search Limits ............................................................................................................... 91

└ Search Limits ( Left / Right )........................................................................... 91

└ Search Threshold ...........................................................................................91

└ Use Zoom Limits ............................................................................................91

└ Deactivating All Search Limits ....................................................................... 91

Search Mode for Next Peak in X-Direction

Selects the search mode for the next peak search within the currently selected frame. "Left"

Determines the next maximum/minimum to the left of the current peak.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

"Absolute"

"Right"

Remote command:

Chapter 9.7.3.5, "Positioning the Marker", on page 203

Search Mode for Next Peak in Y-Direction

Selects the search mode for the next peak search within all frames at the current marker position.

"Up"

"Absolute"

"Down"

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:ABOVe on page 196 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:ABOVe

on page 201

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:BELow on page 196 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MAXimum:BELow

on page 201

on page 202

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:BELow on page 197 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:BELow

on page 202

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:NEXT on page 198 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:Y:MINimum:NEXT on page 202

Determines the next maximum/minimum to either side of the current peak.

Determines the next maximum/minimum to the right of the current peak.

Determines the next maximum/minimum above the current peak (in more recent frames).

Determines the next maximum/minimum above or below the current peak (in all frames).

Determines the next maximum/minimum below the current peak (in older frames).

Marker Search Type

Defines the type of search to be performed in the spectrogram. "X-Search" "Y-Search" "XY-Search" Remote command:

Defined by the search function, see Chapter 9.7.3.4, "Marker Search (Spectrograms)", on page 194

Marker Search Area

Defines which frames the search is performed in. "Visible"

Searches only within the currently selected frame. Searches within all frames but only at the current frequency position. Searches in all frames at all positions.

Only the visible frames are searched.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

"Memory" Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:SPECtrogram:SARea on page 195 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:SPECtrogram:SARea on page 200

Peak Excursion

Defines the minimum level value by which a signal must rise or fall so that it is identified as a maximum or a minimum by the search functions.

Entries from 0 dB to 80 dB are allowed; the resolution is 0.1 dB. The default setting for the peak excursion is 6 dB.

For Analog Modulation Analysis, the unit and value range depend on the selected result display type.

For more information, see Chapter 6.4.4.2, "Marker Peak List", on page 95. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:PEXCursion on page 190

Search Limits

The search results can be restricted by limiting the search area or adding search conditions.

Search Limits ( Left / Right ) ← Search Limits

If activated, limit lines are defined and displayed for the search. Only results within the limited search range are considered.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits[:STATe] on page 191 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits:LEFT on page 192 CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits:RIGHt on page 192

All frames stored in the memory are searched.

Search Threshold ← Search Limits

Defines an absolute threshold as an additional condition for the peak search. Only peaks that exceed the threshold are detected.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:THReshold on page 193

Use Zoom Limits ← Search Limits

If activated, the peak search is restricted to the active zoom area defined for a single zoom.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits:ZOOM[:STATe] on page 193

Deactivating All Search Limits ← Search Limits

Deactivates the search range limits. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X:SLIMits[:STATe] on page 191 CALCulate<n>:THReshold:STATe on page 193

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6.4.4 Marker Functions

6.4.4.1 Measuring the Power in a Channel (Band Power Marker)

Analysis

Marker Usage

Some special marker functions are available in the I/Q Analyzer application.

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Marker Functions" > "Band Power" > "Band Power Config"

or: [MKR] > "Select Marker Function" > "Band Power"

To determine the noise power in a transmission channel, you can use a noise marker and multiply the result with the channel bandwidth. However, the results are only accurate for flat noise.

Band power markers allow you to measure the integrated power for a defined span (band) around a marker (similar to ACP measurements). By default, 5 % of the current span is used. The span is indicated by limit lines in the diagram. You can easily change the span by moving the limit lines in the diagram. They are automatically aligned symmetrically to the marker frequency. They are also moved automatically if you move the marker on the screen.

The results can be displayed either as a power (dBm) or density (dBm/Hz) value and are indicated in the marker table for each band power marker.

Relative band power markers

The results for band power markers which are defined as delta markers and thus have a reference value can also be calculated as reference power values (in dB).

In this case, the result of the band power deltamarker is the difference between the absolute power in the band around the delta marker and the absolute power for the reference marker. The powers are subtracted logarithmically, so the result is a dB value.

[Relative band power (Delta2) in dB] = [absolute band power (Delta2) in dBm] - [absolute (band) power of reference marker in dBm]

The measured power for the reference marker may be an absolute power at a single point (if the reference marker is not a band power marker), or the power in a band (if the reference marker is a band power marker itself).

If the reference marker for the band power marker is also a delta marker, the absolute power level for the reference marker is used for calculation.

For the I/Q Analyzer application, band power markers are only available for Spectrum displays.

The entire band must lie within the display. If it is moved out of the display, the result cannot be calculated (indicated by "- - -" as the "Function Result" ). However, the width of the band is maintained so that the band power can be calculated again when it returns to the display.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

All markers can be defined as band power markers, each with a different span. When a band power marker is activated, if no marker is active yet, marker 1 is activated. Otherwise, the currently active marker is used as a band power marker (all other marker functions for this marker are deactivated).

If the detector mode for the marker trace is set to "Auto" , the RMS detector is used.

The individual marker settings correspond to those defined in the "Marker" dialog box (see Chapter 6.4.1.1, "Individual Marker Setup", on page 77). Any settings to the marker state or type changed in the "Marker Function" dialog box are also changed in the "Marker" dialog box and vice versa.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

Remote commands:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer[:STATe] on page 211

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer:RESult? on page 210

Band Power Measurement State ................................................................................. 94

Span .............................................................................................................................94

Power Mode .................................................................................................................94

Switching All Band Power Measurements Off ..............................................................95

Band Power Measurement State

Activates or deactivates band power measurement for the marker in the diagram. Band power markers are only available for standard frequency measurements (not

zero span) in the Spectrum application. If activated, the markers display the power or density measured in the band around the

current marker position. For details see Chapter 6.4.4.1, "Measuring the Power in a Channel (Band Power

Marker)", on page 92.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer[:STATe] on page 211 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer[:STATe] on page 212

Span

Defines the span (band) around the marker for which the power is measured. The span is indicated by lines in the diagram. You can easily change the span by mov-

ing the limit lines in the diagram. They are automatically aligned symmetrically to the marker frequency. They are also moved automatically if you move the marker on the screen.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer:SPAN on page 210 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer:SPAN on page 212

Power Mode

Defines the mode of the power measurement result. For Analog Modulation Analysis, the power mode is not editable for AM, FM, or PM

spectrum results. In this case, the marker function does not determine a power value, but rather the deviation within the specified span.

"Power"

"Relative Power"

The result is an absolute power level. The power unit depends on the Unit setting.

This setting is only available for a delta band power marker. The result is the difference between the absolute power in the band around the delta marker and the absolute power for the reference marker (see " Reference Marker " on page 78). The powers are subtracted logarithmically, so the result is a dB value.

[Relative band power (Delta2) in dB] = [absolute band power (Delta2) in dBm] - [absolute (band) power of reference marker in dBm]

For details see "Relative band power markers" on page 92

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Analysis

Marker Usage

"Density"

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer:MODE on page 209 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer:MODE on page 211

Switching All Band Power Measurements Off

Deactivates band power measurement for all markers. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer[:STATe] on page 211 CALCulate<n>:DELTamarker<m>:FUNCtion:BPOWer[:STATe] on page 212

6.4.4.2 Marker Peak List

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Marker Functions" > "Marker Peak List"

Or: [MKR] > "Select Marker Function" > "Marker Peak List"

A common measurement task is to determine peak values, i.e. maximum or minimum signal levels. The R&S FPL1000 provides various peak search functions and applications:

●

Setting a marker to a peak value once (Peak Search)

●

Searching for a peak value within a restricted search area (Search Limits)

●

Creating a marker table with all or a defined number of peak values for one sweep (Marker Peak List)

●

Updating the marker position to the current peak value automatically after each sweep (Auto Peak Search)

The result is a power level in relation to the bandwidth, displayed in dBm/Hz.

Peak search limits

The peak search can be restricted to a search area. The search area is defined by limit lines which are also indicated in the diagram. In addition, a minimum value (threshold) can be defined as a further search condition.

When is a peak a peak? - Peak excursion

During a peak search, for example when a marker peak table is displayed, noise values may be detected as a peak if the signal is very flat or does not contain many peaks. Therefore, you can define a relative threshold ( "Peak Excursion" ). The signal level must increase by the threshold value before falling again before a peak is detected. To avoid identifying noise peaks as maxima or minima, enter a peak excursion value that is higher than the difference between the highest and the lowest value measured for the displayed inherent noise.

Effect of peak excursion settings (example)

The following figure shows a trace to be analyzed.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

Figure 6-2: Trace example

The following table lists the peaks as indicated by the marker numbers in the diagram above, as well as the minimum decrease in amplitude to either side of the peak:

Marker # Min. amplitude decrease to either side of the signal

1 80 dB

2 80 dB

3 55 dB

4 39 dB

5 32 dB

In order to eliminate the smaller peaks M3, M4 and M5 in the example above, a peak excursion of at least 60 dB is required. In this case, the amplitude must rise at least 60 dB before falling again before a peak is detected.

Marker peak list

The marker peak list determines the frequencies and levels of peaks in the spectrum. It is updated automatically after each sweep. How many peaks are displayed can be defined, as well as the sort order. In addition, the detected peaks can be indicated in the diagram. The peak list can also be exported to a file for analysis in an external application.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

Remote commands:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:FPEaks:STATe on page 215

TRAC? LIST, see TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 221

Peak List State .............................................................................................................97

Sort Mode .....................................................................................................................97

Maximum Number of Peaks .........................................................................................98

Peak Excursion ............................................................................................................ 98

Display Marker Numbers ..............................................................................................98

Export Peak List ...........................................................................................................98

Peak List State

Activates/deactivates the marker peak list. If activated, the peak list is displayed and the peaks are indicated in the trace display.

For each listed peak the frequency/time ( "X-value" ) and level ( "Y-Value" ) values are given.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:FPEaks:STATe on page 215

Sort Mode

Defines whether the peak list is sorted according to the x-values or y-values. In either case the values are sorted in ascending order.

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Analysis

Marker Usage

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:FPEaks:SORT on page 215

Maximum Number of Peaks

Defines the maximum number of peaks to be determined and displayed. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:FPEaks:LIST:SIZE on page 214

Peak Excursion

Defines the minimum level value by which a signal must rise or fall so that it is identified as a maximum or a minimum by the search functions.

Entries from 0 dB to 80 dB are allowed; the resolution is 0.1 dB. The default setting for the peak excursion is 6 dB.

For Analog Modulation Analysis, the unit and value range depend on the selected result display type.

For more information, see Chapter 6.4.4.2, "Marker Peak List", on page 95. Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:PEXCursion on page 190

Display Marker Numbers

By default, the marker numbers are indicated in the diagram so you can find the peaks from the list. However, for large numbers of peaks the marker numbers may decrease readability; in this case, deactivate the marker number display.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:FPEaks:ANNotation:LABel[:STATe]

on page 213

Export Peak List

The peak list can be exported to an ASCII file (.DAT) for analysis in an external application.

Remote command:

MMEMory:STORe<n>:PEAK on page 216 FORMat:DEXPort:DSEParator on page 224

6.4.4.3 Deactivating All Marker Functions

Access: "Overview" > "Analysis" > "Marker Functions" > "All Functions Off"

Or: [MKR] > "All Functions Off"

All special marker functions can be deactivated in one step.

Remote command:

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7 How to Perform Measurements in the I/Q

7.1 How to Capture Baseband (I/Q) Data as RF Input

How to Perform Measurements in the I/Q Analyzer Application

How to Capture Baseband (I/Q) Data as RF Input

Analyzer Application

The following step-by-step instructions demonstrate how to capture I/Q data on the R&S FPL1000 and how to analyze data in the I/Q Analyzer application.

● How to Capture Baseband (I/Q) Data as RF Input..................................................99

● How to Analyze Data in the I/Q Analyzer..............................................................100

By default, the I/Q Analyzer assumes the I/Q data is modulated on a carrier frequency and input via the "RF Input" connector on the R&S FPL1000.

1. Select the [MODE] key and select the "I/Q Analyzer" application.

2. Select the "Overview" softkey to display the "Overview" for an I/Q Analyzer mea-

surement.

3. Select the "Input" button to select and configure the "RF Input" signal source.

4. Select the "Amplitude" button to define the attenuation, reference level or other set-

tings that affect the input signal's amplitude and scaling.

5. Select the "Frequency" button to define the input signal's center frequency.

6. Optionally, select the "Trigger" button and define a trigger for data acquisition, for

example an I/Q Power trigger to start capturing data only when a specific power is exceeded.

7. Select the "Bandwidth" button and define the bandwidth parameters for data acqui-

sition:

● "Sample Rate" or "Analysis Bandwidth" the span of the input signal to be captured for analysis, or the rate at which samples are captured (both values are correlated)

● "Measurement Time" how long the data is to be captured

● "Record Length" : the number of samples to be captured (also defined by sample rate and measurement time)

8. Select the "Display Config" button and select up to six displays that are of interest to you. Arrange them on the display to suit your preferences.

9. Exit the SmartGrid mode.

10. Start a new sweep with the defined settings. a)

Select the Sequencer icon (

b) Set the Sequencer state to "Off" .

) from the toolbar.

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7.2 How to Analyze Data in the I/Q Analyzer

How to Perform Measurements in the I/Q Analyzer Application

How to Analyze Data in the I/Q Analyzer

c) Select the [RUN SINGLE] key.

1. Select the [MODE] key and select the "I/Q Analyzer" application.

2. Select the "Overview" softkey to display the "Overview" for an I/Q Analyzer measurement.

3. Select the "Display Config" button and select up to six displays that are of interest to you. Arrange them on the display to suit your preferences.

4. Exit the SmartGrid mode and select the "Overview" softkey to display the "Overview" again.

5. Select the "Analysis" button in the "Overview" to make use of the advanced analysis functions in the displays.

● Configure a trace to display the average over a series of sweeps (on the

"Trace" tab; if necessary, increase the "Average Count" ).

● Configure markers and delta markers to determine deviations and offsets within

the signal (on the "Marker" tab).

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Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Contents

1 Preface

1.1 Documentation-Overview

1.1.1 Getting Started Manual

1.1.2 User Manuals and Help

1.1.3 Service Manual

1.1.4 Instrument Security Procedures

1.1.5 Printed Safety Instructions

1.1.6 Data Sheets and Brochures

1.1.7 Release Notes and Open Source Acknowledgment (OSA)

1.1.8 Application Notes, Application Cards, White Papers, etc.

1.1.9 Calibration Certificate

1.2 Conventions Used in the Documentation

1.2.1 Typographical Conventions

1.2.2 Conventions for Procedure Descriptions

1.2.3 Notes on Screenshots

2 Welcome to the I/Q Analyzer Application

2.1 Starting the I/Q Analyzer Application

2.2 Understanding the Display Information

3 Measurement and Result Displays

Basics on I/Q Data Acquisition and Processing

4.1 Processing Analog I/Q Data from RF Input

4.1.1 Sample Rate and Maximum Usable I/Q Bandwidth for RF Input

4.1.1.1 Relationship Between Sample Rate, Record Length and Usable I/Q Bandwidth

4.2 Basics on FFT

4.2.1 Window Functions

4.2.2 Overlapping

4.2.3 Dependencies Between FFT Parameters

4.2.4 Frequency Resolution of FFT Results - RBW

4.2.5 FFT Calculation Methods

4.3 Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files

4.4 I/Q Data Import and Export

5 Configuration

5.1 Configuration Overview

5.2 Import/Export Functions

5.3 Receiving Data Input and Providing Data Output

5.3.1 Radio Frequency Input

5.3.2 Settings for Input from I/Q Data Files

5.3.3 Power Sensors

5.3.3.1 Basics on Power Sensors

5.3.3.2 Power Sensor Settings

5.3.3.3 How to Work With a Power Sensor

How to Set Up a Power Sensor

How to Zero the Power Sensor

5.3.4 Independent CW Source Settings

5.3.5 Output Settings

5.4 Amplitude

5.4.1 Amplitude Settings

5.4.2 Scaling the Y-Axis

5.5 Frequency Settings

5.6 Trigger Settings

5.7 Data Acquisition and Bandwidth Settings

5.7.1 Data Acquisition

5.7.2 Sweep Settings

5.8 Display Configuration

5.9 Adjusting Settings Automatically

6 Analysis

6.1 Trace Settings

6.2 Spectrogram Settings

6.2.1 General Spectrogram Settings

6.2.2 Color Map Settings

6.3 Trace / Data Export Configuration

6.4 Marker Usage

6.4.1 Marker Settings

6.4.1.1 Individual Marker Setup

6.4.1.2 General Marker Settings

6.4.2 Marker Search Settings and Positioning Functions

6.4.2.1 Marker Search Settings

6.4.2.2 Marker Search Settings for Spectrograms

6.4.2.3 Positioning Functions

6.4.3 Marker Search Settings for Spectrograms

6.4.4 Marker Functions

6.4.4.1 Measuring the Power in a Channel (Band Power Marker)

6.4.4.2 Marker Peak List

6.4.4.3 Deactivating All Marker Functions

7.1 How to Capture Baseband (I/Q) Data as RF Input