Royer Labs
Model R-10
Mono Ribbon Velocity Microphone
Operation Instructions Manual
& User Guide
Designed and Built in the U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Model R-10 Ribbon Microphone
April 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
Introduction 3
Description 3
Applications 3
Ribbons in the Digital World 4
User Guide 4
Using the R-10 Ribbon Microphone 4
Amplification Considerations 5
Equalization & Ribbon Microphones 6
Hum, Noise & Mic Orientation 7
The Sweet Spot 7
Finding and Working with the Sweet Spot 7
Other Types of Microphones 8
Proximity Effect and Working Distance 8
The Sound That Is “More Real than Real” 8
Microphone Techniques 10
General Tips for Using the Royer R-10 10
Recording Loud or Plosive Sounds 11
Stereophonic Microphone Techniques 13
Classic Blumlein Technique 13
Mid-Side (M-S) Technique 14
Care & Maintenance 15
Features 16
Electrical Specifications 17
Mechanical Specifications 17
Polar Pattern 18
Frequency Response 18
Warranty 19
2
Introduction
Congratulations on your purchase of a Royer Labs Model R-10 ribbon microphone. The R-10 is
a handcrafted precision instrument capable of delivering superior sound quality and exceptional
performance.
This operator’s manual describes the R-10, its function and method of use. It also describes the
care and maintenance required to ensure proper operation and long service life. The user guide
section of this manual offers practical information that is designed to maximize the performance
capabilities of this microphone.
Royer Labs products are manufactured to the highest industrial standards using only the finest
materials obtainable. Your model R-10 went through extensive quality control checks before
leaving the factory. Normal care is all that is required to assure a lifetime of trouble-free service.
Please read the manual thoroughly to become familiar with all of the R-10’s capabilities. It will
assist you in making the most of your microphone’s superior acoustic properties. This owner’s
manual is a handy reference guide and we suggest you refer to it whenever questions arise on the
use and care of your R-10 ribbon microphone.
Description
The R-10 is a bi-directional (figure-eight) velocity type ribbon microphone designed for
professional applications. The figure-eight pick-up pattern allows the R-10 to be addressed from
either side with equal sensitivity. The in-phase signal is achieved when the microphone is
addressed from the front, indicated by the “ROYER” logo.
The R-10 is reasonably tolerant to shock and vibration, and performance is unaffected by
changes in temperature or humidity. However, ribbon microphones are somewhat more sensitive
to direct blasts of air, and the R-10 is no exception to this rule. Discretionary use of a windscreen
or pop screen, such as the Royer PS-101, or equivalent, is highly recommended for close-miking
vocalists or certain types of percussion and wind instruments.
Applications
The Royer Labs R-10 is a versatile microphone, ideally suited for many critical applications both
in the studio and on live stages. Its 3-layer windscreen system and shock mounted transducer
assembly greatly increase the R-10’s ability to handle shocks and plosives. Combining this with
Royer’s patented offset-ribbon technology and a custom-designed matching transformer, the
R-10 is able to handle SPLs of 160 dB (at 1 kHz) with no overload or distortion. This allows for
comfortable use on instruments like electric guitars, horns, drum overheads and Leslie speakers,
while also being an excellent choice for fiddle, acoustic guitar, piano and other acoustic
3
instruments. Its naturally smooth frequency response characteristics are a perfect match for
cymbals, strings and other instruments that commonly exhibit harshness.
Ribbons in the Digital World
Digital recordings benefit greatly from the properties inherent in ribbon microphones. Since A to
D converters cannot distinguish between the sound source being recorded and the complex
distortion components often associated with condenser microphones, they sometimes have
difficulty tracking the signal, resulting in ringing and edgy-sounding tracks. With ribbon
microphones, ringing is almost nonexistent due to the ribbon’s lack of distortion artifacts and
high frequency peaks. A to D converters have less difficulty tracking the ribbon-generated signal,
resulting in very smooth digital recordings free of microphone-related edginess.
User Guide
Using the R-10 Ribbon Microphone
There are a few important facts about ribbon microphones that are key in understanding how to
use them intelligently.
1. The R-10 is a side address, bi-directional microphone and its rejection in the dead areas is
very strong. Due to this directionality, the R-10 should be placed at 1.3 times the distance
normally used with omni-directional microphones, or about the same distance used for
cardioid microphones. This method is used to achieve the same ratio of direct to reflected
sound.
2. In the horizontal plane, the R-10 does not discriminate against the highs off axis; nor does it
boost highs on axis. Therefore, several instruments or vocalists can be placed in front of the
microphone without favoring the performer in the center of the group.
Several performers can be grouped at both the front and back of the microphone, with one
proviso: since the outputs are out of phase at the front and back of the microphone,
cancellation can result if, for example, two tenors are placed at opposite sides at equal
distances and they are singing in unison, so listen to the feed before committing to it.
3. When using the R-10 to record loud signal sources, placing the microphone slightly off axis
to the signal source (either horizontally or vertically) minimizes the effect of high pressure
sound levels displacing and possibly damaging the ribbon element.
4. The R-10 requires no power supply and is safe to use on consoles with phantom microphone
powering, provided that the cabling is wired properly. It should be noted that not all ribbon
microphones are compatible with phantom-powered systems, so check the manufacturer’s
recommendations before using other ribbon microphones. It should also be noted that faulty
or improperly wired cables could cause problems with your R-10. Do not patch an R-10
4
through the mic tie lines of a patch bay if phantom power is enabled on any of your mic
pre’s, as this will give the ribbon element a brief but potentially damaging phantom power
jolt.
5. Never attempt to test the R-10 or any ribbon microphone with an ohmmeter. A blown ribbon
could result.
6. Always provide adequate protection for your R-10, or any ribbon microphone. If the
microphone is to remain set up on a stand when not in use, place a mic sock (supplied with
every Royer microphone) over it until it is to be used. Do not carry the microphone around
without placing a mic sock over it or wrapping your hand around the ribbon end. Failure to
follow this commonsense practice may yield a stretched ribbon and compromised
performance.
7. Do not allow the microphone to be dropped on hard surfaces such as floors or tables depending on how the mic falls, you could stretch the ribbon. The microphone would likely
continue to operate, but performance could be compromised and re-ribboning the
microphone would be necessary to restore normal operation.
Amplification Considerations
The performance of any non-active ribbon microphone is directly affected by the microphone
preamplifier it is paired with. With so many mic preamps on the market, how do you select one
that gives the best possible performance with a ribbon microphone? Additionally, what kind of
performance can you expect from the preamplifiers built into your mixing desk? While most
preamplifiers will handle ribbon microphones well in most recording situations, some preamps
that work perfectly well with condenser or dynamic mics may prove to be poor performers with
ribbons.
To begin, we must understand the fundamental differences between ribbon microphones and
other popular types, namely condenser and moving coil dynamics. A ribbon microphone is
actually a dynamic microphone that uses a corrugated, extremely low mass ribbon element,
rather than a coil/diaphragm assembly. For this writing, any mention of dynamic microphones
will relate to moving coil dynamics.
All condenser microphones have a built-in preamplifier called a head amplifier, and therefore put
out a hefty signal. Because the signal is buffered through the head amp, the output impedance is
rather low and less affected by the input impedance of the microphone preamp. Most dynamic
(moving coil) microphones generate a healthy enough electrical current on their own to work
well with a variety of preamps, and their limited frequency response characteristics make loading
less of a concern.
Ribbon microphones generate a highly accurate signal, but the average ribbon mic generates a
signal approximately 20dB lower than a condenser microphone’s output. Remember, the ribbon
5
transducer does not have the benefit of a condenser mic’s built-in “head amp,” so a non-powered
ribbon microphone relies solely on the microphone preamp for all its gain.
The so-called ideal preamplifier is the proverbial “straight wire with gain.” This may be
considered the technological ideal and does not factor in such things as coloration as a desirable
feature. However, coloration is often desirable and has given rise to the popularity of certain
preamps and even preamp stages in mixing desks. Neve preamps and the famous Trident A
Range mixing console are highly praised for their classic sound.
So what pre’s should we use with our beloved ribbon microphones?
The features that translate into top performance for a ribbon microphone are the following:
1. High gain. A ribbon microphone works best with preamplifiers that have at least 60-70dB of
clean gain.
2. Low noise is a must! With the amount of gain required for efficient operation of a ribbon
microphone, the noise characteristics of the preamp play a pivotal role in overall performance
of the captured acoustic event.
3. Load characteristics: A suitable preamplifier should have input characteristics that impose the
least amount of loading on the ribbon element. In other words, the input impedance should be
high enough that its effect on the performance of the mic is negligible. A good rule of thumb
is to have a preamplifier with input impedance at least five times the impedance of the
microphone.
For example, if the mic is rated at 100 Ohms (as the R-10 is), the preamp should have an
input impedance of at least 500-700 Ohms. If the impedance of the preamp is too low, the
microphone will lose low end, body and sensitivity.
4. Transparency: A good preamp should sound natural, with no edginess. Tube preamps sound
warm, yet wonderfully transparent. Transformer coupled preamps sound punchy. When
recording with condenser or dynamic microphones, engineers often choose mic preamps that
help “warm up the mic,” but warming the signal up is not as important a consideration with
ribbon mics because they are by nature warm and realistic sounding. At this point personal
taste should prevail over anything else.
In conclusion, try to find the best preamp you can afford that has good gain characteristics
and low noise. Coloration is optional.
Equalization & Ribbon Microphones
One of the great strengths of ribbon microphones is how well they take EQ. Even with
substantial amounts of equalization, ribbons retain their natural, real quality. For example, when
a lead vocal is being performed on an R-10, you can actually boost upper-end frequencies to the
point where the R-10 emulates the performance curve of a condenser mic with excellent results.
This is not to say that a ribbon microphone can substitute for a quality condenser mic in all cases,
6
but the EQ friendliness inherent in ribbon microphones does allow for an enormous amount of
flexibility.
Ribbon mics take EQ so well because of their inherent low self-noise, unusually smooth
frequency response characteristics and freedom from off-axis coloration. Dialing in high
amounts of equalization on condenser or dynamic microphones also brings up equal amounts of
the microphone’s distortion products and noise; garbage that contributes to an unnatural,
unpleasant sound. Because distortion and self-noise are virtually nonexistent in ribbon
microphones, high levels of EQ can be used without adding harshness or excessive noise.
Hum, Noise & Mic Orientation
All dynamic microphones, including ribbons, are electromagnetic devices and are, to some
degree, susceptible to picking up stray alternating magnetic fields. Power transformers (such as
those found in guitar amplifiers) and alternating current motors are the most likely sources of
radiated noise. Building wiring and electrical utility transformers are other likely sources. A welldesigned microphone provides shielding to minimize the effects of stray magnetic radiation, but
complete isolation is impossible, and the result can be hum or buzz. Ribbon microphones can
potentially manifest this condition to a greater degree because of their higher gain requirements.
Vintage ribbon microphones often have poor shielding and the problem can be worse. The cure
for this problem is to identify the source of the noise and move the microphone away from it.
Another trick is to alter the orientation of the microphone in such a way that the noise is
cancelled out. If you ever experience this situation while in the studio, try rotating the
microphone to identify the “null” point, then reposition the mic and the sound source. This is
much like having a guitar player with single coil pickups turn around until amplifier hum
disappears.
The Sweet Spot
Finding and Working with the Sweet Spot
Good engineers know the benefits of finding and working with the “sweet spot.” The sweet spot
will be defined as the optimum placement (working distance and angular position) of any
microphone relative to the sound source.
Each microphone has its own sweet spot whether it is a ribbon, dynamic or condenser type. The
sweet spot will vary with the type of sound source and its volume intensity, the polar pattern of
the microphone and how consistent it is with frequency, and the acoustic environment.
Being in the sweet spot means the microphone and the sound source are in a harmony of sorts;
the acoustic information is exciting the microphone in such a fashion that the resulting
reproduction is very desirable, usually without the need of additional equalization or electronic
manipulation.
7
There are only general rules as to where the sweet spot may be found for any given microphone,
and usually experimentation reveals it. The sweet spot can be extremely variable since it depends
on the quirks of a given microphone and a given room. Once the sweet spot is discovered, this
placement can become a rule of thumb starting point for future microphone placement with
similar sound sources. Remember this: If it sounds good, it’s probably right. If it doesn’t, move
the microphone. It’s often more effective to reposition the microphone than to start fiddling with
knobs. Knob twisting can affect headroom and phase coherency and add unwanted noise.
The following is a list of variables that account for “sweet spot” effect:
1. Frequency response variations due to proximity effect.
2. Frequency response variations due to treble losses as a result of absorption and “narrowing”
of the pattern at high frequencies, causing weakening of highs as the microphone is moved
away from the sound source.
3. Variation in ratio of direct to reverberant sound.
4. Tendency of a microphone to favor the nearest sound source due to a combination of these
items, plus the influence of inverse square law. Inverse square law states that for each halving
of source-to-microphone distance, the sound pressure level quadruples.
Other Types of Microphones
For the same ratio of direct to reverberant sound, omni-directional microphones must be closer to
the sound source than cardioid or bi-directional microphones. Microphones should generally face
the sound source head-on or treble losses due to phase cancellation can result. The exception
here is for large diaphragm condenser microphones, which often give the flattest response at an
angle of about 10-20 degrees (off axis), where phase loss and diffraction effect offset each other
somewhat.
Proximity Effect and Working Distance
The Sound That Is “More Real than Real”
Ribbon microphones have long been renowned for rich bass. This effect is largely due to the fact
that ribbon microphones generally have excellent bass response to begin with, and at the same
time exhibit an effect known as proximity effect or bass tip-up.
As illustrated in the following graph, a typical bi-directional ribbon microphone will have a flat
frequency response at a distance of about six feet from the microphone, but at shorter distances
the bass response is boosted; the effect becomes increasingly pronounced as the distance between
the microphone and the sound source is reduced.
8
Typical relationship of microphone distance to
frequency response for ribbon-velocity bidirectional
microphone.
This bass-boosting characteristic can become quite intense and, if desired, can be corrected by
equalization. However, for a multiple microphone setup, the pronounced bass boosting (due to
proximity effect) can be turned to an advantage. If an instrument, such as a trumpet, is extremely
close-miked and the bass is cut to restore flat response, unwanted low-frequency sounds are cut
back by upwards of 20dB compared to an un-equalized microphone with a flat response. This
discrimination is independent of the microphone’s polar response.
Another area where proximity effect can be turned to an advantage is to make things sound
“more real than real.” For example, many voices and certain musical instruments produce
fundamental frequencies within the bass range (below 150Hz or so) but the fundamentals are
weak. If a microphone which has no proximity effect and a rising high frequency response is
used on an upright piano, or on a person with a thin, weak voice, the recorded sound is likely to
sound even thinner than it was in real life. In contrast, using a microphone with strong proximity
effect on such sound sources can deliver a “better than real” sound since the boosted bass
response will compensate for the weak fundamentals in the sound source. Since the fundamentals
are present, but weakened, boosting them by several dB will sound natural, even though the
sound has been sweetened.
Radio and television announcers have long relied on proximity effect to give a full, rich,
authoritative quality to their voices. By knowing how to work with the proximity effect, the
engineer can get several useful effects without resorting to a box.
9
Microphone Techniques
General Tips for Using the Royer R-10
The following are good basic starting places for recording with the R-10. These positions are
known to produce good results, but experimentation is the key to getting the most out of your
recordings. Photographs of many of the following techniques can be found at
www.royerlabs.com.
Amplified Instruments should be miked from a distance of 6-8 inches or more. The smooth
undistorted bass response is very useful for electric guitars and particularly electric bass.
Since guitar amplifier speakers are often beamy, experiment with mic placement to find just the
right spot. Placing the mic at greater distances from the speaker cabinet adds more room
ambience to the mix. You will find that the R-10 does not add undesirable elements to the sound.
Basically, what you hear at the amp is what you get in the control room and in your recordings.
Brass Instruments and R-10s go together very well. Mic the instrument from a distance of a
couple of feet and increase the working distance a little if several instruments are being used.
Reed Instruments sound full and never edgy when captured with an R-10. Normal working
distances are about a foot or two from the instrument.
Strings sound very sweet and clean when recorded with R-10s. Place the microphone several
feet from the instrument. For larger string sections, try placing the microphone slightly above the
instrumentalists and angled down; a distance of three or four feet will do the trick nicely.
Pianos sound excellent when recorded with R-10s and are free of phase-related comb filtering.
The bass is full and rich while the top remains clean with no clatter. Mic the piano at a distance
of one foot to several feet, depending on taste. A more direct, up front sound will be achieved
when the microphone is placed closer to the soundboard.
For capturing a piano in stereo, place a pair of R-10s apart, one over the bass strings and the
other over the high strings. The farther the mics are from each other, the wider the stereo spread.
For a more direct stereo effect, the microphones may be placed in an X-Y pattern a couple of feet
from the center of the soundboard.
Choirs and Orchestras can be picked up well with two R-10s. Place the microphones at a
height of ten feet or so and a few feet behind the conductor. The microphones should be spaced
apart approximately one foot and angled, one toward the left and one toward the right.
Drums and Percussion instruments sound full-bodied and natural when recorded with a pair of
R-10s. For a drum set, placing the microphone(s) at a distance of four to six feet above the kit
works very well without making the cymbals sound splattered.
10
A kick drum should be miked at a distance of at least 18 inches and possibly used in conjunction
with a blast filter to prevent excessive ribbon movement. If the front head has a hole cut in it,
position the microphone away from the hole to avoid excessive air blasts. An R-10 used as a
mono room mic, four to six feet in front of the kit and compressed, will yield a surprisingly
large, full drum sound.
For closer miking of a kick drum (10 to 18 inches), the microphone should be leaned forward at
a 45-degree angle to protect the ribbon element from excessive plosive forces (See Example 3).
This microphone position also provides good kick drum isolation because the top of the
microphone, which does not pick up sound, is aimed at the rest of drum kit.
Recording Loud or Plosive Sounds
With all ribbon microphones, wind is the enemy! Air movement is far more damaging to ribbon
microphones than high SPL’s. Some sound sources can generate powerful blasts of air that
should be avoided. Kick drums and electric guitar and bass amplifiers are typical examples of
sound sources that can produce harmful air currents. One way to determine if the air pressure is
excessive is to place your hand in front of the sound source (the kick drum, the guitar cab, etc.).
If you feel air movement, do not put your ribbon microphone there. A simple technique that can
avert damage due to overstressing the ribbon is as follows: After choosing the optimum
placement for the microphone, slightly angle the microphone in such a way that the percussive
wave is not directed at the front of the mic “head on.” Often, a slight angular tilt (either
vertically or horizontally) is all that is required to prevent harm to the ribbon. (See Example 1)
1. Example of the Vertical Positioning Technique
Slight off-axis positioning minimizes stressing the ribbon on loud sound sources.
11
2. Example of Horizontal Positioning Technique
Angling the microphone slightly minimizes stressing the ribbon. Due to the microphone’s pickup
pattern, sound will not be affected.
3. Side View of Kick Drum Miking Technique
A) Close miking —angle mic so the sound pressure wave is off-axis
B) Standard miking position
4. Horizontal Positioning Technique
Applied to kick drum—similar to that utilized for other loud or percussive instruments
12
Stereophonic Microphone Techniques
Classic Blumlein Technique
For many years, several coincident microphone setups have been widely used for recording in
stereo as naturally as possible.
The “Blumlein” technique, named for A.D. Blumlein of England, involves the use of two figureeight microphones positioned as in the sketch (see Figure 1), so that one faces left and the other
right, at an angle of 90 degrees (i.e. each displaced 45 degrees from center).
Figure 1
Classic Blumlein or coincident miking technique
Each microphone ultimately feeds one speaker in a stereo system, and due to the directionality of
the microphones, the result is a very well defined stereo effect on playback. For classical music,
particularly, the reproduction can be very satisfying.
13
Mid-Side (M-S) Technique
In the early days of stereo radio broadcasting, the mid-side recording technique was developed to
allow for 1) simultaneous stereo and mono feeds from the same mic array and 2) electronic
manipulation of the width of the stereo image.
Figure 2 - Typical M-S Miking Technique
In M-S recording, one mic faces sideways, one faces forward as shown in Figure 2, and they are
connected as shown in Figure 3. If the outputs of the two microphones are equal (or made equal
using gain controls), the stereo pickup will be similar to that of two microphones placed as a
Blumlein X-Y pair, delivering a wide stereo image.
As you reduce the level of the “side” microphone, the width of the stereo image will narrow
until, with the side microphone turned all the way down, you have just the “mid” mic panned
center for a mono pickup.
Figure 3
Typical M-S connection set-up
14
If the outputs of the “mid” and “side” microphones are recorded on separate tracks, the electrical
connections shown in Figure 3 can be made at the mixer outputs and the adjustment of the stereo
separation can be done during mixdown, rather than during the actual recording.
Care & Maintenance
The R-10 is a hand-built precision instrument. All that is required to ensure proper operation of
this microphone is to follow some common-sense rules.
1. Avoid transducer damage by not exposing the microphone to severe shock or vibration. If the
microphone is accidentally dropped, test it to see if damage has occurred before returning it
to service. Low output or a dull sound would indicate a damaged ribbon.
2. Do not expose the microphone to direct blasts of air or strong air currents! Use a windscreen
or suitable blast filter when close miking a vocalist or certain types of wind instruments. Ppopping does not necessarily damage the ribbon element but may produce unacceptable
preamplifier overload and could cause damage to speaker systems.
3. Do not expose the microphone to liquids or caustic smoke.
4. To avoid hum, do not expose the microphone to strong alternating electromagnetic fields,
such as the power transformers in amps.
5. Use a soft cloth to clean the microphone body. A small amount of denatured alcohol can be
used to remove fingerprints and other stains.
6. Keep metal filings away from the microphone at all times.
7. When not in use, store the microphone in its protective wooden case.
8. Leave disassembly of the microphone to a trained technician. Disassembly of the microphone
will void your warranty. There are no user-serviceable parts inside.
Caution!
Keep recorded tapes, spring-wound watches, and personal credit cards using magnetic coding
away from the microphone to prevent possible damage caused by the transducer’s powerful
magnets.
15
Features
• Very high overload characteristics – maximum SPL rating of 160 dB @ 1 kHz.
• No internal active electronics to overload or produce distortion up to maximum SPL rating
• 3-layer windscreen system protects against wind exposure and lowers proximity effect on
close-miking
• Shock mounted ribbon transducer provides extra protection to ribbon element
• Swivel microphone mount allows flexible microphone placement.
• Extremely low residual noise
• Ribbon element is unaffected by heat or humidity
• Absence of high frequency phase distortion
• Excellent phase linearity – even off axis
• Equal sensitivity from front or back of element
• Consistent frequency response regardless of distance
• No power supply required
• Compact size
16
Electrical Specifications
Acoustic Operating Principle: Electro-dynamic pressure gradient
Polar Pattern: Figure-8
Generating Element: 2.5 micron aluminum ribbon
Frequency Range: 30Hz – 15,000Hz +/-3dB
Sensitivity: -54 dBv Ref 1 v/pa
Output Impedance: 100Ω (nominal) balanced
Rated Load Impedance: 700Ω or greater
Maximum SPL: > 135dB @ 50Hz, 160dB @1kHz
Output Connector: Male XLR 3-pin
(Pin 2 Hot)
All Royer monaural microphones are available in matched pairs at additional charge.
Mechanical Specifications
High grade Neodymium magnet assembly in Royer’s patented Flux-Frame transducer
1.5” x 3/16” x 2.5-micron ribbon assembly
Stainless steel internal baffle and dampener
Weight: 368g (13 oz.)
Weight with Case: 2.5 lbs. (1.4Kg), Matched Pair 4lbs. (1.814Kg)
Microphone Dimensions: Length including mounting base: 5 7/8-inches (149mm)
Width 1 3/8-inches (35mm)
Finish: Nickle Powder Coat
Accessories: Swivel microphone holder, aluminum case, protective mic sock
Optional Accessories: pop-screen
To learn more about Royer products and their usage, visit our website at www.royerlabs.com.
17
Polar Pattern
Frequency Response
18
Warranty
The Royer R-10 is warranted for a period of five-years from date of purchase. The first reribboning is free within one year of purchase. Customer pays all shipping charges
PLEASE RETAIN YOUR ORIGINAL BILL OF SALE AS YOU WILL NEED TO PRESENT IT
SHOULD YOU REQUIRE SERVICE UNDER THIS WARRANTY.
TO VALIDATE THIS WARRANTY, THE REGISTRATION CARD AND A PHOTOCOPY OF THE
SALES RECEIPT FROM AN AUTHORIZED ROYER DEALER MUST BE ON FILE WITH ROYER
LABS.
EXCLUSIONS:
This warranty does not cover the following:
1. Defects or damage caused by accident, fire, flood, lightning or other acts of nature.
2. Defects or damage caused by abuse, misuse, negligence or failure to observe the instructions
contained in the owner’s manual furnished at the time of original purchase.
3. Damage caused during shipping or handling.
4. Products that have had their serial numbers altered or removed.
5. Products purchased in “AS-IS” (used) condition.
6. Products that have been altered or repaired by anyone other than a factory authorized service station.
ROYER Labs
2711 Empire Ave.
Burbank, California 91504
Telephone 818.847.0121
Fax 818.847.0122
www.royerlabs.com
19
Loading...