As a producer of colour filters for the Performing Arts, Rosco has focused on the science of colour for nearly 100 years. But
tage lighting is an art, not a science. The people who use Rosco filters are artists who qualify light and manipulate the
s
spectrum to enhance stage pictures, dealing with colour, contrast, perception and the creation of an emotional climate. This
uide was developed with two objectives, firstly to offer some recommendations for filter colour selection and secondly to
g
provide some technical background of colour filter technology.
Most of the colours in the Rosco range have been created by and for designers over the years to achieve specific effects
and the ranges are extensive. A virtually unlimited palette can be achieved by additive mixing using multiple sources and
the new wider range of Rosco filters. Apart from the obvious “cooler” and “warmer” variation of colour through the dimmer
setting, most filter colours have warmer and cooler filters of similar hue listed in the Application pages.
The range of colours from Rosco continue to evolve, designers will innovate and new artistic needs will emerge and be met.
USING THIS GUIDE
ROSCO FILTER RANGES FOR THIS GUIDE
This guide was developed to provide designers with suggestions
on how specific Rosco colours might be used for lighting the
stage. We have grouped the colours to some commonly
accepted categories.
Lighting the Acting Ar
Cool and Neutral groups for lighting acting areas. These
colour distinctions help to establish the mood, emotion, time
and place. The colours included are generally flattering to skin
tones and enhance scenery and costumes.
Accent Lighting is also divided between Warm and Cool.
These slightly more saturated colours may be used to shape
and define an object or person. Typically, accent lighting is
focused from side or back positions or, on occasion, as down
light.
Natural Light on stage usually comes in one of four variants:
warm sunlight, cool daylight, moonlight and cyclorama wash
lighting used to create the illusion of a sky/horizon line. This
section of the guide makes r
colours appropriate to each of these applications. Here you
will find suggestions that render both true, natural lighting and
ong, stylized sky lighting. Y
str
play will determine which is the right choice for you.
Special Effects lighting encompasses a broad category. Listed
in this section are strong, stylized colours that can be used to
create dramatic lighting effects from fire and rain to surreal,
ominous atmospher
personal and determined by the needs of the overall design.
eas
es. Again, the choice of colour is pur
e divided among Warm,
these ar
ecommendations for choosing
our design and the needs of the
ely
Choices are not immutable. As Tharon Musser has said,
Supergel: the premier colour range of high temperature resistant filters
and diffusion.
The range of colours evolved mostly by dialogue with designers
world-wide, and offer fresh alternatives to the old world Cinemoid
derived colours.
E-Colour+: a compr
colour filters for the lighting designer with notation originated for
Cinemoid. The correction filters, numbered 2 – 300 were primarily for
photography film and television, but some are used by designers for the
colour character, and are listed in the tables in the Guide.
*11 New E-Colour+ Colours now incorporated in the sections on
applications in the new edition of the guide.
Roscolux: has been the colour of designer choice for 30 years in the
U.S and is available in Europe and includes many new colours, including
the Academy A
and diluted paler colours.
ehensive range of filters in one swatchbook, with
ward winning range of CalColor primaries, secondaries
SOME CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS GUIDE
Richard Pilbrow
Widely regarded as the dean of lighting designers for both London and
Broadway, he also headed Theatre Projects consultants. He has authored
two much acclaimed books on stage lighting.
Jennifer Tipton
Jennifer Tipton’s many awards for lighting in dance, theatre and opera
include two Tonys, two Bessies, two American theatre Wing awards, two
Obies and two Drama Desk A
University School of Drama, she has influenced a generation of lighting
designers.
wards. A veteran teacher at the Yale
Ken Billington
“ If a colour doesn’t
look right on stage,
just change it.
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”
He has designed the lighting for over 50 Broadway productions and
garnered six Tony nominations in the process. The long term Principal
Lighting Designer for New York’s Radio City Music Hall, he has worked
extensively in television and architectural design.
Donald Holder
Donald Holder’
“The Lion King” earned him the triple crown of theatrical awards. The
ony A
T
s brilliant lighting design for the Broadway production of
ward, the Drama Desk Award and the Outer Critics Circle Award.
Designers on Colour
Colour has been an important component of stage lighting since the days of candles and silk. We reproduce here
omments on the subject from the published works of some leading lighting designers:
c
Gilbert V. Hemsley, Jr.
“I think one of the greatest joys of lighting design is communicating to
an audience how you, as a designer, feel about and understand
colour. Walking out from a darkened theatre on a sunny Spring
afternoon and feeling my response to the warm sunshine, the
Supergel 64 of the blue sky and the light green shadows of the new
leaves makes my head spin with the realization that I can translate my
colour excitement to a production of ‘You Can’t Take It With You’. I
can make an audience see and feel the excitement of a beautiful
S
pring afternoon when the curtain goes up in a darkened theatre.
It may sound strange, but I car
head. As I see, feel, and respond to colour and colour combinations
i
n the real world, I make mental notes of the colours I see and my
esponses to them. I have a storehouse of emotional and rational
r
responses and the colours that go with them.
ning to be artists as lighting designers it is exhilarating to have
In lear
a full personal response to color and color combinations in the real
world and then communicate them to the real audiences of the theatre
world."
Francis Reid
“My filter philosophy is simple. Colour can support and enhance the
work of actors, their clothes and their scenic envir
using filters, I may be removing some parts of the light but I am
enhancing those that remain. I am aware that my audience, like
myself, watch a lot of television so I must light to produce much more
natural skin tones that I did thirty years ago. My colour ambience
now has to surround the actor, tinting the environment, particularly the
airspace that the light passes through and the floor that it hits, while
leaving the face and the costume as naturally coloured as possible usually with Supergel 351. The practicalities of my approach are
based simply upon the r
filters, then I can put that spectrum together again by superimposing
the filtered light beams. It is a gloriously unscientific process; not so
much a rule-of-thumb as one of crossed fingers. And trusting my eyes.”
ry a colour swatchbook around in my
onment. When
ealisation that if I take the spectr
um apar
t with
Nigel Morgan
“Out of all the parameters that the lighting designer sets when
composing a composition, colour is the one most likely to get an
immediate reaction from other members of the team. Given the
number of colour tones available, making the right choice isn’t
always easy. That is why it is so important to experiment with lighting
models, colour and fabric samples - and to share the discoveries you
make with the rest of the creative team. Where else can you
‘rehearse’ your lighting
t
one, combined with the right intensity and source position, mix the
right blend with other lights.”
Richard Pilbrow
ed white light reveals colour. Part of the magic of stage
“Fractur
lighting is taking complex multi-directional palettes of colour and
re-combining them into lucid, dramatic light for the stage.
When I began lighting, only about fifty shades of Cinemoid were
available. I often used them two or three to a frame seeking new
possibilities. Then I discovered the Rosco range and first brought this
wonderful range to Britain. Now the possibilities are almost limitless.
Colour brings life, textur
Jennifer T
“The use of colour is key to a lighting designer’s craft. I am constantly
reminded as I watch the light change from the brilliance of a sunny
morning to the early dusk of a winter afternoon, how much colour
there is in natural so-called ‘white light’ and how much variety in
colour can be made by simply brightening and dimming a light. It is
a wonderfully juicy thing to ‘paint’ with coloured light – to use light
expressionistically – to make the audience feel the scream, live the
blues or dance with danger
simply be about the beauty of juxtaposing one colour next to another
and being able to change it from one moment to the next for purely
compositional reasons. But I am also madly in love with the ravishing
light that can be made fr
colours – lavender, blue and clear – that makes the skin glow no
matter what colour the skin may be.”
ipton
? In the model room you can find just the right
e and vibrancy to the stage. I love it!”
. Or to paint with colour
om the use of the ver
ed light can
y limited range of
David Belasco
eatest par
“The gr
for colours, translated into effects of light.” (1919)
t of my success in the theatr
e I attribute to my feeling
The late Gilbert V. Hemsley, Jr. said that
“ I carry a colour swatchbook
around in my head
An example of his brilliant application of colour is shown in the photo on the left.
”
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Understanding The Spectrum and SED Curves
V
isible light is the small part of the spectrum of electromagnetic
radiation between approximately 400 and 700 Nanometers. Each
wavelength has a “spectral signature”, or colour, ranging from violet
at 400 through indigo, blue, green, yellow and orange to red at
7
00. The combination of these coloured wavelengths creates white
light. Coloured light can be described as the presence of certain
wavelengths and the absence of others.
A colour filter functions by selectively transmitting or blocking
(absorbing) spectral elements of a beam of white light emanating
from a light source. For example, a Supergel 27 Medium Red filter
will allow red light frequencies to pass through and absorb blue and
green. Of the radiant energy which is blocked, by far the largest part
is absorbed by the filter as heat. This is why heat stability is a
significant consideration in filter design. The heat created by the
a
bsorption of energy leads to degradation of the filter.
Lighting designers mix or blend colours through an additive or
subtractive process. Blending light beams of different colours on a
s
urface is an additive process. Creating a coloured beam by filtering
white light is a subtractive process – the desired colour is transmitted
while the other wavelengths are absorbed (or “subtracted”).
A Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) curve is a graph of the
transmission of energy plotted by wavelength. These curves are
included in the swatchbooks of Rosco filters. In Fig. 1, the curve for
Supergel 27 shows that frequencies above 620 nM will pass through
the filter at varying percentages, while the wavelengths below will
not. With this information, you can predict what colour the filter will
render.
A
s a reference, the peak intensity for violet is 440, blue 480, green
520, yellow 570 and red, 650.
Most Rosco colours are blends so the curve will have multiple peaks.
T
he graph for Supergel 54 Lavender for example, shows a high
component of both violet and red. (Fig. 2)
Supergel No.27 Med Red
Fig.1
Supergel No.54 Special Lavender
Fig.2
Designers on Colour
Traditionally, correcting the colour temperature of various lamps has
been a chore left to architectural lighting designers or cinematographers,
but the wide range of light sources used in modern theatrical lighting
has changed this. Rosco offers filters for balancing different lamp
types.
Lighting a scene with both a 4000°K Metal Halide lamp and also a
3200°K incandescent lamp will result in either the Metal Halide
appearing very blue, or the incandescent very red, depending on the
overall balance of light on stage. To correct for this, either raise the
colour temperature of the incandescent to 4000°K using 202 (1/2
CT Blue) or lower the Metal Halide to 3200°K with 206 (1/4 CT
Orange).
For more information on colour correction filters, see the Rosco
publication “Filter Facts” or visit the website.
It is important to remember that filtration is a subtractive process filters
can only transmit or block frequencies of light, not add them to a
source. This is significant when using lamps that are deficient in
particular wavelengths.
Although many lamp types seem attractive because they offer the
economy of long life, they have a limited spectrum. A typical metal
halide source, (Fig. 3) for example, has very little energy in the red
end of the spectrum. Note that even the most common theatrical
source, the tungsten-halogen or incandescent lamp (Fig. 4) although
rich in red/yellow, is deficient in blue/green. These characteristics of
sources and filters are most obvious when one becomes familiar with
the relevant SED curves.
Fig.3
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Fig.4
Manufacturing High Temperature Colour Filter
A
colour filter combines light refracting elements, normally organic dyes, which are suspended in or coated on a transparent base. Rosco began
producing gelatin filters in 1910, but since the 1950s, colour filters have been fabricated on plastic bases. Polycarbonate, the base used for the
Supergel range, is the most durable of the polymers currently utilized.
T
here are three methods currently employed to integrate dyes with polymer bases in order to create colour filters. The products are described as:
• Surface Coated
• Deep Dyed
• Body Coloured
Surface Coated Polyester - (Rosco E-Colour+, Lee Filter)
Optically clear polyester film (PET) is coated with a flame retardant and dye solution on one or two
sides to a precisely controlled thickness. The carrier solvent is baked off leaving a stable coating
bonded to the substrate. Advanced dye technology gives good resistance to dye fade in hot lights.
Deep-Dyed Polyester - (Roscolux, Cinegel and GAM Filter)
Like surface coated PET, deep dyed film begins with a roll of clear polyester. The film is passed
through a bath of heated solvent suffused with dye. The solvent causes the PET film to swell
expanding the polymer structure of the film and allowing the dye molecules to penetrate the surface.
The film is then washed and the polymer contracts to its normal form, trapping the dye molecules
below the surface.
Deep-dyed filters tend to be slightly more resistant to fading than surface coated filters.
Body-Coloured Polycarbonate - (Supergel)
In a body-coloured colour filter like Supergel the colour is inherent within the plastic substrate.
Powdered resin and dye is mixed under intense pressure and heat of over 300°C and the mixture is
extruded through a die to form a coloured core of film. In Rosco’s co-extrusion process further
extruders seal this core in between two more layers of clear polycarbonate. This locked-in colour,
combined with the high temperature resistant polycarbonate gives very high heat withstand to colour
filter even in very hot lighting instruments.
It is possible to coat polycarbonate film, but the Rosco system eliminates ‘str
occur in coated filter – which means in hot spotlights and scrollers if the filter buckles or shrinks there
are serious problems; indeed scrollers should be fitted with Supergel colour, for safety’s sake.
ess’ orientation which may
Flame Retardance in Colour Filters
All Rosco colour filters comply with cur
rent regulations for flame retardance, in the UK, this is:
BS3944 pt1: 1992.
Supergel, by virtue of the polycarbonate base and state-of-the-art technology, also is certificated:
France M1
Germany B1 (DIN 4102-01)
Austria MA39
Italy C1 and
Spain M2.
Shown here is a cross section of co-extruded Rosco Supergel filter
photographed thr
ough an electron microscope. Note the discrete clear
layers on the top and bottom sealing in the colour core.
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Lighting the Acting Areas - filters for warm acting areas
Stage lighting is an art, not a science. We show here, as suggestions, some widely used applications for specific Rosco
colours. Supergel and E-Colour+ and Roscolux numbers on the same line across the columns are close or similar colours.
our design and the needs of the production should determine the right colour choices for you.
Y
Note: The colour bands are intended as a guide only as matching printed colours with filter colours is not possible. For a true representation please contact Rosco or
your local dealer for a swatchbook.
SUPERGELE-COLOUR+ROSCOLUXAPPLICATIONS
302 Pale Bastard AmberVery pale warm white. Perfect for enhancing