As a producer of colour filters for the Performing Arts, Rosco has focused on the science of colour for nearly 100 years. But
tage lighting is an art, not a science. The people who use Rosco filters are artists who qualify light and manipulate the
s
spectrum to enhance stage pictures, dealing with colour, contrast, perception and the creation of an emotional climate. This
uide was developed with two objectives, firstly to offer some recommendations for filter colour selection and secondly to
g
provide some technical background of colour filter technology.
Most of the colours in the Rosco range have been created by and for designers over the years to achieve specific effects
and the ranges are extensive. A virtually unlimited palette can be achieved by additive mixing using multiple sources and
the new wider range of Rosco filters. Apart from the obvious “cooler” and “warmer” variation of colour through the dimmer
setting, most filter colours have warmer and cooler filters of similar hue listed in the Application pages.
The range of colours from Rosco continue to evolve, designers will innovate and new artistic needs will emerge and be met.
USING THIS GUIDE
ROSCO FILTER RANGES FOR THIS GUIDE
This guide was developed to provide designers with suggestions
on how specific Rosco colours might be used for lighting the
stage. We have grouped the colours to some commonly
accepted categories.
Lighting the Acting Ar
Cool and Neutral groups for lighting acting areas. These
colour distinctions help to establish the mood, emotion, time
and place. The colours included are generally flattering to skin
tones and enhance scenery and costumes.
Accent Lighting is also divided between Warm and Cool.
These slightly more saturated colours may be used to shape
and define an object or person. Typically, accent lighting is
focused from side or back positions or, on occasion, as down
light.
Natural Light on stage usually comes in one of four variants:
warm sunlight, cool daylight, moonlight and cyclorama wash
lighting used to create the illusion of a sky/horizon line. This
section of the guide makes r
colours appropriate to each of these applications. Here you
will find suggestions that render both true, natural lighting and
ong, stylized sky lighting. Y
str
play will determine which is the right choice for you.
Special Effects lighting encompasses a broad category. Listed
in this section are strong, stylized colours that can be used to
create dramatic lighting effects from fire and rain to surreal,
ominous atmospher
personal and determined by the needs of the overall design.
eas
es. Again, the choice of colour is pur
e divided among Warm,
these ar
ecommendations for choosing
our design and the needs of the
ely
Choices are not immutable. As Tharon Musser has said,
Supergel: the premier colour range of high temperature resistant filters
and diffusion.
The range of colours evolved mostly by dialogue with designers
world-wide, and offer fresh alternatives to the old world Cinemoid
derived colours.
E-Colour+: a compr
colour filters for the lighting designer with notation originated for
Cinemoid. The correction filters, numbered 2 – 300 were primarily for
photography film and television, but some are used by designers for the
colour character, and are listed in the tables in the Guide.
*11 New E-Colour+ Colours now incorporated in the sections on
applications in the new edition of the guide.
Roscolux: has been the colour of designer choice for 30 years in the
U.S and is available in Europe and includes many new colours, including
the Academy A
and diluted paler colours.
ehensive range of filters in one swatchbook, with
ward winning range of CalColor primaries, secondaries
SOME CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS GUIDE
Richard Pilbrow
Widely regarded as the dean of lighting designers for both London and
Broadway, he also headed Theatre Projects consultants. He has authored
two much acclaimed books on stage lighting.
Jennifer Tipton
Jennifer Tipton’s many awards for lighting in dance, theatre and opera
include two Tonys, two Bessies, two American theatre Wing awards, two
Obies and two Drama Desk A
University School of Drama, she has influenced a generation of lighting
designers.
wards. A veteran teacher at the Yale
Ken Billington
“ If a colour doesn’t
look right on stage,
just change it.
|
2
”
He has designed the lighting for over 50 Broadway productions and
garnered six Tony nominations in the process. The long term Principal
Lighting Designer for New York’s Radio City Music Hall, he has worked
extensively in television and architectural design.
Donald Holder
Donald Holder’
“The Lion King” earned him the triple crown of theatrical awards. The
ony A
T
s brilliant lighting design for the Broadway production of
ward, the Drama Desk Award and the Outer Critics Circle Award.
Designers on Colour
Colour has been an important component of stage lighting since the days of candles and silk. We reproduce here
omments on the subject from the published works of some leading lighting designers:
c
Gilbert V. Hemsley, Jr.
“I think one of the greatest joys of lighting design is communicating to
an audience how you, as a designer, feel about and understand
colour. Walking out from a darkened theatre on a sunny Spring
afternoon and feeling my response to the warm sunshine, the
Supergel 64 of the blue sky and the light green shadows of the new
leaves makes my head spin with the realization that I can translate my
colour excitement to a production of ‘You Can’t Take It With You’. I
can make an audience see and feel the excitement of a beautiful
S
pring afternoon when the curtain goes up in a darkened theatre.
It may sound strange, but I car
head. As I see, feel, and respond to colour and colour combinations
i
n the real world, I make mental notes of the colours I see and my
esponses to them. I have a storehouse of emotional and rational
r
responses and the colours that go with them.
ning to be artists as lighting designers it is exhilarating to have
In lear
a full personal response to color and color combinations in the real
world and then communicate them to the real audiences of the theatre
world."
Francis Reid
“My filter philosophy is simple. Colour can support and enhance the
work of actors, their clothes and their scenic envir
using filters, I may be removing some parts of the light but I am
enhancing those that remain. I am aware that my audience, like
myself, watch a lot of television so I must light to produce much more
natural skin tones that I did thirty years ago. My colour ambience
now has to surround the actor, tinting the environment, particularly the
airspace that the light passes through and the floor that it hits, while
leaving the face and the costume as naturally coloured as possible usually with Supergel 351. The practicalities of my approach are
based simply upon the r
filters, then I can put that spectrum together again by superimposing
the filtered light beams. It is a gloriously unscientific process; not so
much a rule-of-thumb as one of crossed fingers. And trusting my eyes.”
ry a colour swatchbook around in my
onment. When
ealisation that if I take the spectr
um apar
t with
Nigel Morgan
“Out of all the parameters that the lighting designer sets when
composing a composition, colour is the one most likely to get an
immediate reaction from other members of the team. Given the
number of colour tones available, making the right choice isn’t
always easy. That is why it is so important to experiment with lighting
models, colour and fabric samples - and to share the discoveries you
make with the rest of the creative team. Where else can you
‘rehearse’ your lighting
t
one, combined with the right intensity and source position, mix the
right blend with other lights.”
Richard Pilbrow
ed white light reveals colour. Part of the magic of stage
“Fractur
lighting is taking complex multi-directional palettes of colour and
re-combining them into lucid, dramatic light for the stage.
When I began lighting, only about fifty shades of Cinemoid were
available. I often used them two or three to a frame seeking new
possibilities. Then I discovered the Rosco range and first brought this
wonderful range to Britain. Now the possibilities are almost limitless.
Colour brings life, textur
Jennifer T
“The use of colour is key to a lighting designer’s craft. I am constantly
reminded as I watch the light change from the brilliance of a sunny
morning to the early dusk of a winter afternoon, how much colour
there is in natural so-called ‘white light’ and how much variety in
colour can be made by simply brightening and dimming a light. It is
a wonderfully juicy thing to ‘paint’ with coloured light – to use light
expressionistically – to make the audience feel the scream, live the
blues or dance with danger
simply be about the beauty of juxtaposing one colour next to another
and being able to change it from one moment to the next for purely
compositional reasons. But I am also madly in love with the ravishing
light that can be made fr
colours – lavender, blue and clear – that makes the skin glow no
matter what colour the skin may be.”
ipton
? In the model room you can find just the right
e and vibrancy to the stage. I love it!”
. Or to paint with colour
om the use of the ver
ed light can
y limited range of
David Belasco
eatest par
“The gr
for colours, translated into effects of light.” (1919)
t of my success in the theatr
e I attribute to my feeling
The late Gilbert V. Hemsley, Jr. said that
“ I carry a colour swatchbook
around in my head
An example of his brilliant application of colour is shown in the photo on the left.
”
|
3
Understanding The Spectrum and SED Curves
V
isible light is the small part of the spectrum of electromagnetic
radiation between approximately 400 and 700 Nanometers. Each
wavelength has a “spectral signature”, or colour, ranging from violet
at 400 through indigo, blue, green, yellow and orange to red at
7
00. The combination of these coloured wavelengths creates white
light. Coloured light can be described as the presence of certain
wavelengths and the absence of others.
A colour filter functions by selectively transmitting or blocking
(absorbing) spectral elements of a beam of white light emanating
from a light source. For example, a Supergel 27 Medium Red filter
will allow red light frequencies to pass through and absorb blue and
green. Of the radiant energy which is blocked, by far the largest part
is absorbed by the filter as heat. This is why heat stability is a
significant consideration in filter design. The heat created by the
a
bsorption of energy leads to degradation of the filter.
Lighting designers mix or blend colours through an additive or
subtractive process. Blending light beams of different colours on a
s
urface is an additive process. Creating a coloured beam by filtering
white light is a subtractive process – the desired colour is transmitted
while the other wavelengths are absorbed (or “subtracted”).
A Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) curve is a graph of the
transmission of energy plotted by wavelength. These curves are
included in the swatchbooks of Rosco filters. In Fig. 1, the curve for
Supergel 27 shows that frequencies above 620 nM will pass through
the filter at varying percentages, while the wavelengths below will
not. With this information, you can predict what colour the filter will
render.
A
s a reference, the peak intensity for violet is 440, blue 480, green
520, yellow 570 and red, 650.
Most Rosco colours are blends so the curve will have multiple peaks.
T
he graph for Supergel 54 Lavender for example, shows a high
component of both violet and red. (Fig. 2)
Supergel No.27 Med Red
Fig.1
Supergel No.54 Special Lavender
Fig.2
Designers on Colour
Traditionally, correcting the colour temperature of various lamps has
been a chore left to architectural lighting designers or cinematographers,
but the wide range of light sources used in modern theatrical lighting
has changed this. Rosco offers filters for balancing different lamp
types.
Lighting a scene with both a 4000°K Metal Halide lamp and also a
3200°K incandescent lamp will result in either the Metal Halide
appearing very blue, or the incandescent very red, depending on the
overall balance of light on stage. To correct for this, either raise the
colour temperature of the incandescent to 4000°K using 202 (1/2
CT Blue) or lower the Metal Halide to 3200°K with 206 (1/4 CT
Orange).
For more information on colour correction filters, see the Rosco
publication “Filter Facts” or visit the website.
It is important to remember that filtration is a subtractive process filters
can only transmit or block frequencies of light, not add them to a
source. This is significant when using lamps that are deficient in
particular wavelengths.
Although many lamp types seem attractive because they offer the
economy of long life, they have a limited spectrum. A typical metal
halide source, (Fig. 3) for example, has very little energy in the red
end of the spectrum. Note that even the most common theatrical
source, the tungsten-halogen or incandescent lamp (Fig. 4) although
rich in red/yellow, is deficient in blue/green. These characteristics of
sources and filters are most obvious when one becomes familiar with
the relevant SED curves.
Fig.3
|
4
Fig.4
Manufacturing High Temperature Colour Filter
A
colour filter combines light refracting elements, normally organic dyes, which are suspended in or coated on a transparent base. Rosco began
producing gelatin filters in 1910, but since the 1950s, colour filters have been fabricated on plastic bases. Polycarbonate, the base used for the
Supergel range, is the most durable of the polymers currently utilized.
T
here are three methods currently employed to integrate dyes with polymer bases in order to create colour filters. The products are described as:
• Surface Coated
• Deep Dyed
• Body Coloured
Surface Coated Polyester - (Rosco E-Colour+, Lee Filter)
Optically clear polyester film (PET) is coated with a flame retardant and dye solution on one or two
sides to a precisely controlled thickness. The carrier solvent is baked off leaving a stable coating
bonded to the substrate. Advanced dye technology gives good resistance to dye fade in hot lights.
Deep-Dyed Polyester - (Roscolux, Cinegel and GAM Filter)
Like surface coated PET, deep dyed film begins with a roll of clear polyester. The film is passed
through a bath of heated solvent suffused with dye. The solvent causes the PET film to swell
expanding the polymer structure of the film and allowing the dye molecules to penetrate the surface.
The film is then washed and the polymer contracts to its normal form, trapping the dye molecules
below the surface.
Deep-dyed filters tend to be slightly more resistant to fading than surface coated filters.
Body-Coloured Polycarbonate - (Supergel)
In a body-coloured colour filter like Supergel the colour is inherent within the plastic substrate.
Powdered resin and dye is mixed under intense pressure and heat of over 300°C and the mixture is
extruded through a die to form a coloured core of film. In Rosco’s co-extrusion process further
extruders seal this core in between two more layers of clear polycarbonate. This locked-in colour,
combined with the high temperature resistant polycarbonate gives very high heat withstand to colour
filter even in very hot lighting instruments.
It is possible to coat polycarbonate film, but the Rosco system eliminates ‘str
occur in coated filter – which means in hot spotlights and scrollers if the filter buckles or shrinks there
are serious problems; indeed scrollers should be fitted with Supergel colour, for safety’s sake.
ess’ orientation which may
Flame Retardance in Colour Filters
All Rosco colour filters comply with cur
rent regulations for flame retardance, in the UK, this is:
BS3944 pt1: 1992.
Supergel, by virtue of the polycarbonate base and state-of-the-art technology, also is certificated:
France M1
Germany B1 (DIN 4102-01)
Austria MA39
Italy C1 and
Spain M2.
Shown here is a cross section of co-extruded Rosco Supergel filter
photographed thr
ough an electron microscope. Note the discrete clear
layers on the top and bottom sealing in the colour core.
|
5
Lighting the Acting Areas - filters for warm acting areas
Stage lighting is an art, not a science. We show here, as suggestions, some widely used applications for specific Rosco
colours. Supergel and E-Colour+ and Roscolux numbers on the same line across the columns are close or similar colours.
our design and the needs of the production should determine the right colour choices for you.
Y
Note: The colour bands are intended as a guide only as matching printed colours with filter colours is not possible. For a true representation please contact Rosco or
your local dealer for a swatchbook.
SUPERGELE-COLOUR+ROSCOLUXAPPLICATIONS
302 Pale Bastard AmberVery pale warm white. Perfect for enhancing
82 Surprise BlueDeep rich blue with slight amount of red.
382 Congo Blue181 Congo BlueThe most saturated blue. Good for dark night skies.
84 Zephyr BlueLovely contrast to pale blues; adds coldness
85 Deep Blue
385 Royal BlueA very low transmission deeply saturated blue
76 Light Gr
86 Pea Green121 Leaf GreenGood for dense foliage and woodland
89 Moss Green122 Fern GreenUseful for mood, mystery and toning.
389 Chroma GreenA brilliant cyc lighting colour, good for
395 Teal Green325 Mallard GreenGood as a mystical special effects colour.
een BlueDistinctive greenish blue.
085 Deeper BlueDeeply saturated blue with a hint of red.
Primar
primary system in cyc lighting.
eat colour for r
Gr
to shadows.
that shifts towards purple when dimmed.
effects.
oma-keying ef
chr
Interesting side or backlight colour in concert lighting.
ock and roll concert lighting.
fects in television pr
oduction.
GGllii OOlliimmppiiaaddii
ops and set pieces, a volleyball net, bicycle etc. to suggest a moder
pr
“ This Pergolesi opera was given an abstract setting with only the presence of specific
n gymnasium. Since none of the
electric pipes were masked and many of them moved I treated the lights as gym apparatus. I based the
lighting on the cold, detached but sensual television commercials that I had seen in India with a lot of
een is a colour that I love and try to use in almost every production. In this scene the set
een. Gr
gr
becomes a prison with an ominous shadow on the large net. The visible low side-lighting is a mixture of
213 and 245, corrections and cosmetic colors 190 and 191 were used for the back-lighting. The cyc
was 219 and 174. The fr
17th century costumes and maintained the formalism of the rest of the lighting.
ont light was open white and 187, cosmetic rouge which did not distort the
25 Orange Red025 Sunset RedUse when red with higher yellow content is
needed.
4690 CC 90 Red4660 + 4630. Excellent for fire effects.
26 Light Red026 Bright RedVibrant, red. Good alternate primary.
27 Medium Red027 Medium RedGood red primary for use with three-colour
light primar
5201 New Schubert Pink4790 CC 90 Magenta4760 + 4730. Good choice for CYM
colour mixing created for colour spots.
39 Skelton Exotic SangriaA sultry, deep purple. Good for musicals or
concert lighting. Excellent special effects colour.
339 Broadway Pink128 Bright PinkA deep, saturated pink created for musicals
and “specials”. Excellent for backlighting.
5041 Salmon
5042 Deep Salmon42 Deep SalmonMore red than 342.
342 Rose Pink332 Special Rose PinkExtremely intense, hot pink. Produces strong
43 Deep Pink328 Follies PinkRich, hot pink. “Electric” in effect with rich
343 Neon PinkA bright, dark pink excellent for musicals or
344 Follies Pink
45 Rose
113 MagentaIntense pink, with hint of blue – strong
46 Magenta046 Dark MagentaSimilar uses as 45 where more saturation is
148 Bright RoseStrong wash for dance and musicals, strong
346 Tropical MagentaDeep saturated magenta. Good for concert
347 Belladonna Rose
41 SalmonLight orange with high blue content.
washes of colour for concer
saturation.
rock and roll concert lighting.
Vibrant, almost fluorescent pink with a cool component.
Special effects colour in Broadway musicals.
Use of scener
Adds tone and modelling to scenery.
washes for concer
needed.
hot pink.
lighting and wher
Saturated deep Magenta with hint of purple.
Good effects filter for dance.
y systems in cyclorama.
t and dance.
y and backgr
t and dance.
ever str
ound effects.
ong colour is desir
ed.
| SPECIAL EFFECTS
20
FIL
cont...
TERS
Filters for Special Effects
SUPERGELE-COLOUR+ROSCOLUXAPPLICATIONS
48 Rose PurplePale evening colour. Excellent for backlight.
348 Purple Jazz345 Fuchsia PinkA dusky Purple. Good for simulating purple
neon or old night club atmosphere.
49 Medium Purple126 MauveDarkest of magenta purple range.
3
49 Fisher FuchsiaA medium fuchsia good for special effects.
An interesting backlight or accent colour.
4990 CC 90 Lavender4960 + 4930. Dynamic, lush accents.
Creates rich deep colour effects.
358 Rose IndigoWarm, saturated red purple which recalls the
“Jazz Age” and for “blues” and musicals.
5209 Dewberry2009 Storaro VioletDeep reddish purple. Good as a saturated
special accent.
2008 Storaro IndigoDeep icy blue with violet undertones.
Moonlight illusions
59 Indigo5059 Indigo59 IndigoA highly saturated purple-blue – the original
Congo Blue.
359 Medium VioletGood for midnight and moonlight illusions.
Useful for evening cyc wash.
377 Iris PurpleDeep Blue with red accents.
Dark night-time atmosphere.
361 Hemsley Blue
071 Tokyo BlueCyc work, deep hue with a hint of green.
A sharp cold blue that stays clean when
dimmed.
368 Winker BlueA silvery blue, used for front light and
moonlight.
370 Italian Blue
374 Sea Green115 Peacock BlueTeal blue-green. Great for enhancing water scenes
76 Light Green blueDistinctive greenish blue. Useful for romantic
79 Bright Blue
80 Primar
83 Medium BlueGood for non-realistic night skies.
y Blue132 Medium bluePrimary blue. For use with three colour light
131 Marine BlueGood to create eerie, mysterious effects.
4330 CC 30 CyanDouble 4315. Excellent as light r
Slight green is useful for neutralizing red in blue tones.
4360 CC 60 CyanDouble 4330. Greenish daylight. Good for
simulating the glow of television screens.
5439 Riviera Blue4390 CC 90 Cyan4360 + 4330. Strong cyan.
Fantasy water scenes.
or deep sea environments. Greener than S73.
Distinctive gr
effect or sidelight for dance.
moonlight.
Rich blue, good for cr
night-time lighting, film-noir moonlight.
complementary colour red.
primary system in cyc lighting.
77 Gr
ulean Blue
een Blue
375 Cer
5077 Gr
5205 Turquoise92 TurquoiseWill produce an “after image” of its
een Blue
079 Just BlueCool clear bright blue.
eenish blue. Useful as a water
eflected off water.
eating “fictional”
e r
ed, low
ed.
198 Palace Blue
384 Midnight Blue120 Deep BlueClean intense Red-Blue. Deeper than
86 Pea Green088 Lime GreenGood for dense foliage and woodland
Romantic evening with hint of r
transmission.
Sgel 83 with a little mor
fects.
ef
SPECIAL EFFECTS FILTERS |
cont...
21
Filters for Special Effects
SUPERGELE-COLOUR+ROSCOLUXAPPLICATIONS
386 Leaf Green87 Pale Yellow Green Sunny spring mornings.
4490 CC 90 Green4460 + 4430. Bright saturated clean
green.
4460 CC 60 GreenClean green, rich foliage and woodlands.
4430 CC 30 GreenDouble 4415. Golden green wash. Good
f
or exterior landscaping.
4415 CC 15 GreenPale balanced green without yellow tones.
3
317 Tough 1/8 Plusgreen Very pale green correction, neutralises
magenta.
88 Light GreenVery pale green, good combined with 89 for
l
eaf breakups.
246 Quarter Plus Green3316 Tough 1/4 PlusgreenPale green correction. Helps incandescent sources
simulate the green cast of fluorescent lamps.
245 Half Plus Green3315 Tough 1/2Plusgreen Pale green correction. Unnatural sunlight.
Bright and uncomfortable.
244 Plus Green3304 Tough PlusgreenCorrection to balance daylight sources with
fluorescents. Sickly on skin tones.
388 Gaslight Green138 Pale GreenA yellow-green to reproduce colour of gas lighting.
Good for period pieces, e.g. La Boheme.
5455 Tarragon*A true pale green neither too blue nor
yellow. Useful for foliage shadows in gobos.
89 Moss Green
089 Moss GreenUseful for mood, mystery and toning.
389 Chroma GreenA brilliant cyc lighting colour, good for
chroma-keying effects in television production.
2004 Storaro GreenStrong dominant green, less yellow than 90.
“Christmas tree” green.
90 Dark Yellow Green090 Dark Yellow GreenAlternative primary where higher transmission
is desired.
91 Primary GreenPrimary green for three colour primary
system.
92 TurquoiseGood for creating a mood of mystery and
toning scenery spattered in blues.
392 Pacific GreenNice medium blue green. Pretty aquamarine
on HMI and discharge sources.
5461 Grotto Green*An exotic turquoise green. A great modelling
colour in musical performances or dance.
5454 Olympia Gr
93 Blue Green322 Soft GreenA strong cyan, lighter than 95. Beautiful when
393 Emerald Green323 JadePerfect Rich Green without yellow or blue
94 Kelly GreenFantasy and unrealistic effects. Unflattering
5077 Green Blue77 Green BlueStriking with complementary pinks as a
5463 Pr
95 Medium Blue Green116 Medium Blue GreenUsed on foliage in moonlight areas of for creating
395 Teal Green325 Mallard GreenGood as a mystical special effects colour.
us sian Gree n*A rich blue-green useful for pantomimes and
209 .3 Neutral Density97 Light GreyNeutral grey to reduce intensity without
een*
397 Pale Gr
ey
A strong green-blue. Good for water effects
or to create a mysterious, spooky atmosphere.
contrasted with lavenders and purples.
tones. Flattering and pr
under
on skin tones.
modelling colour
melodramas. Wonderful contrast to golden ambers.
a mood of mystery. Good for toning scenery.
Interesting side or backlight colour in concert lighting.
The lightest gr
colour change.
colour change.
.
ey to reduce intensity without
etty.
* New E-Colour+ Filter Colour 2009
| SPECIAL EFFECTS FIL
22
cont...
TERS
Filters for Special Effects
SUPERGELE-COLOUR+ROSCOLUXAPPLICATIONS
398 Neutral Grey98 Medium GreyThe densest of the neutral greys with no
colour change.
1
56 Chocolate99 ChocolateWarms light and reduces intensity.
208 CTO + .6ND3406 Roscosun 85N.6A darker still chocolate.
Supergel Diffusion
SUPERGELAPPLICATIONS
100 FrostMedium diffusion, a matte frost effect.
101 Light FrostSimilar to above, but lighter diffusion and lower
light loss.
104 Tough SilkSpreads the light in one direction only and can be
rotated in the colour frame to shape the beam.
160 Light Tough SilkRetains the spreading quality of 104, but with less
light loss.
113 Matte Tough SilkCombines the frost effect of 100 and 104 in one
filter.
114 Hamburg Fr
119 Light Hamburg FrostA lighter version of 114, higher transmission and
132 Quarter Hamburg FrostThis holds focus while fractionally softening the
140 Subtle Hamburg FrostLight edge-softening high transmission diffusion.
120 Red DiffusionA family of 3 diffusers that combine
121 Blue Diffusion100 Frost with primaries 26, 79 and 90
122 Green Diffusionrespectively.
124 Red Cyc SilkA family of four diffusers that combine a primary
125 Blue Cyce Silkand an Amber 21 and 104 Tough Silk. They
126 Green Cyc Silkpermit orientation in cycs to reduce scalloping
127 Amber Cyc Silk
ostA very slight diffusion with high transmission. Ideal
for softening hard edged spots, minimising edge
colour fringing and eliminating a centre hotspot.
less effect on the edge.
beam with the mearest hint of diffusion.
Between S119 and 132 in density.
fect on a high cyc and impr
ef
4 circuit cyclight.
ove coverage on a
The Supergel Diffusion
Undiffused Beam Pattern.
100 Frost - Medium Diffusion.
101 Light Frost - lighter than 100.
104 Tough Silk - spreads the light.
s lighting design shows Super
aylor’
David T
fog to define light. The Hambur
standard for improving luminaire beam quality and controlling edge definition.
fusion in use. Seen her
gel Dif
ost series of 114, 119 and 132 have become the industr
g Fr
e in conjunction with Rosco
range breaks new creative
ground for designers: it
qualifies light from luminaires,
in combination with
Supergel colours or alone.
There is no colour shift from
any of the diffusers, and they
y
are all Flame Retardant.
SUPERGEL DIFFUSION |
23
Permacolor™Dichroics and How They Work
MAGENTA
LIGHT
DICHROIC MAGENTA FILTER
REFLECTS GREEN LIGHT
WHITE LIGHT (RGB)
MAGENTA
LIGHT
TRADITIONAL MAGENTA FILTER
ABSORBS GREEN LIGHT
WHITE LIGHT (RGB)
MAGENTA
LIGHT
TRADITIONAL MAGENTA FILTER
ABSORBS GREEN LIGHT
WHITE LIGHT (RGB)
In a conventional colour filter, white light is passed through the medium,
which absorbs certain wavelengths of light, filtering them out of the
composite white light. The rest of the spectrum passes through the
filter, thus creating the desired colour.
A dichroic colour filter works differently. Instead of absorbing the
unwanted portions of the spectrum, dichroic filters reflect them, acting
as a very specialized mirror, but still passing the appropriate coloured
light.
The technology behind dichroic filters was developed well over a
hundred years ago. Using vacuum deposition, thin layers of
transparent dielectric materials (typically titanium dioxide and silicon
d
ioxide) are deposited onto a low expansion glass substrate (typically
borosilicate). As light crosses the boundary from one layer of one of
these materials to another, a little bit of light is reflected. Dichroic filters
are made of many layers – a green filter can have more than 50 – so
there is a lot of light reflected back and forth between the boundaries
of the layers, which sets up patterns of constructive and destructive
i
nterference. That is, if light of a particular wavelength is reflected
back over itself so that the peaks of the waves line up with the
troughs, the waves cancel each other. On the other hand, if the peaks
line up with the peaks, the waves reinforce each other. By carefully
designing combinations of dif
ferent thicknesses of layers and thus
manipulating the path lengths that the internally reflected light must
travel, it is possible to create a filter that lets certain portions of the
spectrum pass through and that r
eflects other par
ts of the spectrum.
Dichroic filters offer several benefits over plastic filters. Most obviously,
a dichroic filter can withstand continuous exposure to high temperature
lighting instruments without fading or degrading. Borosilicate glass is
rated for peak temperatures as high as 450° C. The coating itself can
w
ithstand continuous temperatures as high 225° C.
An additional benefit of filters that use selective reflection of specific
wavelengths of light is very pure and saturated colours. A dichroic
filter in a deep saturated blue may transmit as much as 40% more
blue light than an absorptive filter of a comparable colour. This
increased output may mean fewer luminaires are required in certain
situations.
D
ichroic filters offer lighting designers an excellent solution to many
design problems. They offer higher colour transmission, can withstand
extremely high temperatures and can preserve the integrity of a design
over a long run with little maintenance. However, they require more
planning during the specification process. Using the resources of both
the luminaire manufacturer and the filter suppliers, these minor hurdles
c
an be overcome and the full benefits of this filter technology can be
realized.
MAGENTA COLOUR FILTERS
The effect of a dichroic filter is highly dependent on the angle at
which the light strikes the filter. One result of this multi-layer filtering
method is that the filtering action is dependent on the length of the
path the light takes through the filter. If the light strikes the filter straight
on, which is the way most dichroic filters are designed to be used,
the light that passes through is the intended colour. However, if the
light strikes the filter at an angle, the path length is changed, and the
colour of the light transmitted is different. Light passing through the
filter greater than 20° off normal incidence will be shifted away from
the desired colour noticeably. This produces a coloured fringe or halo
at the edge of the beam when used on lights with a beam spr
greater than 40°. The wider the spread, the more obvious this
colour shift. While not possible in all instr
uments, the solution is
to filter the light while the rays are essentially parallel,
before they pass through any type of spread lens. In the
case of an ellipsoidal reflection spotlight, this can be
accomplished by placing the filter in the
gate of the instr
ument. In a P
interchangeable lenses, the filter
should be located inside of the
spread lens. Instruments
using r
a wide spread are not
appropriate for use with
dichroic filters unless a
rainbow ef
ead
AR with
eflectors to cr
fect is desir
eate
ed.
Fig.1
Fig.2
In Fig.1, a conventional glass or plastic filter absorbs the green light,
allowing the r
Fig.2 shows how a dichr
absorbing it while transmitting the r
ed and blue (magenta) light to pass thr
oic filter r
eflects the green light rather than
ed and blue light.
ough.
| PERMACOLOR DICHROIC
24
Permacolor™Dichroics Filters
Dichroic filters are durable glass colour filters
that transmit only certain wavelengths of light,
Gallegos Lighting added magic to this Legoland theme park with Permacolor dichroics.
Photo by Gallegos Lighting.
reflecting the rest of the
absorbing it. Since virtually no energy
spectrum, rather than
is
absorbed by the filter, light transmission is
significantly higher than traditional plastic gels
and will never burn out or fade.
Rosco Permacolor™filters are made with the
highest quality coatings, designed not to fade or
shift colour. In addition, Rosco’s sophisticated
manufacturing process allows for precise colour
consistency batch to batch to a degree that is
unprecedented in other dichroic coatings.
USING DICHROIC FILTERS
Given these unique characteristics, the specification and installation of dichr
• Ensure that the lighting instrument in question does not have a beam spread wider than 40° or colour fringing may result.
Determine whether the maximum temperature of the lighting instrument exceeds the rating on the coating or the glass. Does the
•
instrument create hot spots
• How will the filter install in the luminaire
chitectural lights do not. If the luminair
ar
many
avoid fringing
replace the safety glass.
• Install the filter with the coated side towards the lamp. Since dichroic coatings reflect unwanted wavelengths, the only energy that
actually passes through the glass is the desired portion of the spectrum. Therefore very little energy is absorbed as heat. However, if
the filter is installed with the coated side away fr
the unwanted energy is reflected back. The glass then absorbs a great deal of heat energy, since light is actually passing through
the glass twice.
• While dichroic filters can be used in wet environments, the coatings are porous and will absorb moisture. When this occurs, the film
swells and causes a colour shift. As the coating heats up and the moisture evaporates out of the coating, the film will shrink back
down to the correct thickness and the colour will shift back accordingly.
? Is there a layer of safety glass installed by the luminaire manufacturer? Dichroic filters should never be used to
? Borosilicate glass has excellent thermal properties, but is rated for maximum hot spotting of 90° C/sq. cm.
? While traditional the atrical instruments have built-in accommodations for colour filters,
e has a wide beam spread, can the filter be installed before the spread lens to
om the lamp, the entir
oic filters r
equires some special care and attention.
e light output of the lamp must pass thr
ough the glass befor
e
• Glass breaks. Ensure that the application and installation take safety into consideration.
PERMACOLOR DICHROIC |
25
Permacolor™Dichroics Filters
Sample kits Rosco Permacolor dichroic filters.
Available from Rosco.
Cinedichro™Correction Filters are engineered to provide true, accurate
colour correction, precisely matching industry standards for balancing the
K
elvin temperatures among disparate light sources.
UV FILTERS
Rosco offers a UV blocking filter in both Permacolor
dichroic glass and plastic. The Permacolor UV
Blocking filter reflects both near and far ultraviolet
energy as far out as 250 nm.
IR/UV REFLECTOR (Hot Mirror)
Also available in Permacolor glass is an IR/UV filter
(hot mirror), a clear filter which passes visible light
while reflecting both the infrared and near UV
energy. This filter is widely used in museum and
architectural applications
Paul Gregory of Focus Lighting enhanced the aesthetic colour of these varying light sources while at the same time balancing
the differing Kelvin temperatures at this high-fashion Carlos Miele retail store. Architecture by Asymptote.
NEW!
DICHROFILM
A gel that never burns out? DichroFilm is Rosco’s answer: a flexible, light weight safe,
durable plastic gel but with the r
DichroFilm will by far outlast any plastic filter and is good for permanent installations,
and where installing glass could be a safety hazard.
DichroFilm is in 25” x 25” (63.5cm x 63.5cm) sheets in 10 standard colours with
custom colours available.
Equivalents to Permacolor Dichroics and Rosco Colour Filters are subjective and offered as a guideline only.
For mor
mation, or to or
e infor
der a sample, please contact Rosco.
PERMACOLOR DICHROIC |
27
GOBOS
Gobos are used everywhere in modern lighting
to create shapes, shadows and textures. Many
designers use gobos to sculpt the light in an
environment or on an object. The range of
standard gobos, well over 1,800 designs, can
be seen on Rosco’s website or Gobo Catalogue.
In addition, Rosco offers custom gobos,
Herrick Goldman brought this gala function at the Boston Public library to life with rich colours
from the Permacolor Dichroic range. The ceiling light globes were enhanced by projected Gobos.
Photo by Jeffrey Mayes.
fabricated in steel or glass to your design, and
manufactured in our London and Texas facilities.
STANDARD STEEL GOBOS
All DHA:Rosco standard gobos are precision etched onto hard rolled stainless steel to fit most mainstream lanterns, follow spots and moving
lights. All catalogue designs are available as standard in any size subject only to the physical attributes of the image. Certain fine designs cannot
be reproduced in smaller sizes.
It is also worth noting that some luminaires cannot resolve the full image diameter and most of the popular lanterns have a number of alternative
holders to facilitate the use of dif
gobo and holder are compatible and that the full image size can be projected.
It is DHA:Rosco’s policy to maintain stock of all catalogue designs in the most popular sizes, allowing the majority of orders to be despatched by
return. With the increased range, however, there may be occasions on which we are out of stock of a particular design or a particular size, but
rest assured that we will always aim to meet your deadline.
STANDARD GLASS GOBOS
o complement their range of steel gobos DHA:Rosco also pr
T
mainstream profile lanterns and moving lights. Unlike metal, glass has the advantage of being able to hold very intricate images and thus
allows the projection of extremely fine detail and tonal images from suitable profile spotlights.
Each of the original images in our standard black and white glass range has been designed for use in moving lights and standard profiles
complements our existing range of metal designs. All the images have been designed, projected, assessed and reworked to achieve the
and
fect contrast and balance of tonal shade to solid block. See the DH
per
visit our website.
ferent size gobos. If a gobo is being purchased for use in an existing holder it is important to check that the
oduces a range of glass gobos available to special or
osco Gobo Catalogue for a complete selection of these gobos or
A:R
der in sizes to fit most
The scope of pr
Allowing the designer access to a range of colour and texture effects limited only by imagination.
ojection ef
fects is enhanced by Rosco’
s ColorWaves
™
, Colorizers™, Prismatics™and Image Glass™Ef
Types of glass gobos:
Standar
28
d Black & White
Rosco82709/DHA 709G
Silly Cones
| GOBOS
ColorW
33001
Waves - Red
aves
™
Colorizers
55004
Stippled - Blue and Lavender
™
Prismatics
43801
Kaleidoscope
fects Glass Gobos.
™
Image Glass
33617
Hammered
™
CUSTOM GOBOS
Metal -
Metal gobos are usually etched on hard rolled stainless steel for a clean-etched, high quality image. DHA:Rosco also manufactures
custom gobos in alternative metals (eg. aluminium or phosphor bronze), to any size, and makes gobo wheels suitable for most available
moving lights.
DHA:Rosco custom metal gobos are produced to the highest quality on the most suitable material for the purpose. This can vary
between lighting fixtures and your customer service consultant will advise you if any special metals or finishes are recommended.
Glass -
Black & White - As the quality of projection optics has improved so has the market’s demand for greater fidelity in image projection;
no “tagging”, finer detail and grey scales can all be achieved using DHA:Rosco black and white glass gobos.
These are produced using Borosilicate glass with a minimal co-efficient of heat expansion thus giving maximum protection from thermal
shock. Conventional screened half tone resolution is at 3560dpi (1400dpcm) and at 400 lines per inch (156 lpcm), Stochastic
screening is also used when appropriate to maximise perceived r
esolution.
Colour - Dichroic glass gobos are ideal for coloured artworks ranging from simple line art to full colour photographic images.
For less complex line artworks, with just one or two colours, we will almost certainly opt for a laser ablation technique, producing
crisp images on saturated colours chosen from the wide range of standard Rosco dichroic filters. However, if your image contains a
range of colours or tones a chemical etching process will provide an almost perfect reproduction of your image or logo.
Full colour dichroic images, such as complex logos are reproduced using the same CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) technology
used in printing. Colour separations are made and etched to the equivalent filters, these are then precision assembled to ensure perfect
egistration.
r
Examples of Custom Gobos:
METALBLACK & WHITEONE COLOUR
The designers at Simply By Others used gobos to mark the lane numbers
at this 300 San Jose AMF Bowling Center. This clever method to draw
attention to an ar
effect is added to the side walls with the X24 X-Effects projector.
ea is flexible and cost ef
fective. A rippling water
Photo by Simply By Others.
TWO COLOURFULL COLOUR
THREE COLOUR
GOBOS |
29
LIGHTING AND PROJECTION EQUIPMENT
S
INGLE & DOUBLE GOBO ROTATORS
The Single & Double Gobo Rotator allow kinetic and
often spectacular lighting effects.
T
hey are designed to fit in most fixtures with a dropin iris slot. Both rotators have a range of motor ranges,
varying speeds in both directions. The DC/DMX controller can operate 4 Single
Rotators, or 2 Double Rotators.
The arresting effect in the window of this set was created with Rosco’s standard
eakup (Medium) gobo 77053 in one slot of the rotator and the
steel Dots Br
Sunset Prismatic (glass) gobo 43804 in the other slot.
DMX IRIS
NEW!
The New DMX Iris is a 24 leaf IRIS, giving an even edged perfectly round aperture all
the way down to it’s smallest aperture diameter, for control with or without DMX control.
This motorised unit fits the ETC Source 4 and Selecon Pacific and other units in the
market. It uses one channel of DMX512 and has a microprocessor controlled stepper
motor giving a smooth movement even on slow cross fades.
It’s powered by a non-dim circuit, no external PSU is needed.
INDEXING ROTATOR
s Indexing Rotators are Double and Single Gobo Rotators which allow you to
Rosco’
stop and start the gobo rotation precisely, whenever and wherever you want. This
is particularly useful for repetitive effects, such as the hands of a gobo clock, or for
architectural effects, such as a shop display window. Rosco‘s Indexing Rotators are
olled thr
contr
You control both the speed and direction of the rotation as well as the indexing
position (up to 180 degrees available) and the amount of time the gobo stays in
that position.
ough DMX512 and the DMX addr
essing facility is built into the unit.
Standard steel and glass (ColorWave) gobos were used in Vortex rotators to
eate the inter
cr
| ROT
30
esting and kinetic r
TORS & PROJECTORS
A
eflected fir
e ef
fect on the upstage wall.
VORTEX 360 DUAL ROTATOR
The Vortex 360 Dual Rotator is a versatile low
cost dual rotator. It has 2 stainless steel gear
drives. The speed can be contr
control knob on top of the unit, or through the lighting
control desk.
The unit is vey quiet, takes B size gobos, and is designed to fit several fixtur
the ETC Source 4 and Selecon Pacific.
™
olled by a simple
es including
... A Selection of the Growing Collection of Rosco Rotators and Projectors.
X
24 X-EFFECTS PROJECTOR
The X-Effects Projector provides large scale 3-D effects
p
reviously unavailable to lighting designers. The device
utilizes a 200-watt Enhanced Metal Arc source, whose short
arc allows for an output of 5000 lumens, and a 7000 hour lamp life. The colour
temperature is similar to a Xenon source at 6000°K, but with nearly two times the
luminous effectiveness.
T
he effect itself is created by rotating two “X’ size glass gobos off-centre of the optical
path. This results in a projection that does not appear to have a visible direction or
pattern. Onboard potentiometers control the speed and direction of both gobos.
The designers at Focus Lighting found a brilliant solution to projecting rippling water
on the ceiling of The Pier in Caesars Atlantic City. X-Effects Projectors, mounted
down the length of the mall shopping area, gave them the effect they wanted.
Photo by J. R. Krauza.
The X-Effects Projector is available in two configurations, with a DMX on board, or an
analogue model.
I-CUE INTELLIGENT MIRROR
The Rosco I-Cue Intelligent Mirror is an ellipsoidal spotlight attachment that allows you to
use your spotlight with much greater flexibility and control. The unit slides into the colour
slot of the ETC Source 4, Altman Shakespeare, Strand SL and Selecon Pacific. The major
function of the unit is to re-position the beam of light so a single spotlight in a fixed
position can be used for multiple specials in dozens of locations. With it’s onboard DMX
the unit is controlled directly from your lighting console giving you precise control of the
mirror’s pan and tilt motion.
EDDY AWARD
oduct of the Y
Pr
Lighting 2001
W
ABTT A
oduct of the Year
Pr
idget Category
W
2002
WARD
LDI A
oduct of the Year
Pr
Scenic Effects
2001
ARD
™
ear
iPRO
IMAGE PROJECTOR
Rosco’s iPro Image Projector system offers users an easy, inexpensive solution for
projecting photographic quality images in a theatrical environment. The system
consists of the iPro Projector, a precisely engineered accessory which fits the iris
slot of most modern spotlights and the iPro Slides. iPro slides can be prepared from
twork, or can be chosen from the array of library images
tually any electr
vir
onic ar
available or can even be prepared in your own facility on an inkjet printer.
Rosco has iPro film available, a One-Time Slide Kit, and an iPro Printing Pack with
10 sheets of Slide Film and 10 iPro Slide Mounts.
INFINITY
™
The Infinity, Rosco’s gobo animation device, offers superb
kinetic lighting effects combined with simplicity of use and low
cost.
The Infinity device affixes to the gel frame of virtually any spotlight. Affix
one of the disks to the device, place a steel or glass gobo in the gate, plug the
Infinity into an outlet or dimmer and watch magic appear on your stage or studio. The
Infinity is equipped with onboard control of the Infinity Disk speed and direction, as well
as an on/of
f switch.
s Infinity was af
Rosco’
fixed to two overlapping spotlights to generate this r
effect. Both spotlights included a Water 1 gobo (No.77833) in their gates. The
Infinity in one unit was disk 30019, in the other disk 30011.
ealistic rain
ROTATORS & PROJECTORS |
31
Roscolab Ltd
German Office:
Görlitzer Str.2, D-33758 Schloss Holte-Stukenbrock