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EQUIPMENT-BASED GUIDELINES
FOR THE USE OF
THEATRICAL SMOKE AND HAZE
Prepared for:
Equity-League Pension and Health Trust Funds
(Sponsor)
Prepared by:
ENVIRON International Corporation
Groton, Massachusetts
Princeton, New Jersey
Original Issue Date: May 14, 2001
Revision 1: June 8, 2001
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C O N T E N T S
Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................ES-1
I. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1
A. Background..............................................................................................................1
B. Use of Equipment-Based Guidelines .......................................................................2
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS ........................................................................................3
A. Selection of Chemicals for Sampling ......................................................................3
B. Selection of Smoke and Haze-Generating Equipment and Fog Fluids....................3
C. Sampling Equipment and Materials.........................................................................4
D. Sampling and Monitoring Procedures .....................................................................5
E. Laboratory Analysis.................................................................................................7
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS......................................................................................12
A. Aerosol Monitor Calibration..................................................................................12
B. Peak Exposure Characterization ............................................................................13
C. Use of Equipment-Based Guidelines Tables .........................................................13
IV. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................44
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F I G U R E S
Figure 1: Experimental set-up for aerosol monitor calibration, consisting of a tripod with
sampling pump, tubing, and aerosol monitor.
Figure 2: Example sampling configuration consisting of six sampling/monitoring tripods
situated at three foot intervals from a smoke machine.
Figure 3: Example sampling configuration consisting of six sampling/monitoring tripods
situated at three-foot intervals around a vertical-release hazer.
Figure 4: Calibration curve for High End Systems Atmospheres Cold Flow Formula Fluid
Figure 5: Calibration curve for High End Systems Atmospheres HQ Fluid
Figure 6: Calibration curve for High End Systems Atmospheres Stage Fluid
Figure 7: Calibration curve for Le Maitre Extra Quick Dissipating Fluid
Figure 8: Calibration curve for Le Maitre Mini Mist Canisters
Figure 9: Calibration curve for Le Maitre Molecular Fog Fluid
Figure 10: Calibration curve for Le Maitre Quick Dissipating Fluid
Figure 11: Calibration curve for Le Maitre Regular Fog Fluid
Figure 12: Calibration curve for MDG Dense Fluid
Figure 13: Calibration curve for Rosco Clear Fog Fluid
Figure 14: Calibration curve for Rosco Fog Fluid
Figure 15: Calibration curve for Rosco Light Fog Fluid
Figure 16: Calibration curve for Rosco Stage & Studio Fog Fluid
Figure 17: Calibration curve for MDG Neutral Fluid
Figure 18: Guidelines for use of Atmospheres Cold Flow Formula in High End Systems F-
100 smoke machine at a full volume setting
Figure 19: Guidelines for use of Atmospheres Cold Flow Formula in High End Systems F-
100 smoke machine at a medium volume setting
Figure 20: Guidelines for use of Atmospheres HQ Formula in High End Systems F-100
smoke machine at a full volume setting
Figure 21: Guidelines for use of Atmospheres HQ Formula in High End Systems F-100
smoke machine at a medium volume setting
Figure 22: Guidelines for use of Atmospheres Stage Formula in High End Systems F-100
smoke machine at a medium-to-full volume setting
Figure 23: Guidelines for use of Extra Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G100
smoke machine
Figure 24: Guidelines for use of Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G100 smoke
machine
Figure 25: Guidelines for use of Regular Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G100 smoke machine
Figure 26: Guidelines for use of Extra Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150
smoke machine at a full volume setting
Figure 27: Guidelines for use of Extra Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150
smoke machine at a medium volume setting
Figure 28: Guidelines for use of Molecular Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke machine at a
full volume setting
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F I G U R E S
(cont.)
Figure 29: Guidelines for use of Molecular Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke machine at a
medium volume setting
Figure 30: Guidelines for use of Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke
machine at a full volume setting
Figure 31: Guidelines for use of Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke
machine at a medium volume setting
Figure 32: Guidelines for use of Minimist Canisters in Le Maitre Opti Mist Ranger smoke
machine at a full volume setting
Figure 33: Guidelines for use of Minimist Canisters in Le Maitre Opti Mist Ranger smoke
machine at a medium volume setting
Figure 34: Guidelines for use of Dense Fog Fluid in MDG MiniMax smoke machine at a full
volume setting
Figure 35: Guidelines for use of Dense Fog Fluid in MDG MiniMax smoke machine at a
medium volume setting
Figure 36: Guidelines for use of Clear Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a full
volume setting
Figure 37: Guidelines for use of Clear Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a medium
volume setting
Figure 38: Guidelines for use of Light Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a full
volume setting
Figure 39: Guidelines for use of Light Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a medium
volume setting
Figure 40: Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a full
volume setting
Figure 41: Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a
medium volume setting
Figure 42: Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine
at a full volume setting
Figure 43: Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine
at a medium volume setting
Figure 44: Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco PF-1000 smoke machine at a full
volume setting
Figure 45: Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco PF-1000 smoke machine at a
medium volume setting
Figure 46: Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco PF-1000 smoke
machine at a full volume setting
Figure 47: Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco PF-1000 smoke
machine at a full volume setting
Figure 48: Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco Alpha 900 smoke machine
Figure 49: Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco Alpha 900 smoke
machine
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F I G U R E S
(cont.)
Figure 50: Guidelines for use of Neutral Fluid in MDG MAX 3000 haze machine
Figure 51: Guidelines for use of Neutral Fluid in MDG Atmosphere haze machine
Figure 52: Guidelines for use of Diffusion Fluid in Reel EFX DF-50 haze machine
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T A B L E S
Table 1: Summary of Smoke/Haze Machines and Fluids Tested
Table 2: Summary of Calibration Factors
Table 3: Summary of Equipment-Based Guidelines for Smoke Generation
Table 4: Summary of Equipment-Based Guidelines for Haze Generation
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document contains Equipment-Based Guidelines for the use of theatrical smoke and
haze. The purpose of this document is to provide generic, conservative (health protective)
Guidelines for using certain types of smoke- and haze-generating equipment. For various
combinations of machines and fluids, the Guidelines provide the amount of time that should be
allowed to pass following the release of a smoke or haze cue before an Actor is allowed to be
situated within a certain distance of the smoke or haze machine. After that time, it is expected
that air concentrations will have been reduced to below the Guidance levels recommended in a
recent Health Effects Study (Mt. Sinai and ENVIRON 2000).
These generic Guidelines were developed based on conservative use assumptions.
Depending on production-specific conditions, it is likely that the air concentrations for many
stages and productions will have actually fallen below the Guidance levels before the times
specified in these generic Guidelines. Productions may have stage-specific conditions that
would allow Actors to be present in areas that are restricted under these Guidelines but which, in
fact, do not exceed the Guidance levels. In those cases, production-specific monitoring (in
accordance with the Air Sampling Protocol developed by ENVIRON (2001)) would be
recommended to determine whether peak exposure may occur.
ES-1 E N V I R O N
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In 1997-99, at the request of Actors’ Equity Association (AEA) and the League of
American Theaters and Producers (LATP) and with the support of the Equity-League Pension
and Health Trust Funds, investigators from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine (Mt. Sinai) and
ENVIRON International Corporation (ENVIRON) conducted a study to determine whether the
use of smoke, haze, and pyrotechnics special effects in theatrical musical productions is
associated with a negative health impact in Actors. This effort was initiated in response to
ongoing concerns by Actors that the use of these theatrical effects may have an impact on their
health. The results of this study were presented in the report Health Effects Evaluation of
Theatrical Smoke, Haze, and Pyrotechnics (Mt. Sinai and ENVIRON 2000).
The results of the Mt. Sinai/ENVIRON study indicate that there are certain health effects
associated with Actors exposed to elevated or peak levels of glycol smoke and mineral oil.
However, as long as peak exposures are avoided, Actors’ health, vocal abilities, and careers
should not be harmed. Pyrotechnics as used on Broadway at the time of the study did not have
an observable effect on Actors’ health.
Mt. Sinai and ENVIRON recommended the following guidance levels with respect to
glycols and mineral oil:
• The use of glycols should be such that an Actor’s exposure does not exceed 40
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).
• Mineral oil should be used in a manner such that an Actor’s exposure does not exceed
a peak concentration of 25 mg/m3.
• For chronic exposures to mineral oil, the existing standards established for oil mists
(5 mg/m
3
as an eight-hour time-weighted average) should also be protective for
Actors in theatrical productions.
ENVIRON has prepared a set of two reports that can be used to ensure that Actor
exposures do not exceed the guidance levels – this Equipment-Based Guidelines document and
an Air Sampling Protocol (ENVIRON 2001):
• Equipment-Based Guidelines document – This document provides conservative
Guidelines on the distance (with respect to the discharge point on the equipment) and
length of time that concentrations exceeding the peak guidance levels may occur for
various use patterns. These Guidelines could be used in staging performances in lieu
of conducting stage-specific testing.
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• Air Sampling Protocol document – The Air Sampling Protocol provides detailed
procedures for conducting theater- and production-specific monitoring. Monitoring
conducted in accordance with the Air Sampling Protocol can be used to evaluate
potential exposures to short-term concentrations of smoke and haze special effects for
theatrical productions where the Equipment-Based Guidelines are not applicable.
This includes productions that use smoke/haze equipment or fluids other than those
for which Equipment-Based Guidelines have been provided in this document, or
productions that use equipment or fluids that are included in these Equipment-Based
Guidelines, but under conditions other than those utilized in developing the
Guidelines.
The sampling procedures used to develop these Equipment-Based Guidelines are based
on the ENVIRON Air Sampling Protocol.
B. Use of Equipment-Based Guidelines
In the absence of other information, theater-specific monitoring would be required to
determine whether smoke/haze machines are being used in a production in a manner that avoids
peak exposures to Actors. The Equipment-Based Guidelines described in this report were
developed as an alternative to conducting theater- and production-specific monitoring. These
Guidelines were developed under conservative use assumptions (e.g., no ventilation, no on-stage
activities or props that would enhance dispersion, cue release at breathing height level). By
following these Guidelines, a production can use smoke and haze effects without having to
conduct its own stage-specific testing, provided the machines are used in accordance with
manufacturer specifications, are well maintained, and are functioning properly. Tables 3 and 4
of this report describe the distance (with respect to the discharge point on the equipment) and
length of time that concentrations exceeding the peak guidance levels would occur for various
use patterns. Thus, by arranging the blocking and choreography such that an Actor is not
situated within the restricted areas during the times specified in Tables 3 and 4, Actors should
not receive peak exposures.
It should be noted that these Equipment-Based Guidelines may not be appropriate for all
productions. Tables 3 and 4 are based on smoke and haze machines positioned between four and
five feet above the ground, and being operated to achieve 10 to 15 seconds of continuous smoke
generation or 40 seconds of continuous haze generation. Productions may want to use different
configurations for positioning the machines (e.g., different heights), provide on-stage ventilation,
or generate smoke and haze for a longer period of time. In addition, many productions may have
other stage-specific conditions (e.g., on-stage activities and props that enhance dispersion) that
would allow Actors to be present in areas that are restricted under these Guidelines but which, in
fact, do not exceed the guidance levels. In those cases, production-specific monitoring would be
recommended to determine whether peak exposure may occur. For the smoke and haze fluids
included in this testing (see Table 1), the calibration factors summarized in Table 2 can be used,
and the calibration step of the ENVIRON Air Sampling Protocol can be bypassed. This will
significantly reduce the amount of time and expense required to conduct monitoring. For fluids
other than those included in this testing, appropriate calibration factors would need to be
developed in accordance with the Air Sampling Protocol.
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II. METHODS AND MATERIALS
A. Selection of Chemicals for Sampling
The following types of chemicals used to produce theatrical effects were included in
these Guidelines:
• Glycols for smoke generation
Mixtures of various glycols are used to generate smoke effects. Glycol aerosols are
generated by heating a glycol/water solution and feeding the vapor through a critical
flow orifice. The glycol solutions currently used on Broadway to generate smoke
effects consist of mixtures of 1,3-butylene glycol (BG), diethylene glycol (DEG),
propylene glycol (PG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), triethylene glycol (TEG), and
water.
• Mineral oil for a haze effect
A haze-like effect can be produced by generating an aerosol of mineral oil. Oil mist
effects are generated by “cracking” a USDA approved food or pharmaceutical grade
mineral oil through a dispersion system using high-pressure air.
While other chemicals are available currently for generating smoke and haze effects (e.g.,
glycerol), these chemicals were not included in the Mt. Sinai/ENVIRON study. Thus, the
conclusions and guidance levels developed and presented in the Mt. Sinai/ENVIRON study will
not necessarily be applicable to these alternative chemicals. Comparable guidance levels could
be developed for alternative chemicals through an appropriate health effects evaluation.
B. Selection of Smoke and Haze-Generating Equipment and Fog Fluids
ENVIRON contacted the following smoke and haze-generating equipment
manufacturers:
• High End Systems, Austin, Texas
• Le Maitre Special Effects, Port Huron, Michigan
• MDG Fog Generators, Ltd., Montreal, Quebec
• Reel EFX, Inc., North Hollywood, California
• Rosco Laboratories, Stamford, Connecticut
These manufacturers provided ENVIRON with the use of their machines and fluids in
developing these Guidelines. All of the equipment were shipped to Lightwave Research/High
End Systems (HES) in Austin, Texas. HES has a sound stage with adjustable ventilation that
was used previously by ENVIRON and NIOSH in conducting method calibration and validation
activities.
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Table 1 summarizes the equipment and fluids included in these Guidelines. Some of the
manufacturers provided additional machines and fluids that were not included in this specific
testing for various reasons.1 For example, equipment designed for use with fluids containing
glycerol were not included, as the exposure guidance levels only apply to glycol- and mineral
oil-based fluids. Certain other machines were not provided with all of the attachments needed to
operate the machines at the time of the testing. Guidelines for these additional machines could
be developed at a later date, if requested.
TABLE 1
Summary of Smoke/Haze Machines and Fluids Tested
Manufacturer Machine Fluid
Type of
Fluid
Atmosphere HQ Formula
High End Systems F-100
Atmosphere Stage Formula
Glycol
Atmosphere Cold Flow Formula
Regular Fog Fluid
Le Maitre Special
Effects
G100
G150
Molecular Fog Fluid (G150 only)
Quick Dissipating
Extra Quick Dissipating
Glycol
Opti Mist Ranger Mini Mist Canister
MDG Fog
Generators, Ltd.
Mini Max MDG Dense Fluid Glycol
MAX 3000
Atmosphere
MDG Neutral Fluid Oil
Reel EFX, Inc. DF-50 Diffusion Fluid Oil
Rosco Fog Fluid
Rosco Stage & Studio Fluid
Rosco Light Fog Fluid
Rosco Clear Fog Fluid
Glycol
Rosco Laboratories
1600
PF-1000
Alpha 900
C. Sampling Equipment and Materials
Monitoring of short-term concentrations was performed using portable real-time aerosol
monitors (personalDataRAM Model PDR-1000) manufactured by Monitoring Instruments for
the Environment, Inc. (MIE). The PDR-1000 is a high sensitivity nephelometric (i.e.,
photometric) monitor that uses a light scattering sensing chamber to measure the concentration
1
Machines that use fluids other than glycols and mineral oil were not included in this testing. In addition, certain
machines were not provided with all of the attachments necessary to operate them at the time of the testing. The
following machines and fluids were provided to ENVIRON, but were not included in this testing: Le Maitre
provided a Neutron XS machine, which uses a glycerol-based fluid (Neutron Fluid); a H175 Haze Machine, which
uses a glycerol-based fluid (Regular Haze Fluid); and a G300 Fog Machine, which did not have appropriate
electrical attachments at the time of the testing. Le Maitre also provided a Long Lasting Fluid for use in its G100
and G150 Fog Machines; this fluid was not included because it consists of a mixture of glycols and glycerol. Rosco
provided a 4500 machine, which did not have appropriate electrical attachments at the time of the testing. A Rosco
Hazemaker machine was tested; however, the results collected for this machine were not used due to a discrepancy
in the analysis of the materials used in this machine.
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of airborne particulate matter (liquid or solid), providing a direct and continuous readout as well
as electronic logging of the data.
The PDR-1000 aerosol monitors as obtained are calibrated to Arizona road dust over a
measurement range of 0.001 to 400 mg/m
3
. In order to be utilized to measure short-term glycol
or oil mist concentrations, the monitors were first calibrated for the smoke or haze machines and
fluids being used. Calibration of the aerosol monitors was conducted by collecting simultaneous
measurements with a series of sampling pumps and PDR-1000 aerosol monitors, mounted on
tripods.
Gilian GilAir-5 and SKC Aircheck Model 224-44XR sampling pumps were used to draw
air through collection media. The type of collection media used depended on the analyte:
• For glycols, OSHA Versatile Sampler (OVS) traps were used as the collection media,
each containing two sections of XAD-7 resin (200-mg front section, 100-mg back
section, separated by a polyurethane foam [PUF] plug). The XAD-7 resin was used
to collect both the particulate and vapor phase of the glycol aerosol. A 13-mm glass
fiber filter (GFF) plug precedes the front section and a PUF plug follows the back
section. This sampling is based on a variation of NIOSH Method 5523 (NIOSH
1996; Pendergrass 1999).
• For mineral oil, air was drawn through 37-mm polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane
filters (5 µm pore size), which were analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry (IR) in
conjunction with a custom bulk oil sample. This sampling is based on a custom
NIOSH Method 5026 (NIOSH 1994).
This calibration sampling was conducted in conjunction with operating the PDR-1000 aerosol
monitors.
C. Sampling and Monitoring Procedures
The testing was conducted in a two-step process. The first step involves collecting
sufficient data to calibrate the aerosol monitors for the type of fluid being used. The second step
involves using the calibrated aerosol monitor to identify distances from the smoke/haze release
point where exceedances of the guidance levels occur. These monitoring data were used to
develop general Guidelines under conservative use conditions that can be used to ensure peak
exposures to Actors do not occur. The calibration and sampling procedures are discussed in
detail in the ENVIRON Air Sampling Protocol.
1. Aerosol Monitor Calibration
Four tripod assemblies were used for calibrating the aerosol monitors, each
consisting of a sampling pump, flexible tubing, sampling media (OVS trap for glycols
and cassettes for mineral oil), and an aerosol monitor (see Figure 1). The height of each
tripod was approximately five feet, corresponding with the breathing zone of a typical
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Actor. The room ventilation fans were turned off during each run; no major movement
occurred in the testing room during each run that would affect smoke dispersion.
Glycols
a) The sampling pumps were calibrated to 2 lpm using a BIOS DryCal pump
calibrator. The aerosol monitors were zeroed, the data logging function of the
aerosol monitor was turned on, and the data logging times for all of the
aerosol monitors were synchronized.
b) The smoke machine was positioned on a stand to allow a release of smoke at a
height of four to five feet. The tripods were placed at distances from the
smoke machine release nozzle of 6, 9, 12, and 15 feet (see Figure 2).
c) For machines that have variable release settings, the smoke machine output
was adjusted to a medium setting. The sampling pumps were simultaneously
turned on. The smoke machine was turned on five to ten seconds after the
pumps were turned on for 20 to 30 seconds, allowing sustained smoke
generation to occur, and then turned off. In certain instances where the
amount of smoke generated was not sufficient to reach all four tripods, the
smoke generation time was increased.
d) Air samples were collected for one to two minutes following the initiation of
the smoke generation, after which the OVS traps were removed from the
tubing and the pumps were turned off. The OVS traps were capped and
labeled to identify the type of smoke machine, glycol fluid, sampling location,
and other sampling specifics. After being capped and labeled, the OVS traps
were placed in a cooler with ice packs.
e) A period of 10 to 30 minutes was allowed between runs to clear residual
glycols from the testing area air by room ventilation.
Mineral Oil
a) The sampling pumps were calibrated to 3 lpm using a BIOS DryCal pump
calibrator. The aerosol monitors were zeroed, the data logging function of the
aerosol monitor was turned on, and the data logging times for all of the
aerosol monitors were synchronized.
a) For hazers with a horizontal release point (e.g., MDG Max 3000), the machine
was positioned on a stand to allow a release of mineral oil at a height of four
to five feet. The tripods were placed at distances from the hazer release
nozzle of 6, 9, 12, and 15 feet (see Figure 2). For hazers with a vertical and
diffused release point (e.g., Rosco Hazemaker, MDG Atmosphere, Reel EFX
DF-50), the hazer was placed on the floor and tripods were positioned at
various distances around the hazer at three-foot interval (see Figure 3).
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b) For machines that have variable release settings, the hazer output was adjusted
to a medium setting. The sampling pumps were simultaneously turned on.
The hazer was turned on five to ten seconds after the pumps were turned on
for periods ranging from 40 seconds to six minutes, allowing sustained haze
generation to occur, and then turned off. The haze generation time was
dependent on the time required to generate an aerosol that could be detected at
all six tripods.
c) Air samples were collected for one to two minutes following the initiation of
the smoke generation, after which the sampling cassettes were removed from
the tubing and the pumps were turned off. The cassettes were capped and
labeled to identify the type of hazer, mineral oil fluid, sampling location, and
other sampling specifics.
b) A period of 10 to 30 minutes was allowed between runs to clear residual
mineral oil from the testing area air by room ventilation. Each of the aerosol
monitors indicated particulate levels of less than 1 mg/m3 before the next run
was initiated.
The collection media and bulk fluid samples were submitted for analysis to
Analytics Laboratory of Richmond, Virginia, an American Industrial Hygiene
Association (AIHA) accredited laboratory.
2. Peak Exposure Characterization
To measure the levels of smoke and haze present at different distances from the
release point, a series of six tripods equipped with aerosol monitors was used. The six
tripods were placed at distances of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 feet from the smoke or haze
machine. The smoke machine was turned on for 10 to 30 seconds, allowing sustained
smoke generation to occur, and then turned off. The aerosol monitors collected logged
data on the smoke levels as the concentrations gradually dissipated. The room ventilation
fans were turned off during each run; no major movement occurred in the testing room
during each run that would affect smoke dispersion.
E. Laboratory Analyses
All sample analyses were conducted by using validated analytical methodologies, as
described in the ENVIRON Air Sampling Protocol.
1. Glycols
Samples were analyzed for glycols using a variation of NIOSH Method 5523,
which involves the use of a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector
(GC/FID). The NIOSH Method 5523 was extended to a validated level of quantification
(LOQ) of 4.0 µg of each individual glycol per sample.
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2. Mineral Oil
Mineral oil samples were analyzed using a custom NIOSH Method 5026, which
involves analysis using infrared spectrophotometry, with a bulk mineral oil sample used
instead of a stock mineral oil standard. A maximum LOQ of 50 µg per sample was used.
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Figure 1. Experimental set-up for aerosol monitor calibration, consisting of a tripod with
sampling pump, tubing, and aerosol monitor.
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Figure 2. Sampling configuration consisting of six sampling/monitoring tripods situated at three
foot intervals from a smoke or haze machine (far right). Each tripod is equipped with an aerosol
monitor. The tripods situated at distances of 6, 9, 12, and 15 feet are also equipped with
sampling pumps, flexible tubing, and collection media.
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Figure 3. Example sampling configuration consisting of six sampling/monitoring tripods
situated at three-foot intervals around a vertical-release hazer (center).
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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Aerosol Monitor Calibration
1. Glycols
Total glycol concentrations were calculated from the analytical data. Only the
glycol species measured in the bulk solution were included. For glycol species that were
measured in the bulk solution, but were not detected in the air sample, one half of the
detection limit for that glycol species was conservatively used in calculating the total
glycol concentration.
To develop a calibration curve for each glycol fluid, the average aerosol monitor
readings during the period of time in which air was drawn through the OVS trap for each
air sample were calculated and plotted against the total glycol concentration data. The
calibration curves for the glycol fluids tested are shown in Figures 4 to 16. First order
regression curves are also shown on these figures. The calibration factors for the glycol
fluids, calculated from the slopes of these regressions, are summarized in Table 2.
2. Mineral Oil
To develop a calibration factor for each mineral oil fluid, the average aerosol
monitor readings during the period of time in which air was drawn through the sampling
cassette for each air sample were calculated and plotted against the oil mist concentration
data. The calibration factors for the mineral oil fluids, calculated from the slopes of these
regressions, are also summarized in Table 2. Among the two fluids tested, only one was
emitted in detectable quantities. However, because the composition of the mineral oil
fluids is similar for both fluids, the same calibration factor should be applicable for both.
The calibration curve for this mineral oil fluid is shown in Figure 17.
TABLE 2
Summary of Calibration Factors
Calibration
Manufacturer Fluid Type of Fluid
(ug/L)/(mg/m
Atmosphere Cold Flow Formula Glycol 2.41
Atmosphere HQ Formula Glycol 1.38High End Systems
Atmosphere Stage Formula Glycol 0.253
Extra Quick Dissipating Fluid Glycol 3.17
Le Maitre Special
Effects
Molecular Fog Fluid Glycol 2.58
Quick Dissipating Fluid Glycol 3.45
Regular Fog Fluid Glycol 4.17
Mini Mist Canister Glycol 3.01
Factor,
3
)
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TABLE 2
×
=
Summary of Calibration Factors
Calibration
Manufacturer Fluid Type of Fluid
Factor,
(ug/L)/(mg/m3)
MDG Fog Generators,
Ltd.
MDG Dense Fluid Glycol 3.21
MDG Neutral Fluid Oil 0.784
Reel EFX, Inc. Diffusion Fluid Oil 0.784 (a)
Rosco Clear Fog Fluid Glycol 1.82
Rosco Laboratories
Rosco Fog Fluid Glycol 1.27
Rosco Light Fog Fluid Glycol 1.375
Rosco Stage & Studio Fluid Glycol 1.56
Notes:
a Based on the calibration factor for MDG Neutral Fluid
B. Peak Exposure Characterization
Monitoring data collected using aerosol monitors placed at distances of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,
and 18 feet from the smoke or haze machine were combined with the calibration factors to
determine the levels of smoke and haze at different distances from the release point and times
following the release. The real-time aerosol monitor readings were converted to glycol or
mineral oil concentrations using the appropriate calibration factor for the fluid, as follows:
PDRCCONC
where:
CONC = air concentration of total glycols or mineral oil mist, µg/L
C = aerosol monitor calibration factor (from Table 2), (µg/L)/(mg/m3)
PDR = aerosol monitor reading, mg/m
3
Based on these calibrated data, the times after which the concentration of smoke or haze
at each of the six distances drops below the guidance levels were determined. These Guideline
values are summarized in Table 3 for glycols and Table 4 for mineral oil. Bar plots showing the
change in concentration at each location with time are presented in Figures 18 through 49.
2
C. How to Use the Equipment-Based Guidelines Tables
For various distances from the cue release point, Tables 3 and 4 provide the time (in
seconds) after the end of the cue release after which the glycol or mineral oil concentrations will
2
The Guideline times provided in Tables 3 and 4 were estimated from Figures 18 to 42, taking into consideration
potential “bounceback” effects where the levels are shown to increase at later times at distances close to the far wall
of the testing room. This was treated as an artifact in the testing methodology.
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have fallen below the guidance levels. Thus, in order to prevent peak exposures to Actors, the
blocking and choreography should be arranged such that Actors are not situated within a
particular distance from the front of the smoke/haze release point until the amount of time listed
in Tables 3 and 4 has elapsed following the end of the cue. For example, if a production is using
a Rosco 1600 smoke machine (medium setting) with Stage & Studio fluid, an Actor should not
be situated within six feet from the front of the cue release point until at least 80 seconds
following the end of the cue release; an Actor should not be situated within 12 to 18 feet from
the front of the cue release point until at least 30 seconds following the end of the cue release.
It should be reiterated that the Equipment-Based Guidelines provided in Tables 3 and 4
are intended to allow a production to use smoke and haze effects without conducting monitoring.
However, these Equipment-Based Guidelines may not be appropriate for all productions. Tables
3 and 4 are based on smoke and haze machines positioned between four and five feet above the
ground, and being operated to achieve 10 to 15 seconds of continuous smoke generation or 40
seconds of continuous haze generation. Productions may want to use different configurations for
positioning the machines (e.g., different heights), provide on-stage ventilation, or generate smoke
and haze for a longer period of time. In addition, many productions may have other stagespecific conditions (e.g., on-stage activities and props that enhance dispersion) that would allow
Actors to be present in areas that are restricted under these Guidelines but which, in fact, do not
exceed the guidance levels. In those cases, production-specific monitoring would be
recommended to determine whether peak exposure may occur. For the smoke and haze fluids
included in this testing (see Table 1), the calibration factors summarized in Table 2 can be used,
and the calibration step of the ENVIRON Air Sampling Protocol can be bypassed. This will
significantly reduce the amount of time and expense required to conduct monitoring. For fluids
other than those included in this testing, appropriate calibration factors would need to be
developed in accordance with the Air Sampling Protocol.
-14- E N V I R O N
Page 22
-15- E N V I R O N
TABLE 3
Summary of Equipment-Based Guidelines for Smoke Generation
Time (in sec) After Which Air Concentrations
Are Below Guidance Level (40 mg/m3)
Manufacturer Machine Fluid
Machine
Setting
3 ft 6 ft 9 ft 12 ft 15 ft 18 ft
Full 70 30 30 30 30 30
Atmosphere Cold Flow
Formula
Medium 40 40 30 30 0 0
Full 190 190 180 20 0 0
Atmosphere HQ Formula
Medium 170 80 70 0 0 0
High End
Systems
F-100
Atmosphere Stage Formula Full/Med 0 0 0 0 0 0
Extra Quick Dissipating
Fluid
On 100 40 40 40 30 30
Quick Dissipating Fluid On 150 150 40 40 30 30
G100
Regular Fog Fluid On 150 30 30 0 0 0
Full 50 40 40 30 30 30
Extra Quick Dissipating
Fluid
Medium 50 0 0 0 0 0
Full 90 50 40 0 0 0
Molecular Fog Fluid
Medium 90 0 0 0 0 0
Full 60 60 40 0 0 0
Quick Dissipating Fluid
Medium 60 0 0 0 0 0
Full 110 80 70 70 0 0
G150
Regular Fog Fluid
Medium 60 50 50 0 0 0
Full 110 80 60 60 0 0
Le Maitre
Special Effects
Opti Mist Ranger Mini Mist Canister
Medium 110 80 60 60 0 0
Full 150 80 50 0 0 0
MDG Fog
Generators, Ltd.
Mini Max MDG Dense Fluid
Medium 130 40 40 0 0 0
Page 23
-16- E N V I R O N
TABLE 3
Summary of Equipment-Based Guidelines for Smoke Generation
Time (in sec) After Which Air Concentrations
Are Below Guidance Level (40 mg/m3)
Manufacturer Machine Fluid
Machine
Setting
3 ft 6 ft 9 ft 12 ft 15 ft 18 ft
Full 230 150 60 0 0 0
Rosco Clear Fog Fluid
Medium 230 70 60 0 0 0
Full 170 100 80 40 40 40
Rosco Fog Fluid
Medium 170 100 80 40 40 40
Full 150 70 70 70 60 50
Rosco Light Fog Fluid
Medium 150 50 50 50 50 50
Full 80 80 50 40 40 40
1600
Rosco Stage & Studio
Fluid
Medium 80 80 40 30 30 30
Full 60 40 0 0 0 0
Rosco Fog Fluid
Medium 60 0 0 0 0 0
Full 100 70 60 60 0 0
PF-1000
Rosco Stage & Studio
Fluid
Medium 100 70 0 0 0 0
Rosco Fog Fluid On 220 220 180 180 160 110
Rosco
Laboratories
Alpha 900
Rosco Stage & Studio
Fluid
On 140 140 140 130 50 30
Page 24
-17- E N V I R O N
TABLE 4
Summary Equipment Based Guidelines for Haze Generation
Time (in sec) After Which Air Concentrations
Are Below Guidance Level (25 mg/m3)
Manufacturer Machine Fluid
3 ft 6 ft 9 ft 12 ft 15 ft 18 ft
MAX 3000 MDG Neutral Fluid 100 100 100 100 100 0
MDG Fog
Generators, Ltd.
Atmosphere MDG Neutral Fluid 190 190 120 0 0 0
Reel EFX, Inc. DF-50 Diffusion Fluid 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 25
High End Atmospheres Cold Flow Formula
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
100
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 4. Calibration curve for High End Systems Atmospheres Cold Flow Formula Fluid.
Calibration factor, based on slope of curve, is 2.41 (ug/L)/(mg/m3).
High End Atmospheres HQ Formula
1000
800
600
400
200
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
0
0 100 200 300 400
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 5. Calibration curve for High End Systems Atmospheres HQ Fluid. Calibration factor,
based on slope of curve, is 1.38 (ug/L)/(mg/m
3
).
-18- E N V I R O N
Page 26
High End Atmospheres Stage Formula
10
8
6
4
2
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
0
0 10203040
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 6. Calibration curve for High End Systems Atmospheres Stage Fluid. Calibration factor,
based on slope of curve, is 0.253 (ug/L)/(mg/m3).
Le Maitre Extra Quick Dissipating Fluid
1000
800
600
400
200
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 7. Calibration curve for Le Maitre Extra Quick Dissipating Fluid. Calibration factor,
based on slope of curve, is 3.17 (ug/L)/(mg/m
3
).
-19- E N V I R O N
Page 27
Le Maitre Mini Mist Canister
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
200
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 8. Calibration curve for Le Maitre Mini Mist Canisters. Calibration factor, based on
slope of curve, is 3.01 (ug/L)/(mg/m3).
Le Maitre Molecular Fog Fluid
140
120
100
80
60
40
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
20
0
0 1020304050
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 9. Calibration curve for Le Maitre Molecular Fog Fluid. Calibration factor, based on
slope of curve, is 2.58 (ug/L)/(mg/m
3
).
-20- E N V I R O N
Page 28
Le Maitre Quick Dissipating Fluid
800
600
400
200
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 10. Calibration curve for Le Maitre Quick Dissipating Fluid. Calibration factor, based
on slope of curve, is 3.45 (ug/L)/(mg/m3).
Le Maitre Regular Fog Fluid
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
250
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 11. Calibration curve for Le Maitre Regular Fog Fluid. Calibration factor, based on
3
slope of curve, is 4.17 (ug/L)/(mg/m
).
-21- E N V I R O N
Page 29
MDG Dense Fluid
700
600
500
400
300
200
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
100
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 12. Calibration curve for MDG Dense Fluid. Calibration factor, based on slope of curve,
is 3.21 (ug/L)/(mg/m3).
Rosco Clear Fog Fluid
1000
800
600
400
200
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 13. Calibration curve for Rosco Clear Fog Fluid. Calibration factor, based on slope of
curve, is 1.82 (ug/L)/(mg/m3).
-22- E N V I R O N
Page 30
Rosco Fog Fluid
600
500
400
300
200
100
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 14. Calibration curve for Rosco Fog Fluid. Calibration factor, based on slope of curve,
is 1.27 (ug/L)/(mg/m3).
Rosco Light Fog Fluid
100
80
60
40
20
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
0
0 102030405060
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 15. Calibration curve for Rosco Light Fog Fluid. Calibration factor, based on slope of
curve, is 1.375 (ug/L)/(mg/m
3
).
-23- E N V I R O N
Page 31
Rosco Stage & Studio Fog Fluid
600
500
400
300
200
100
Total Glycol Concentration (ug/L)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 16. Calibration curve for Rosco Stage & Studio Fog Fluid. Calibration factor, based on
slope of curve, is 1.56 (ug/L)/(mg/m3).
MDG Neutral Fluid
350
)
3
300
250
200
150
100
50
Measured Oil Concentration (mg/m
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Average pDR Reading (mg/m3)
Figure 17. Calibration curve for MDG Neutral Fluid. Calibration factor, based on slope of
curve, is 0.784 (mg/m
3
)/(mg/m3).
-24- E N V I R O N
Page 32
High End F-100 Performance Fog Generator / Atmospheres Cold Flow Formula
(Full Volume)
50
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
g/L)
µ
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 18. Guidelines for use of Atmospheres Cold Flow Formula in High End Systems F-100
smoke machine at a full volume setting.
High End F-100 Performance Fog Generator / Atmospheres Cold Flow Formula
(Medium Volume)
50
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
g/L)
µ
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 19. Guidelines for use of Atmospheres Cold Flow Formula in High End Systems F-100
smoke machine at a medium volume setting.
-25- E N V I R O N
Page 33
High End F100 Performance Fog Generator / Atmospheres HQ Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 20. Guidelines for use of Atmospheres HQ Formula in High End Systems F-100 smoke
machine at a full volume setting.
High End F-100 Performance Fog Generator / Atmospheres HQ Formula
(Medium Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 21. Guidelines for use of Atmospheres HQ Formula in High End Systems F-100 smoke
machine at a medium volume setting.
-26- E N V I R O N
Page 34
High End F100 Performance Fog Generator / Atmospheres Stage Formula
(Medium-High Volume)
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
Distance from Source (ft)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
Figure 22. Guidelines for use of Atmospheres Stage Formula in High End Systems F-100
smoke machine at a medium-to-full volume setting.
Le Maitre G100 / Extra Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 23. Guidelines for use of Extra Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G100 smoke
machine.
-27- E N V I R O N
Page 35
Le Maitre G100 / Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid
50
40
g/L)
µ
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
Total Glycol Concentration (
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 24. Guidelines for use of Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G100 smoke
machine.
Le Maitre G100 / Regular Fog Fluid
50
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 25. Guidelines for use of Regular Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G100 smoke machine.
-28- E N V I R O N
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Page 36
Le Maitre G150 / Extra Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
Figure 26. Guidelines for use of Extra Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke
machine at a full volume setting.
Le Maitre G150 / Extra Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid
(Medium Volume)
50
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
Figure 27. Guidelines for use of Extra Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke
machine at a medium volume setting.
-29- E N V I R O N
Page 37
Le Maitre G150 / Molecular Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
Figure 28. Guidelines for use of Molecular Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke machine at a
full volume setting.
Le Maitre G150 / Molecular Fog Fluid
(Medium Volume)
50
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
Figure 29. Guidelines for use of Molecular Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke machine at a
medium volume setting.
-30- E N V I R O N
Page 38
Le Maitre G150 / Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 30. Guidelines for use of Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke
machine at a full volume setting.
Le Maitre G150 / Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid
(Medium Volume)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
50
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 31. Guidelines for use of Quick Dissipating Fog Fluid in Le Maitre G150 smoke
machine at a medium volume setting.
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
-31- E N V I R O N
Page 39
Optimist Ranger / Minimist Canister
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
Figure 32. Guidelines for use of Minimist Canisters in Le Maitre Opti Mist Ranger smoke
machine at a full volume setting.
Optimist Ranger / Minimist Canister
(Medium Volume)
50
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
Figure 33. Guidelines for use of Minimist Canisters in Le Maitre Opti Mist Ranger smoke
machine at a medium volume setting.
-32- E N V I R O N
Page 40
MDG MiniMax / MDG Dense Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 34. Guidelines for use of Dense Fog Fluid in MDG MiniMax smoke machine at a full
volume setting.
MDG MiniMax / MDG Dense Fog Fluid
50
(Medium Volume)
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 35. Guidelines for use of Dense Fog Fluid in MDG MiniMax smoke machine at a
medium volume setting.
-33- E N V I R O N
Page 41
Rosco Fog Machine 1600 / Rosco Clear Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
180 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 36. Guidelines for use of Clear Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a full volume
setting.
Rosco Fog Machine 1600 / Rosco Clear Fog Fluid
50
(Medium Volume)
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 37. Guidelines for use of Clear Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a medium
volume setting.
-34- E N V I R O N
Page 42
Rosco Fog Machine 1600 / Rosco Light Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 38. Guidelines for use of Light Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a full volume
setting.
Rosco Fog Machine 1600 / Rosco Light Fog Fluid
50
(Medium Volume)
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 39. Guidelines for use of Light Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a medium
volume setting.
-35- E N V I R O N
Page 43
Rosco Fog Machine 1600 / Rosco Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 40. Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a full
volume setting.
Rosco Fog Machine 1600 / Rosco Fog Fluid
50
(Medium Volume)
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 41. Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a medium
volume setting.
-36- E N V I R O N
Page 44
Rosco Fog Machine 1600 / Rosco Stage & Studio Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 42. Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a
full volume setting.
Rosco Fog Machine 1600 / Rosco Stage & Studio Fog Fluid
(Medium Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
3 6 9 12 15 18
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 43. Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco 1600 smoke machine at a
medium volume setting.
-37- E N V I R O N
Page 45
Rosco PF-1000 / Rosco Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 44. Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco PF-1000 smoke machine at a full
volume setting.
Rosco PF-1000 / Rosco Fog Fluid
(Medium Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 45. Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco PF-1000 smoke machine at a
medium volume setting.
-38- E N V I R O N
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Page 46
Rosco PF-1000 / Rosco Stage & Studio Fog Fluid
(Full Volume)
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 46. Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco PF-1000 smoke machine
at a full volume setting.
Rosco PF-1000 / Rosco Stage & Studio Fog Fluid
50
(Medium Volume)
40
30
20
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Figure 47. Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco PF-1000 smoke machine
at a full volume setting.
Distance from Source (ft)
-39- E N V I R O N
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Page 47
Rosco Alpha 900 / Rosco Fog Fluid
50
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 48. Guidelines for use of Rosco Fog Fluid in Rosco Alpha 900 smoke machine.
Rosco Alpha 900 / Rosco Stage & Studio Fog Fluid
50
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
40
30
20
Guidance Level (40 µg/L)
Total Glycol Concentration (µg/L)
10
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 49. Guidelines for use of Stage and Studio Fog Fluid in Rosco Alpha 900 smoke
machine.
-40- E N V I R O N
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
Page 48
MDG Max 3000 / MDG Neutral Fluid
(60 psi)
30
Guidance Level (25 mg/m3)
)
3
20
10
Oil Mist Concentration (mg/m
0
0369121518
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 50. Guidelines for use of Neutral Fluid in MDG MAX 3000 haze machine.
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
MDG Atmosphere / MDG Neutral Fluid
(40 psi)
30
Guidance Level (25 mg/m3)
)
3
20
10
Oil Mist Concentration (mg/m
0
2345678
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 51. Guidelines for use of Neutral Fluid in MDG Atmosphere haze machine.
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
-41- E N V I R O N
Page 49
Reel EFX DF-50 / Diffusion Fluid
30
Guidance Level (25 mg/m3)
)
3
20
10
Oil Mist Concentration (mg/m
0
2345678
Distance from Source (ft)
Figure 52. Guidelines for use of Diffusion Fluid in Reel EFX DF-50 haze machine.
10 sec
20 sec
30 sec
60 sec
120 sec
300 sec
-42- E N V I R O N
Page 50
IV. REFERENCES
ENVIRON International Corporation (ENVIRON). 2001. Evaluation of short-term exposures to
theatrical smoke and haze: Air sampling protocol. Prepared for Equity-League Pension
and Health Trust Funds. May 14.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine and ENVIRON International Corporation (Mt. Sinai and
ENVIRON). 2000. Health effects evaluation of theatrical smoke, haze, and
pyrotechnics. Prepared for Equity-League Pension and Health Trust Funds. June 6.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1994. Method 5026: Oil mist,
mineral, Issue 2. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM). Fourth Edition.
August 15.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1996. Method 5523: Glycols,
Issue 1. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM). Fourth Edition. May 15.
Pendergrass, S.M. 1999. Determination of glycols in air: Development of sampling and
analytical methodology and application to theatrical smokes. AIHA Journal, 60:452-457.
-43- E N V I R O N
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