Rohde&Schwarz ZVT, ZVT8 Getting started

R&S® ZVT
Vector Network Analyzers

Getting Started

(=00]Ì)

1300004562

Version 11

Getting Started

This Getting Started guide describes the following vector network analyzer types:

●

R&S® ZVT8, order no. 1300.0000.08 (8 GHz)

●

R&S® ZVT20, order no. 1300.0000.20 (20 GHz)

The software contained in this product uses several valuable open source software packages. For information, see the "Open

Source Acknowledgment" on the user documentation CD-ROM (included in delivery).

Rohde & Schwarz would like to thank the open source community for their valuable contribution to embedded computing.

© 2020 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG

Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany

Phone: [phone] - 0

Email: [e-mail]

Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com

Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.

R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.

Trade names are trademarks of the owners.

1300.0045.62 | Version 11 | R&S® ZVT

The following abbreviations are used throughout this guide: R&S® ZVTxx is abbreviated as R&S ZVTxx, R&S® ZVT-xxx as R&S ZVT-

xxx

Basic Safety Instructions

Symbol

Meaning

Symbol

Meaning

Notice, general danger location
Observe product documentation

ON/OFF Power

Caution when handling heavy equipment

Standby indication

Danger of electric shock

Direct current (DC)

Always read through and comply with the following safety instructions!

All plants and locations of the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies make every effort to keep the safety
standards of our products up to date and to offer our customers the highest possible degree of safety. Our
products and the auxiliary equipment they require are designed, built and tested in accordance with the
safety standards that apply in each case. Compliance with these standards is continuously monitored by
our quality assurance system. The product described here has been designed, built and tested in

accordance with the EC Certificate of Conformity and has left the manufacturer’s plant in a condition fully

complying with safety standards. To maintain this condition and to ensure safe operation, you must
observe all instructions and warnings provided in this manual. If you have any questions regarding these
safety instructions, the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies will be happy to answer them.

Furthermore, it is your responsibility to use the product in an appropriate manner. This product is designed
for use solely in industrial and laboratory environments or, if expressly permitted, also in the field and must
not be used in any way that may cause personal injury or property damage. You are responsible if the
product is used for any purpose other than its designated purpose or in disregard of the manufacturer's
instructions. The manufacturer shall assume no responsibility for such use of the product.

The product is used for its designated purpose if it is used in accordance with its product documentation
and within its performance limits (see data sheet, documentation, the following safety instructions). Using
the product requires technical skills and, in some cases, a basic knowledge of English. It is therefore
essential that only skilled and specialized staff or thoroughly trained personnel with the required skills be
allowed to use the product. If personal safety gear is required for using Rohde & Schwarz products, this
will be indicated at the appropriate place in the product documentation. Keep the basic safety instructions
and the product documentation in a safe place and pass them on to the subsequent users.

Observing the safety instructions will help prevent personal injury or damage of any kind caused by
dangerous situations. Therefore, carefully read through and adhere to the following safety instructions
before and when using the product. It is also absolutely essential to observe the additional safety
instructions on personal safety, for example, that appear in relevant parts of the product documentation. In
these safety instructions, the word "product" refers to all merchandise sold and distributed by the Rohde &
Schwarz group of companies, including instruments, systems and all accessories. For product-specific
information, see the data sheet and the product documentation.

Safety labels on products

The following safety labels are used on products to warn against risks and dangers.

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Basic Safety Instructions

Symbol

Meaning

Symbol

Meaning

Caution ! Hot surface

Alternating current (AC)

Protective conductor terminal
To identify any terminal which is intended for
connection to an external conductor for
protection against electric shock in case of a
fault, or the terminal of a protective earth

Direct/alternating current (DC/AC)

Earth (Ground)

Class II Equipment
to identify equipment meeting the safety
requirements specified for Class II equipment
(device protected by double or reinforced
insulation)

Frame or chassis Ground terminal

EU labeling for batteries and accumulators
For additional information, see section "Waste

disposal/Environmental protection", item 1.

Be careful when handling electrostatic sensitive
devices

EU labeling for separate collection of electrical
and electronic devices

For additional information, see section "Waste
disposal/Environmental protection", item 2.

Warning! Laser radiation
For additional information, see section

"Operation", item 7.

Indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or
serious injury.

Indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious injury.

Indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in minor or
moderate injury.

Indicates information considered important, but not hazard-related, e.g.
messages relating to property damage.
In the product documentation, the word ATTENTION is used synonymously.

Signal words and their meaning

The following signal words are used in the product documentation in order to warn the reader about risks
and dangers.

These signal words are in accordance with the standard definition for civil applications in the European
Economic Area. Definitions that deviate from the standard definition may also exist in other economic
areas or military applications. It is therefore essential to make sure that the signal words described here
are always used only in connection with the related product documentation and the related product. The
use of signal words in connection with unrelated products or documentation can result in misinterpretation
and in personal injury or material damage.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 2

Basic Safety Instructions

Operating states and operating positions

The product may be operated only under the operating conditions and in the positions specified by the
manufacturer, without the product's ventilation being obstructed. If the manufacturer's specifications are
not observed, this can result in electric shock, fire and/or serious personal injury or death. Applicable local
or national safety regulations and rules for the prevention of accidents must be observed in all work
performed.

1. Unless otherwise specified, the following requirements apply to Rohde & Schwarz products:
predefined operating position is always with the housing floor facing down, IP protection 2X, use only
indoors, max. operating altitude 2000 m above sea level, max. transport altitude 4500 m above sea
level. A tolerance of ±10 % shall apply to the nominal voltage and ±5 % to the nominal frequency,
overvoltage category 2, pollution degree 2.

2. Do not place the product on surfaces, vehicles, cabinets or tables that for reasons of weight or stability
are unsuitable for this purpose. Always follow the manufacturer's installation instructions when
installing the product and fastening it to objects or structures (e.g. walls and shelves). An installation
that is not carried out as described in the product documentation could result in personal injury or
even death.

3. Do not place the product on heat-generating devices such as radiators or fan heaters. The ambient
temperature must not exceed the maximum temperature specified in the product documentation or in
the data sheet. Product overheating can cause electric shock, fire and/or serious personal injury or
even death.

Electrical safety

If the information on electrical safety is not observed either at all or to the extent necessary, electric shock,
fire and/or serious personal injury or death may occur.

1. Prior to switching on the product, always ensure that the nominal voltage setting on the product
matches the nominal voltage of the mains-supply network. If a different voltage is to be set, the power
fuse of the product may have to be changed accordingly.

2. In the case of products of safety class I with movable power cord and connector, operation is
permitted only on sockets with a protective conductor contact and protective conductor.

3. Intentionally breaking the protective conductor either in the feed line or in the product itself is not
permitted. Doing so can result in the danger of an electric shock from the product. If extension cords
or connector strips are implemented, they must be checked on a regular basis to ensure that they are
safe to use.

4. If there is no power switch for disconnecting the product from the mains, or if the power switch is not
suitable for this purpose, use the plug of the connecting cable to disconnect the product from the
mains. In such cases, always ensure that the power plug is easily reachable and accessible at all
times. For example, if the power plug is the disconnecting device, the length of the connecting cable
must not exceed 3 m. Functional or electronic switches are not suitable for providing disconnection
from the AC supply network. If products without power switches are integrated into racks or systems,
the disconnecting device must be provided at the system level.

5. Never use the product if the power cable is damaged. Check the power cables on a regular basis to
ensure that they are in proper operating condition. By taking appropriate safety measures and
carefully laying the power cable, ensure that the cable cannot be damaged and that no one can be
hurt by, for example, tripping over the cable or suffering an electric shock.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 3

Basic Safety Instructions

6. The product may be operated only from TN/TT supply networks fuse-protected with max. 16 A (higher
fuse only after consulting with the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies).

7. Do not insert the plug into sockets that are dusty or dirty. Insert the plug firmly and all the way into the
socket provided for this purpose. Otherwise, sparks that result in fire and/or injuries may occur.

8. Do not overload any sockets, extension cords or connector strips; doing so can cause fire or electric
shocks.

9. For measurements in circuits with voltages V

> 30 V, suitable measures (e.g. appropriate

rms

measuring equipment, fuse protection, current limiting, electrical separation, insulation) should be
taken to avoid any hazards.

10. Ensure that the connections with information technology equipment, e.g. PCs or other industrial
computers, comply with the IEC 60950-1 / EN 60950-1 or IEC 61010-1 / EN 61010-1 standards that
apply in each case.

11. Unless expressly permitted, never remove the cover or any part of the housing while the product is in
operation. Doing so will expose circuits and components and can lead to injuries, fire or damage to the
product.

12. If a product is to be permanently installed, the connection between the protective conductor terminal
on site and the product's protective conductor must be made first before any other connection is
made. The product may be installed and connected only by a licensed electrician.

13. For permanently installed equipment without built-in fuses, circuit breakers or similar protective
devices, the supply circuit must be fuse-protected in such a way that anyone who has access to the
product, as well as the product itself, is adequately protected from injury or damage.

14. Use suitable overvoltage protection to ensure that no overvoltage (such as that caused by a bolt of
lightning) can reach the product. Otherwise, the person operating the product will be exposed to the
danger of an electric shock.

15. Any object that is not designed to be placed in the openings of the housing must not be used for this
purpose. Doing so can cause short circuits inside the product and/or electric shocks, fire or injuries.

16. Unless specified otherwise, products are not liquid-proof (see also section "Operating states and
operating positions", item 1). Therefore, the equipment must be protected against penetration by
liquids. If the necessary precautions are not taken, the user may suffer electric shock or the product
itself may be damaged, which can also lead to personal injury.

17. Never use the product under conditions in which condensation has formed or can form in or on the
product, e.g. if the product has been moved from a cold to a warm environment. Penetration by water
increases the risk of electric shock.

18. Prior to cleaning the product, disconnect it completely from the power supply (e.g. AC supply network
or battery). Use a soft, non-linting cloth to clean the product. Never use chemical cleaning agents such
as alcohol, acetone or diluents for cellulose lacquers.

Operation

1. Operating the products requires special training and intense concentration. Make sure that persons
who use the products are physically, mentally and emotionally fit enough to do so; otherwise, injuries
or material damage may occur. It is the responsibility of the employer/operator to select suitable
personnel for operating the products.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 4

Basic Safety Instructions

2. Before you move or transport the product, read and observe the section titled "Transport".

3. As with all industrially manufactured goods, the use of substances that induce an allergic reaction
(allergens) such as nickel cannot be generally excluded. If you develop an allergic reaction (such as a
skin rash, frequent sneezing, red eyes or respiratory difficulties) when using a Rohde & Schwarz
product, consult a physician immediately to determine the cause and to prevent health problems or
stress.

4. Before you start processing the product mechanically and/or thermally, or before you take it apart, be
sure to read and pay special attention to the section titled "Waste disposal/Environmental protection",
item 1.

5. Depending on the function, certain products such as RF radio equipment can produce an elevated
level of electromagnetic radiation. Considering that unborn babies require increased protection,
pregnant women must be protected by appropriate measures. Persons with pacemakers may also be
exposed to risks from electromagnetic radiation. The employer/operator must evaluate workplaces
where there is a special risk of exposure to radiation and, if necessary, take measures to avert the
potential danger.

6. Should a fire occur, the product may release hazardous substances (gases, fluids, etc.) that can
cause health problems. Therefore, suitable measures must be taken, e.g. protective masks and
protective clothing must be worn.

7. Laser products are given warning labels that are standardized according to their laser class. Lasers
can cause biological harm due to the properties of their radiation and due to their extremely
concentrated electromagnetic power. If a laser product (e.g. a CD/DVD drive) is integrated into a
Rohde & Schwarz product, absolutely no other settings or functions may be used as described in the
product documentation. The objective is to prevent personal injury (e.g. due to laser beams).

8. EMC classes (in line with EN 55011/CISPR 11, and analogously with EN 55022/CISPR 22,
EN 55032/CISPR 32)
 Class A equipment:

Equipment suitable for use in all environments except residential environments and environments
that are directly connected to a low-voltage supply network that supplies residential buildings
Note: Class A equipment is intended for use in an industrial environment. This equipment may
cause radio disturbances in residential environments, due to possible conducted as well as
radiated disturbances. In this case, the operator may be required to take appropriate measures to
eliminate these disturbances.

 Class B equipment:

Equipment suitable for use in residential environments and environments that are directly
connected to a low-voltage supply network that supplies residential buildings

Repair and service

1. The product may be opened only by authorized, specially trained personnel. Before any work is
performed on the product or before the product is opened, it must be disconnected from the AC supply
network. Otherwise, personnel will be exposed to the risk of an electric shock.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 5

Basic Safety Instructions

2. Adjustments, replacement of parts, maintenance and repair may be performed only by electrical
experts authorized by Rohde & Schwarz. Only original parts may be used for replacing parts relevant
to safety (e.g. power switches, power transformers, fuses). A safety test must always be performed
after parts relevant to safety have been replaced (visual inspection, protective conductor test,
insulation resistance measurement, leakage current measurement, functional test). This helps ensure
the continued safety of the product.

Batteries and rechargeable batteries/cells

If the information regarding batteries and rechargeable batteries/cells is not observed either at all or to the
extent necessary, product users may be exposed to the risk of explosions, fire and/or serious personal
injury, and, in some cases, death. Batteries and rechargeable batteries with alkaline electrolytes (e.g.
lithium cells) must be handled in accordance with the EN 62133 standard.

1. Cells must not be taken apart or crushed.

2. Cells or batteries must not be exposed to heat or fire. Storage in direct sunlight must be avoided.
Keep cells and batteries clean and dry. Clean soiled connectors using a dry, clean cloth.

3. Cells or batteries must not be short-circuited. Cells or batteries must not be stored in a box or in a
drawer where they can short-circuit each other, or where they can be short-circuited by other
conductive materials. Cells and batteries must not be removed from their original packaging until they
are ready to be used.

4. Cells and batteries must not be exposed to any mechanical shocks that are stronger than permitted.

5. If a cell develops a leak, the fluid must not be allowed to come into contact with the skin or eyes. If
contact occurs, wash the affected area with plenty of water and seek medical aid.

6. Improperly replacing or charging cells or batteries that contain alkaline electrolytes (e.g. lithium cells)
can cause explosions. Replace cells or batteries only with the matching Rohde & Schwarz type (see
parts list) in order to ensure the safety of the product.

7. Cells and batteries must be recycled and kept separate from residual waste. Rechargeable batteries
and normal batteries that contain lead, mercury or cadmium are hazardous waste. Observe the
national regulations regarding waste disposal and recycling.

8. Follow the transport stipulations of the carrier (IATA-DGR, IMDG-Code, ADR, RID) when returning
lithium batteries to Rohde & Schwarz subsidiaries.

Transport

1. The product may be very heavy. Therefore, the product must be handled with care. In some cases,
the user may require a suitable means of lifting or moving the product (e.g. with a lift-truck) to avoid
back or other physical injuries.

2. Handles on the products are designed exclusively to enable personnel to transport the product. It is
therefore not permissible to use handles to fasten the product to or on transport equipment such as
cranes, fork lifts, wagons, etc. The user is responsible for securely fastening the products to or on the
means of transport or lifting. Observe the safety regulations of the manufacturer of the means of
transport or lifting. Noncompliance can result in personal injury or material damage.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 6

Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

3. If you use the product in a vehicle, it is the sole responsibility of the driver to drive the vehicle safely
and properly. The manufacturer assumes no responsibility for accidents or collisions. Never use the
product in a moving vehicle if doing so could distract the driver of the vehicle. Adequately secure the
product in the vehicle to prevent injuries or other damage in the event of an accident.

Waste disposal/Environmental protection

1. Specially marked equipment has a battery or accumulator that must not be disposed of with unsorted
municipal waste, but must be collected separately. It may only be disposed of at a suitable collection
point or via a Rohde & Schwarz customer service center.

2. Waste electrical and electronic equipment must not be disposed of with unsorted municipal waste, but
must be collected separately.
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG has developed a disposal concept and takes full responsibility for
take-back obligations and disposal obligations for manufacturers within the EU. Contact your
Rohde & Schwarz customer service center for environmentally responsible disposal of the product.

3. If products or their components are mechanically and/or thermally processed in a manner that goes
beyond their intended use, hazardous substances (heavy-metal dust such as lead, beryllium, nickel)
may be released. For this reason, the product may only be disassembled by specially trained
personnel. Improper disassembly may be hazardous to your health. National waste disposal
regulations must be observed.

4. If handling the product releases hazardous substances or fuels that must be disposed of in a special
way, e.g. coolants or engine oils that must be replenished regularly, the safety instructions of the
manufacturer of the hazardous substances or fuels and the applicable regional waste disposal
regulations must be observed. Also observe the relevant safety instructions in the product
documentation. The improper disposal of hazardous substances or fuels can cause health problems
and lead to environmental damage.

For additional information about environmental protection, visit the Rohde & Schwarz website.

Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

¡Es imprescindible leer y cumplir las siguientes instrucciones e informaciones de seguridad!

El principio del grupo de empresas Rohde & Schwarz consiste en tener nuestros productos siempre al día
con los estándares de seguridad y de ofrecer a nuestros clientes el máximo grado de seguridad. Nuestros
productos y todos los equipos adicionales son siempre fabricados y examinados según las normas de
seguridad vigentes. Nuestro sistema de garantía de calidad controla constantemente que sean cumplidas
estas normas. El presente producto ha sido fabricado y examinado según el certificado de conformidad
de la UE y ha salido de nuestra planta en estado impecable según los estándares técnicos de seguridad.
Para poder preservar este estado y garantizar un funcionamiento libre de peligros, el usuario deberá
atenerse a todas las indicaciones, informaciones de seguridad y notas de alerta. El grupo de empresas
Rohde & Schwarz está siempre a su disposición en caso de que tengan preguntas referentes a estas
informaciones de seguridad.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 7

Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

Símbolo

Significado

Símbolo

Significado

Aviso: punto de peligro general
Observar la documentación del producto

Tensión de alimentación de PUESTA EN
MARCHA / PARADA

Atención en el manejo de dispositivos de peso
elevado

Indicación de estado de espera (standby)

Peligro de choque eléctrico

Corriente continua (DC)

Advertencia: superficie caliente

Corriente alterna (AC)

Conexión a conductor de protección

Corriente continua / Corriente alterna (DC/AC)

Además queda en la responsabilidad del usuario utilizar el producto en la forma debida. Este producto
está destinado exclusivamente al uso en la industria y el laboratorio o, si ha sido expresamente
autorizado, para aplicaciones de campo y de ninguna manera deberá ser utilizado de modo que alguna
persona/cosa pueda sufrir daño. El uso del producto fuera de sus fines definidos o sin tener en cuenta las
instrucciones del fabricante queda en la responsabilidad del usuario. El fabricante no se hace en ninguna
forma responsable de consecuencias a causa del mal uso del producto.

Se parte del uso correcto del producto para los fines definidos si el producto es utilizado conforme a las
indicaciones de la correspondiente documentación del producto y dentro del margen de rendimiento
definido (ver hoja de datos, documentación, informaciones de seguridad que siguen). El uso del producto
hace necesarios conocimientos técnicos y ciertos conocimientos del idioma inglés. Por eso se debe tener
en cuenta que el producto solo pueda ser operado por personal especializado o personas instruidas en
profundidad con las capacidades correspondientes. Si fuera necesaria indumentaria de seguridad para el
uso de productos de Rohde & Schwarz, encontraría la información debida en la documentación del
producto en el capítulo correspondiente. Guarde bien las informaciones de seguridad elementales, así
como la documentación del producto, y entréguelas a usuarios posteriores.

Tener en cuenta las informaciones de seguridad sirve para evitar en lo posible lesiones o daños por
peligros de toda clase. Por eso es imprescindible leer detalladamente y comprender por completo las
siguientes informaciones de seguridad antes de usar el producto, y respetarlas durante el uso del
producto. Deberán tenerse en cuenta todas las demás informaciones de seguridad, como p. ej. las
referentes a la protección de personas, que encontrarán en el capítulo correspondiente de la
documentación del producto y que también son de obligado cumplimiento. En las presentes
informaciones de seguridad se recogen todos los objetos que distribuye el grupo de empresas
Rohde & Schwarz bajo la denominación de "producto", entre ellos también aparatos, instalaciones así
como toda clase de accesorios. Los datos específicos del producto figuran en la hoja de datos y en la
documentación del producto.

Señalización de seguridad de los productos

Las siguientes señales de seguridad se utilizan en los productos para advertir sobre riesgos y peligros.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 8

Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

Símbolo

Significado

Símbolo

Significado

Conexión a tierra

El aparato está protegido en su totalidad por un
aislamiento doble (reforzado)

Conexión a masa

Distintivo de la UE para baterías y
acumuladores

Más información en la sección
"Eliminación/protección del medio ambiente",
punto 1.

Aviso: Cuidado en el manejo de dispositivos
sensibles a la electrostática (ESD)

Distintivo de la UE para la eliminación por
separado de dispositivos eléctricos y
electrónicos

Más información en la sección
"Eliminación/protección del medio ambiente",
punto 2.

Advertencia: rayo láser
Más información en la sección

"Funcionamiento", punto 7.

Indica una situación de peligro que, si no se evita, causa lesiones
graves o incluso la muerte.

Indica una situación de peligro que, si no se evita, puede causar
lesiones graves o incluso la muerte.

Indica una situación de peligro que, si no se evita, puede causar
lesiones leves o moderadas.

Indica información que se considera importante, pero no en relación
con situaciones de peligro; p. ej., avisos sobre posibles daños
materiales.
En la documentación del producto se emplea de forma sinónima el
término CUIDADO.

Palabras de señal y su significado

En la documentación del producto se utilizan las siguientes palabras de señal con el fin de advertir contra
riesgos y peligros.

Las palabras de señal corresponden a la definición habitual para aplicaciones civiles en el área
económica europea. Pueden existir definiciones diferentes a esta definición en otras áreas económicas o
en aplicaciones militares. Por eso se deberá tener en cuenta que las palabras de señal aquí descritas
sean utilizadas siempre solamente en combinación con la correspondiente documentación del producto y
solamente en combinación con el producto correspondiente. La utilización de las palabras de señal en
combinación con productos o documentaciones que no les correspondan puede llevar a interpretaciones
equivocadas y tener por consecuencia daños en personas u objetos.

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Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

Estados operativos y posiciones de funcionamiento

El producto solamente debe ser utilizado según lo indicado por el fabricante respecto a los estados
operativos y posiciones de funcionamiento sin que se obstruya la ventilación. Si no se siguen las
indicaciones del fabricante, pueden producirse choques eléctricos, incendios y/o lesiones graves con
posible consecuencia de muerte. En todos los trabajos deberán ser tenidas en cuenta las normas
nacionales y locales de seguridad del trabajo y de prevención de accidentes.

1. Si no se convino de otra manera, es para los productos Rohde & Schwarz válido lo que sigue:
como posición de funcionamiento se define por principio la posición con el suelo de la caja para
abajo, modo de protección IP 2X, uso solamente en estancias interiores, utilización hasta 2000 m
sobre el nivel del mar, transporte hasta 4500 m sobre el nivel del mar. Se aplicará una tolerancia de
±10 % sobre el voltaje nominal y de ±5 % sobre la frecuencia nominal. Categoría de sobrecarga
eléctrica 2, índice de suciedad 2.

2. No sitúe el producto encima de superficies, vehículos, estantes o mesas, que por sus características
de peso o de estabilidad no sean aptos para él. Siga siempre las instrucciones de instalación del
fabricante cuando instale y asegure el producto en objetos o estructuras (p. ej. paredes y estantes). Si
se realiza la instalación de modo distinto al indicado en la documentación del producto, se pueden
causar lesiones o, en determinadas circunstancias, incluso la muerte.

3. No ponga el producto sobre aparatos que generen calor (p. ej. radiadores o calefactores). La
temperatura ambiente no debe superar la temperatura máxima especificada en la documentación del
producto o en la hoja de datos. En caso de sobrecalentamiento del producto, pueden producirse
choques eléctricos, incendios y/o lesiones graves con posible consecuencia de muerte.

Seguridad eléctrica

Si no se siguen (o se siguen de modo insuficiente) las indicaciones del fabricante en cuanto a seguridad
eléctrica, pueden producirse choques eléctricos, incendios y/o lesiones graves con posible consecuencia
de muerte.

1. Antes de la puesta en marcha del producto se deberá comprobar siempre que la tensión
preseleccionada en el producto coincida con la de la red de alimentación eléctrica. Si es necesario
modificar el ajuste de tensión, también se deberán cambiar en caso dado los fusibles
correspondientes del producto.

2. Los productos de la clase de protección I con alimentación móvil y enchufe individual solamente
podrán enchufarse a tomas de corriente con contacto de seguridad y con conductor de protección
conectado.

3. Queda prohibida la interrupción intencionada del conductor de protección, tanto en la toma de
corriente como en el mismo producto. La interrupción puede tener como consecuencia el riesgo de
que el producto sea fuente de choques eléctricos. Si se utilizan cables alargadores o regletas de
enchufe, deberá garantizarse la realización de un examen regular de los mismos en cuanto a su
estado técnico de seguridad.

4. Si el producto no está equipado con un interruptor para desconectarlo de la red, o bien si el
interruptor existente no resulta apropiado para la desconexión de la red, el enchufe del cable de
conexión se deberá considerar como un dispositivo de desconexión.
El dispositivo de desconexión se debe poder alcanzar fácilmente y debe estar siempre bien accesible.
Si, p. ej., el enchufe de conexión a la red es el dispositivo de desconexión, la longitud del cable de
conexión no debe superar 3 m).
Los interruptores selectores o electrónicos no son aptos para el corte de la red eléctrica. Si se

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 10

Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

integran productos sin interruptor en bastidores o instalaciones, se deberá colocar el interruptor en el
nivel de la instalación.

5. No utilice nunca el producto si está dañado el cable de conexión a red. Compruebe regularmente el
correcto estado de los cables de conexión a red. Asegúrese, mediante las medidas de protección y
de instalación adecuadas, de que el cable de conexión a red no pueda ser dañado o de que nadie
pueda ser dañado por él, p. ej. al tropezar o por un choque eléctrico.

6. Solamente está permitido el funcionamiento en redes de alimentación TN/TT aseguradas con fusibles
de 16 A como máximo (utilización de fusibles de mayor amperaje solo previa consulta con el grupo de
empresas Rohde & Schwarz).

7. Nunca conecte el enchufe en tomas de corriente sucias o llenas de polvo. Introduzca el enchufe por
completo y fuertemente en la toma de corriente. La no observación de estas medidas puede provocar
chispas, fuego y/o lesiones.

8. No sobrecargue las tomas de corriente, los cables alargadores o las regletas de enchufe ya que esto
podría causar fuego o choques eléctricos.

9. En las mediciones en circuitos de corriente con una tensión U

> 30 V se deberán tomar las medidas

eff

apropiadas para impedir cualquier peligro (p. ej. medios de medición adecuados, seguros, limitación
de tensión, corte protector, aislamiento etc.).

10. Para la conexión con dispositivos informáticos como un PC o un ordenador industrial, debe
comprobarse que éstos cumplan los estándares IEC60950-1/EN60950-1 o IEC61010-1/EN 61010-1
válidos en cada caso.

11. A menos que esté permitido expresamente, no retire nunca la tapa ni componentes de la carcasa
mientras el producto esté en servicio. Esto pone a descubierto los cables y componentes eléctricos y
puede causar lesiones, fuego o daños en el producto.

12. Si un producto se instala en un lugar fijo, se deberá primero conectar el conductor de protección fijo
con el conductor de protección del producto antes de hacer cualquier otra conexión. La instalación y
la conexión deberán ser efectuadas por un electricista especializado.

13. En el caso de dispositivos fijos que no estén provistos de fusibles, interruptor automático ni otros
mecanismos de seguridad similares, el circuito de alimentación debe estar protegido de modo que
todas las personas que puedan acceder al producto, así como el producto mismo, estén a salvo de
posibles daños.

14. Todo producto debe estar protegido contra sobretensión (debida p. ej. a una caída del rayo) mediante
los correspondientes sistemas de protección. Si no, el personal que lo utilice quedará expuesto al
peligro de choque eléctrico.

15. No debe introducirse en los orificios de la caja del aparato ningún objeto que no esté destinado a ello.
Esto puede producir cortocircuitos en el producto y/o puede causar choques eléctricos, fuego o
lesiones.

16. Salvo indicación contraria, los productos no están impermeabilizados (ver también el capítulo
"Estados operativos y posiciones de funcionamiento", punto 1). Por eso es necesario tomar las
medidas necesarias para evitar la entrada de líquidos. En caso contrario, existe peligro de choque
eléctrico para el usuario o de daños en el producto, que también pueden redundar en peligro para las
personas.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 11

Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

17. No utilice el producto en condiciones en las que pueda producirse o ya se hayan producido
condensaciones sobre el producto o en el interior de éste, como p. ej. al desplazarlo de un lugar frío a
otro caliente. La entrada de agua aumenta el riesgo de choque eléctrico.

18. Antes de la limpieza, desconecte por completo el producto de la alimentación de tensión (p. ej. red de
alimentación o batería). Realice la limpieza de los aparatos con un paño suave, que no se deshilache.
No utilice bajo ningún concepto productos de limpieza químicos como alcohol, acetona o diluyentes
para lacas nitrocelulósicas.

Funcionamiento

1. El uso del producto requiere instrucciones especiales y una alta concentración durante el manejo.
Debe asegurarse que las personas que manejen el producto estén a la altura de los requerimientos
necesarios en cuanto a aptitudes físicas, psíquicas y emocionales, ya que de otra manera no se
pueden excluir lesiones o daños de objetos. El empresario u operador es responsable de seleccionar
el personal usuario apto para el manejo del producto.

2. Antes de desplazar o transportar el producto, lea y tenga en cuenta el capítulo "Transporte".

3. Como con todo producto de fabricación industrial no puede quedar excluida en general la posibilidad
de que se produzcan alergias provocadas por algunos materiales empleados ―los llamados
alérgenos (p. ej. el níquel)―. Si durante el manejo de productos Rohde & Schwarz se producen
reacciones alérgicas, como p. ej. irritaciones cutáneas, estornudos continuos, enrojecimiento de la
conjuntiva o dificultades respiratorias, debe avisarse inmediatamente a un médico para investigar las
causas y evitar cualquier molestia o daño a la salud.

4. Antes de la manipulación mecánica y/o térmica o el desmontaje del producto, debe tenerse en cuenta
imprescindiblemente el capítulo "Eliminación/protección del medio ambiente", punto 1.

5. Ciertos productos, como p. ej. las instalaciones de radiocomunicación RF, pueden a causa de su
función natural, emitir una radiación electromagnética aumentada. Deben tomarse todas las medidas
necesarias para la protección de las mujeres embarazadas. También las personas con marcapasos
pueden correr peligro a causa de la radiación electromagnética. El empresario/operador tiene la
obligación de evaluar y señalizar las áreas de trabajo en las que exista un riesgo elevado de
exposición a radiaciones.

6. Tenga en cuenta que en caso de incendio pueden desprenderse del producto sustancias tóxicas
(gases, líquidos etc.) que pueden generar daños a la salud. Por eso, en caso de incendio deben
usarse medidas adecuadas, como p. ej. máscaras antigás e indumentaria de protección.

7. Los productos con láser están provistos de indicaciones de advertencia normalizadas en función de la
clase de láser del que se trate. Los rayos láser pueden provocar daños de tipo biológico a causa de
las propiedades de su radiación y debido a su concentración extrema de potencia electromagnética.
En caso de que un producto Rohde & Schwarz contenga un producto láser (p. ej. un lector de
CD/DVD), no debe usarse ninguna otra configuración o función aparte de las descritas en la
documentación del producto, a fin de evitar lesiones (p. ej. debidas a irradiación láser).

8. Clases de compatibilidad electromagnética (conforme a EN 55011 / CISPR 11; y en analogía con EN
55022 / CISPR 22, EN 55032 / CISPR 32)
 Aparato de clase A:

Aparato adecuado para su uso en todos los entornos excepto en los residenciales y en aquellos
conectados directamente a una red de distribución de baja tensión que suministra corriente a
edificios residenciales.
Nota: Los aparatos de clase A están destinados al uso en entornos industriales. Estos aparatos

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 12

Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

pueden causar perturbaciones radioeléctricas en entornos residenciales debido a posibles
perturbaciones guiadas o radiadas. En este caso, se le podrá solicitar al operador que tome las
medidas adecuadas para eliminar estas perturbaciones.

 Aparato de clase B:

Aparato adecuado para su uso en entornos residenciales, así como en aquellos conectados
directamente a una red de distribución de baja tensión que suministra corriente a edificios
residenciales.

Reparación y mantenimiento

1. El producto solamente debe ser abierto por personal especializado con autorización para ello. Antes
de manipular el producto o abrirlo, es obligatorio desconectarlo de la tensión de alimentación, para
evitar toda posibilidad de choque eléctrico.

2. El ajuste, el cambio de partes, el mantenimiento y la reparación deberán ser efectuadas solamente
por electricistas autorizados por Rohde & Schwarz. Si se reponen partes con importancia para los
aspectos de seguridad (p. ej. el enchufe, los transformadores o los fusibles), solamente podrán ser
sustituidos por partes originales. Después de cada cambio de partes relevantes para la seguridad
deberá realizarse un control de seguridad (control a primera vista, control del conductor de
protección, medición de resistencia de aislamiento, medición de la corriente de fuga, control de
funcionamiento). Con esto queda garantizada la seguridad del producto.

Baterías y acumuladores o celdas

Si no se siguen (o se siguen de modo insuficiente) las indicaciones en cuanto a las baterías y
acumuladores o celdas, pueden producirse explosiones, incendios y/o lesiones graves con posible
consecuencia de muerte. El manejo de baterías y acumuladores con electrolitos alcalinos (p. ej. celdas de
litio) debe seguir el estándar EN 62133.

1. No deben desmontarse, abrirse ni triturarse las celdas.

2. Las celdas o baterías no deben someterse a calor ni fuego. Debe evitarse el almacenamiento a la luz
directa del sol. Las celdas y baterías deben mantenerse limpias y secas. Limpiar las conexiones
sucias con un paño seco y limpio.

3. Las celdas o baterías no deben cortocircuitarse. Es peligroso almacenar las celdas o baterías en
estuches o cajones en cuyo interior puedan cortocircuitarse por contacto recíproco o por contacto con
otros materiales conductores. No deben extraerse las celdas o baterías de sus embalajes originales
hasta el momento en que vayan a utilizarse.

4. Las celdas o baterías no deben someterse a impactos mecánicos fuertes indebidos.

5. En caso de falta de estanqueidad de una celda, el líquido vertido no debe entrar en contacto con la
piel ni los ojos. Si se produce contacto, lavar con agua abundante la zona afectada y avisar a un
médico.

6. En caso de cambio o recarga inadecuados, las celdas o baterías que contienen electrolitos alcalinos
(p. ej. las celdas de litio) pueden explotar. Para garantizar la seguridad del producto, las celdas o
baterías solo deben ser sustituidas por el tipo Rohde & Schwarz correspondiente (ver lista de
recambios).

7. Las baterías y celdas deben reciclarse y no deben tirarse a la basura doméstica. Las baterías o
acumuladores que contienen plomo, mercurio o cadmio deben tratarse como residuos especiales.
Respete en esta relación las normas nacionales de eliminación y reciclaje.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 13

Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

8. En caso de devolver baterías de litio a las filiales de Rohde & Schwarz, debe cumplirse las
normativas sobre los modos de transporte (IATA-DGR, código IMDG, ADR, RID).

Transporte

1. El producto puede tener un peso elevado. Por eso es necesario desplazarlo o transportarlo con
precaución y, si es necesario, usando un sistema de elevación adecuado (p. ej. una carretilla
elevadora), a fin de evitar lesiones en la espalda u otros daños personales.

2. Las asas instaladas en los productos sirven solamente de ayuda para el transporte del producto por
personas. Por eso no está permitido utilizar las asas para la sujeción en o sobre medios de transporte
como p. ej. grúas, carretillas elevadoras de horquilla, carros etc. Es responsabilidad suya fijar los
productos de manera segura a los medios de transporte o elevación. Para evitar daños personales o
daños en el producto, siga las instrucciones de seguridad del fabricante del medio de transporte o
elevación utilizado.

3. Si se utiliza el producto dentro de un vehículo, recae de manera exclusiva en el conductor la
responsabilidad de conducir el vehículo de manera segura y adecuada. El fabricante no asumirá
ninguna responsabilidad por accidentes o colisiones. No utilice nunca el producto dentro de un
vehículo en movimiento si esto pudiera distraer al conductor. Asegure el producto dentro del vehículo
debidamente para evitar, en caso de un accidente, lesiones u otra clase de daños.

Eliminación/protección del medio ambiente

1. Los dispositivos marcados contienen una batería o un acumulador que no se debe desechar con los
residuos domésticos sin clasificar, sino que debe ser recogido por separado. La eliminación se debe
efectuar exclusivamente a través de un punto de recogida apropiado o del servicio de atención al
cliente de Rohde & Schwarz.

2. Los dispositivos eléctricos usados no se deben desechar con los residuos domésticos sin clasificar,
sino que deben ser recogidos por separado.
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co.KG ha elaborado un concepto de eliminación de residuos y asume
plenamente los deberes de recogida y eliminación para los fabricantes dentro de la UE. Para
desechar el producto de manera respetuosa con el medio ambiente, diríjase a su servicio de atención
al cliente de Rohde & Schwarz.

3. Si se trabaja de manera mecánica y/o térmica cualquier producto o componente más allá del
funcionamiento previsto, pueden liberarse sustancias peligrosas (polvos con contenido de metales
pesados como p. ej. plomo, berilio o níquel). Por eso el producto solo debe ser desmontado por
personal especializado con formación adecuada. Un desmontaje inadecuado puede ocasionar daños
para la salud. Se deben tener en cuenta las directivas nacionales referentes a la eliminación de
residuos.

4. En caso de que durante el trato del producto se formen sustancias peligrosas o combustibles que
deban tratarse como residuos especiales (p. ej. refrigerantes o aceites de motor con intervalos de
cambio definidos), deben tenerse en cuenta las indicaciones de seguridad del fabricante de dichas
sustancias y las normas regionales de eliminación de residuos. Tenga en cuenta también en caso
necesario las indicaciones de seguridad especiales contenidas en la documentación del producto. La
eliminación incorrecta de sustancias peligrosas o combustibles puede causar daños a la salud o
daños al medio ambiente.

Se puede encontrar más información sobre la protección del medio ambiente en la página web de
Rohde & Schwarz.

1171.0000.42 - 09 Page 14

Grundlegende Sicherheitshinweise

Lesen und beachten Sie unbedingt die nachfolgenden Anweisungen und Sicherheitshinweise!

Alle Werke und Standorte der Rohde & Schwarz Firmengruppe sind ständig bemüht, den
Sicherheitsstandard unserer Produkte auf dem aktuellsten Stand zu halten und unseren Kunden ein
höchstmögliches Maß an Sicherheit zu bieten. Unsere Produkte und die dafür erforderlichen Zusatzgeräte
werden entsprechend der jeweils gültigen Sicherheitsvorschriften gebaut und geprüft. Die Einhaltung
dieser Bestimmungen wird durch unser Qualitätssicherungssystem laufend überwacht. Das vorliegende
Produkt ist gemäß beiliegender EU-Konformitätsbescheinigung gebaut und geprüft und hat das Werk in
sicherheitstechnisch einwandfreiem Zustand verlassen. Um diesen Zustand zu erhalten und einen
gefahrlosen Betrieb sicherzustellen, muss der Benutzer alle Hinweise, Warnhinweise und Warnvermerke
beachten. Bei allen Fragen bezüglich vorliegender Sicherheitshinweise steht Ihnen die Rohde & Schwarz
Firmengruppe jederzeit gerne zur Verfügung.

Darüber hinaus liegt es in der Verantwortung des Benutzers, das Produkt in geeigneter Weise zu
verwenden. Das Produkt ist ausschließlich für den Betrieb in Industrie und Labor bzw., wenn ausdrücklich
zugelassen, auch für den Feldeinsatz bestimmt und darf in keiner Weise so verwendet werden, dass einer
Person/Sache Schaden zugefügt werden kann. Die Benutzung des Produkts außerhalb des
bestimmungsgemäßen Gebrauchs oder unter Missachtung der Anweisungen des Herstellers liegt in der
Verantwortung des Benutzers. Der Hersteller übernimmt keine Verantwortung für die Zweckentfremdung
des Produkts.

Die bestimmungsgemäße Verwendung des Produkts wird angenommen, wenn das Produkt nach den
Vorgaben der zugehörigen Produktdokumentation innerhalb seiner Leistungsgrenzen verwendet wird
(siehe Datenblatt, Dokumentation, nachfolgende Sicherheitshinweise). Die Benutzung des Produkts
erfordert Fachkenntnisse und zum Teil englische Sprachkenntnisse. Es ist daher zu beachten, dass das
Produkt ausschließlich von Fachkräften oder sorgfältig eingewiesenen Personen mit entsprechenden
Fähigkeiten bedient werden darf. Sollte für die Verwendung von Rohde & Schwarz-Produkten persönliche
Schutzausrüstung erforderlich sein, wird in der Produktdokumentation an entsprechender Stelle darauf
hingewiesen. Bewahren Sie die grundlegenden Sicherheitshinweise und die Produktdokumentation gut
auf und geben Sie diese an weitere Benutzer des Produkts weiter.

Die Einhaltung der Sicherheitshinweise dient dazu, Verletzungen oder Schäden durch Gefahren aller Art
auszuschließen. Hierzu ist es erforderlich, dass die nachstehenden Sicherheitshinweise vor der
Benutzung des Produkts sorgfältig gelesen und verstanden sowie bei der Benutzung des Produkts
beachtet werden. Sämtliche weitere Sicherheitshinweise wie z.B. zum Personenschutz, die an
entsprechender Stelle der Produktdokumentation stehen, sind ebenfalls unbedingt zu beachten. In den
vorliegenden Sicherheitshinweisen sind sämtliche von der Rohde & Schwarz Firmengruppe vertriebenen
Waren unter dem Begriff „Produkt“ zusammengefasst, hierzu zählen u. a. Geräte, Anlagen sowie
sämtliches Zubehör.

1171.0000.41 – 09 Seite 1

Grundlegende Sicherheitshinweise

Symbol

Bedeutung

Symbol

Bedeutung

Achtung, allgemeine Gefahrenstelle
Produktdokumentation beachten

EIN-/AUS (Versorgung)

Vorsicht beim Umgang mit Geräten mit hohem
Gewicht

Stand-by-Anzeige

Gefahr vor elektrischem Schlag

Gleichstrom (DC)

Warnung vor heißer Oberfläche

Wechselstrom (AC)

Schutzleiteranschluss

Gleichstrom/Wechselstrom (DC/AC)

Erdungsanschluss

Gerät entspricht den Sicherheits­anforderungen an die Schutzklasse II
(Gerät durchgehend durch doppelte /
verstärkte Isolierung geschützt.

Masseanschluss des Gestells oder Gehäuses

EU - Kennzeichnung für Batterien und
Akkumulatoren.

Das Gerät enthält eine Batterie bzw. einen
Akkumulator. Diese dürfen nicht über
unsortierten Siedlungsabfall entsorgt werden,
sondern sollten getrennt gesammelt werden.

Weitere Informationen siehe Seite 7.

Achtung beim Umgang mit elektrostatisch
gefährdeten Bauelementen

EU - Kennzeichnung für die getrennte
Sammlung von Elektro- und
Elektronikgeräten.

Elektroaltgeräte dürfen nicht über unsortierten
Siedlungsabfall entsorgt werden, sondern
müssen getrennt gesammelt werden.

Weitere Informationen siehe Seite 7.

Warnung vor Laserstrahl
Produkte mit Laser sind je nach ihrer Laser-

Klasse mit genormten Warnhinweisen

versehen.
Laser können aufgrund der Eigenschaften
ihrer Strahlung und aufgrund ihrer extrem
konzentrierten elektromagnetischen Leistung
biologische Schäden verursachen.

Für zusätzliche Informationen siehe Kapitel
„Betrieb“ Punkt 7.

Symbole und Sicherheitskennzeichnungen

1171.0000.41 – 09 Seite 2

Grundlegende Sicherheitshinweise

kennzeichnet eine unmittelbare Gefährdung mit hohem Risiko, die Tod oder
schwere Körperverletzung zur Folge haben wird, wenn sie nicht vermieden
wird.

kennzeichnet eine mögliche Gefährdung mit mittlerem Risiko, die Tod oder
(schwere) Körperverletzung zur Folge haben kann, wenn sie nicht vermieden
wird.

kennzeichnet eine Gefährdung mit geringem Risiko, die leichte oder mittlere
Körperverletzungen zur Folge haben könnte, wenn sie nicht vermieden wird.

weist auf die Möglichkeit einer Fehlbedienung hin, bei der das Produkt
Schaden nehmen kann.

Signalworte und ihre Bedeutung

Die folgenden Signalworte werden in der Produktdokumentation verwendet, um vor Risiken und Gefahren
zu warnen.

Diese Signalworte entsprechen der im europäischen Wirtschaftsraum üblichen Definition für zivile
Anwendungen. Neben dieser Definition können in anderen Wirtschaftsräumen oder bei militärischen
Anwendungen abweichende Definitionen existieren. Es ist daher darauf zu achten, dass die hier
beschriebenen Signalworte stets nur in Verbindung mit der zugehörigen Produktdokumentation und nur in
Verbindung mit dem zugehörigen Produkt verwendet werden. Die Verwendung von Signalworten in
Zusammenhang mit nicht zugehörigen Produkten oder nicht zugehörigen Dokumentationen kann zu
Fehlinterpretationen führen und damit zu Personen- oder Sachschäden führen.

Betriebszustände und Betriebslagen

Das Produkt darf nur in den vom Hersteller angegebenen Betriebszuständen und Betriebslagen ohne
Behinderung der Belüftung betrieben werden. Werden die Herstellerangaben nicht eingehalten, kann dies
elektrischen Schlag, Brand und/oder schwere Verletzungen von Personen, unter Umständen mit
Todesfolge, verursachen. Bei allen Arbeiten sind die örtlichen bzw. landesspezifischen Sicherheits- und
Unfallverhütungsvorschriften zu beachten.

1. Sofern nicht anders vereinbart, gilt für R&S-Produkte folgendes:
als vorgeschriebene Betriebslage grundsätzlich Gehäuseboden unten, IP-Schutzart 2X,
Verschmutzungsgrad 2, Überspannungskategorie 2, nur in Innenräumen verwenden, Betrieb bis
2000 m ü. NN, Transport bis 4500 m ü. NN, für die Nennspannung gilt eine Toleranz von ±10%, für
die Nennfrequenz eine Toleranz von ±5%.

2. Stellen Sie das Produkt nicht auf Oberflächen, Fahrzeuge, Ablagen oder Tische, die aus Gewichts­oder Stabilitätsgründen nicht dafür geeignet sind. Folgen Sie bei Aufbau und Befestigung des
Produkts an Gegenständen oder Strukturen (z.B. Wände und Regale) immer den Installations­hinweisen des Herstellers. Bei Installation abweichend von der Produktdokumentation können
Personen verletzt, unter Umständen sogar getötet werden.

3. Stellen Sie das Produkt nicht auf hitzeerzeugende Gerätschaften (z.B. Radiatoren und Heizlüfter). Die
Umgebungstemperatur darf nicht die in der Produktdokumentation oder im Datenblatt spezifizierte
Maximaltemperatur überschreiten. Eine Überhitzung des Produkts kann elektrischen Schlag, Brand
und/oder schwere Verletzungen von Personen, unter Umständen mit Todesfolge, verursachen.

1171.0000.41 – 09 Seite 3

Grundlegende Sicherheitshinweise

Elektrische Sicherheit

Werden die Hinweise zur elektrischen Sicherheit nicht oder unzureichend beachtet, kann dies elektrischen
Schlag, Brand und/oder schwere Verletzungen von Personen, unter Umständen mit Todesfolge,
verursachen.

1. Vor jedem Einschalten des Produkts ist sicherzustellen, dass die am Produkt eingestellte
Nennspannung und die Netznennspannung des Versorgungsnetzes übereinstimmen. Ist es
erforderlich, die Spannungseinstellung zu ändern, so muss ggf. auch die dazu gehörige
Netzsicherung des Produkts geändert werden.

2. Bei Produkten der Schutzklasse I mit beweglicher Netzzuleitung und Gerätesteckvorrichtung ist der
Betrieb nur an Steckdosen mit Schutzkontakt und angeschlossenem Schutzleiter zulässig.

3. Jegliche absichtliche Unterbrechung des Schutzleiters, sowohl in der Zuleitung als auch am Produkt
selbst, ist unzulässig. Es kann dazu führen, dass von dem Produkt die Gefahr eines elektrischen
Schlags ausgeht. Bei Verwendung von Verlängerungsleitungen oder Steckdosenleisten ist sicher­zustellen, dass diese regelmäßig auf ihren sicherheitstechnischen Zustand überprüft werden.

4. Sofern das Produkt nicht mit einem Netzschalter zur Netztrennung ausgerüstet ist, beziehungsweise
der vorhandene Netzschalter zu Netztrennung nicht geeignet ist, so ist der Stecker des
Anschlusskabels als Trennvorrichtung anzusehen.
Die Trennvorrichtung muss jederzeit leicht erreichbar und gut zugänglich sein. Ist z.B. der Netzstecker
die Trennvorrichtung, darf die Länge des Anschlusskabels 3 m nicht überschreiten.
Funktionsschalter oder elektronische Schalter sind zur Netztrennung nicht geeignet. Werden Produkte
ohne Netzschalter in Gestelle oder Anlagen integriert, so ist die Trennvorrichtung auf Anlagenebene
zu verlagern.

5. Benutzen Sie das Produkt niemals, wenn das Netzkabel beschädigt ist. Überprüfen Sie regelmäßig
den einwandfreien Zustand der Netzkabel. Stellen Sie durch geeignete Schutzmaßnahmen und
Verlegearten sicher, dass das Netzkabel nicht beschädigt werden kann und niemand z.B. durch
Stolperfallen oder elektrischen Schlag zu Schaden kommen kann.

6. Der Betrieb ist nur an TN/TT Versorgungsnetzen gestattet, die mit höchstens 16 A abgesichert sind
(höhere Absicherung nur nach Rücksprache mit der Rohde & Schwarz Firmengruppe).

7. Stecken Sie den Stecker nicht in verstaubte oder verschmutzte Steckdosen/-buchsen. Stecken Sie die
Steckverbindung/-vorrichtung fest und vollständig in die dafür vorgesehenen Steckdosen/-buchsen.
Missachtung dieser Maßnahmen kann zu Funken, Feuer und/oder Verletzungen führen.

8. Überlasten Sie keine Steckdosen, Verlängerungskabel oder Steckdosenleisten, dies kann Feuer oder
elektrische Schläge verursachen.

9. Bei Messungen in Stromkreisen mit Spannungen U

> 30 V ist mit geeigneten Maßnahmen Vorsorge

eff

zu treffen, dass jegliche Gefährdung ausgeschlossen wird (z.B. geeignete Messmittel, Absicherung,
Strombegrenzung, Schutztrennung, Isolierung usw.).

10. Bei Verbindungen mit informationstechnischen Geräten, z.B. PC oder Industrierechner, ist darauf zu
achten, dass diese der jeweils gültigen IEC 60950-1 / EN 60950-1 oder IEC 61010-1 / EN 61010-1
entsprechen.

11. Sofern nicht ausdrücklich erlaubt, darf der Deckel oder ein Teil des Gehäuses niemals entfernt
werden, wenn das Produkt betrieben wird. Dies macht elektrische Leitungen und Komponenten
zugänglich und kann zu Verletzungen, Feuer oder Schaden am Produkt führen.

1171.0000.41 – 09 Seite 4

Grundlegende Sicherheitshinweise

12. Wird ein Produkt ortsfest angeschlossen, ist die Verbindung zwischen dem Schutzleiteranschluss vor
Ort und dem Geräteschutzleiter vor jeglicher anderer Verbindung herzustellen. Aufstellung und
Anschluss darf nur durch eine Elektrofachkraft erfolgen.

13. Bei ortsfesten Geräten ohne eingebaute Sicherung, Selbstschalter oder ähnliche Schutzeinrichtung
muss der Versorgungskreis so abgesichert sein, dass alle Personen, die Zugang zum Produkt haben,
sowie das Produkt selbst ausreichend vor Schäden geschützt sind.

14. Jedes Produkt muss durch geeigneten Überspannungsschutz vor Überspannung (z.B. durch
Blitzschlag) geschützt werden. Andernfalls ist das bedienende Personal durch elektrischen Schlag
gefährdet.

15. Gegenstände, die nicht dafür vorgesehen sind, dürfen nicht in die Öffnungen des Gehäuses
eingebracht werden. Dies kann Kurzschlüsse im Produkt und/oder elektrische Schläge, Feuer oder
Verletzungen verursachen.

16. Sofern nicht anders spezifiziert, sind Produkte nicht gegen das Eindringen von Flüssigkeiten
geschützt, siehe auch Abschnitt "Betriebszustände und Betriebslagen", Punkt 1. Daher müssen die
Geräte vor Eindringen von Flüssigkeiten geschützt werden. Wird dies nicht beachtet, besteht Gefahr
durch elektrischen Schlag für den Benutzer oder Beschädigung des Produkts, was ebenfalls zur
Gefährdung von Personen führen kann.

17. Benutzen Sie das Produkt nicht unter Bedingungen, bei denen Kondensation in oder am Produkt
stattfinden könnte oder ggf. bereits stattgefunden hat, z.B. wenn das Produkt von kalter in warme
Umgebung bewegt wurde. Das Eindringen von Wasser erhöht das Risiko eines elektrischen
Schlages.

18. Trennen Sie das Produkt vor der Reinigung komplett von der Energieversorgung (z.B. speisendes
Netz oder Batterie). Nehmen Sie bei Geräten die Reinigung mit einem weichen, nicht fasernden
Staublappen vor. Verwenden Sie keinesfalls chemische Reinigungsmittel wie z.B. Alkohol, Aceton,
Nitroverdünnung.

Betrieb

1. Die Benutzung des Produkts erfordert spezielle Einweisung und hohe Konzentration während der
Benutzung. Es muss sichergestellt sein, dass Personen, die das Produkt bedienen, bezüglich ihrer
körperlichen, geistigen und seelischen Verfassung den Anforderungen gewachsen sind, da
andernfalls Verletzungen oder Sachschäden nicht auszuschließen sind. Es liegt in der Verantwortung
des Arbeitsgebers/Betreibers, geeignetes Personal für die Benutzung des Produkts auszuwählen.

2. Bevor Sie das Produkt bewegen oder transportieren, lesen und beachten Sie den Abschnitt
"Transport".

3. Wie bei allen industriell gefertigten Gütern kann die Verwendung von Stoffen, die Allergien
hervorrufen - so genannte Allergene (z.B. Nickel) - nicht generell ausgeschlossen werden. Sollten
beim Umgang mit R&S-Produkten allergische Reaktionen, z.B. Hautausschlag, häufiges Niesen,
Bindehautrötung oder Atembeschwerden auftreten, ist umgehend ein Arzt aufzusuchen, um die
Ursachen zu klären und Gesundheitsschäden bzw. -belastungen zu vermeiden.

4. Vor der mechanischen und/oder thermischen Bearbeitung oder Zerlegung des Produkts beachten Sie
unbedingt Abschnitt "Entsorgung", Punkt 1.

1171.0000.41 – 09 Seite 5

Grundlegende Sicherheitshinweise

5. Bei bestimmten Produkten, z.B. HF-Funkanlagen, können funktionsbedingt erhöhte elektromag­netische Strahlungen auftreten. Unter Berücksichtigung der erhöhten Schutzwürdigkeit des unge­borenen Lebens müssen Schwangere durch geeignete Maßnahmen geschützt werden. Auch Träger
von Herzschrittmachern können durch elektromagnetische Strahlungen gefährdet sein. Der
Arbeitgeber/Betreiber ist verpflichtet, Arbeitsstätten, bei denen ein besonderes Risiko einer Strahlen­exposition besteht, zu beurteilen und zu kennzeichnen und mögliche Gefahren abzuwenden.

6. Im Falle eines Brandes entweichen ggf. giftige Stoffe (Gase, Flüssigkeiten etc.) aus dem Produkt, die
Gesundheitsschäden verursachen können. Daher sind im Brandfall geeignete Maßnahmen wie z.B.
Atemschutzmasken und Schutzkleidung zu verwenden.

7. Falls ein Laser-Produkt in ein R&S-Produkt integriert ist (z.B. CD/DVD-Laufwerk), dürfen keine
anderen Einstellungen oder Funktionen verwendet werden, als in der Produktdokumentation beschrie­ben, um Personenschäden zu vermeiden (z.B. durch Laserstrahl).

8. EMV Klassen (nach EN 55011 / CISPR 11; sinngemäß EN 55022 / CISPR 22, EN 55032 / CISPR 32)
Gerät der Klasse A:

Ein Gerät, das sich für den Gebrauch in allen anderen Bereichen außer dem Wohnbereich und
solchen Bereichen eignet, die direkt an ein Niederspannungs-Versorgungsnetz angeschlossen sind,
das Wohngebäude versorgt.
Hinweis: Diese Einrichtung kann wegen möglicher auftretender leitungsgebundener als auch
gestrahlten Störgrößen im Wohnbereich Funkstörungen verursachen. In diesem Fall kann vom
Betreiber verlangt werden, angemessene Maßnahmen durchzuführen.
Gerät der Klasse B:
Ein Gerät, das sich für den Betrieb im Wohnbereich sowie in solchen Bereichen eignet, die direkt an
ein Niederspannungs-Versorgungsnetz angeschlossen sind, das Wohngebäude versorgt.

Reparatur und Service

1. Das Produkt darf nur von dafür autorisiertem Fachpersonal geöffnet werden. Vor Arbeiten am Produkt
oder Öffnen des Produkts ist dieses von der Versorgungsspannung zu trennen, sonst besteht das
Risiko eines elektrischen Schlages.

2. Abgleich, Auswechseln von Teilen, Wartung und Reparatur darf nur von R&S-autorisierten
Elektrofachkräften ausgeführt werden. Werden sicherheitsrelevante Teile (z.B. Netzschalter,
Netztrafos oder Sicherungen) ausgewechselt, so dürfen diese nur durch Originalteile ersetzt werden.
Nach jedem Austausch von sicherheitsrelevanten Teilen ist eine Sicherheitsprüfung durchzuführen
(Sichtprüfung, Schutzleitertest, Isolationswiderstand-, Ableitstrommessung, Funktionstest). Damit wird
sichergestellt, dass die Sicherheit des Produkts erhalten bleibt.

Batterien und Akkumulatoren/Zellen

Werden die Hinweise zu Batterien und Akkumulatoren/Zellen nicht oder unzureichend beachtet, kann dies
Explosion, Brand und/oder schwere Verletzungen von Personen, unter Umständen mit Todesfolge,
verursachen. Die Handhabung von Batterien und Akkumulatoren mit alkalischen Elektrolyten (z.B.
Lithiumzellen) muss der EN 62133 entsprechen.

1. Zellen dürfen nicht zerlegt, geöffnet oder zerkleinert werden.

2. Zellen oder Batterien dürfen weder Hitze noch Feuer ausgesetzt werden. Die Lagerung im direkten
Sonnenlicht ist zu vermeiden. Zellen und Batterien sauber und trocken halten. Verschmutzte
Anschlüsse mit einem trockenen, sauberen Tuch reinigen.

1171.0000.41 – 09 Seite 6

Grundlegende Sicherheitshinweise

3. Zellen oder Batterien dürfen nicht kurzgeschlossen werden. Zellen oder Batterien dürfen nicht
gefahrbringend in einer Schachtel oder in einem Schubfach gelagert werden, wo sie sich gegenseitig
kurzschließen oder durch andere leitende Werkstoffe kurzgeschlossen werden können. Eine Zelle
oder Batterie darf erst aus ihrer Originalverpackung entnommen werden, wenn sie verwendet werden
soll.

4. Zellen oder Batterien dürfen keinen unzulässig starken, mechanischen Stößen ausgesetzt werden.

5. Bei Undichtheit einer Zelle darf die Flüssigkeit nicht mit der Haut in Berührung kommen oder in die
Augen gelangen. Falls es zu einer Berührung gekommen ist, den betroffenen Bereich mit reichlich
Wasser waschen und ärztliche Hilfe in Anspruch nehmen.

6. Werden Zellen oder Batterien, die alkalische Elektrolyte enthalten (z.B. Lithiumzellen), unsachgemäß
ausgewechselt oder geladen, besteht Explosionsgefahr. Zellen oder Batterien nur durch den ent­sprechenden R&S-Typ ersetzen (siehe Ersatzteilliste), um die Sicherheit des Produkts zu erhalten.

7. Zellen oder Batterien müssen wiederverwertet werden und dürfen nicht in den Restmüll gelangen.
Akkumulatoren oder Batterien, die Blei, Quecksilber oder Cadmium enthalten, sind Sonderabfall.
Beachten Sie hierzu die landesspezifischen Entsorgungs- und Recycling-Bestimmungen.

8. Bei Rücksendungen von Lithiumbatterien zu Rohde & Schwarz - Niederlassungen müssen die
Transportvorschriften der Verkehrsträger (IATA-DGR, IMDG-Code, ADR, RID) befolgt werden.

Transport

1. Das Produkt kann ein hohes Gewicht aufweisen. Daher muss es vorsichtig und ggf. unter
Verwendung eines geeigneten Hebemittels (z.B. Hubwagen) bewegt bzw. transportiert werden, um
Rückenschäden oder Verletzungen zu vermeiden.

2. Griffe an den Produkten sind eine Handhabungshilfe, die ausschließlich für den Transport des
Produkts durch Personen vorgesehen ist. Es ist daher nicht zulässig, Griffe zur Befestigung an bzw.
auf Transportmitteln, z.B. Kränen, Gabelstaplern, Karren etc. zu verwenden. Es liegt in Ihrer
Verantwortung, die Produkte sicher an bzw. auf geeigneten Transport- oder Hebemitteln zu
befestigen. Beachten Sie die Sicherheitsvorschriften des jeweiligen Herstellers eingesetzter
Transport- oder Hebemittel, um Personenschäden und Schäden am Produkt zu vermeiden.

3. Falls Sie das Produkt in einem Fahrzeug benutzen, liegt es in der alleinigen Verantwortung des
Fahrers, das Fahrzeug in sicherer und angemessener Weise zu führen. Der Hersteller übernimmt
keine Verantwortung für Unfälle oder Kollisionen. Verwenden Sie das Produkt niemals in einem sich
bewegenden Fahrzeug, sofern dies den Fahrzeugführer ablenken könnte. Sichern Sie das Produkt im
Fahrzeug ausreichend ab, um im Falle eines Unfalls Verletzungen oder Schäden anderer Art zu
verhindern.

Entsorgung

1. Batterien bzw. Akkumulatoren, die nicht mit dem Hausmüll entsorgt werden dürfen, darf nach Ende
der Lebensdauer nur über eine geeignete Sammelstelle oder eine Rohde & Schwarz­Kundendienststelle entsorgt werden.

2. Am Ende der Lebensdauer des Produktes darf dieses Produkt nicht über den normalen Hausmüll
entsorgt werden, sondern muss getrennt gesammelt werden.
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co.KG ein Entsorgungskonzept entwickelt und übernimmt die Pflichten
der Rücknahme- und Entsorgung für Hersteller innerhalb der EU in vollem Umfang. Wenden Sie sich
bitte an Ihre Rohde & Schwarz-Kundendienststelle, um das Produkt umweltgerecht zu entsorgen.

1171.0000.41 – 09 Seite 7

Grundlegende Sicherheitshinweise

3. Werden Produkte oder ihre Bestandteile über den bestimmungsgemäßen Betrieb hinaus mechanisch
und/oder thermisch bearbeitet, können ggf. gefährliche Stoffe (schwermetallhaltiger Staub wie z.B.
Blei, Beryllium, Nickel) freigesetzt werden. Die Zerlegung des Produkts darf daher nur von speziell
geschultem Fachpersonal erfolgen. Unsachgemäßes Zerlegen kann Gesundheitsschäden
hervorrufen. Die nationalen Vorschriften zur Entsorgung sind zu beachten.

4. Falls beim Umgang mit dem Produkt Gefahren- oder Betriebsstoffe entstehen, die speziell zu
entsorgen sind, z.B. regelmäßig zu wechselnde Kühlmittel oder Motorenöle, sind die
Sicherheitshinweise des Herstellers dieser Gefahren- oder Betriebsstoffe und die regional gültigen
Entsorgungsvorschriften einzuhalten. Beachten Sie ggf. auch die zugehörigen speziellen
Sicherheitshinweise in der Produktdokumentation. Die unsachgemäße Entsorgung von Gefahren­oder Betriebsstoffen kann zu Gesundheitsschäden von Personen und Umweltschäden führen.

Weitere Informationen zu Umweltschutz finden Sie auf der Rohde & Schwarz Home Page.

1171.0000.41 – 09 Seite 8

Consignes de sécurité fondamentales

Lisez et respectez impérativement les instructions et consignes de sécurité suivantes

Les usines et sites du groupe Rohde & Schwarz veillent à la conformité des produits du groupe avec les
normes de sécurité en vigueur dans un souci constant de garantir aux clients le plus haut niveau de
sécurité possible. Nos produits ainsi que les accessoires nécessaires sont fabriqués et testés
conformément aux règles de sécurité en vigueur. Le respect de ces règles est vérifié régulièrement par
notre système d’assurance qualité. Le présent produit a été fabriqué et contrôlé conformément au
certificat de conformité CE ci-joint et a quitté l’usine dans un parfait état de sécurité. Pour le maintenir
dans cet état et en garantir une utilisation sans danger, l’utilisateur doit respecter l’ensemble des
consignes, remarques de sécurité et avertissements qui se trouvent dans ce manuel. Le groupe
Rohde & Schwarz se tient à votre disposition pour toutes questions relatives aux présentes consignes de
sécurité.

Il incombe à l’utilisateur d’employer ce produit de manière appropriée. Le produit est exclusivement
destiné à l’utilisation en industrie et en laboratoire et/ou, si cela a été expressément autorisé, également
aux travaux extérieurs ; il ne peut en aucun cas être utilisé à des fins pouvant causer des dommages
corporels ou matériels. L’exploitation du produit en dehors de son utilisation prévue ou le non-respect des
consignes du fabricant se font sous la responsabilité de l’utilisateur. Le fabricant décline toute
responsabilité en cas d’utilisation non conforme du produit.

Le produit est présumé faire l’objet d’une utilisation conforme lorsqu’il est utilisé conformément aux
consignes de la documentation produit correspondante et dans la limite de ses performances (voir fiche
technique, documentation, consignes de sécurité ci-après). L’utilisation du produit exige des compétences
en la matière et des connaissances de base de l’anglais. Par conséquent, le produit ne devra être utilisé
que par un personnel qualifié ou des personnes formées de manière approfondie et possédant les
compétences requises. Si, pour l’utilisation des produits Rohde & Schwarz, l’emploi d’un équipement
personnel de protection s’avère nécessaire, il en est fait mention dans la documentation produit à
l’emplacement correspondant. Conservez les consignes de sécurité fondamentales et la documentation
produit dans un lieu sûr et transmettez ces documents aux autres utilisateurs du produit.

La stricte observation des consignes de sécurité a pour but d’exclure des blessures ou dommages causés
par des dangers de toutes sortes. A cet effet, il est nécessaire de lire avec soin et de bien comprendre les
consignes de sécurité ci-dessous avant l’utilisation du produit et de les respecter lors de l’utilisation du
produit. Toutes les autres consignes de sécurité présentées à l’emplacement correspondant de la
documentation produit, par exemple, celles concernant la protection des personnes, doivent également
être impérativement respectées. Dans les présentes consignes de sécurité, toutes les marchandises
commercialisées par le groupe Rohde & Schwarz, notamment les appareils, les systèmes ainsi que les
accessoires, sont dénommés « produit ».

1171.0000.43 – 09 Page 1

Consignes de sécurité fondamentales

Symbole

Signification

Symbole

Signification

Avis, source générale de danger
Se référer à la documentation produit

MARCHE / ARRET (tension d’alimentation)

Attention lors de la manipulation d’appareils
ayant un poids élevé

Indicateur de veille

Risque de choc électrique

Courant continu (CC)

Avertissement, surface chaude

Courant alternatif (CA)

Borne de conducteur de protection

Courant continu/alternatif (CC/CA)

Borne de mise à la terre

L’appareil est conforme aux exigences de
sécurité du degré de protection II
(appareil entièrement protégé par isolation
double/renforcée).

Borne de mise à la masse du bâti ou du boîtier

Marquage UE pour batteries et accumulateurs.

L’appareil contient une batterie ou un

accumulateur. Ces pièces ne peuvent pas être
éliminées avec les déchets urbains non triés,

mais doivent faire l’objet d’une collecte

séparée.
Pour plus d’informations, voir la page 7.

Avis : prudence lors de la manipulation de
composants sensibles aux décharges
électrostatiques

Marquage UE pour la collecte séparée
d’équipements électriques et électroniques.

Les déchets d’équipements électriques et
électroniques ne peuvent pas être éliminés
avec les déchets urbains non triés, mais
doivent faire l’objet d’une collecte séparée.

Pour plus d’informations, voir la page 7.

Avertissement, rayon laser
Les produits laser sont munis d’avertissements

normalisés d’après leur catégorie laser.
En raison des caractéristiques de leur

rayonnement ainsi que de leur puissance
électromagnétique extrêmement concentrée,
les lasers peuvent causer des dommages
biologiques.

Pour plus d’informations, voir le chapitre
« Fonctionnement »", point 7.

Symboles et marquages de sécurité

1171.0000.43 – 09 Page 2

Consignes de sécurité fondamentales

Indique une situation dangereuse immédiate qui, si elle n’est pas
évitée, comporte un risque élevé de blessures graves ou
mortelles.

Indique une situation dangereuse possible qui, si elle n’est pas
évitée, comporte un risque modéré de blessures (graves) ou
mortelles.

Indique une situation dangereuse qui, si elle n’est pas évitée,
comporte un risque faible de blessures mineures ou modérées.

Indique la possibilité d’une fausse manœuvre susceptible
d’endommager le produit.

Mots d’alerte et significations

Les mots d’alerte suivants sont utilisés dans la documentation produit pour avertir des risques et dangers.

Ces mots d’alerte correspondent à la définition habituelle utilisée pour des applications civiles dans
l’espace économique européen. Des définitions divergentes peuvent cependant exister dans d’autres
espaces économiques ou dans le cadre d’applications militaires. Il faut donc veiller à ce que les mots
d’alerte décrits ici ne soient utilisés qu’en relation avec la documentation produit correspondante et
seulement avec le produit correspondant. L’utilisation des mots d’alerte en relation avec des produits ou
des documentations non correspondants peut conduire à des erreurs d’interprétation et par conséquent à
des dommages corporels ou matériels.

États et positions de fonctionnement

L’appareil ne doit être utilisé que dans les états et positions de fonctionnement indiqués par le fabricant.
Tout obstacle à la ventilation doit être empêché. Le non-respect des indications du fabricant peut
provoquer des chocs électriques, des incendies et/ou des blessures graves pouvant éventuellement
entraîner la mort. Pour tous les travaux, les règles locales et/ou nationales de sécurité et de prévention
des accidents doivent être respectées.

1. Sauf stipulations contraires, les produits Rohde & Schwarz répondent aux exigences ci-après :
faire fonctionner le produit avec le fond du boîtier toujours en bas, degré de protection IP 2X, degré de
pollution 2, catégorie de surtension 2, utilisation uniquement à l’intérieur, fonctionnement à une
altitude max. de 2000 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer, transport à une altitude max. de 4500 m au­dessus du niveau de la mer, tolérance de ±10 % pour la tension nominale et de ± 5 % pour la
fréquence nominale.

2. Ne jamais placer le produit sur des surfaces, véhicules, dépôts ou tables non appropriés pour raisons
de stabilité ou de poids. Suivre toujours strictement les indications d’installation du fabricant pour le
montage et la fixation du produit sur des objets ou des structures (par exemple parois et étagères). En
cas d’installation non conforme à la documentation produit, il y a risque de blessures, voire de mort.

3. Ne jamais placer le produit sur des dispositifs générant de la chaleur (par exemple radiateurs et
appareils de chauffage soufflants). La température ambiante ne doit pas dépasser la température
maximale spécifiée dans la documentation produit ou dans la fiche technique. Une surchauffe du
produit peut provoquer des chocs électriques, des incendies et/ou des blessures graves pouvant
éventuellement entraîner la mort.

1171.0000.43 – 09 Page 3

Consignes de sécurité fondamentales

Sécurité électrique

Si les consignes relatives à la sécurité électrique ne sont pas ou sont insuffisamment respectées, il peut
s’ensuivre des chocs électriques, des incendies et/ou des blessures graves pouvant éventuellement
entraîner la mort.

1. Avant chaque mise sous tension du produit, il faut s’assurer que la tension nominale réglée sur le
produit correspond à la tension nominale du réseau électrique. S’il est nécessaire de modifier le
réglage de la tension, il faut remplacer le fusible du produit, le cas échéant.

2. L’utilisation des produits du degré de protection I pourvus d’un câble d’alimentation mobile et d’un
connecteur n’est autorisée qu’avec des prises munies d’un contact de protection et d’un conducteur
de protection raccordé.

3. Toute déconnexion intentionnelle du conducteur de protection, dans le câble ou dans le produit lui­même, est interdite. Elle entraîne un risque de choc électrique au niveau du produit. En cas
d’utilisation de câbles prolongateurs ou de multiprises, ceux-ci doivent être examinés régulièrement
quant à leur état de sécurité technique.

4. Si le produit n’est pas doté d’un interrupteur d’alimentation pour le couper du réseau électrique ou si
l’interrupteur d’alimentation disponible n’est pas approprié pour couper le produit du réseau électrique,
le connecteur mâle du câble de raccordement est à considérer comme dispositif de séparation.
Le dispositif de séparation doit être à tout moment facilement accessible. Si, par exemple, le
connecteur d’alimentation sert de dispositif de séparation, la longueur du câble de raccordement ne
doit pas dépasser 3 m.
Les commutateurs fonctionnels ou électroniques ne sont pas appropriés pour couper l’appareil du
réseau électrique. Si des produits sans interrupteur d’alimentation sont intégrés dans des bâtis ou
systèmes, le dispositif de séparation doit être reporté au niveau du système.

5. Ne jamais utiliser le produit si le câble d’alimentation est endommagé. Vérifier régulièrement le parfait
état du câble d’alimentation. Prendre les mesures préventives appropriées et opter pour des types de
pose tels que le câble d’alimentation ne puisse pas être endommagé et que personne ne puisse subir
de préjudice, par exemple en trébuchant sur le câble ou par des chocs électriques.

6. L’utilisation des produits est uniquement autorisée sur des réseaux d’alimentation de type TN/TT
protégés par des fusibles d’une intensité max. de 16 A (pour toute intensité supérieure, consulter le
groupe Rohde & Schwarz).

7. Ne pas brancher le connecteur dans des prises d’alimentation sales ou poussiéreuses. Enfoncer
fermement le connecteur jusqu’au bout de la prise. Le non-respect de cette mesure peut provoquer
des étincelles, incendies et/ou blessures.

8. Ne pas surcharger les prises, les câbles prolongateurs ou les multiprises, cela pouvant provoquer des
incendies ou chocs électriques.

9. En cas de mesures sur les circuits électriques d’une tension efficace > 30 V, prendre les précautions
nécessaires pour éviter tout risque (par exemple équipement de mesure approprié, fusibles, limitation
de courant, coupe-circuit, isolation, etc.).

10. En cas d’interconnexion avec des équipements informatiques comme par exemple un PC ou un
ordinateur industriel, veiller à ce que ces derniers soient conformes aux normes IEC 60950-1 /
EN 60950-1 ou IEC 61010-1 / EN 61010-1 en vigueur.

11. Sauf autorisation expresse, il est interdit de retirer le couvercle ou toute autre pièce du boîtier lorsque
le produit est en cours de service. Les câbles et composants électriques seraient ainsi accessibles, ce
qui peut entraîner des blessures, des incendies ou des dégâts sur le produit.

1171.0000.43 – 09 Page 4

Consignes de sécurité fondamentales

12. Si un produit est connecté de façon stationnaire, établir avant toute autre connexion le raccordement
du conducteur de protection local et du conducteur de protection du produit. L’installation et le
raccordement ne peuvent être effectués que par un électricien ou électronicien qualifié.

13. Sur les appareils stationnaires sans fusible ni disjoncteur automatique ou dispositif de protection
similaire intégrés, le circuit d’alimentation doit être sécurisé de sorte que toutes les personnes ayant
accès au produit et le produit lui-même soient suffisamment protégés contre tout dommage.

14. Chaque produit doit être protégé de manière appropriée contre les éventuelles surtensions (par
exemple dues à un coup de foudre). Sinon, les utilisateurs sont exposés à des risques de choc
électrique.

15. Ne jamais introduire d’objets non prévus à cet effet dans les ouvertures du boîtier, étant donné que
cela peut entraîner des courts-circuits dans le produit et/ou des chocs électriques, incendies ou
blessures.

16. Sauf spécification contraire, les produits ne sont pas protégés contre l’infiltration de liquides, voir aussi
la section « États et positions de fonctionnement », point 1. Il faut donc protéger les produits contre
l’infiltration de liquides. La non-observation de cette consigne entraîne le risque de choc électrique
pour l’utilisateur ou d’endommagement du produit, ce qui peut également mettre les personnes en
danger.

17. Ne pas utiliser le produit dans des conditions pouvant occasionner ou ayant déjà occasionné, le cas
échéant, des condensations dans ou sur le produit, par exemple lorsque celui-ci est déplacé d’un
environnement froid dans un environnement chaud. L’infiltration d’eau augmente le risque de choc
électrique.

18. Avant le nettoyage, débrancher le produit de l’alimentation (par exemple réseau électrique ou
batterie). Pour le nettoyage des appareils, utiliser un chiffon doux non pelucheux. N’utiliser en aucun
cas de produit de nettoyage chimique, tel que de l’alcool, de l’acétone ou un diluant nitrocellulosique.

Fonctionnement

1. L’utilisation du produit exige une formation spécifique ainsi qu’une grande concentration. Il est
impératif que les personnes qui utilisent le produit présent les aptitudes physiques, mentales et
psychiques requises, vu qu’autrement des dommages corporels ou matériels ne peuvent pas être
exclus. Le choix du personnel qualifié pour l’utilisation du produit est sous la responsabilité de
l’employeur/l’exploitant.

2. Avant de déplacer ou de transporter le produit, lire et respecter la section « Transport ».

3. Comme pour tous les biens produits de façon industrielle, l’utilisation de matériaux pouvant causer
des allergies (allergènes, comme par exemple le nickel) ne peut être totalement exclue. Si, lors de
l’utilisation de produits Rohde & Schwarz, des réactions allergiques surviennent, telles qu’éruption
cutanée, éternuements fréquents, rougeur de la conjonctive ou difficultés respiratoires, il faut
immédiatement consulter un médecin pour en clarifier la cause et éviter toute atteinte à la santé.

4. Avant le traitement mécanique et/ou thermique ou le démontage du produit, il faut impérativement
observer la section « Élimination des déchets », point 1.

1171.0000.43 – 09 Page 5

Consignes de sécurité fondamentales

5. Selon les fonctions, certains produits, tels que des systèmes de radiocommunication RF, peuvent
produire des niveaux élevés de rayonnement électromagnétique. Étant donné la vulnérabilité de
l’enfant à naître, les femmes enceintes doivent être protégées par des mesures appropriées. Les
porteurs de stimulateurs cardiaques peuvent également être menacés par les rayonnements
électromagnétiques. L’employeur/l’exploitant est tenu d’évaluer et de repérer les lieux de travail
soumis à un risque particulier d’exposition aux rayonnements et de prévenir les dangers éventuels.

6. En cas d’incendie, il se peut que le produit dégage des matières toxiques (gaz, liquides, etc.)
susceptibles de nuire à la santé. Il faut donc, en cas d’incendie, prendre des mesures adéquates
comme par exemple le port de masques respiratoires et de vêtements de protection.

7. Si un produit laser est intégré dans un produit Rohde & Schwarz (par exemple lecteur CD/DVD), il ne
faut pas utiliser de réglages ou fonctions autres que ceux décrits dans la documentation produit pour
éviter tout dommage corporel (par exemple causé par rayon laser).

8. Classes CEM (selon EN 55011 / CISPR 11 ; selon EN 55022 / CISPR 22, EN 55032 / CISPR 32 par
analogie)
 Appareil de la classe A :

Appareil approprié à un usage dans tous les environnements autres que l’environnement
résidentiel et les environnements raccordés directement à un réseau d’alimentation basse tension
qui alimente des bâtiments résidentiels.
Remarque : ces appareils peuvent provoquer des perturbations radioélectriques dans
l’environnement résidentiel en raison de perturbations conduites ou rayonnées. Dans ce cas, on
peut exiger que l’exploitant mette en œuvre de mesures appropriées pour éliminer ces
perturbations.

 Appareil de la classe B :

Appareil approprié à un usage dans l’environnement résidentiel ainsi que dans les
environnements raccordés directement à un réseau d’alimentation basse tension qui alimente des
bâtiments résidentiels.

Réparation et service après-vente

1. Le produit ne doit être ouvert que par un personnel qualifié et autorisé. Avant de travailler sur le
produit ou de l’ouvrir, il faut le couper de la tension d’alimentation ; sinon il y a risque de choc
électrique.

2. Les travaux d’ajustement, le remplacement des pièces, la maintenance et la réparation ne doivent
être effectués que par des électroniciens qualifiés et autorisés par Rohde & Schwarz. En cas de
remplacement de pièces concernant la sécurité (notamment interrupteur d’alimentation,
transformateur d’alimentation réseau ou fusibles), celles-ci ne doivent être remplacées que par des
pièces d’origine. Après chaque remplacement de pièces concernant la sécurité, une vérification de
sécurité doit être effectuée (contrôle visuel, vérification du conducteur de protection, mesure de la
résistance d’isolement et du courant de fuite, essai de fonctionnement). Cela permet d’assurer le
maintien de la sécurité du produit.

1171.0000.43 – 09 Page 6

Consignes de sécurité fondamentales

Batteries et accumulateurs/cellules

Si les instructions concernant les batteries et accumulateurs/cellules ne sont pas ou sont insuffisamment
respectées, cela peut provoquer des explosions, des incendies et/ou des blessures graves pouvant
entraîner la mort. La manipulation de batteries et accumulateurs contenant des électrolytes alcalins (par
exemple cellules de lithium) doit être conforme à la norme EN 62133.

1. Les cellules ne doivent être ni démontées, ni ouvertes, ni réduites en morceaux.

2. Ne jamais exposer les cellules ou batteries à la chaleur ou au feu. Ne pas les stocker dans un endroit
où elles sont exposées au rayonnement direct du soleil. Tenir les cellules et batteries au sec. Nettoyer
les raccords sales avec un chiffon sec et propre.

3. Ne jamais court-circuiter les cellules ou batteries. Les cellules ou batteries ne doivent pas être
gardées dans une boîte ou un tiroir où elles peuvent se court-circuiter mutuellement ou être court­circuitées par d’autres matériaux conducteurs. Une cellule ou batterie ne doit être retirée de son
emballage d’origine que lorsqu’on l’utilise.

4. Les cellules ou batteries ne doivent pas être exposées à des chocs mécaniques de force non
admissible.

5. En cas de manque d’étanchéité d’une cellule, le liquide ne doit pas entrer en contact avec la peau ou
les yeux. S’il y a contact, rincer abondamment à l’eau l’endroit concerné et consulter un médecin.

6. Il y a danger d’explosion en cas de remplacement ou chargement incorrect des cellules ou batteries
qui contiennent des électrolytes alcalins (par exemple cellules de lithium). Remplacer les cellules ou
batteries uniquement par le type Rohde & Schwarz correspondant (voir la liste des pièces de
rechange) pour maintenir la sécurité du produit.

7. Il faut recycler les cellules ou batteries et il est interdit de les éliminer comme déchets normaux. Les
accumulateurs ou batteries qui contiennent du plomb, du mercure ou du cadmium sont des déchets
spéciaux. Observer les règles nationales d’élimination et de recyclage.

8. Lors des renvois de batteries au lithium à des filiales Rohde & Schwarz, il convient de respecter les
prescriptions de transport (IATA-DGR, code IMDG, ADR, RID) fixées par les transporteurs.

Transport

1. Le produit peut avoir un poids élevé. Il faut donc le déplacer ou le transporter avec précaution et en
utilisant le cas échéant un moyen de levage approprié (par exemple, chariot élévateur) pour éviter des
dommages au dos ou des blessures.

2. Les poignées des produits sont une aide de manipulation exclusivement réservée au transport du
produit par des personnes. Il est donc proscrit d’utiliser ces poignées pour attacher le produit à ou sur
des moyens de transport, tels que grues, chariots et chariots élévateurs, etc. Vous êtes responsable
de la fixation sûre des produits à ou sur des moyens de transport et de levage appropriés. Observer
les consignes de sécurité du fabricant des moyens de transport ou de levage utilisés pour éviter des
dommages corporels et des dégâts sur le produit.

3. L’utilisation du produit dans un véhicule se fait sous l’unique responsabilité du conducteur qui doit
piloter le véhicule de manière sûre et appropriée. Le fabricant décline toute responsabilité en cas
d’accidents ou de collisions. Ne jamais utiliser le produit dans un véhicule en mouvement si cela
pouvait détourner l’attention du conducteur. Sécuriser suffisamment le produit dans le véhicule pour
empêcher des blessures ou dommages de tout type en cas d’accident.

1171.0000.43 – 09 Page 7

Consignes de sécurité fondamentales

Élimination des déchets

1. Au terme de leur durée de vie, les batteries ou accumulateurs qui ne peuvent pas être éliminés avec
les déchets ménagers peuvent uniquement être éliminés par des points de collecte appropriés ou par
un centre de service après-vente Rohde & Schwarz.

2. Au terme de sa durée de vie, un produit ne peut pas être éliminé avec les déchets ménagers
normaux, mais doit être collecté séparément.
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG a développé un concept d’élimination des déchets et assume
toutes les obligations en matière de reprise et d’élimination, valables pour les fabricants au sein de
l’UE. Veuillez vous adresser à votre centre de service après-vente Rohde & Schwarz pour éliminer le
produit de manière écologique.

3. Si les produits ou leurs composants sont travaillés mécaniquement et/ou thermiquement au-delà de
l’utilisation prévue, ils peuvent, le cas échéant, libérer des substances dangereuses (poussières
contenant des métaux lourds comme par exemple du plomb, du béryllium ou du nickel). Le
démontage du produit ne doit donc être effectué que par un personnel qualifié et spécialement formé.
Le démontage inadéquat peut nuire à la santé. Les règles nationales concernant l’élimination des
déchets doivent être observées.

4. Si, lors de l’utilisation du produit, des substances dangereuses ou combustibles exigeant une
élimination spéciale sont dégagées, comme par exemple liquides de refroidissement ou huiles
moteurs qui sont à changer régulièrement, les consignes de sécurité du fabricant de ces substances
dangereuses ou combustibles ainsi que les règles sur l’élimination en vigueur au niveau régional
doivent être respectées. Les consignes de sécurité spéciales correspondantes dans la documentation
produit doivent également être respectées, le cas échéant. L’élimination non conforme des
substances dangereuses ou combustibles peut provoquer des atteintes à la santé et des dommages
écologiques.

Pour plus d’informations concernant la protection de l’environnement, voir la page d’accueil de
Rohde & Schwarz.

1171.0000.43 – 09 Page 8

Customer Support

Technical support – where and when you need it

For quick, expert help with any Rohde & Schwarz product, contact our customer supportcenter. A team of
highly qualified engineers provides support and works with youto find a solution to your query on any
aspect of the operation, programming or applicationsof Rohde & Schwarz products.

Contact information

Contact our customer support center at www.rohde-schwarz.com/support, or follow this QR code:

QR code to the Rohde & Schwarz support page

1171.0200.22-07.00

R&S® ZVT

Contents

Contents

1 Preparing the Analyzer for Use.............................................................7

1.1 Front Panel Tour............................................................................................................7

1.1.1 Standby Key....................................................................................................................8

1.1.2 Front Panel Connectors.................................................................................................. 8

1.2 Rear Panel Tour........................................................................................................... 11

1.3 Putting the Analyzer into Operation..........................................................................12

1.3.1 Unpacking and Checking the Analyzer......................................................................... 13

1.3.2 Setting up the Analyzer................................................................................................. 13

1.3.3 Bench Top Operation.................................................................................................... 14

1.3.4 Operation in a 19" Rack................................................................................................ 14

1.3.5 EMI Suppression...........................................................................................................14

1.3.6 Connecting the Analyzer to the AC Supply................................................................... 15

1.3.7 Power on and off........................................................................................................... 15

1.3.8 Standby and Ready State............................................................................................. 15

1.3.9 Replacing Fuses........................................................................................................... 16

1.4 Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down.................................................................16

1.5 Changing the Screen Resolution...............................................................................17

1.6 Windows Operating System.......................................................................................18

1.7 Connecting External Accessories............................................................................. 19

1.8 Connecting to a LAN...................................................................................................20

1.8.1 Physical LAN Connection..............................................................................................21

1.8.2 TCP/IP Configutation.................................................................................................... 21

1.8.3 Test Setups with two LAN Connections........................................................................ 22

1.9 Remote Desktop Connection..................................................................................... 23

1.10 Firmware Update......................................................................................................... 24

2 Getting Started..................................................................................... 26

2.1 Performing a Reflection Measurement..................................................................... 26

2.1.1 Instrument Setup for Reflection Measurements............................................................27

2.1.2 Parameter and Sweep Range Selection....................................................................... 28

2.1.3 Instrument Calibration .................................................................................................. 29

2.1.4 Evaluation of Data ........................................................................................................31

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R&S® ZVT

Contents

2.1.5 Saving and Printing Data ............................................................................................. 32

2.2 Performing a Transmission Measurement................................................................33

2.3 Basic Tasks..................................................................................................................33

2.3.1 Data Entry..................................................................................................................... 33

2.3.2 Scaling Diagrams.......................................................................................................... 34

3 System Overview................................................................................. 38

3.1 Basic Concepts........................................................................................................... 38

3.1.1 Global Resources..........................................................................................................38

3.1.2 Setups........................................................................................................................... 39

3.1.3 Traces, Channels and Diagram Areas.......................................................................... 39

3.1.4 Data Flow...................................................................................................................... 41

3.2 Screen Elements......................................................................................................... 43

3.2.1 Navigation Tools of the Screen..................................................................................... 43

3.2.2 Display Elements in the Diagram Area......................................................................... 48

3.2.3 Dialogs.......................................................................................................................... 56

3.2.4 Display Formats and Diagram Types............................................................................59

3.3 Measured Quantities...................................................................................................68

3.3.1 S-Parameters................................................................................................................ 68

3.3.2 Impedance Parameters.................................................................................................70

3.4 Calibration................................................................................................................... 80

3.4.1 Calibration Standards and Calibration Kits................................................................... 81

3.4.2 Calibration Types.......................................................................................................... 82

3.4.3 Automatic Calibration.................................................................................................... 83

3.4.4 Power Calibration..........................................................................................................86

3.4.5 Offset Parameters......................................................................................................... 86

3.5 Optional R&S ZVT Extensions................................................................................... 87

3.5.1 Time Domain (R&S ZVAB-K2)...................................................................................... 88

3.5.2 Arbitrary Generator and Receiver Frequencies (R&S ZVA-K4).................................... 88

3.5.3 Arbitrary Gen. and Rec. Frequencies (R&S ZVA-K4)....................................................88

3.5.4 Mixer Phase Measurement (R&S ZVA-K5)................................................................... 89

3.5.5 True Differential Mode (R&S ZVA-K6)...........................................................................89

3.5.6 Measurements on Pulsed Signals (R&S ZVA-K7).........................................................90

3.5.7 Converter Control (R&S ZVA-K8)..................................................................................90

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R&S® ZVT

Contents

3.5.8 Mixer Delay w/o LO Access (R&S ZVA-K9).................................................................. 90

3.5.9 Long Distance Mixer Delay (R&S ZVA-K10)................................................................. 91

3.5.10 Noise Figure Measurement (R&S ZVAB-K30).............................................................. 91

3.5.11 Frequency Converting Noise Figure Measurement (R&S ZVA-K31)............................ 91

Glossary: Frequently Used Terms...................................................... 92

Index......................................................................................................98

5Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 11

R&S® ZVT

Contents

6Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 11

R&S® ZVT

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Front Panel Tour

1 Preparing the Analyzer for Use

This chapter gives an overview of the front panel controls and connectors of the net­work analyzer and gives all information that is necessary to put the instrument into
operation and connect external devices. Notes on reinstallation of the analyzer soft­ware appear at the end of the chapter.

Risk of injury due to disregarding safety information

Observe the information on appropriate operating conditions provided in the data sheet
to prevent personal injury or damage to the instrument. Read and observe the basic
safety instructions provided with the instrument, in addition to the safety instructions in
the following sections. In particular:

●

Do not open the instrument casing.

Chapter 2 of this manual provides an introduction to the operation of the analyzer by
means of typical configuration and measurement examples; for a description of the
operating concept and an overview of the instrument’s capabilities refer to Chapter 3,

"System Overview", on page 38. For all reference information concerning manual

and remote control of the instrument refer to your analyzer's help system or its printed/
printable version. A more detailed description of the hardware connectors and interfa­ces is also part of the help system.

1.1 Front Panel Tour

The front panel of the network analyzer provides the mains switch, two USB and a
ground connector, and the test port area below. Brief explanations on the controls and
connectors, the hardkey area and the rear panel can be found on the next pages.

7Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 11

R&S® ZVT

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Front Panel Tour

Figure 1-1: R&S ZVT front view

1.1.1 Standby Key

The standby toggle switch is located in the bottom left corner of the front panel.

The key serves two main purposes:

●

Toggle between standby and ready state.

●

Shut down the instrument.

1.1.2 Front Panel Connectors

The test ports and various additional connectors are located on the front panel of the
analyzer.

1.1.2.1 Test Ports

8Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 11

R&S® ZVT

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Front Panel Tour

N-connectors, numbered 1, 2, ... The test ports serve as outputs for the RF stimulus
signal and as inputs for the measured RF signals from the DUT (response signals). Up
to 6 additional test ports can be purchased as options (order no. 1300.1506.03 to

1300.1506.08; see detailed ordering information in the product brochure).

●

With a single test port, it is possible to generate a stimulus signal and measure the
response signal in reflection.

●

With 2 or more test ports, it is possible to perform full two-port or multiport mea­surements; see Chapter 3.3.1, "S-Parameters", on page 68. Note that pairs of
test ports (1 and 2, 3 and 4 etc.) are supplied by a common generator.

●

Each test port may be complemented by three pairs of additional connectors used
to test high power devices and extend the dynamic range, see Chapter 1.1.2.4,

"Direct Generator and Receiver Access", on page 10.

Maximum input levels

The maximum input levels at all test ports according to the front panel labeling or the
data sheet must not be exceeded.

In addition, the maximum input voltages of the other input connectors at the front and
rear panel must not be exceeded.

It is recommended to use a torque wrench when screwing RF cables on the test port
connectors. Standard IEEE 287 specifies a torque of (1.5 ± 0.2) Nm for N connectors.

1.1.2.2 USB Connectors

Double Universal Serial Bus connector of type A (master USB), used to connect e.g a
keyboard, mouse or other pointing devices, the Calibration Unit (accessory R&S ZV­Z5x), a printer or an external storage device (USB stick, CD-ROM drive etc.).

To control external devices (e.g. power meters, generators) via USB connector, a VISA
installation on the network analyzer is required. Use the USB-to-IEC/IEEE Adapter
(option R&S ZVAB-B44) to control devices equipped with a GPIB interface.

The length of passive connecting USB cables should not exceed 1 m. The maximum
current per USB port is 500 mA. See also Chapter 1.3.5, "EMI Suppression",
on page 14.

9Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 11

R&S® ZVT

1.1.2.3 Ground Connector

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Front Panel Tour

R&S ZVAB-B44 on network analyzers with FMR7/6 and FMR9

The driver software of the USB-to-IEC/IEEE Adapter (option R&S ZVAB-B44) must be
installed on the network analyzer. On analyzers equipped with an FMR7/6 or FMR9
front module controller, this installation disables GPIB control from an external PC. A
reinstallation of the NWA firmware (e.g. in repair mode) will resolve the problem; see

Chapter 1.10, "Firmware Update", on page 24.

Connector providing the ground of the analyzer's supply voltage.

Electrostatic discharge

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) may cause damage to the electronic components of the
DUT and the analyzer. Use the wrist strap and cord supplied with the instrument to
connect yourself to the GND connector.

1.1.2.4 Direct Generator and Receiver Access

Option R&S ZVT<n>-B16, Direct Generator/Receiver Access, provides 3 pairs of SMA
connectors for each test port. <n> corresponds to the network analyzer type. For
detailed ordering information refer to the product brochure. See also section Converter
Control in the help system of your network analyzer.

The connectors give direct access to various RF input and output signals. They can be
used to insert external components (e.g. external signal separating devices, power
amplifiers, a ZVAX extension unit etc.) into the signal path in order to develop custom
measurements, e.g. to test high power devices and extend the dynamic range. If no
external components are connected, each OUT/IN loop should be closed using a
jumper.

●

The SOURCE OUT signal comes from the internal RF signal source. The
SOURCE IN signal goes to the test port. A power amplifier can be inserted
between SOURCE OUT and SOURCE IN in order to boost the test port power.

●

The REF OUT signal comes from the coupler and provides the reference signal.
The REF IN signal goes to the receiver input for the reference signal.

●

The MEAS OUT signal comes from the coupler and provides the received (mea­sured) signal. The MEAS IN signal goes to the receiver input for the measured sig­nal.

10Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 11

R&S® ZVT

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Rear Panel Tour

Input signals

The maximum RF input levels at all SMA inputs according to the front panel labeling or
the data sheet must not be exceeded.

In addition, it is important that the signal fed in at the SMA inputs contains no DC off­set, as this may impair the measurements and even cause damage to the instrument.

1.2 Rear Panel Tour

This section gives an overview of the rear panel controls and connectors of the net­work analyzer.

Figure 1-2: R&S ZVT rear view

The rear connectors are described in detail in the annex "Hardware Interfaces" in the
help system.

●

The PORT BIAS panel contains inputs for an external DC voltage (bias) to be
applied to the test ports. A separate input is provided for each test port. Each
PORT BIAS input is protected by an exchangeable fuse.

●

IEC Bus is the GPIB bus connector (according to standard IEEE 488 / IEC 625).

11Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 11

R&S® ZVT

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Putting the Analyzer into Operation

●

AUX is an auxiliary connector, to be wired as needed. AUX is not fitted on standard
instruments.

●

LAN 1 and LAN 2 are two equivalent connectors to connect the analyzer to a Local
Area Network.

●

USB is a double Universal Serial Bus connector of type A (master USB), used to
connect a keyboard, mouse or other pointing device.

●

DC MEAS comprises two inputs for DC measurements, specified for different volt­age ranges.

●

10 MHz REF serves as an input or output for the 10 MHz reference clock signal.

●

MONITOR is a sub-Min-D connector used to connect an external VGA monitor.

●

CASCADE is a 8-pin RJ-45 connector used as output and input connectors for
pulse generator signals. The CASCADE connector is located between the MONI­TOR and the USER CONTROL connectors.

●

USER CONTROL is a D-sub connector used as an input and output for low-voltage
(3.3 V) TTL control signals.

●

EXT. TRIGGER is an input for a low-voltage (3.3 V) TTL external trigger signal.

Input levels, EMC

The maximum input levels and voltages of the input connectors at the front and rear
panel must not be exceeded.

The EXT TRIGGER input connector and pin 2 of the USER CONTROL connector must
never be used simultaneously as inputs for external trigger signals.

Use double shielded cables at the BNC rear panel connectors (10 MHz REF, PORT
BIAS, EXT. TRIGGER) and match signals with 50 Ω in order to comply with EMC direc­tives!

1.3 Putting the Analyzer into Operation

This section describes the basic steps to be taken when setting up the analyzer for the
first time.

Risk of injury due to disregarding safety information

Observe the information on appropriate operating conditions provided in the data sheet
to prevent personal injury or damage to the instrument. Read and observe the basic
safety instructions provided with the instrument, in addition to the safety instructions in
the following sections. In particular:

●

Do not open the instrument casing.

12Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 11

R&S® ZVT

Risk of instrument damage due to inappropriate operating conditions

An unsuitable operating site or test setup can damage the instrument and connected
devices. Before switching on the instrument, observe the information on appropriate
operating conditions provided in the data sheet. In particular, ensure the following:

●

All fan openings are unobstructed and the airflow perforations are unimpeded. A
minimum distance of 10 cm to other objects is recommended.

●

The instrument is dry and shows no sign of condensation.

●

The instrument is positioned as described in the following sections.

●

The ambient temperature does not exceed the range specified in the data sheet.

●

Signal levels at the input connectors are all within the specified ranges.

●

Signal outputs are connected correctly and are not overloaded.

1.3.1 Unpacking and Checking the Analyzer

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Putting the Analyzer into Operation

To remove the instrument from its packaging and check the equipment for complete­ness proceed as follows:

1. Pull off the polyethylene protection pads from the instrument's rear feet and then
carefully remove the pads from the instrument handles at the front.

2. Pull off the corrugated cardboard cover that protects the rear of the instrument.

3. Carefully unthread the corrugated cardboard cover at the front that protects the
instrument handles and remove it.

4. Check the equipment for completeness using the delivery note and the accessory
lists for the various items.

5. Check the instrument for any damage. If there is damage, immediately contact the
carrier who delivered the instrument.

Retain the original packing material. If the instrument needs to be transported or ship­ped at a later date, you can use the material to prevent control elements and connec­tors from being damaged.

1.3.2 Setting up the Analyzer

The network analyzer is designed for use under laboratory conditions, either on a
bench top or in a rack. The general ambient conditions required at the operating site
are as follows:

●

The ambient temperature must be in the ranges specified for operation and for
compliance with specifications (see data sheet).

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R&S® ZVT

●

All fan openings including the rear panel perforations must be unobstructed. The
distance to the wall should be at least 10 cm.

Electrostatic discharge

To avoid damage of electronic components of the DUT and the analyzer, the operating
site must be protected against electrostatic discharge (ESD). ESD is most likely to
occur when you connect or disconnect a DUT or test fixture to the analyzer's test ports.

To prevent ESD damage use the wrist strap and grounding cord supplied with the
instrument and connect yourself to the GND connector at the front panel.

1.3.3 Bench Top Operation

If the analyzer is operated on a bench top, the surface should be flat. The instrument
can be used in horizontal position, standing on its feet.

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Putting the Analyzer into Operation

1.3.4 Operation in a 19" Rack

Using the adapter R&S ZZA-611 (order number 1096.3302.00) the instrument can be
mounted in 19" racks according to the mounting instructions supplied with the rack
adapter.

Avoid overheating

●

Allow for sufficient air supply in the rack.

●

Make sure that there is sufficient space between the ventilation holes and the rack
casing.

1.3.5 EMI Suppression

To suppress generated Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), operate the instrument
only while it is closed, with all shielding covers fitted. Note the EMC classification in the
data sheet.

Use appropriate shielded cables to ensure successful control of electromagnetic radia­tion during operation, especially for the following connector types:

●

BNC rear panel connectors (10 MHz REF, EXT. TRIGGER): Use double shielded
cables and terminate open cable ends with 50 Ω.

●

USER CONTROL: Use only well shielded cables or disconnect the input pins of the
USER CONTROL connector in order to avoid spurious input signals which may
cause undesirable events. This is of particular importance for the external trigger
input (pin no. 2) if the EXT TRIGGER input is used.

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Putting the Analyzer into Operation

●

USB: Use double-shielded USB cables and ensure that external USB devices com­ply with EMC regulations.

●

GPIB (IEEE/IEC 625): Use a shielded GPIB cable.

●

LAN: Use CAT6 or CAT7 cables.

●

Test ports: For instruments with 3.5 mm connector types, use double-shielded
measurement cables.

The use of external accessories for the network analyzers may introduce additional
connector, cable, and cable length requirements. Refer to the relevant documentation.

1.3.6 Connecting the Analyzer to the AC Supply

The network analyzer is automatically adapted to the AC supply voltage supplied. The
supply voltage must be in the range 100 V to 240 V; 50 Hz to 60 Hz. The mains con­nector is located at the bottom left corner of the rear panel.

► Connect the network analyzer to the AC power source using the AC power cable

delivered with the instrument.

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

The maximum power consumption of the analyzer is 650 W. The typical power con­sumption is listed in the "Specifications".

The network analyzer is protected by two fuses as specified on the label on the power
supply. The fuses are located on an AC Fuse Board (order no. 1145.3906.02) which
must be replaced to change the fuses. Replacing the AC Fuse Board requires opening
the instrument and is described in the service manual.

1.3.7 Power on and off

The mains connector is located at the bottom left corner of the rear panel.

► To turn the power on or off, press the AC power switch to position I (On) or 0 (Off).

After power-on, the analyzer is in standby or ready state, (see Chapter 1.3.8, "Standby

and Ready State", on page 15) depending on the state of the STANDBY toggle

switch at the front panel when the instrument was switched off for the last time.

The AC power switch can be permanently on. Switching off is required only if the
instrument must be completely removed from the AC power supply.

1.3.8 Standby and Ready State

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Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down

The STANDBY toggle switch is located in the bottom left corner of the front panel.

► After switching on the AC power (see Chapter 1.3.7, "Power on and off",

on page 15) press the STANDBY key briefly to switch the analyzer from the
standby to ready state or vice versa.

●

In standby state, the right, amber LED is on. The standby power only supplies the
power switch circuits and the optional oven quartz (OCXO, 10 MHz reference oscil­lator, option R&S ZVAB-B4, order no. 1164.1757.02). In this state it is safe to
switch off the AC power and disconnect the instrument from the power supply.

●

In ready state, the left, green LED is on. The analyzer is ready for operation. All
modules are power-supplied and the analyzer initiates its startup procedure.

Shock hazard

The instrument is still power-supplied while it is in standby mode.

1.3.9 Replacing Fuses

The DC inputs PORT BIAS at the rear panel are each protected by a fuse IEC 127 - F
250 L (250 mA quick acting).

► To replace the fuses open the fuse holder by slightly turning the lid counterclock-

wise.

Replacement fuses are provided with the instrument.

1.4 Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down

The analyzer can be controlled in two alternative ways:

●

With a Remote Desktop connection through a Local Area Network. See Chap-

ter 1.9, "Remote Desktop Connection", on page 23.

●

With an external monitor in combination with a mouse. See Chapter 1.7, "Connect-

ing External Accessories", on page 19.

To start the analyzer, proceed as follows:

1. Make sure that the instrument is connected to the AC power supply and the power
switch on the rear panel is in position I (On).

2. If necessary, press the STANDBY toggle switch on the front panel to switch the
instrument to ready state (the green LED is on).

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Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Changing the Screen Resolution

In ready state, the analyzer automatically performs a system check, boots the Win­dows® operating system and then starts the network analyzer (NWA) application. If the
last analyzer session was terminated regularly, the NWA application uses the last
setup with all instrument settings.

To shut down the analyzer, proceed as follows:

1. Press the STANDBY key to save the current setup, close the NWA application,
shut down Windows® and set the instrument to standby state. Of course you can
also perform this procedure step by step like in any Windows session.

2. If desired, set the AC power switch to position 0 (Off).

Risk of data loss

It is strongly recommended to switch the analyzer to standby state before disconnect­ing it from the AC supply. If you set the power switch to 0 while the NWA application is
still running, you will lose the current settings. Moreover, loss of program data can not
be excluded if the application is terminated improperly.

Minimizing the NWA application

With a minimized NWA application, you can access your analyzer's Windows® desktop
or run other applications. To start the NWA application with a minimized window on a
continuing basis, right-click the NWA shortcut icon on the desktop and open the "Prop­erties" dialog. In the "Shortcut" tab, select "Run: Minimized".

After a software update, the NWA application is started with a maximized window
again. Moreover, if you attempt to start second NWA instance, while a first instance is
running in a minimized window, this will cause the first instance to come to the fore­ground.

1.5 Changing the Screen Resolution

The network analyzer application is optimized for a screen resolution of 120 dpi. Other
screen resolution settings will cause distortions in the display of images and control
elements in the dialogs.

To restore the optimum screen resolution on an instrument running Windows XP:

1. Press the Windows button and access the "Display Properties" dialog via the Win­dows "Control Panel".

2. Select "Display" and open the "Settings" tab in the "Display Properties" dialog

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Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Windows Operating System

3. Click "Advanced" and access the "General" tab in the "Plug and Play Monitor..."
dialog.

4. Select "DPI Setting: Large Size (120 dpi)".

5. Click "OK" to confirm your settings and close all dialogs.

For Windows 7, open "Control Panel – Appearance and Personalization – Display" and
select "Medium - 125%"

For Windows 10, open "Windows Settings – System – Display – Advanced scaling set­tings", disable "Fix scaling for apps" and set the "Custom scaling size" to 125%.

The changed screen resolution settings will take effect after you shut down and re-start
the analyzer; refer to Chapter 1.4, "Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down",
on page 16.

1.6 Windows Operating System

The analyzer is equipped with a Windows XP, Windows 7 or Windows 10 operating
system that has been configured according to the instrument's features and needs.

Support for Windows 7 was added with FW version 3.50, support of Windows 10 with
FW version 4.10. Both Windows 7 and Windows 10 require the analyzer to be equip­ped with the latest CPU board FMR11.

Upgrade to Windows 10

Upgrades R&S ZVA-U1110 (variants 02 to 06) are available for instruments with
FMR11, but also for instruments with older CPU boards FMR6, FMR7, or FMR9. The
instrument's HDD or SSD is replaced by a new SSD with pre-installed Windows 10,
64bit. Older CPU boards are replaced by FMR11.

While instruments with FMR11 or FMR9 can be upgraded at your local
Rohde & Schwarz service, instruments with FMR7 or FMR6 can only be factory-upgra­ded.

Changes in the system configuration can be necessary in order to:

●

Customize the properties of the external accessories connected to the analyzer,
e.g. the screen resolution of a connected monitor

●

Establish a LAN connection

●

Call up additional software tools

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Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Connecting External Accessories

Modifications of the operating system

The operating system is adapted to the network analyzer. To avoid impairment of
instrument functions, only change the settings described in this manual. Existing soft­ware must be modified only with update software released by Rohde & Schwarz. Like­wise, only programs authorized by Rohde & Schwarz for use on the instrument must
be executed.

The "Start" menu of the operating system is accessed by pressing the Windows key on
the external keyboard or on the hardkey bar of the GUI. All necessary settings can be
accessed from the "Start" menu, in particular from the Control Panel.

Directories used by the Analyzer Firmware

The firmware is installed in a fixed directory (NWA_INSTALL_DIR) and makes use of
default directories for program data and data exchange (NWA_DATA_DIR) and user
data (NWA_USER_DIR):.

NWA_INSTALL_DIR C:\Program Files (x86)\

NWA_DATA_DIR C:\ProgramData\Rohde&Schwarz\Nwa\Data C:\Documents and Settings\

NWA_USER_DIR C:\ProgramData\Rohde&Schwarz\Nwa

Windows 10 (64-bit) Windows 7 (32-bit) Windows XP (32-bit)

C:\Program Files\Rohde&Schwarz\Network Analyzer
Rohde&Schwarz\
Network Analyzer

All Users\Application Data\
Rohde&Schwarz\Nwa\Data

1.7 Connecting External Accessories

The equivalent USB ports on the front and rear panel of the analyzer can be used to
connect a variety of accessories:

●

A mouse simplifies operation of the instrument using the controls and dialogs of
the Graphical User Interface (GUI).

●

A keyboard simplifies the entry of data; the default input language is English – US.

●

A printer generates hard copies of the GUI and the measurement results. When
printing a copy ("File – Print"), the analyzer checks whether a printer is connected
and turned on and whether the appropriate printer driver is installed.
If required, printer driver installation is initiated using the Windows "Add Printer"
wizard. The wizard is self-explanatory. A printer driver needs to be installed only
once, even though the printer may be temporarily removed from the analyzer.

It is safe to connect or disconnect mouse, keyboard or printer during the measurement.

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Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Connecting to a LAN

A standard VGA monitor or LCD display can be connected to the 15-pole Sub-Min-D
MONITOR connector on the rear panel of the analyzer.

It displays the magnified Graphical User Interface (GUI) with all diagram areas and
controls and the "Hardkey Bar" with key shortcuts for the most important menus and
submenus. With an additional mouse connected to the analyzer, it is possible to control
the analyzer from the GUI.

For instruments running Windows 7 the external monitor port is automatically enabled
at firmware startup.

Safety aspects

The monitor must be connected while the instrument is switched off (or in standby
mode). Otherwise correct operation can not be guaranteed.

Typically mouse, keyboard and monitor are plug & play devices, i.e. they are automati­cally detected by the operating system. If necessary, use standard Windows techni­ques (such as the "Add Printer " wizard or the device properties pages accessible via
Windows Control Panel) to install missing or enhanced device drivers and to configure
connected devices.

1.8 Connecting to a LAN

A LAN connection is used to integrate the analyzer into a home/company network. This
offers several applications, e.g.:

●

Transfer data between a controller and the analyzer, e.g. in order run a remote
control program.

●

Control the measurement from a remote computer using the Remote Desktop
application.

●

Use external network devices (e.g. printers).

Virus protection

An efficient virus protection is a prerequisite for secure operation in the network. Never
connect your analyzer to an unprotected network because this may cause damage to
the instrument software.

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R&S® ZVT

1.8.1 Physical LAN Connection

A LAN cable can be connected to one of the LAN connectors on the rear panel of the
analyzer. To establish a LAN connection proceed as follows:

1. Refer to section TCP/IP Configutation and learn how to avoid connection errors.

2. Connect a CAT6 or CAT7 RJ-45 (LAN, Ethernet) cable to one of the LAN ports.

The LAN ports of the analyzer are auto-crossover Ethernet ports. You can connect
them to a network that is equipped with Ethernet hardware (hub, switch, router), but
you can also set up a direct connection to a computer or another test instrument. For
both connection types, you can use either crossover or standard straight-through
Ethernet cables.

1.8.2 TCP/IP Configutation

Depending on the network capacities, the TCP/IP configuration for the analyzer can be
obtained in different ways.

●

If the network supports dynamic TCP/IP configuration using the Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP), the configuration can be assigned automatically.

●

If the network does not support DHCP, or if the analyzer is set to use manual
TCP/IP configuration, the configuration must be entered manually.

Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Connecting to a LAN

The active TCP/IP configuration is displayed in the "Instrument Information" section of
the"Info > Setup Info" dialog.

By default, the analyzer is configured to use dynamic TCP/IP configuration. This
means that it is safe to establish a physical connection to the LAN without any previous
analyzer configuration.

Manual TCP/IP configuration

If your network does not support DHCP, or if you choose to disable dynamic TCP/IP
configuration, you must enter a valid TCP/IP configuration before connecting the ana­lyzer to the LAN. Contact your network administrator, because connection errors can
affect the entire network.

For more information refer to the Windows "Help and Support Center".

To disable dynamic TCP/IP configuration and enter the TCP/IP address information
manually proceed as follows:

1. Obtain the IP address and subnet mask for the analyzer and the IP address for the
local default gateway from your network administrator. If needed, also obtain the
name of your DNS domain and the IP addresses of the DNS and WINS servers on

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Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Connecting to a LAN

your network. If you use both LAN connectors, you need two different sets of
address information.

2. Press the Windows key on an external keyboard or on the hardkey bar of the NWA
GUI to access the Start Menu and from there open the Control Panel.

3. For each LAN interface to be configured, enter the IPv4 protocol stack configura­tion provided by your network administrator, e.g.

Windows XP: "Control Panel – Network Connections – Local Area Connection Sta­tus – Local Area Connection Properties – Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties"
Windows 7: "Control Panel – Network and Internet – Network and Sharing Center –
Change adapter settings – Change Settings of this conection – Internet Protocol
version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties"
Windows 10: "Windows 10: Windows Settings – Network & Internet – Network and
Sharing Center – Change adapter settings – Change Settings of this connection –
Internet Protocol version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties"

1.8.3 Test Setups with two LAN Connections

The two LAN connectors on the rear panel of the analyzer are equivalent. With one
LAN connector used to establish a connection to a home/company network, the other
one can be used to connect an additional instrument, e.g. an additional analyzer or sig­nal generator.

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Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Remote Desktop Connection

Defining the network topology: Router vs. network client

With two LAN connections, it is possible to use the analyzer in two alternative ways:

●

As a client participating in two independent networks, one comprising the home
network including the analyzer, the second consisting of the additional test instru­ment plus the analyzer.

●

As a data router between the additional test instrument and the home network.
This configuration means that the analyzer and the additional test instrument are
integrated into a single network.

The network topology is defined in Windows' "Advanced TCP/IP Settings" dialog:

"Windows XP Control Panel – Network Connections – Local Area Connection Status –
Local Area Connection Properties – Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties – Advanced"

"Windows 7 Control Panel – Network and Internet – Network and Sharing Center –
Change adapter settings – Change Settings of this conection – Internet Protocol ver­sion 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties – Advanced"

"Windows 10: Windows Settings – Network & Internet – Network and Sharing Center –
Change adapter settings – Change Settings of this connection – Internet Protocol ver­sion 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties"

Both instruments must have independent IP addresses; see Chapter 1.8.2, "TCP/IP

Configutation", on page 21. Contact your LAN administrator for details.

Avoid parallel connections

Never use both LAN connectors to connect the analyzer in parallel to the same net­work as this will result in connection errors.

1.9 Remote Desktop Connection

Remote Desktop is a Windows® application which can be used to access and control
the analyzer from a remote computer through a LAN connection. While the measure­ment is running, the analyzer screen contents are displayed on the remote computer,

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Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Firmware Update

and Remote Desktop provides access to all of the applications, files, and network
resources of the analyzer.

On instruments running Windows 7 or Windows 10, by default remote connections are
enabled using a local group policy and remote access is granted to users instrument
and administrator.

To enable remote connections to an instrument running Windows XP, proceed as fol­lows:

1. As described above, connect the analyzer to the LAN and configure the LAN
TCP/IP interface (see Chapter 1.8, "Connecting to a LAN", on page 20).
Memorize the analyzer's IP address ("Info – Setup Info – Instrument Information" at
the NWA GUI).

2. At the analyzer, press the Windows button to access the start menu and open the
Control Panel.

3. Allow remote desktop connections ("Control Panel – System – Properties –
Remote tab – Allow users to connect remotely to this computer")

To set up the connection, run the Remote Desktop Connection application at the
remote Windows PC and connect to the analyzer's IP address.

Password protection

The analyzer uses a user name and password as credentials for remote access. In the
factory configuration, the user name is "instrument"; the password is "894129". To pro­tect the analyzer from unauthorized access, it is recommended to change the factory
setting.

On network analyzers equipped with a Windows XP version earlier than 5.1 Service
Pack 3, "instrument" is preset for both the user name and the password. The Windows
XP version appears in the "Info" dialog ("Info > Setup Info > Instrument Information") or
in the "System Properties" dialog of Windows XP's control panel ("Start Settings >
Control Panel > System > General").

For detailed information about Remote Desktop refer to the Windows® Help.

1.10 Firmware Update

Upgrade versions of the analyzer firmware are supplied as single setup files *.msi. To
perform a firmware update, proceed as follows.

1. Copy the setup file to any storage medium accessible from the analyzer. This may
be the internal hard disk, an external storage medium (USB memory stick, external
CD-ROM drive) or a network connection (LAN, GPIB bus).

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Preparing the Analyzer for Use

Firmware Update

2. Start the installation using one of the following methods:

● If you use an external monitor or PC to display the GUI, access the "Start"

menu of the operating system by pressing the Windows key on the external
keyboard or on the hardkey bar of the GUI. Locate and double-click the setup
file.

● Otherwise, use the remote control command SYSTem:FIRMware:UPDate

'<setup_file_name>' to start the installation.

3. Follow the instructions of the setup wizard.

Setup files can be stored and installed again. The default drive name of the internal
hard disk is C:. External storage devices are automatically mapped to the next free
drive, i.e. D:, E: etc.

A firmware update does not affect the factory calibration.

Disconnect any calibration units during the firmware update.

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R&S® ZVT

Getting Started

Performing a Reflection Measurement

2 Getting Started

The following chapter presents a sample session with a R&S ZVT network analyzer
using an external monitor and the Graphical User Interface and explains how to solve
basic tasks that you will frequently encounter when working with the instrument.

Safety considerations

Before starting any measurement on your network analyzer, please note the instruc­tions given in Preparing the Analyzer for Use.

In the System Overview chapter below you will find detailed information on customizing
the instrument and the display according to your personal preferences. For a system­atic explanation of all menus, functions and parameters and background information
refer to the "GUI Reference" chapter in the help system.

Use the "S-Parameter Wizard" in the "System" menu to perform a standard S-parame­ter measurement in a straightforward way. The wizard provides a series of dialogs
where you can select the test setup, screen configuration and measurement parame­ters, configure the essential channel settings and perform a guided calibration.

Measurement stages in the wizard

The different dialogs of the S-parameter wizard correspond to the typical stages of any
measurement:

1. Select the test setup

2. Select the measurement parameters and the diagram areas

3. Define the sweep range

4. Adjust the receiver and source settings (measurement bandwidth, source power)

5. Perform a calibration

2.1 Performing a Reflection Measurement

In a reflection measurement, the analyzer transmits a stimulus signal to the input port
of the device under test (DUT) and measures the reflected wave. A number of trace
formats allow you to express and display the results. depending on what you want to
learn from the data. Only one analyzer test port is required for reflection measure­ments.

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Getting Started

Performing a Reflection Measurement

In the following example, the analyzer is set up for a reflection measurement, a fre­quency sweep range and measurement parameter is selected, the instrument is cali­brated and the result is evaluated using various formats.

The following measurement example has been carried out with a network analyzer
R&S ZVB. The measurement can be performed in an analogous way using a R&S ZVT
that is controlled from an external keyboard or via a LAN connection.

2.1.1 Instrument Setup for Reflection Measurements

In order to prepare a reflection measurement, you have to connect your DUT (which for
simplicity we assume to have an appropriate connector, e.g. a male N 50 Ω connector)
to one of the (equivalent) analyzer test ports. Besides, it is recommended to preset the
instrument in order to set it to a definite, known state.

1. Proceed as described in Chapter 1.4, "Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down",
on page 16 to switch on the instrument and start the NWA application. The Graphi­cal User Interface (GUI) on your external monitor shows the analyzer's main win­dow including the hardkey and softkey bars.

2. Connect the input port of your DUT to test port 1 of the network analyzer.

3. Press the PRESET key in the SYSTEM keypad of the hardkey bar to perform a
factory preset of the analyzer.

The analyzer is now set to its default state. The default measured quantity is the trans­mission S-parameter S21. This quantity is zero in the current test setup, so the trace
shows the noise level.

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Getting Started

Performing a Reflection Measurement

Press the TRACE SELECT key in the TRACE keypad of the hardkey bar and use the
softkeys in the "Trace Select" menu if you wish to create a new trace or a new diagram
area.

2.1.2 Parameter and Sweep Range Selection

After preset the display shows a diagram with a dB Mag scale. The sweep range (scale
of the horizontal axis) is equal to the maximum frequency range of the analyzer, and
the S-parameter S21 is selected as a measurement parameter.

To obtain information about the reflection characteristics of your DUT you have to
select an appropriate measurement parameter and specify the sweep range.

1. In the CHANNEL keypad of the hardkey bar, press START CENTER and enter the
lowest frequency you want to measure in the "Start Frequency" numeric entry bar
(e.g. 5 GHz).

2. Press STOP SPAN and enter the highest frequency you want to measure in the
"Stop Frequency" numeric entry bar (e.g. 5.5 GHz).

3. In the TRACE keypad of the hardkey bar, press MEAS and select the forward
reflection coefficient S11 as a measurement parameter.

4. In the TRACE keypad, press SCALE and activate the "Autoscale" function. The
analyzer adjusts the scale of the diagram to fit in the entire S11 trace, leaving an

appropriate display margin.

Tip: Refer to Chapter 2.3.2, "Scaling Diagrams", on page 34 to learn more about
the different methods and tools for diagram scaling.

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Getting Started

Performing a Reflection Measurement

2.1.3 Instrument Calibration

The analyzer provides a wide range of sophisticated calibration methods for all types of
measurements. Which calibration method is selected depends on the expected system
errors, the accuracy requirements of the measurement, on the test setup and on the
types of calibration standards available.

In the following we assume that the calibration kit R&S ZV-Z21 contains an appropriate
male short standard with known physical properties. With a single short standard, it is
possible to perform a normalization, compensating for a frequency-dependent attenua­tion and phase shift in the signal path.

Due to the analyzer's calibration wizard, calibration is a straightforward, menu-guided
process.

1. Unscrew the DUT and connect the male short standard from calibration kit
R&S ZV-Z21.

2. In the CHANNEL keypad, press CAL to open the calibration menu.

3. Activate "Start Cal – One Port P1 – Normalization (Short)" to open the calibration
wizard for the selected calibration type.

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Getting Started

Performing a Reflection Measurement

4. In the first dialog of the wizard, select the calibration kit (here: "ZV-Z21") and the
test port connector (here: N 50 Ω (f), corresponding to a male calibration standard),
and click "Next".

The next dialog of the calibration wizard shows that only a single calibration stan­dard needs to be measured.

5. Click the box "Short (m)..." to initiate the measurement of the connected short stan­dard.
The analyzer performs a calibration sweep and displays a message box with a pro­gress bar. After completing the sweep the analyzer generates a short sound and a
green checkmark appears in the checkbox.

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Getting Started

Performing a Reflection Measurement

6. Click "Apply" to close the wizard, calculate and store the system error correction
data and apply them to the current measurement.

7. Remove the short standard and connect the DUT again.

2.1.4 Evaluation of Data

The analyzer provides various tools to optimize the display and analyze the measure­ment data. For instance, you can use markers determine the maximum of the reflection
coefficient, and change the display format to obtain information about the phase shift of
the reflected wave and the impedance of your DUT.

1. In the TRACE keypad of the hardkey bar, press MARKER. This places "Marker 1"
to its default position (center of the sweep range).
A marker symbol (triangle) appears on the trace. The stimulus value (frequency)
and response value (magnitude of the reflection coefficient converted to a dB
value) at the marker position is displayed in the marker info field in the upper right
corner of the diagram.

2. Press MARKER FUNCT and activate "Min Search".
The marker jumps to the absolute minimum of the curve in the entire sweep range.
The marker info field shows the coordinates of the new marker position.

3. In the TRACE keypad, press FORMAT and select the "Phase" of the reflection
coefficient to be displayed.
The phase is shown in a Cartesian diagram with a default vertical scale of 225 deg
to +225 deg. The marker info field shows the frequency and phase at the marker
position.

4. Still in the FORMAT menu, select "Smith".

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Getting Started

Performing a Reflection Measurement

The Smith chart shows lines of constant real and imaginary part of the impedance
in the reflection coefficient plane.

Tip: Refer to section Chapter 3.2.4, "Display Formats and Diagram Types",
on page 59 to learn more about the diagram properties.

2.1.5 Saving and Printing Data

The analyzer provides standard functions for saving measurement settings and for
printing the results. You can use these functions as if you were working on a standard
PC. Moreover you can export your trace data to an ASCII file and reuse it in a later
session or in an external application.

Data transfer is made easier if external accessories are connected to the analyzer or if
the instrument is integrated into a LAN. Refer to Connecting External Accessories and

Chapter 1.8, "Connecting to a LAN", on page 20 to obtain information about the neces-

sary steps.

1. Press TRACE FUNCT and activate "Import/Export – Data Export".

2. In the "Export Data" dialog opened, select a file location, format and name and acti­vate "Save".
The active trace data is written to an ASCII file.

3. Press PRINT in the SYSTEM keypad of the hardkey bar and select "Print Now" to
create a hardcopy of your diagram.

4. Select "Print to File..." or "Print to Clipboard" to copy the diagram to a file or an
external application.

5. Press SAVE in the SYSTEM keypad.

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6. In the "Save As" dialog opened, select a file location, format and name and activate
"Save".
The active setup is stored to a file and can be reused in a later session.

Proceed as described in Chapter 1.4, "Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down",
on page 16 to shut down your analyzer.

2.2 Performing a Transmission Measurement

A transmission measurement involves the same steps as a reflection measurement.
Note the following differences:

●

The test setup for transmission measurements involves two or more DUT and ana­lyzer ports. For a two-port transmission measurement, you can connect the input of
your DUT to port 1 of the analyzer, the output to port 2. After a preset, the analyzer
will measure the forward transmission S-parameter S21.

●

The analyzer provides special calibration types for transmission measurements.
Use the calibration wizard and select an appropriate type. A TOSM calibration will
correct the system errors for all transmission and reflection S-parameters.

●

The S-parameter wizard ("System – Measurement Wizard – S-parameter" wizard)
will guide you through the essential steps of a standard transmission measure­ment.

Getting Started

Basic Tasks

2.3 Basic Tasks

The following sections describe how to solve basic tasks that you will frequently
encounter when working with the instrument. In particular you can learn how to access
instrument functions and control dialogs without a mouse and keyboard.

2.3.1 Data Entry

The analyzer provides dialogs with various types of input fields where you can enter
numeric values and character data. Data entry with a mouse and an external keyboard
is a standard procedure known from other Windows applications. However, there are
various alternative ways to enter data.

2.3.1.1 Using the Analyzer's On-Screen Keyboard

The on-screen keyboard allows you to enter characters, in particular letters, without an
external keyboard. It is available for all character input fields which have a symbol.

Operation with a mouse

1.

Click the symbol to open the on-screen keyboard.

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Getting Started

Basic Tasks

2. Click a sequence of characters and OK to apply your selection and close the key­board.

2.3.1.2

Using the Windows

®

On-Screen Keyboard

The Windows On-Screen Keyboard allows you to enter characters, in particular letters,
even if an input field cannot call up the analyzer's own on-screen keyboard. Examples
of such fields are the input fields in the "Index" and "Search" tabs of the Help system. A
mouse is required for using the On-Screen Keyboard.

To call up the on-screen keyboard,

1. Press the Windows key in the SUPPORT keypad of the hardkey bar to open the
Start menu.

2. Select "All Programs – Accessories – Accessibility (Win XP) | Ease of Access (Win

7) – On-Screen Keyboard".

The "System – External Tools" submenu contains a shortcut to the Windows on-screen
keyboard. Simply click "Mouse Keyboard.lnk" to open the keyboard.

2.3.2 Scaling Diagrams

The analyzer provides several alternative tools for setting the sweep range and cus­tomizing the diagrams. Pick the method that is most convenient for you.

2.3.2.1 Setting the Sweep Range

The sweep range for all channels is displayed in the channel list across the bottom of
the diagram area:

To change the sweep range, use one of the following methods:

●

Press the START CENTER or STOP SPAN keys in the CHANNEL keypad of the
hardkey bar.

●

Right-click the start or stop value in the channel list and select "Start", "Stop", "Cen­ter", "Span" from the context menu.

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2.3.2.2 Reference Value and Position

Getting Started

Basic Tasks

●

Select "Start", "Stop", "Center", "Span" from the "Channel Stimulus" menu.

●

Use the marker functions (MARKER FUNCT key of the hardkey bar).

The analyzer provides three parameters for changing the scale of the vertical
(response) axis:

●

Changing the "Reference Value" or "Reference Position" shifts the trace in vertical
direction and adjusts the labels of the vertical axis. "Reference Value" also works
for radial diagrams.

●

Changing the "Scale/Div." modifies the value of the vertical or radial diagram divi­sions and thus the entire range of response values displayed.

The "Scale/Div." and the "Reference Value" is indicated in the scale section of the trace
list.

To change one of the parameters use one of the following methods:

●

Press the SCALE key in the TRACE keypad of the hardkey bar.

●

Right-click the scale section in the trace list and select the parameters from the
context menu.

●

Select the parameters from the "Trace Scale" menu.

●

Use the marker functions (MARKER FUNCT key of the hardkey bar).

2.3.2.3 Autoscale

The "Autoscale" function adjusts the scale divisions and the reference value so that the
entire trace fits into the diagram area. To access "Autoscale", use one of the following
methods:

●

Press the SCALE key in the TRACE keypad of the hardkey bar.

●

Right-click the scale section in the trace list and select "Autoscale" from the context
menu.

●

Select "Autoscale" from the "Trace – Scale" menu.

2.3.2.4 Circular Diagrams

The radial scale of a circular ("Polar", "Smith" or "Inverted Smith") diagram can be
changed with a single linear parameter, the "Reference Value". The reference value
defines the radius of the outer circumference.

●

Increasing the "Reference Value" scales down the polar diagram.

●

Decreasing the "Reference Value" magnifies the polar diagram.

The "Reference Value" is indicated in the scale section of the trace list.

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2.3.2.5 Using Marker Functions

Getting Started

Basic Tasks

To change the "Reference Value" use one of the following methods:

●

Press the SCALE key in the TRACE keypad of the hardkey bar.

●

Right-click the scale section in the trace list and select the parameter from the con­text menu.

●

Select the parameter from the "Trace – Scale" menu.

●

Use the marker functions.

The "Autoscale" function also works for polar diagrams.

Marker functions are a convenient tool for scaling (in particular: magnifying) diagrams
without entering explicit numeric values. You simply place a marker to a trace point and
use the marker values to change the sweep range or move the trace relative to the ver­tical axis. A mouse makes it easier to activate (click) or move (drag and drop) markers.

To set the sweep range use one of the following methods:

Define "Start" and "Stop" values

1. Create two normal markers, e.g. the markers Mkr 1 and Mkr 2, and place them to
the desired start and stop values of the sweep range.

2. Activate "M 1" and click "Trace – Marker Funct. – Start = Marker".

3. Activate "M 2" and click "Trace – Marker Funct. – Stop = Marker".

Use a definite "Span"

1. Create a marker and set it to delta mode.

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Getting Started

Basic Tasks

The analyzer automatically creates a reference marker in addition to the delta
marker.

2. Place the reference marker to the desired start value of the sweep range.

3. Set the value of the delta marker equal to the desired (positive or negative) span.

4. Activate the delta marker and click "Trace – Marker Funct. – Span = Marker".

To move the trace relative to the vertical axis proceed as follows:

1. Create a normal marker, e.g. the marker "M 1", and place it to a particular trace
point. E.g. you can use the marker "Search" functions to locate a maximum or mini­mum on the trace.

2. Click "Trace – Marker Funct. – Max = Marker" to move the trace towards the upper
diagram edge, leaving the values of the vertical divisions ("Scale Div.") and the
overall vertical scale unchanged. Analogously, click "Min = Marker" to move the
trace towards the lower diagram edge, or click "Ref Value = Marker" to move the
trace towards the "Reference Value".

2.3.2.6 Enlarging the Diagram Area

The analyzer provides different tools for customizing the contents and size of the dia­gram areas:

●

"Maximize" allows you to enlarge the active diagram area to occupy the whole win­dow. A double-click on any point in the diagram area is equivalent to the "Maxi­mize" function.

●

The "Title", the "Softkey Labels", the "Status Bar" and the "Hardkey Bar" are
optional display elements which you can hide in order to gain space for the dia­gram.

●

Use the context menu of the diagram area, the keys in the DISPLAY keypad of the
hardkey bar or the "Display" menu to access the scaling functions above.

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3 System Overview

The following chapter provides an overview of the analyzer's capabilities and their use.
This includes a description of the basic concepts that the analyzer uses to organize,
process and display measurement data, of the screen contents, possible measured
quantities, calibration methods and typical test setups.

For a systematic explanation of all menus, functions and parameters and background
information refer to the reference description on the graphical user interface (GUI Ref­erence) in your analyzer's help system.

3.1 Basic Concepts

The analyzer provides a variety of functions to perform a particular measurement and
to customize and optimize the evaluation of results. To ensure that the instrument
resources are easily accessible and that user-defined configurations can be conven­iently implemented, stored and reused the instrument uses a hierarchy of structures:

●

Global resources can be used for all measurements, irrespective of the current
measurement session or setup.

●

A setup comprises a set of diagram areas with all displayed information that can be
stored to a setup file.

●

The diagram areas show traces which are assigned to channels. See Chap-

ter 3.1.3, "Traces, Channels and Diagram Areas", on page 39.

System Overview

Basic Concepts

3.1.1 Global Resources

The analyzer provides global settings that are mostly hardware-related and can be
used for all measurements, irrespective of the current measurement session or setup.

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The settings are stored in independent files and do not enter into any of the setup files.
The following settings correspond to global resources:

●

Calibration kits

●

Connector types

●

Cal pool data including system error correction and power correction data

●

Color schemes

The data related to global resources are not affected by a "Preset" of the analyzer.
However, it is possible to delete or reset global resource data using the "Resets" tab in
the "System Config" dialog.

3.1.2 Setups

A setup comprises a set of diagram areas with all displayed information that can be
stored to a NWA setup file (*.zvx) and reused. Each setup is displayed in an independ­ent window. The setup file contains the following information:

●

General settings related to the setup

●

The trace settings for all traces in the diagram areas

●

The channel settings for all channels associated to the traces

●

The display settings for each diagram area

System Overview

Basic Concepts

The "File" menu is used to organize setups.

In the "System – External Tools" submenu, you can find demo setups *.vbs for vari­ous measurement scenarios. You can modify the demo setups and store them to a
*.zvx file for later use. Moreover the "S-Parameter Wizard" provides predefined, opti­mized setup s for many measurements.

3.1.3 Traces, Channels and Diagram Areas

The analyzer arranges, displays or stores the measured data in traces which are
assigned to channels and displayed in diagram areas. To understand the menu struc­ture of the instrument and quickly find the appropriate settings, it is important to under­stand the exact meaning of the three terms.

●

A trace is a set of data points that can be displayed together in a diagram area.
The trace settings specify the mathematical operations used in order to obtain
traces from the measured or stored data and to display them.

●

A channel contains hardware-related settings to specify how the network analyzer
collects data.

●

A diagram area is a rectangular portion of the screen used to display traces. Dia­gram areas belonging to the same setup are arranged in a common window. The
settings for diagram areas are described in Chapter 3.2.2, "Display Elements in the

Diagram Area", on page 48.

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System Overview

Basic Concepts

A diagram area can contain a practically unlimited number of traces, assigned to differ­ent channels. Diagram areas and channels are completely independent from each
other.

3.1.3.1 Trace Settings

The trace settings specify the mathematical operations used in order to obtain traces
from the measured or stored data. They can be divided into several main groups:

●

Selection of the measured quantity (S-parameters, wave quantities, ratios, impe­dances,...)

●

Conversion into the appropriate display format and selection of the diagram type

●

Scaling of the diagram and selection of the traces associated to the same channel

●

Readout and search of particular values on the trace by means of markers

●

Limit check

The "Trace" menu provides all trace settings. They complement the definitions of the
"Channel" menu. Each trace is assigned to a channel. The channel settings apply to all
traces assigned to the channel.

If a trace is selected in order to apply the trace settings, it becomes the active trace. In
manual control there is always exactly one active trace, irrespective of the number of
channels and traces defined. The active channel contains the active trace. In remote
control, each channel contains an active trace; refer to the relevant sections in your
analyzer's help system.

3.1.3.2 Channel Settings

A channel contains hardware-related settings to specify how the network analyzer col­lects data. The channel settings can be divided into three main groups:

●

Control of the measurement process ("Sweep", "Trigger", "Average")

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System Overview

Basic Concepts

●

Description of the test setup ("Power" of the internal source, IF filter "Bandwidth"
and "Step Attenuators", "Port Configuration")

●

Correction data ("Calibration", "Offset")

The "Channel" menu provides all channel settings.

After changing the channel settings or selecting another measured quantity, the ana­lyzer needs some time to initialize the new sweep. This preparation period increases
with the number of points and the number of partial measurements involved. It is
visualized by a "Preparing Sweep" symbol in the status bar: All analyzer settings can
still be changed during sweep initialization. If necessary, the analyzer terminates the
current initialization and starts a new preparation period. During the first sweep after a
change of the channel settings, an additional red asterisk symbol appears in the status
bar:

All analyzer settings can still be changed during sweep initialization. If necessary, the
analyzer terminates the current initialization and starts a new preparation period. Dur­ing the first sweep after a change of the channel settings, an additional red asterisk
symbol appears in the status bar:

3.1.4 Data Flow

The analyzer processes the raw measurement data in a sequence of stages in order to
obtain the displayed trace. The following diagram gives an overview.

The diagram consists of an upper and a lower part, corresponding to the data process­ing stages for the entire channel and for the individual traces. All stages in the diagram
are configurable. Note that the channel data flow for S-parameters (and quantities
derived from S-parameters such as impedances, admittances, stability factors etc.) dif­fers from the channel data flow for wave quantities (and derived quantities such as
ratios, PAE etc.).

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System Overview

Basic Concepts

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3.2 Screen Elements

This section describes the operating concept of the network analyzer, including the
alternative navigation tools for mouse and hardkey operation, the trace settings, mark­ers and diagram areas. For a description of the different quantities measured by the
analyzer refer to Chapter 3.3, "Measured Quantities", on page 68.

3.2.1 Navigation Tools of the Screen

The main window of the analyzer that you can display on an external monitor provides
all control elements for the measurements and contains the diagram areas for the
results. There are several alternative ways to access an instrument function:

●

Using the menus and submenus of the menu bar (provides all settings)

●

Using the softkeys of the softkey bar (alternative to the previous method)

●

Using the hardkey bar (preselection of the most important menus)

System Overview

Screen Elements

For further reference:

●

Refer to Chapter 3.2.2, "Display Elements in the Diagram Area", on page 48 to
obtain information about the results in the diagram area.

●

Refer to section "Display Menu" in the reference chapter of your analyzer's Help
system and learn how to customize the screen.

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3.2.1.1 Menu Bar

System Overview

Screen Elements

All analyzer functions are arranged in drop-down menus. The menu bar is located
across the top of the diagram area:

Menus can be controlled in different ways:

●

With a mouse, like the menus in any Windows application. A left mouse click
expands a menu or submenu. If a menu command has no submenu assigned, a
left mouse click opens a dialog or directly activates the menu command.

●

Using the hardkey bar (activated via Display – Config./View).

The active menu is the menu containing the last executed command. If the softkey bar
or hardkey bar is displayed ("Display – Config./View – Softkey Labels: On"), then the
active menu is indicated on top of the softkey/hardkey bar.

When you select a command in a new menu the softkey bar is updated to reflect the
new active menu with all commands. You can continue operation using the softkeys.

Overview of menu functions

●

The "Control"

●

The "File" menu provides standard Windows functions to create, save, recall or
print setups, to copy the current screen and to shut down the application.

●

The "Trace" menu provides all trace settings and the functions to create, select,
modify and store different traces. In addition the menu provides the marker, search
and limit check functions.

●

The "Channel" menu provides all channel settings and the functions to create,
select, modify and store different channels.

●

The "Display" menu provides all display settings and the functions to create, select,
modify and arrange different diagram areas.

●

The "System" menu provides functions to reverse operations, return to a defined
instrument state, retrieve information on the instrument and access service func­tions. Besides, it configures the remote control operation, starts the "Measurement
Wizard" and provides print options.

●

The "Window" menu provides standard Windows functions to arrange different win­dows on the screen.

●

The "Info" menu provides information and selftest options for service purposes and
troubleshooting.

●

The "Help" menu provides assistance with the network analyzer and its operation.

menu provide standard Windows functions to control windows.

3.2.1.2 Menu Structure

All menus show an analogous structure.

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System Overview

Screen Elements

●

A menu command with a right arrow expands a submenu with further related set­tings.
Example: "Measure" expands a submenu to select the quantity to be measured
and displayed.

●

A menu command with three dots appended calls up a dialog providing several
related settings.
Example: "More S-Parameters..." opens a dialog to select S-parameters for multi­port measurements or mixed mode S-parameters.

●

A menu command with no arrow or dots directly initiates an action.
Example: "S21" selects the forward transmission coefficient S21 as measured

quantity.

●

A dot preceding the menu command indicates the current selection in a list of alter­native settings.

Example: In the figure above, S21 is selected as measured quantity.

3.2.1.3 Softkey Bar

The softkey bar displays the commands of the active menu so that they can be activa­ted by a mouse click.

It consists of three elements:

●

Heading

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System Overview

Screen Elements

The heading shows the two lowest level menu commands in the current branch of
the menu tree. The lowest-level command appears on a shaded background.

●

Function softkeys

Up to 8 softkeys, each corresponding to a command of the active menu. The func­tion of the softkeys and their labels are strictly equivalent to the corresponding
menu commands.

– A large dot in the lower right corner indicates the current selection in a list of

alternative settings.

– Three dots indicate that the softkey calls up a dialog providing several related

settings.

– A right arrow indicates a submenu with further related settings.

– A softkey with no arrow or dots directly initiates an action.

●

Navigation softkey (optional)

Softkey no. 8 or softkeys no. 7 and no. 8 are reserved for navigation:

– More ½ and More 2/2 toggle between two groups of softkeys which belong to

the same menu. The softkeys are provided whenever the active menu contains
more than 7 commands.

– Menu Up activates the higher-level menu and is provided in all menus except

the top-level one listing the main menus in the menu bar.

The softkey bar is automatically updated when the active menu is changed.

You can hide the softkey bar and gain screen space for the diagram areas if you use a
mouse to control the analyzer ("Display – Config./View"). All settings are accessible
from the menus listed in the menu bar across the top of the screen.

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3.2.1.4 Hardkey Bar

System Overview

Screen Elements

The hardkey bar ("Display Config./View") provides shortcuts to the most commonly
used submenus and menu commands. Clicking a hardkey symbol opens the corre­sponding submenu or executes a menu command.

The hardkey bar contains the TRACE, CHANNEL, DISPLAY and SYSTEM keypads:

The hardkey bar provides access to the basic groups of settings with a single mouse
click. Alternatively the settings are accessible from the menus of the menu bar or from
the softkey bar.

The hardkey bar is displayed by default but can be hidden ("Display Config./View") to
gain screen space for the diagram areas.

3.2.1.5 Status Bar

The status bar (Display – Config./View) shows

●

the statistics for the sweep average (if sweep average is on)

●

an "Ext Ref" section if the analyzer is configured to use an External Reference
clock

●

the progress of the sweep

●

the error log opener icon (if the error log is non-empty) and

●

the control mode of the analyzer (LOCAL or REMOTE)

During sweep initialization, the progress bar for the sweep is replaced by a
symbol. During the first sweep after a change of the channel settings, an additional red
asterisk symbol appears:

You can hide the status bar and gain screen space for the diagram areas.

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3.2.2 Display Elements in the Diagram Area

The central part of the screen is occupied by one or several diagram areas.

A "diagram area" is a rectangular portion of the screen used to display traces. Diagram
areas are arranged in windows; they are independent of trace and channel settings. A
diagram area can contain a practically unlimited number of traces, assigned to different
channels (overlay mode).

Diagram areas are controlled and configured by means of the functions in the "Display"
menu and the following additional settings:

●

The settings in the "Window" menu arrange several windows containing one or
more diagram areas within the entire screen. Each window corresponds to a setup.
Only one setup can be active at a time, and only the traces of the active setup are
updated by the current measurements.

●

Various settings to assign traces to diagram areas are provided in the "Trace –
Traces" submenu.

Diagram areas may contain:

●

Measurement results, in particular the traces and marker values

●

An indication of the basic channel and trace settings

●

Context menus providing settings related to the current screen

●

Error messages

System Overview

Screen Elements

The examples in this section have been taken from Cartesian diagrams. All other dia­gram types provide the same display elements.

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System Overview

Screen Elements

3.2.2.1 Title

Across the top of the diagram area, an optional title describes the contents of the area.
Different areas within a setup are distinguished by area numbers in the upper right cor­ner.

Use the context menu or the functions in the "Display" menu to display, hide or change
the title and to add and customize diagram areas.

3.2.2.2 Traces

A trace is a set of data points displayed together in the diagram area. The individual
data points are connected so that each trace forms a continuous line.

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System Overview

Screen Elements

The trace can be complemented by the following display elements, plotted with the
same color:

●

Reference value (for all traces): The reference value is indicated with a triangle at
the right edge of the diagram and a dashed, horizontal line. The value and position
of the triangle can be changed in order to modify the diagram scale and shift the
trace vertically.

●

Measured quantity (for the active trace): The measured quantity is indicated in the
left upper corner of the diagram.

A trace can be either a data trace, a memory trace, or a mathematical trace; see

"Trace Types" on page 50.

A right mouse click on any point of the diagram area (except the marker info field and
the measured quantity info) opens a context menu:

The settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Display – Area Select"
and "Display – Config View" menus.

Trace Types

The analyzer uses traces to display the current measurement result in a diagram area
but is also capable of storing traces to the memory, recalling stored traces, and defin­ing mathematical relations between different traces. There are three basic trace types:

●

Data traces show the current measurement data and are continuously updated as
the measurement goes on. Data traces are dynamic traces.

●

Memory traces are generated by storing the data trace to the memory. They repre­sent the state of the data trace at the moment when it was stored. Memory traces
are static traces which can be stored to a file and recalled.

●

Mathematical traces are calculated according to a mathematical relation between
constants and the data or memory traces of the active setup. A mathematical trace
that is based on the active data trace is dynamic.

It is possible to generate an unlimited number of memory traces from a data trace and
display them together. Markers and marker functions are available for all trace types.

The trace type of each trace in a diagram area is indicated in the trace list. You can
also make each trace "Invisible" without deleting it.

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System Overview

Screen Elements

Trace List and Trace Settings

The main properties of all traces assigned to the diagram area are displayed in the
trace list in the upper left corner.

Each line in the trace list describes a single trace. The active trace is highlighted. The
lines are divided into several sections with the following contents (from left to right):

●

The trace name appears in the first section. The default names for new traces are
Trc<n> where <n> is a current number. A "Mem..." preceding the trace name indi­cates a memory trace. Right-click the section and call the "Trace Manager" from
the context menu to change the trace name.

●

The measured quantity (e.g. an S-parameter or a ratio) appears on a colored
background. The measured quantity of the active trace is also displayed in the dia­gram area below the trace list.

●

The format section shows how the measured data is presented in the graphical
display ("Trace – Format").

●

The next sections show the value of the vertical or radial diagram divisions ("Scale
Div.") and the reference value ("Ref").

●

The channel section shows the channel that each trace is assigned to. It is omitted
if the all traces in the diagram area are assigned to the same channel.

●

The type section indicates "Invisible" if a trace is hidden. Otherwise it indicates

– "Math", if the trace is a mathematical trace

– "GAT", if a time gate is active for the trace

– "ALC", if the drive port is under automatic level control

Right-click the trace name and click "Show Data" or "Show Mem" from the context
menu to display and hide data and memory traces. Use the "Trace Funct(ions)" to
define mathematical traces.

Right-click any of the sections in the trace list (except the type section) to open a con­text menu and access the most common tasks related to the section.

A right mouse click on the trace name, the measured quantity, and the format and
scale section of the trace list opens the following context menus, respectively:

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System Overview

Screen Elements

The settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Trace – Trace Select",
"Trace – Trace Funct", "Trace – Meas", "Trace – Format" and "Trace – Scale" menus.

A red label "Cal Off !" appears behind the trace list if the system error correction no
longer applies to one or more traces.

3.2.2.3 Markers

Markers are tools for selecting points on the trace and for numerical readout of mea­sured data. The analyzer provides three different basic marker types.

●

A (normal) marker ("Mkr 1, Mkr 2, ...") determines the coordinates of a measure­ment point on the trace. Up to 10 different normal markers can be assigned to a
trace.

●

A reference marker ("Ref") defines the reference value for all delta markers.

●

A delta marker ("Δ") indicates the coordinates relative to the reference marker.

●

The stimulus value of a discrete marker always coincides with a sweep point so
that the marker does not show interpolated measurement values.

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System Overview

Screen Elements

The markers 1 to 4 are also used for bandfilter search mode. The examples below
show a bandpass search and a bandstop search, respectively.

●

"Mkr 1" indicates the maximum (minimum) of the peak.

●

"Mkr 2" and "Mkr 3" indicate the lower and upper band edge where the trace value
has decreased (increased) by a definite "Level" value.

●

"Mkr 4" indicates the center of the peak, calculated as the arithmetic mean value of
the LBE and UBE positions.

The "Paste Marker List" allows you to select marker values as numeric entries; see

Chapter 3.2.3.4, "Paste Marker List", on page 59.

Marker Info Field

The coordinates of all markers defined in a diagram area are displayed in the info field,
which by default is located in the upper right corner.

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System Overview

Screen Elements

The list contains the following information:

●

"Mkr 1, Mkr 2, ..." denote the marker numbers. Markers are displayed with the
same color as the associated trace.

●

The marker coordinates are expressed in one of the marker formats selected via
"Marker – Format". The formats of the markers assigned to a trace are independent
of each other and of the trace format settings.

●

The active marker has a dot placed in front of the marker line.

●

A "Δ" sign placed in front of the marker line indicates that the marker is in delta
mode.

Customizing the marker info field

To change the position, appearance or contents of the marker info field use one of the
following methods:

●

Double-click the info field to open the "Mkr Properties" dialog with extended set­tings for all markers of the active trace. Select the options in the "Show Info" panel
to customize the information in the info field ("Active Trace Only", "Stimulus Info
Off").

●

Right-click the info field to open a context menu providing frequently used marker
settings.

●

To change the position of the marker info field, select "Movable Marker" Info from
the context menu. Drag-and-drop the info field to any position in the active diagram
area.

●

To change the format of the active marker, select "Mkr Format".

●

To express the coordinates of the active marker relative to the reference marker,
activate the Delta Mode.

For more information: Show Info Table

In addition to the marker info field, the analyzer provides an info table with extended
marker information.

The table is hidden by default. To display the table double-click the marker info field to
open the "Marker Properties" dialog.

A right mouse click on the marker info field opens a context menu:

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3.2.2.4 Channel Settings

System Overview

Screen Elements

"Movable Marker Info" allows the marker info field to be placed to any position in the
diagram area. The remaining settings correspond to the most common commands in
the "Trace – Marker" and "Trace – Search" menus.

The main properties of all channels assigned to the traces in the diagram area are dis­played in the channel list below the diagram.

Each line in the channel list describes a single channel. The channel of the active trace
is highlighted. The lines are divided into several sections with the following contents
(from left to right):

Each line in the channel list describes a single channel. The channel of the active trace
is highlighted. The lines are divided into several sections with the following contents
(from left to right):

●

The channel name appears in the first section. The default names for new chan­nels are Ch<n> where <n> is a current number. Right-click the section and call the
"Channel Manager" from the context menu to change the channel name.

●

The measurement mode identifier section (optional) indicates a special test
mode of the channel, e.g. the measurement of a 2nd harmonic ("H2"), a 3rd har­monic ("H3"), or the mixer mode ("Mix") or an arbitrary frequency conversion mode
("Arb").

●

The stimulus axis section shows the frequency or power stimulus axis currently
selected in the "Channel Mode > Port Configuration > Stimulus" dialog. "fb"
denotes the channel base frequency; "Pb" the channel base power; "P 1" the port 1
source frequency or power, "Gen 1" an external generator source frequency or
power, "Rec" the receiver frequency (all ports).
This information is particularly valuable if different port frequencies and powers are
specified (with option R&S ZVA-K4).

●

Start indicates the lowest value of the sweep variable (e.g. the lowest frequency
measured), corresponding to the left edge of the Cartesian diagram.

●

The color legend shows the display color of all traces assigned to the channel.
The colors are different, so the number of colors is equal to the numbers of traces
assigned to the channel.

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System Overview

Screen Elements

●

The value behind the color legend shows the constant stimulus value, which is
either the power of the internal signal source (for frequency sweeps and time
sweeps) or the CW frequency (for power sweeps). "fb" denotes the channel base
frequency; "Pb" the channel base power.

●

Stop indicates the highest value of the sweep variable (e.g. the highest frequency
measured), corresponding to the right edge of the Cartesian diagram.

Right-click any of the sections in the trace list (except the color legend) to open a con­text menu and access the most common tasks related to the section.

A right mouse click on the channel name, the sweep range, and the additional parame­ter section of the channel list opens the following context menus, respectively:

The settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Channel – Channel
Select", "Channel – Stimulus" and "Channel – Power Bandwidth Average" menus.

3.2.2.5 Context Menus

To provide access to the most common tasks and speed up the operation, the analyzer
offers context menus (right-click menus) for the following display elements:

●

Diagram area

●

Marker info field

●

Trace list (separate context menus for trace name section, measured quantity sec­tion, format section, scale section, and channel section)

●

Channel list (separate context menus for channel name section, sweep range sec­tion, additional parameter section)

Working with context menus requires a mouse. Click inside the display element that
you want to work with using the right mouse button.

Except from some particular screen configurations, anything you can do from a context
menu you can also do from the menu bar or hardkey and softkey bar. Use whatever
method is most convenient for you.

3.2.3 Dialogs

Dialogs provide groups of related settings and allow to make selections and enter data
in an organized way. All softkeys with three dots behind their labeling (as in "Marker

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System Overview

Screen Elements

Properties...") call up a dialog. The dialogs of the analyzer have an analogous structure
and a number of common control elements.

The "Dialog Transparency" function in the "System Config" menu varies the transpar­ency of all dialogs. With an appropriate setting, you can control the dialogs and at the
same time view the underlying traces and display elements.

3.2.3.1 Immediate vs. Confirmed Settings

In some dialogs, the settings take effect immediately so that the effect on the measure­ment is observable while the dialog is still open. This is especially convenient when a
numeric value is incremented or decremented, e.g. via the rotary knob.

In most dialogs, however, it is possible to cancel an erroneous input before it takes
effect. The settings in such dialogs must be confirmed explicitly.

The two types of dialogs are easy to distinguish:

●

Dialogs with immediate settings provide a "Close" button but no "OK" button.
Example: "Step Size" dialog.

●

Dialogs with confirmed settings provide both an "OK" button and a "Cancel" button.
Example: On-screen keyboard.

You can also cancel an immediate setting using "System – Undo"!.

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3.2.3.2 On-Screen Keyboard

System Overview

Screen Elements

A keyboard symbol next to a character input field opens the analyzer's on-screen
keyboard.

The on-screen keyboard contains two sets of characters plus the following additional
controls:

●

"Shift" changes between the two character sets containing lower case letters/
numbers and upper case letters/special characters, respectively.

●

"<= BS" deletes the current string in the alphanumeric input field.

●

"OK" applies the current selection and closes the keyboard. The current string is
written into the input field of the calling dialog. See also Chapter 3.2.3.1, "Immedi-

ate vs. Confirmed Settings", on page 57.

●

"Cancel" discards the current selection and closes the keyboard. The input field of
the calling dialog is left unchanged.

The on-screen keyboard allows you to enter characters, in particular letters, without an
external keyboard. To enter numbers and units, you can also use the DATA ENTRY
keys on the front panel of the instrument.

3.2.3.3 Step Size

A step symbol next to a numeric input field opens the "Step Size" dialog to define an
increment for data variation using the "Cursor Up/Down"
rotary knob.

buttons in the dialogs or the

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3.2.3.4 Paste Marker List

System Overview

Screen Elements

The input value for the step size takes effect immediately; see Chapter 3.2.3.1, "Imme-

diate vs. Confirmed Settings", on page 57. "Auto" activates the default step size for the

current input parameter.

A pull-down list symbol next to a numeric input field opens a list of all current stimulus
and response marker values of the active trace. Any of the marker values can be
selected as a numeric entry. If the physical unit of the selected marker value is incon­sistent (mismatch of stimulus and response values) then the numeric value is used
without the unit.

The response values in the paste marker list are not updated as the analyzer continues
measuring, so they may differ from the values in the marker info field.

To open the paste marker list you can also click on the input field and use the space
bar of your keyboard

3.2.3.5 Numeric Entry Bar

Single numeric values can be entered using the input field of the numeric entry bar.
The numeric entry bar appears just below the menu bar as soon as a function implying
a single numeric entry is activated. In contrast to dialogs, it does not hide any of the
display elements in the diagram area.

The numeric entry bar contains the name of the calling function, a numeric input field
including the "Cursor Up/Down" buttons for data variation and a step symbol , and a
"Close" button. Besides it is closed automatically as soon as an active display element
in the diagram area is clicked or a new menu command is activated.

3.2.4 Display Formats and Diagram Types

A display format defines how the set of (complex) measurement points is converted
and displayed in a diagram. The display formats in the "Trace – Format" menu use the
following basic diagram types:

●

Cartesian (rectangular) diagrams are used for all display formats involving a con­version of the measurement data into a real (scalar) quantity, i.e. for "dB Mag",
"Phase", "Delay", "SWR", "Lin Mag", "Real", "Imag" and "Unwrapped Phase".

●

Polar diagrams are used for the display format "Polar" and show a complex quan­tity as a vector in a single trace.

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3.2.4.1 Cartesian Diagrams

System Overview

Screen Elements

●

Smith charts are used for the display format "Smith". They show a complex quan­tity like polar diagrams but with grid lines of constant real and imaginary part of the
impedance.

●

Inverted Smith charts are used for the display format "Inverted Smith". They show
a complex quantity like polar diagrams but with grid lines of constant real and
imaginary part of the admittance.

The analyzer allows arbitrary combinations of display formats and measured quantities
("Trace – Measure"). Nevertheless, in order to extract useful information from the data,
it is important to select a display format which is appropriate to the analysis of a partic­ular measured quantity; see Chapter 3.2.4.6, "Measured Quantities and Display For-

mats", on page 67.

Cartesian diagrams are rectangular diagrams used to display a scalar quantity as a
function of the stimulus variable (frequency / power / time).

●

The stimulus variable appears on the horizontal axis (x-axis), scaled linearly
(sweep types "Lin Frequency", "Power", "Time", "CW Mode") or logarithmically
(sweep type "Log Frequency").

●

The measured data (response values) appears on the vertical axis (y-axis). The
scale of the y-axis is linear with equidistant grid lines although the y-axis values
may be obtained from the measured data by non-linear conversions.

The following examples show the same trace in Cartesian diagrams with linear and
logarithmic x-axis scaling.

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3.2.4.2 Conversion of Complex into Real Quantities

System Overview

Screen Elements

The results in the "Trace – Measure" menu can be divided into two groups:

●

"S-Parameters", "Ratios", "Wave Quantities", "Impedances", "Admittances", "Z­Parameters", and "Y-Parameters" are complex.

●

"Stability Factors" and "DC Input" values (voltages, PAE) are real.

The following table shows how the response values in the different Cartesian diagrams
are calculated from the complex measurement values z = x + jy (where x, y, z are func­tions of the sweep variable). The formulas also hold for real results, which are treated
as complex values with zero imaginary part (y = 0).

Trace Format Description Formula

dB Mag Magnitude of z in dB |z| = sqrt ( x2 + y2 )

dB Mag(z) = 20 * log|z| dB

Lin Mag Magnitude of z, unconverted |z| = sqrt ( x2 + y2 )

Phase Phase of z φ (z) = arctan (y/x)

Real Real part of z Re(z) = x

Imag Imaginary part of z Im(z) = y

SWR (Voltage) Standing Wave Ratio SWR = (1 + |z|) / (1 – |z|)

Delay Group delay, neg. derivative of the

phase response

– d φ (z) / dΩ (Ω = 2π * f)

An extended range of formats and conversion formulas is available for markers. To
convert any point on a trace, create a marker and select the appropriate marker format.
Marker and trace formats can be selected independently.

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3.2.4.3 Polar Diagrams

System Overview

Screen Elements

Polar diagrams show the measured data (response values) in the complex plane with a
horizontal real axis and a vertical imaginary axis. The grid lines correspond to points of
equal magnitude and phase.

●

The magnitude of the response values corresponds to their distance from the cen­ter. Values with the same magnitude are located on circles.

●

The phase of the response values is given by the angle from the positive horizontal
axis. Values with the same phase are on straight lines originating at the center.

The following example shows a polar diagram with a marker used to display a pair of
stimulus and response values.

Example: Reflection coefficients in polar diagrams

If the measured quantity is a complex reflection coefficient (S11, S22 etc.), then the cen­ter of the polar diagram corresponds to a perfect load Z0 at the input test port of the
DUT (no reflection, matched input), whereas the outer circumference (|Sii| = 1) repre­sents a totally reflected signal.

Examples for definite magnitudes and phase angles:

●

The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of an open circuit (Z = infinity, I = 0) is
one, its phase is zero.

●

The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of a short circuit (Z = 0, U = 0) is one, its
phase is –180 deg.

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3.2.4.4 Smith Chart

System Overview

Screen Elements

The Smith chart is a circular diagram that maps the complex reflection coefficients S

ii

to normalized impedance values. In contrast to the polar diagram, the scaling of the
diagram is not linear. The grid lines correspond to points of constant resistance and
reactance.

●

Points with the same resistance are located on circles.

●

Points with the same reactance produce arcs.

The following example shows a Smith chart with a marker used to display the stimulus
value, the complex impedance Z = R + j X and the equivalent inductance L.

A comparison of the Smith chart, the inverted Smith chart and the polar diagram
reveals many similarities between the two representations. In fact the shape of a trace
does not change at all if the display format is switched from "Polar" to "Smith" or "Inver­ted Smith" – the analyzer simply replaces the underlying grid and the default marker
format.

Smith chart construction

In a Smith chart, the impedance plane is reshaped so that the area with positive resist­ance is mapped into a unit circle.

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 

,

)Im()Re(1

)Im()Re(1

)/Re(

2

2

22

0





 ZZR

 

2

2

0

)Im()Re(1

)Im(2

)/Im(





 ZZX

System Overview

Screen Elements

The basic properties of the Smith chart follow from this construction:

●

The central horizontal axis corresponds to zero reactance (real impedance). The
center of the diagram represents Z/Z0 = 1 which is the reference impedance of the

system (zero reflection). At the left and right intersection points between the hori­zontal axis and the outer circle, the impedance is zero (short) and infinity (open).

●

The outer circle corresponds to zero resistance (purely imaginary impedance).
Points outside the outer circle indicate an active component.

●

The upper and lower half of the diagram correspond to positive (inductive) and
negative (capacitive) reactive components of the impedance, respectively.

Example: Reflection coefficients in the Smith chart

If the measured quantity is a complex reflection coefficient Γ (e.g. S11, S22), then the
unit Smith chart can be used to read the normalized impedance of the DUT. The coor-

dinates in the normalized impedance plane and in the reflection coefficient plane are
related as follows (see also: definition of matched-circuit (converted) impedances):

Z / Z0 = (1 + Γ) / (1 – Γ)

From this equation it is easy to relate the real and imaginary components of the com­plex resistance to the real and imaginary parts of Γ:

According to the two equations above, the graphical representation in a Smith chart
has the following properties:

●

Real reflection coefficients are mapped to real impedances (resistances).

●

The center of the Γ plane (Γ = 0) is mapped to the reference impedance Z0,
whereas the circle with |Γ| = 1 is mapped to the imaginary axis of the Z plane.

●

The circles for the points of equal resistance are centered on the real axis and
intersect at Z = infinity. The arcs for the points of equal reactance also belong to
circles intersecting at Z = infinity (open circuit point (1, 0)), centered on a straight
vertical line.

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System Overview

Screen Elements

Examples for special points in the Smith chart:

●

The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of an open circuit (Z = infinity, I = 0) is
one, its phase is zero.

●

The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of a short circuit (Z = 0, U = 0) is one, its
phase is –180 deg.

3.2.4.5 Inverted Smith Chart

The inverted Smith chart is a circular diagram that maps the complex reflection coeffi­cients S"ii" to normalized admittance values. In contrast to the polar diagram, the scal­ing of the diagram is not linear. The grid lines correspond to points of constant conduc­tance and susceptance.

●

Points with the same conductance are located on circles.

●

Points with the same susceptance produce arcs.

The following example shows an inverted Smith chart with a marker used to display the
stimulus value, the complex admittance Y = G + j B and the equivalent inductance L.

A comparison of the inverted Smith chart with the Smith chart and the polar diagram
reveals many similarities between the different representations. In fact the shape of a
trace does not change at all if the display format is switched from "Polar" to "Inverted
Smith" or "Smith" – the analyzer simply replaces the underlying grid and the default
marker format.

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 

2

2

22

0

)Im()Re(1

)Im()Re(1

)/Re(





 YYG

 

,

)Im()Re(1

)Im(2

)/Im(

2

2

0





 YYB

System Overview

Screen Elements

Inverted Smith chart construction

The inverted Smith chart is point-symmetric to the Smith chart:

The basic properties of the inverted Smith chart follow from this construction:

●

The central horizontal axis corresponds to zero susceptance (real admittance). The
center of the diagram represents Y/Y0 = 1, where Y0 is the reference admittance of

the system (zero reflection). At the left and right intersection points between the
horizontal axis and the outer circle, the admittance is infinity (short) and zero
(open).

●

The outer circle corresponds to zero conductance (purely imaginary admittance).
Points outside the outer circle indicate an active component.

●

The upper and lower half of the diagram correspond to negative (inductive) and
positive (capacitive) susceptive components of the admittance, respectively.

Example: Reflection coefficients in the inverted Smith chart

If the measured quantity is a complex reflection coefficient G (e.g. S11, S22), then the
unit inverted Smith chart can be used to read the normalized admittance of the DUT.

The coordinates in the normalized admittance plane and in the reflection coefficient
plane are related as follows (see also: definition of matched-circuit (converted) admit­tances):

Y / Y0 = (1 - Γ) / (1 + Γ)

From this equation it is easy to relate the real and imaginary components of the com­plex admittance to the real and imaginary parts of Γ:

According to the two equations above, the graphical representation in an inverted
Smith chart has the following properties:

●

Real reflection coefficients are mapped to real admittances (conductances).

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System Overview

Screen Elements

●

The center of the Γ plane (Γ = 0) is mapped to the reference admittance Y0,
whereas the circle with |Γ| = 1 is mapped to the imaginary axis of the Y plane.

●

The circles for the points of equal conductance are centered on the real axis and
intersect at Y = infinity. The arcs for the points of equal susceptance also belong to
circles intersecting at Y = infinity (short circuit point (–1, 0)), centered on a straight
vertical line.

Examples for special points in the inverted Smith chart:

●

The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of a short circuit (Y = infinity, U = 0) is
one, its phase is –180 deg.

●

The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of an open circuit (Y = 0, I = 0) is one, its
phase is zero.

3.2.4.6 Measured Quantities and Display Formats

The analyzer allows any combination of a display format and a measured quantity. The
following rules can help to avoid inappropriate formats and find the format that is ide­ally suited to the measurement task.

●

All formats are suitable for the analysis of reflection coefficients Sii. The formats
"SWR", "Smith" and "Inverted Smith" lose their original meaning (standing wave

ratio, normalized impedance or admittance) if they are used for transmission S­parameters, ratios and other quantities.

●

The complex "Impedances", "Admittances", "Z-parameters", and "Y-parameters"
are generally displayed in one of the Cartesian diagrams with linear vertical axis
scale or in a polar diagram.

●

The real "Stability Factors", "DC Inputs", and the "PAE" is generally displayed in a
linear Cartesian diagram ("Lin Mag" or "Real"). In complex formats, real numbers
represent complex numbers with zero imaginary part.

The following table gives an overview of recommended display formats.

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System Overview

Measured Quantities

Lin Mag ON ON (default for Z-parameters, Y-param-

dB Mag ON (default) ON (default for wave quantities) –

Phase ON ON –

Real ON ON ON

Imag ON ON –

Unwrapped Phase ON ON –

Smith ON (reflection coefficients Sii) – –

Polar ON – –

Inverted Smith ON (reflection coefficients Sii) – –

SWR ON (reflection coefficients Sii) – –

Delay ON (transmission coefficients Sij) – –

Complex dimensionless quan­tities:

S-parameters and ratios

Complex quantities with dimensions:

Wave quantities, Z-parameters, Y­parameters, impedances, admittan­ces

eters, impedances, admittances)

Real quantities:

Stability Factors, DC Input
½, PAE

ON (default)

The default formats are activated automatically when the measured quantity is
changed.

3.3 Measured Quantities

This section gives an overview of the measurement results of the network analyzer and
the meaning of the different measured quantities. All quantities can be selected in the
"Trace – Meas" submenu.

The definitions in this and the following sections apply to general n-port DUTs. An ana­lyzer with a smaller number of test ports provides a subset of the n-port quantities.

3.3.1 S-Parameters

S-parameters are the basic measured quantities of a network analyzer. They describe
how the DUT modifies a signal that is transmitted or reflected in forward or reverse
direction. For a 2-port measurement the signal flow is as follows.

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

































2

1

2221

1211

2

1

a

a

SS

SS

b

b

System Overview

Measured Quantities

The figure above is sufficient for the definition of S-parameters but does not necessa­rily show the complete signal flow. In fact, if the source and load ports are not ideally
matched, part of the transmitted waves are reflected off the receiver ports so that an
additional a2 contribution occurs in forward measurements, an a1 contribution occurs in

reverse measurements. The 7-term calibration types Txx take these additional contri­butions into account.

The scattering matrix links the incident waves a1, a2 to the outgoing waves b1, b
according to the following linear equation:

Meaning of 2-port S-parameters

The four 2-port S-parameters can be interpreted as follows:

●

S11 is the input reflection coefficient, defined as the ratio of the wave quantities
b1/a1, measured at PORT 1 (forward measurement with matched output and a2 =

0).

●

S21 is the forward transmission coefficient, defined as the ratio of the wave quanti­ties b2/a1 (forward measurement with matched output and a2 = 0).

●

S12 is the reverse transmission coefficient, defined as the ratio of the wave quanti­ties b1 (reverse measurement with matched input, b

in the figure above and a1 =

1,rev

0) to a2.

●

S22 is the output reflection coefficient, defined as the ratio of the wave quantities b
(reverse measurement with matched input, b

in the figure above and a1 = 0) to

2,rev

a2, measured at PORT 2.

2

2

Meaning of squared amplitudes

The squared amplitudes of the incident and outgoing waves and of the matrix elements
have a simple meaning:

Table 3-1: Squared S-parameters

|a1|

|a2|

2

2

Available incident power at the input of a two-port (= the power pro­vided by a generator with a source impedance equal to the refer­ence impedance Z0)

Available incident power at the output

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