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R&S®VSE-K60
Transient Analysis
User Manual
(;ÜUÍ2)
1178376302
Version 07
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This manual applies to the following software, version 2.20 and later:
●
R&S®VSE Enterprise Edition base software (1345.1105.06)
●
R&S®VSE Basic Edition base software (1345.1011.06)
The following firmware options are described:
●
R&S VSE-K60 Transient Analysis (1320.7868.02)
●
R&S VSE-K60H Transient Hop Measurements (1320.7880.02)
●
R&S VSE-K60C Transient Chirp Measurements (1320.7874.02)
●
R&S VSE-KT60 Transient Analysis (1345.1905.02)
●
R&S VSE-KT60H Transient Hop Measurements (1345.1886.02)
●
R&S VSE-KT60C Transient Chirp Measurements (1345.1892.02)
© 2022 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Muehldorfstr. 15, 81671 Muenchen, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
1178.3763.02 | Version 07 | R&S®VSE-K60
Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol , e.g. R&S®VSE is indicated as
R&S VSE.
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1.1 About this manual....................................................................................................... 11
1.2 Typographical conventions........................................................................................12
2.1 Starting the transient analysis application...............................................................13
2.2 Understanding the display information.................................................................... 14
4.1 Data acquisition.......................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Signal processing....................................................................................................... 18
Contents
Contents
1 Preface.................................................................................................. 11
2 Welcome to the transient analysis application................................. 13
3 About transient analysis..................................................................... 17
4 Measurement basics............................................................................18
4.3 Signal models..............................................................................................................21
4.3.1 Frequency hopping....................................................................................................... 21
4.3.2 Frequency chirping........................................................................................................23
4.3.3 Automatic vs. manual hop/chirp state detection............................................................24
4.4 Basis of evaluation..................................................................................................... 24
4.5 Analysis region........................................................................................................... 25
4.6 Zooming and shifting results.....................................................................................28
4.7 Measurement range.................................................................................................... 29
4.8 Trace evaluation..........................................................................................................31
4.8.1 Mapping samples to measurement points with the trace detector................................ 31
4.8.2 Analyzing several traces - trace mode.......................................................................... 33
4.8.3 Trace statistics.............................................................................................................. 34
4.9 Working with spectrograms.......................................................................................35
4.9.1 Time frames.................................................................................................................. 37
4.9.2 Markers in the spectrogram.......................................................................................... 38
4.9.3 Color maps....................................................................................................................38
5 Measurement results........................................................................... 42
5.1 Hop parameters...........................................................................................................43
5.2 Chirp parameters........................................................................................................ 53
5.3 Evaluation methods for transient analysis...............................................................64
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6.1 Configuration overview.............................................................................................. 76
6.2 Signal description....................................................................................................... 78
6.2.1 Signal model................................................................................................................. 78
6.2.2 Signal states..................................................................................................................79
6.2.3 Timing............................................................................................................................83
6.3 Input and frontend settings........................................................................................84
6.3.1 Input source settings..................................................................................................... 85
6.3.1.1 Radio frequency input................................................................................................... 85
6.3.1.2 I/Q file input................................................................................................................... 91
6.3.2 Frequency settings........................................................................................................92
6.3.3 Amplitude settings.........................................................................................................94
6.4 Trigger settings........................................................................................................... 97
Contents
6 Configuration........................................................................................76
6.5 Data acquisition and analysis region......................................................................101
6.6 Bandwidth settings................................................................................................... 104
6.7 Hop / chirp measurement settings.......................................................................... 105
6.7.1 General hop/chirp measurement settings................................................................... 105
6.7.2 Specific measurement settings................................................................................... 108
6.8 FM video bandwidth..................................................................................................110
6.9 Adjusting settings automatically............................................................................. 110
7 Analysis...............................................................................................112
7.1 Result configuration................................................................................................. 112
7.1.1 Result range................................................................................................................ 112
7.1.2 Table configuration...................................................................................................... 114
7.1.3 Parameter configuration for result displays................................................................. 115
7.1.3.1 Parameter distribution configuration............................................................................115
7.1.3.2 Parameter trend configuration.....................................................................................116
7.1.4 Y-Axis scaling.............................................................................................................. 118
7.1.5 Units............................................................................................................................ 120
7.2 Evaluation basis........................................................................................................121
7.3 Trace settings............................................................................................................121
7.4 Trace / data export configuration............................................................................ 125
7.5 Spectrogram settings............................................................................................... 126
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7.5.1 General spectrogram settings..................................................................................... 126
7.5.2 Color map settings...................................................................................................... 131
7.6 Export functions........................................................................................................133
7.7 Marker settings..........................................................................................................134
7.7.1 Individual marker setup............................................................................................... 134
7.7.2 General marker settings..............................................................................................138
7.7.3 Marker search settings and positioning functions....................................................... 140
7.7.3.1 Marker search settings................................................................................................140
7.7.3.2 Positioning functions................................................................................................... 143
7.8 Zoom functions......................................................................................................... 143
8.1 How to display and configure a spectrogram........................................................ 150
Contents
8 How to perform transient analysis................................................... 146
8.1.1 How to configure the color mapping............................................................................151
8.2 How to export table data.......................................................................................... 154
9 Measurement examples.....................................................................155
9.1 Example: hopped FM signal.....................................................................................155
9.2 Example: chirped FM signal.....................................................................................160
10 Optimizing and troubleshooting.......................................................166
11 Remote commands to perform transient analysis..........................167
11.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 167
11.1.1 Conventions used in descriptions............................................................................... 168
11.1.2 Long and short form.................................................................................................... 168
11.1.3 Numeric suffixes..........................................................................................................169
11.1.4 Optional keywords.......................................................................................................169
11.1.5 Alternative keywords................................................................................................... 169
11.1.6 SCPI parameters.........................................................................................................170
11.1.6.1 Numeric values........................................................................................................... 170
11.1.6.2 Boolean....................................................................................................................... 171
11.1.6.3 Character data............................................................................................................ 171
11.1.6.4 Character strings.........................................................................................................172
11.1.6.5 Block data................................................................................................................... 172
11.2 Common suffixes......................................................................................................172
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11.3 Activating Transient Analysis measurements........................................................172
11.4 Configuring transient analysis................................................................................ 173
11.4.1 Restoring the default configuration (Preset)................................................................173
11.4.2 Configuring data input................................................................................................. 173
11.4.2.1 RF input.......................................................................................................................174
11.4.2.2 Using external mixers..................................................................................................185
11.4.2.3 Remote commands for external frontend control........................................................ 193
11.4.2.4 Working with power sensors....................................................................................... 202
Contents
Basic settings.............................................................................................................. 185
Mixer settings.............................................................................................................. 186
Programming example: working with an external mixer..............................................192
Commands for initial configuration..............................................................................193
Commands for alignment............................................................................................ 200
Configuring power sensors......................................................................................... 203
Configuring power sensor measurements.................................................................. 204
11.4.3 Frequency................................................................................................................... 210
11.4.4 Amplitude settings....................................................................................................... 211
11.4.5 Triggering.................................................................................................................... 216
11.4.5.1 Configuring the triggering conditions...........................................................................216
11.4.5.2 Configuring the trigger output......................................................................................222
11.4.6 Data acquisition...........................................................................................................224
11.4.7 Bandwidth settings...................................................................................................... 226
11.4.8 Selecting the signal model.......................................................................................... 227
11.4.9 Configuring signal detection........................................................................................228
11.4.9.1 Chirp states................................................................................................................. 228
11.4.9.2 Hop states................................................................................................................... 232
11.4.10 Configuring the measurement range...........................................................................237
11.4.11 Configuring demodulation........................................................................................... 253
11.4.12 Selecting the analysis region...................................................................................... 254
11.4.13 Adjusting settings automatically.................................................................................. 257
11.5 Analyzing transient effects...................................................................................... 257
11.5.1 Configuring the result display......................................................................................257
11.5.1.1 Global layout commands.............................................................................................258
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11.5.1.2 Working with windows in the display...........................................................................260
11.5.1.3 General window commands........................................................................................266
11.5.2 Defining the evaluation basis...................................................................................... 267
11.5.3 Configuring the result range........................................................................................268
11.5.4 Selecting the hop/chirp................................................................................................270
11.5.5 Table configuration...................................................................................................... 271
11.5.5.1 Chirp results................................................................................................................ 272
11.5.5.2 Hop results.................................................................................................................. 281
11.5.6 Configuring parameter distribution displays................................................................ 292
11.5.7 Configuring parameter trends..................................................................................... 302
11.5.7.1 General commands.....................................................................................................302
11.5.7.2 Chirp parameter trends............................................................................................... 303
11.5.7.3 Hop parameter trends................................................................................................. 322
Contents
11.5.8 Configuring the Y-Axis scaling and units.....................................................................341
11.5.9 Configuring traces....................................................................................................... 344
11.5.10 Configuring spectrograms........................................................................................... 349
11.5.11 Configuring color maps............................................................................................... 353
11.5.12 Working with markers remotely...................................................................................355
11.5.12.1 Setting up individual markers...................................................................................... 355
11.5.12.2 General marker settings..............................................................................................362
11.5.12.3 Configuring and performing a marker search..............................................................363
11.5.12.4 Positioning the marker................................................................................................ 363
Positioning normal markers.........................................................................................363
Positioning delta markers............................................................................................365
11.5.12.5 Marker search (spectrograms).................................................................................... 367
Using markers............................................................................................................. 368
Using delta markers.................................................................................................... 372
11.5.13 Zooming into the display............................................................................................. 377
11.5.13.1 Using the single zoom.................................................................................................377
11.5.13.2 Using the multiple zoom..............................................................................................378
11.6 Retrieving results......................................................................................................380
11.6.1 Retrieving information on detected hops.....................................................................381
11.6.2 Retrieving information on detected chirps...................................................................408
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11.6.3 Retrieving trace data................................................................................................... 442
11.6.4 Exporting trace and table results.................................................................................445
11.6.5 Retrieving captured I/Q data....................................................................................... 448
11.7 Status reporting system...........................................................................................450
11.8 Programming examples........................................................................................... 450
11.8.1 Programming example: performing a basic transient analysis measurement.............451
11.8.2 Programming example: performing a chirp detection measurement.......................... 452
11.8.3 Programming example: performing a hop detection measurement............................ 454
11.8.4 Programming example: analyzing parameter distribution........................................... 456
11.8.5 Programming example: analyzing parameter trends.................................................. 457
A Menu reference...................................................................................458
Contents
Annex.................................................................................................. 458
A.1 Common R&S VSE menus....................................................................................... 458
A.1.1 File menu.................................................................................................................... 458
A.1.2 Window menu............................................................................................................. 459
A.1.3 Help menu...................................................................................................................460
A.2 Transient analysis measurements menus..............................................................460
A.2.1 Edit menu.................................................................................................................... 461
A.2.2 Input & output menu....................................................................................................461
A.2.3 Meas setup menu........................................................................................................461
A.2.4 Trace menu................................................................................................................. 462
A.2.5 Marker menu............................................................................................................... 462
A.2.6 Limits menu.................................................................................................................463
A.3 Reference of toolbar functions................................................................................ 463
B Reference: ASCII file export format..................................................467
C I/Q data file format (iq-tar)................................................................. 469
C.1 I/Q parameter XML file specification....................................................................... 470
C.1.1 Minimum data elements.............................................................................................. 470
C.1.2 User-defined data elements........................................................................................ 472
C.1.2.1 Mandatory data elements............................................................................................473
C.1.2.2 Optional data elements............................................................................................... 473
C.1.2.3 Example: userdata for I/Q recordings by R&S VSE software..................................... 476
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C.1.3 Example...................................................................................................................... 477
C.2 I/Q data binary file..................................................................................................... 479
Contents
List of Remote Commands (Transient Analysis)............................ 482
Index....................................................................................................498
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Contents
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1 Preface
1.1 About this manual
Preface
About this manual
This Transient Analysis User Manual provides all the information specific to the appli-
cation. All general software functions and settings common to all applications and
operating modes are described in the R&S VSE Base Software User Manual.
The main focus in this manual is on the measurement results and the tasks required to
obtain them. The following topics are included:
●
Welcome to the Transient Analysis Application
Introduction to and getting familiar with the application
●
Measurements and Result Displays
Details on supported measurements and their result types
●
Measurement Basics
Background information on basic terms and principles in the context of the measurement
●
Configuration + Analysis
A concise description of all functions and settings available to configure measurements and analyze results with their corresponding remote control command
●
How to Perform Measurements in the Transient Analysis Application
The basic procedure to perform each measurement and step-by-step instructions
for more complex tasks or alternative methods
●
Measurement Examples
Detailed measurement examples to guide you through typical measurement scenarios and allow you to try out the application immediately
●
Optimizing and Troubleshooting the Measurement
Hints and tips on how to handle errors and optimize the test setup
●
Remote Commands for Transient Analysis
Remote commands required to configure and perform Transient Analysis in a
remote environment, sorted by tasks
(Commands required to set up the environment or to perform common tasks in the
software are provided in the R&S VSE Base Software User Manual)
Programming examples demonstrate the use of many commands and can usually
be executed directly for test purposes
●
Reference
File format description
●
List of remote commands
Alphabetical list of all remote commands described in the manual
●
Index
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1.2 Typographical conventions
Preface
Typographical conventions
The following text markers are used throughout this documentation:
Convention Description
"Graphical user interface elements"
[Keys] Key and knob names are enclosed by square brackets.
Filenames, commands,
program code
Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.
Links Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.
"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by quota-
All names of graphical user interface elements on the screen, such as
dialog boxes, menus, options, buttons, and softkeys are enclosed by
quotation marks.
Filenames, commands, coding samples and screen output are distinguished by their font.
tion marks.
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2 Welcome to the transient analysis applica-
Welcome to the transient analysis application
Starting the transient analysis application
tion
The R&S VSE-K60 is a firmware application that adds functionality to detect transient
signal effects to the R&S VSE.
The R&S VSE Transient Analysis application features:
●
Analysis of transient effects
●
Quick analysis even before measurement end due to online transfer of captured
and measured I/Q data
●
Easy analysis of user-defined regions within the captured data
●
Analysis of frequency hopping or chirped FM signals (with additional Transient
Analysis options)
This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application provides, including remote control operation.
Functions that are not discussed in this manual are the same as in the I/Q Analyzer
application and are described in the R&S VSE User Manual. The latest version is available for download at the product homepage (http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/
VSE.html).
An application note discussing RF signal analysis and interference tests using the R&S
VSE Transient Analysis application is available from the Rohde & Schwarz website:
1MA267: Automotive Radar Sensors - RF Signal Analysis and Inference Tests
2.1 Starting the transient analysis application
Transient Analysis requires a separate application on the R&S VSE. It is activated by
creating a new measurement channel in Transient Analysis mode.
To activate the Transient Analysis application
1.
Select the "Add Channel" function in the Sequence tool window.
A dialog box opens that contains all operating modes and applications currently
available in your R&S VSE.
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Welcome to the transient analysis application
Understanding the display information
2. Select the "Transient Analysis" item.
The R&S VSE opens a new measurement channel for the R&S VSE Transient
Analysis application.
2.2 Understanding the display information
The following figure shows a measurement diagram during analyzer operation. All different information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the following
sections.
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Welcome to the transient analysis application
Understanding the display information
1
2
3
4
5
1 = Channel bar for firmware and measurement settings
2 = Color coding for windows of same channel
3 = Window title bar with diagram-specific (trace) information
4 = Diagram area
5 = Diagram footer with diagram-specific information
Channel bar information
In the R&S VSE Transient Analysis application, the R&S VSE shows the following settings:
Table 2-1: Information displayed in the channel bar in the Transient Analysis application
Ref Level Reference level
Att RF attenuation
Freq Center frequency for the RF signal
Meas BW Measurement bandwidth
Meas Time Measurement time (data acquisition time)
Sample Rate Sample rate
Model Signal model (hop, chirp or none)
In addition, the channel bar also displays information on instrument settings that affect
the measurement results even though this is not immediately apparent from the display
of the measured values (e.g. transducer or trigger settings). This information is displayed only when applicable for the current measurement. For details see the
R&S VSE Base Software User Manual.
Window title bar information
For each diagram, the header provides the following information:
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Welcome to the transient analysis application
Understanding the display information
0
1 2 5 6 7
Figure 2-1: Window title bar information in the R&S VSE Transient Analysis application
0 = Color coding for windows of same channel
1 = Window number
2 = Window type
3 = Trace color
4 = Trace number
5 = Detector mode
6 = Trace mode
6 = Dock/undock window function
7 = Close window function
3 4
Diagram footer information
The diagram footer (beneath the diagram) contains the following information, depending on the evaluation:
Time domain:
●
Start and stop time of data acquisition
●
Number of data points
●
Time displayed per division
Frequency domain:
●
Center frequency
●
Number of data points
●
Bandwidth displayed per division
●
Measurement bandwidth
Spectrogram:
●
Center frequency
●
Number of data points
●
Measurement bandwidth
●
Selected frame number
Status bar information
The software status, errors and warnings and any irregularities in the software are indicated in the status bar at the bottom of the R&S VSE window.
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3 About transient analysis
About transient analysis
Transient analysis refers to signal effects which may appear briefly or change rapidly in
time or frequency. Typical examples are spurious emissions or modulated signals
using frequency-hopping techniques. Such signals often require analysis of a large
bandwidth, if possible without gaps.
Ideally, such signals are analyzed in real-time mode, which employs special hardware
in order to capture and process data simultaneously, and seamlessly. However, if a
real-time analyzer is not available, the Transient Analysis application is a good choice.
Similarly to real-time mode, but without the special hardware, this application captures
data and asynchronously - before data acquisition is completed - starts analyzing the
available input and displays first results. Especially for large bandwidths or long measurement times, analysis becomes much more efficient and the complete measurement task can be sped up significantly. Although gaps may occur between successive
measurements with large bandwidths, the results from each individual measurement
are complete without gaps.
Thus, the Transient Analysis application supports you in analyzing time- and frequency-variant signals with large bandwidths.
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4 Measurement basics
4.1 Data acquisition
Measurement basics
Signal processing
Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used in analysis of transient signals is provided here for a better understanding of the required configuration
settings.
● Data acquisition.......................................................................................................18
● Signal processing....................................................................................................18
● Signal models..........................................................................................................21
● Basis of evaluation..................................................................................................24
● Analysis region........................................................................................................25
● Zooming and shifting results................................................................................... 28
● Measurement range................................................................................................29
● Trace evaluation......................................................................................................31
● Working with spectrograms.....................................................................................35
The R&S VSE Transient Analysis application measures the power of the signal input
over time. How much data is captured depends on the measurement bandwidth and
the measurement time. These two values are interdependant and allow you to define
the data to be measured using different methods:
●
By defining a bandwidth around the specified center frequency to be measured at a
specified sample rate
●
By defining a time length during which a specified number of samples are measured at the specified center frequency
4.2 Signal processing
The R&S VSE Transient Analysis application measures the power of the signal input
over time. In order to convert the time domain signal to a frequency spectrum, an FFT
(Fast Fourier Transformation) is performed which converts a vector of input values into
a discrete spectrum of frequencies.
The application calculates multiple FFTs per capture, by dividing one capture into several overlapping FFT frames. This is especially useful in conjunction with window functions since it enables a gap-free frequency analysis of the signal.
Using overlapping FFT frames leads to more individual results and improves detection
of transient signal effects. However, it also extends the duration of the calculation. The
size of the FFT frame depends on the number of input signal values (record length),
the overlap factor, and the time resolution (time span used for each FFT calculation).
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Measurement basics
Signal processing
FFT window functions
Each FFT frame is multiplied with a specific window function after sampling in the time
domain. Windowing helps minimize the discontinuities at the end of the measured signal interval and thus reduces the effect of spectral leakage, increasing the frequency
resolution.
Additional filters can be applied after demodulation to filter out unwanted signals, or
correct pre-emphasized input signals.
Asynchronous data processing
During a measurement in the R&S VSE Transient Analysis application, the data is captured and stored in the capture buffer until the defined measurement time has expired.
As soon as a minimum amount of data is available, the first FFT calculation is performed. As soon as the required number of (overlapping) FFT results is available, the
detector function is applied to the data and the first frame is displayed in the Spectrogram (and any other active result displays).
Figure 4-1: Signal processing: calculating one spectrogram frame
Shortly after the measurement time is over, the final results are displayed and the measurement is complete. Due to this asynchronous processing, initial analysis results are
available very quickly. At the same time, the data is captured over the full bandwidth
entirely without gaps. The following figure illustrates how the capture and result display
processes are performed asynchronously.
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Measurement basics
Signal processing
Figure 4-2: Asynchronous data processing
Multiple spectrograms
However, after each data acquisition, a short delay occurs before the next acquisition
can be carried out. Thus, for measurements for which several spectrograms are
required and the capturing process is repeated several times (defined by the "frame
count"), a short gap in the results between spectrograms can be detected.
Figure 4-3: Signal processing: calculating several spectrograms
Resolution bandwidth
The resolution bandwidth (RBW) has an effect on how the spectrum is measured and
displayed. It determines the frequency resolution of the measured spectrum and is
directly coupled to the selected analysis bandwidth (ABW). The ABW can be the full
measurement bandwidth, the bandwidth of the analysis region, or the length of the
result range, depending on the evaluation basis of the result display (see Chapter 4.4,
"Basis of evaluation", on page 24). If the ABW is changed, the resolution bandwidth is
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Measurement basics
Signal models
automatically adjusted. Which coupling ratios are available depends on the selected
FFT Window.
A small resolution bandwidth has several advantages. The smaller the resolution bandwidth, the better you can observe signals whose frequencies are close together and
the less noise is displayed. However, a small resolution bandwidth also increases the
required measurement time.
The resolution bandwidth parameters can be defined in the bandwidth configuration,
see Chapter 6.6, "Bandwidth settings", on page 104.
Time resolution
The time resolution determines the size of the bins used for each FFT calculation. The
shorter the time span used for each FFT, the shorter the resulting span, and thus the
higher the resolution in the spectrum becomes. The time resolution to be used for
R&S VSE can be defined manually or automatically according to the data acquisition
settings.
4.3 Signal models
If the additional firmware options R&S VSE-K60H or -K60C are installed, the R&S VSE
Transient Analysis application supports different signal models for which similar parameters are characteristic.
● Frequency hopping................................................................................................. 21
● Frequency chirping..................................................................................................23
● Automatic vs. manual hop/chirp state detection......................................................24
4.3.1 Frequency hopping
Some digital data transmission standards employ a frequency-hopping technique, in
which a carrier signal is rapidly switched among many frequency channels. Discrete
frequencies and continuous modulation are characteristic of this signal model.
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Measurement basics
Signal models
Figure 4-4: Typical spectrogram of a frequency-hopping signal
Analyzing such signals includes the following challenges:
●
Detecting the currently used carrier frequency and a possible offset
●
Determining the duration the signal stays at one frequency and the time it takes to
switch to another
●
Measuring the average power level
●
Demodulating the signal correctly
The R&S VSE Transient Analysis application (with the additional R&S VSE-K60H
option installed) can automatically detect frequency hops in a measured signal and
determine characteristic hop parameters. Both pulsed and continuous wave hopping
signals can be analyzed.
Assuming a frequency-hopping signal model, the frequency bands in which the carrier
can be expected are usually known in advance. Therefore, you can configure conditions that must apply to the measured signal in order to detect a frequency hop and
distinguish it from random spurs or frequency distortions. Such conditions can be a frequency tolerance around a defined nominal value, for instance, or a minimum or maximum dwell time in which the frequency remains steady.
Figure 4-5: Parameters required to detect hops
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Measurement basics
Signal models
Nominal Frequency Values (Hop States)
The (nominal) frequency values the carrier is expected to "hop" to are defined in
advance. Each such level is considered to be a hop state. The hop states are defined
as frequency offsets from the center frequency. A tolerance span can be defined to
compensate for settling effects. As long as the deviation remains within the tolerance
above or below the nominal frequency, the hop state is detected.
The nominal frequency levels are numbered consecutively in the "Hop States" table
(see Chapter 6.2.2, "Signal states", on page 79), starting at 0. The state index of the
corresponding nominal frequency level is assigned to each detected hop in the measured signal results.
Dwell Time Conditions
The dwell time is the time the signal remains in the tolerance area of a nominal hop
frequency, or in other words: the duration of a hop from beginning to end. In a default
measurement, useful dwell times for the current measurement are determined automatically. However, you can define minimum or maximum dwell times, or both, manually, in order to detect only specific hops, for example.
4.3.2 Frequency chirping
Frequency chirping is similar to hopping, however, instead of switching to discrete frequencies, the frequency varies with time at a particular chirp rate. Transient analysis
with the R&S VSE application (and the additional R&S VSE-K60C option) is restricted
to the commonly used linear FM chirp signals. In this case, the nominal chirp switches
to discrete values, referred to as the chirp states.
Figure 4-6: Typical spectrogram of a chirped signal
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Measurement basics
Basis of evaluation
The R&S VSE Transient Analysis application can automatically detect chirps in a measured signal and determine characteristic chirp parameters. Both pulsed and continuous wave chirp signals can be analyzed.
Obviously, if you consider the chirps rather than the individual frequencies, the measured data from chirped signals is very similar to hopped signals, and thus the analysis
tasks and the characteristic parameters are very similar, as well.
Figure 4-7: Parameters required to detect chirps
In the R&S VSE Transient Analysis application, for a chirp signal, the derivation of the
captured signal data is calculated before further analysis. From there, processing is
identical for both signal models.
4.3.3 Automatic vs. manual hop/chirp state detection
By default, the R&S VSE Transient Analysis application automatically detects the existing hop/chirp states in a pre-measurement. For an initial overview of the signal at hand
this detection is usually sufficient. For more accurate results, particularly if the input
signal is known in advance, the nominal frequency or chirp values can be defined manually.
4.4 Basis of evaluation
Depending on the measurement task, not all of the measured data in the capture buffer
may be of interest. In some cases it may be useful to restrict analysis to a specific
user-definable region, or to a selected individual chirp or hop. This makes analysis
more efficient and the display clearer.
Automatic detection of hops or chirps, for example, is always based on a restricted
analysis region. Numeric results for characteristic parameters, as well as statistical
results, are also calculated on this restricted basis.
For graphical displays, selecting an individual hop or chirp allows you to analyze or
compare characteristic values in detail.
Which evaluation basis is available for which result display is indicated in Table 5-1.
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Analysis region
Detected hops/chirps are indicated by green bars along the x-axis in graphical result
displays. The selected hop/chirp (see "Select Hop / Select Chirp" on page 121) is indicated by a blue bar. The hop/chirp index as displayed in the result tables is indicated at
the bottom of each bar.
Figure 4-8: Example of detected hops with hop index in graphical result display and result table
4.5 Analysis region
The analysis region determines which of the captured data is analyzed and displayed
on the screen. By default, the entire capture buffer data is defined as the analysis
region. However, you can select a specific frequency and time region which is of interest for analysis. The results can then be restricted to this region (see Chapter 7.2,
"Evaluation basis", on page 121).
Note, however, that only one analysis region can be defined. All result displays that are
restricted to the analysis region thus have the same data basis.
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Analysis region
Numeric results (displayed in the result or statistics tables) are always calculated
based on the analysis region.
For graphical result displays based on the analysis region, the x-axis range corresponds to the analysis region length (see "Time Gate Length" on page 103).
The analysis region is indicated by a colored frame in the Full Spectrogram display,
and by vertical blue lines in result displays based on the full capture buffer.
The colors used to indicate the analysis range in spectrograms are configurable, see
"Modifying Analysis Region and Sweep Separator Colors" on page 128.
Defining the analysis region
There are different methods of defining the analysis region:
●
absolute definition: by defining an absolute frequency span and an absolute time
gate
The frequency span is defined by an offset from the center frequency and an analysis bandwidth.
The time gate is defined by a starting point after measurement begin and the gate
length.
●
Relative definition: by linking the analysis region to the full capture buffer and defining a percentage of the full bandwidth and measurement time
The specified frequency offset or time gate start are also considered for relative
values.
●
Graphically: The analysis region is indicated by a dotted frame in the Spectrogram
display and by vertical lines in the full spectrum display. Its size and position can be
moved by tapping and dragging the frame on the touchscreen.
Furthermore, the data zoom and shift functions allow you to change the size and
position of the analysis region from any graphical result display (see Chapter 4.6,
"Zooming and shifting results", on page 28).
The absolute and relative methods can be combined, for example by defining an absolute frequency span and a relative time gate.
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Analysis region
Figure 4-9: Visualization of absolute analysis region parameters
Processing data in the analysis region - data zoom
In result displays restricted to the analysis region, only the data measured for the
specified frequency range and within the defined time gate is considered. Furthermore,
the analysis region data is taken only from the latest data acquisition, that is, only data
that is still in the capture buffer is analyzed.
Restricting the results to an analysis region has the same effect as a data zoom: the
results are recalculated for a restricted data base. The data in the capture buffer is filtered by the defined time gate; the measured data within that time span then passes a
bandpass filter, so only the frequency range of interest is analyzed. Depending on the
selected result display, the data is then demodulated, if necessary, and distributed
among the trace points using a detector. The time span displayed per division of the
diagram is much smaller compared to the initial full data analysis. Thus, the results of
the analysis range become more precise.
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Zooming and shifting results
Figure 4-10: Data zoom - full result vs. analysis region result
4.6 Zooming and shifting results
As described above (Processing data in the analysis region - data zoom), restricting
the results to an analysis region has the same effect as a data zoom: the results are
recalculated for a restricted data base.
This is exactly what the "Data Zoom" ( ) function in the toolbar does: it changes the
size of the analysis region and re-evaluates the new data base. Thus, if the analysis
region is reduced, less data is displayed in the same area of the screen, thus enlarging
the display of the selected data. If the analysis region is enlarged, more data is displayed.
The "Data Shift" ( ) function, on the other hand, does not change the size of the
analysis region, but the position. Thus you can scroll through the signal and analyze
several hops/chirps after another, for example.
The effects of a data zoom or shift are reflected in the Analysis Region settings of the
"Data Acquisition" dialog box.
Similarly, when the data zoom and shift functions are applied to a hop/chirp-based
result display, the size or position of the result range are changed (see Chapter 7.1.1,
"Result range", on page 112).
This means that ALL result displays based on the analysis region or hop/chirp result
range are re-evaluated after a data zoom or shift function is applied in any window.
This includes result tables, which may take some time to re-calculate. Close the result
tables during a data shift/zoom to improve the screen update speed.
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4.7 Measurement range
Measurement basics
Measurement range
Use the data zoom or shift functions in the full spectrum or spectrogram displays and
analyze the data sequentially or hop-by-hop / chirp-by-chirp in the other result displays!
In order to calculate frequency, phase or power results in frequency hopping or chirped
signals more accurately, it may be useful not to take the entire dwell time of the hop (or
length of the chirp) into consideration, but only a certain range within the dwell time/
length. Thus, it is possible to eliminate settling effects, for instance. For other measurements, the settling time may be of particular interest.
For such cases, a measurement range can be defined for frequency, phase and power
results, in relation to specific hop or chirp characteristics.
Figure 4-11: Dwell time parameters for hopped signals
Similarly, for chirped signals, a measurement range can be defined for the corresponding parameters.
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Measurement range
Figure 4-12: Measurement range parameters for chirped signals
Each range is defined by a reference point, an offset, and the range length. The reference point can be either the center or either edge of the hop/chirp, or a point defined
by an offset to one of these characteristic points. The range is then centered around
this reference point.
Example:
In Figure 4-11, the indicated measurement range could be defined by the following
parameters, for example:
●
"Reference": Hop End
●
"Offset": -x
●
"Alignment": right
●
"Length": L
For frequency/phase deviation and power measurements, the measurement range can
also be aligned to the end of the FM or PM settling time.
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4.8 Trace evaluation
Measurement basics
Trace evaluation
Measurement range vs result range
While the measurement range defines which part of the hop/chirp is used for individual
calculations, the result range determines which part is displayed on the screen in the
form of AM, FM or PM vs. time traces (see also Chapter 7.1.1, "Result range",
on page 112).
Traces in graphical result displays based on the defined result range (see Chap-
ter 7.1.1, "Result range", on page 112) can be configured, for example to perform stat-
istical evaluations over the selected hop/chirp or all hops/chirps.
You can configure up to 6 individual traces for the following result displays (see Chap-
ter 5.3, "Evaluation methods for transient analysis", on page 64):
●
RF Power Time Domain
●
FM Time Domain
●
Frequency Deviation Time Domain
●
PM Time Domain
●
PM Time Domain (Wrapped)
●
Chirp Rate Time Domain
Find out more about trace evaluation:
● Mapping samples to measurement points with the trace detector..........................31
● Analyzing several traces - trace mode....................................................................33
● Trace statistics........................................................................................................ 34
4.8.1 Mapping samples to measurement points with the trace detector
A trace displays the values measured at the measurement points. The number of samples taken during a measurement is much larger than the number of measurement
points that are displayed in the measurement trace.
Obviously, a data reduction must be performed to determine which of the samples are
displayed for each measurement point. This is the trace detector's task.
The trace detector can analyze the measured data using various methods:
The detector activated for the specific trace is indicated in the corresponding trace
information by an abbreviation.
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Trace evaluation
Table 4-1: Detector types
Detector Abbrev. Description
Positive Peak Pk Determines the largest of all positive peak values of the levels measured at the
individual frequencies which are displayed in one sample point
Negative Peak Mi Determines the smallest of all negative peak values of the levels measured at
the individual frequencies which are displayed in one sample point
Auto Peak Ap Combines the peak detectors; determines the maximum and the minimum
value of the levels measured at the individual frequencies which are displayed
in one sample point
RMS Rm Calculates the root mean square of all samples contained in a measurement
point.
The RMS detector supplies the power of the signal irrespective of the wave-
form (CW carrier, modulated carrier, white noise or impulsive signal). Correction factors as needed for other detectors to measure the power of the different
signal classes are not required.
Average Av Calculates the linear average of all samples contained in a measurement
point.
To this effect, R&S VSE uses the linear voltage after envelope detection. The
sampled linear values are summed up and the sum is divided by the number of
samples (= linear average value). For logarithmic display the logarithm is
formed from the average value. For linear display the average value is displayed. Each measurement point thus corresponds to the average of the measured values summed up in the measurement point.
The average detector supplies the average value of the signal irrespective of
the waveform (CW carrier, modulated carrier, white noise or impulsive signal).
Sample Sa Selects the last measured value of the levels measured at the individual fre-
quencies which are displayed in one sample point; all other measured values
for the frequency range are ignored
The result obtained from the selected detector for a measurement point is displayed as
the value at this x-axis point in the trace.
Meas. point n+1
SAMPLE
MAX PEAK
AUTO PEAK
MIN PEAK
AVG
RMS
Video
Signal
Measurement point n
video
video
signal
signal
s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s8 s1
s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s8 s1
The trace detector for the individual traces can be selected manually by the user or set
automatically by the R&S VSE.
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Trace evaluation
The detectors of the R&S VSE are implemented as pure digital devices. All detectors
work in parallel in the background, which means that the measurement speed is independent of the detector combination used for different traces.
Auto detector
If the R&S VSE is set to define the appropriate detector automatically, the detector is
set depending on the selected trace mode:
Trace mode Detector
Clear Write Auto Peak
Max Hold Positive Peak
Min Hold Negative Peak
Average Sample Peak
View –
Blank –
4.8.2 Analyzing several traces - trace mode
If several measurements are performed one after the other, or continuous measurements are performed, the trace mode determines how the data for subsequent traces
is processed. After each measurement, the trace mode determines whether:
●
The data is frozen (View)
●
The data is hidden (Blank)
●
The data is replaced by new values (Clear Write)
●
The data is replaced selectively (Max Hold, Min Hold, Average)
Each time the trace mode is changed, the selected trace memory is cleared.
The trace mode also determines the detector type if the detector is set automatically,
see Chapter 4.8.1, "Mapping samples to measurement points with the trace detector",
on page 31.
The R&S VSE offers the following trace modes:
Table 4-2: Overview of available trace modes
Trace Mode Description
Blank Hides the selected trace.
Clear Write Overwrite mode: the trace is overwritten by each measurement. This is the default set-
ting.
All available detectors can be selected.
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Trace Mode Description
Max Hold The maximum value is determined over several measurements and displayed. The
R&S VSE saves the measurement result in the trace memory only if the new value is
greater than the previous one.
This mode is especially useful with modulated or pulsed signals. The signal spectrum
is filled up upon each measurement until all signal components are detected in a kind
of envelope.
Min Hold The minimum value is determined from several measurements and displayed. The
R&S VSE saves the measurement result in the trace memory only if the new value is
lower than the previous one.
This mode is useful e.g. for making an unmodulated carrier in a composite signal visible. Noise, interference signals or modulated signals are suppressed, whereas a CW
signal is recognized by its constant level.
Average The average is formed over several measurements and displayed. The Capture Count
determines the number of averaging procedures.
(See also Chapter 4.8.3, "Trace statistics", on page 34.)
View The current contents of the trace memory are frozen and displayed.
If a trace is frozen ("View" mode), the instrument settings, apart from level range and
reference level (see below), can be changed without impact on the displayed trace.
The fact that the displayed trace no longer matches the current instrument setting is
indicated by the icon on the tab label.
If the level range or reference level is changed, the R&S VSE automatically adapts the
trace data to the changed display range. This allows an amplitude zoom to be made
after the measurement in order to show details of the trace.
4.8.3 Trace statistics
Each trace represents an analysis of the data measured in one result range. As described in Chapter 4.8.2, "Analyzing several traces - trace mode", on page 33, statistical
evaluations can be performed over several traces, that is, result ranges. Which ranges
and how many are evaluated depends on the configuration settings.
Selected hop/chirp vs all hops/chirps
The Capture Count determines how many measurements are evaluated.
For each measurement, in turn, either the selected hop/chirp only (that is: one result
range), or all detected hops/chirps (that is: possibly several result ranges) can be included in the statistical evaluation.
Thus, the overall number of averaging steps depends on the Capture Count and the
statistical evaluation mode.
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Working with spectrograms
Figure 4-13: Trace statistics - number of averaging steps
4.9 Working with spectrograms
A spectrogram shows how the spectral density of a signal varies over time. The x-axis
shows the frequency, the y-axis shows the time. A third dimension, the power level, is
indicated by different colors. Thus you can see how the strength of the signal varies
over time for different frequencies.
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Example:
In this example, you see the spectrogram for the calibration signal of the R&S VSE,
compared to the standard spectrum display. Since the signal does not change over
time, the color of the frequency levels does not change over time, i.e. vertically. The
legend above the spectrogram display describes the power levels the colors represent.
Result display
The spectrogram result can consist of the following elements:
1 2 76 84 53
Figure 4-14: Screen layout of the spectrogram result display
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1 = Spectrum result display
2 = Spectrogram result display
3 = Marker list
4 = Marker
5 = Delta marker
6 = Color map
7 = Timestamp / frame number
8 = Current frame indicator
Remote commands:
Activating and configuring spectrograms:
Storing results:
MMEMory:STORe<n>:SPECtrogram on page 446
● Time frames............................................................................................................ 37
● Markers in the spectrogram.................................................................................... 38
● Color maps..............................................................................................................38
4.9.1 Time frames
The time information in the spectrogram is displayed vertically, along the y-axis. Each
line (or trace) of the y-axis represents one or more captured measurement and is
called a time frame or simply "frame". As with standard spectrum traces, several measured values are combined in one measurement point using the selected detector.
Frames are sorted in chronological order, beginning with the most recently recorded
frame at the top of the diagram (frame number 0). With the next measurement, the previous frame is moved further down in the diagram, until the maximum number of captured frames is reached. The display is updated continuously during the measurement,
and the measured trace data is stored. Spectrogram displays are continued even after
single measurements unless they are cleared manually.
The frames for each individual sweep are separated by colored lines.
The scaling of the time axis (y-axis) is not configurable. However, you can enlarge the
spectrogram display by maximizing the window using the "Split/Maximize" key.
Alternatively, use a spectrogram based on the analysis region and decrease the size of
the region to zoom into the data of interest. (See also Chapter 4.6, "Zooming and shift-
ing results", on page 28.)
Tracking absolute time - timestamps
Alternatively to the frame count, the absolute time (that is: a timestamp) at which a
frame was captured can be displayed. While the measurement is running, the timestamp shows the system time. In single measurement mode or if the measurement is
stopped, the timestamp shows the time and date at the end of the measurement.Thus,
the individual frames can be identified by their timestamp or their frame count.
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4.9.2 Markers in the spectrogram
Measurement basics
Working with spectrograms
When active, the timestamp replaces the display of the frame number in the diagram
footer (see Figure 4-14).
Displaying individual frames
The current frame number is indicated in the diagram footer, or alternatively a timestamp, if activated. The current frame, displayed at the top of the diagram, is frame
number 0. Older frames further down in the diagram are indicated by a negative index,
e.g. "-10" . You can display the spectrum diagram of a previous frame by changing the
current frame number.
Markers and delta markers are shaped like diamonds in the spectrogram. They are
only displayed in the spectrogram if the marker position is inside the visible area of the
spectrogram. If more than two markers are active, the marker values are displayed in a
separate marker table.
In the spectrum result display, the markers and their frequency and level values (1) are
displayed as usual. Additionally, the frame number is displayed to indicate the position
of the marker in time (2).
In the spectrogram result display, you can activate up to 16 markers or delta markers
at the same time. Each marker can be assigned to a different frame. Therefore, in
addition to the frequency you also define the frame number when activating a new
marker. If no frame number is specified, the marker is positioned on the currently
selected frame. All markers are visible that are positioned on a visible frame. Special
search functions are provided for spectrogram markers.
In the spectrum result display, only the markers positioned on the currently selected
frame are visible. In "Continuous Sweep" mode, this means that only markers positioned on frame 0 are visible. To view markers that are positioned on a frame other
than frame 0 in the spectrum result display, you must stop the measurement and select
the corresponding frame.
4.9.3 Color maps
Spectrograms assign power levels to different colors to visualize them. The legend
above the spectrogram display describes the power levels the colors represent.
The color display is highly configurable to adapt the spectrograms to your needs. You
can define:
●
Which colors to use (Color scheme)
●
Which value range to apply the color scheme to
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●
How the colors are distributed within the value range, i.e where the focus of the visualization lies (shape of the color curve)
The individual colors are assigned to the power levels automatically by the R&S VSE.
The Color Scheme
For each color scheme, you can select the suitable color used to display the analysis
region frame and sweep separator lines, see "Modifying Analysis Region and Sweep
Separator Colors" on page 128.
●
Hot
Uses a color range from blue to red. Blue colors indicate low levels, red colors indicate high ones.
●
Cold
Uses a color range from red to blue. Red colors indicate low levels, blue colors
indicate high ones.
The "Cold" color scheme is the inverse "Hot" color scheme.
●
Radar
Uses a color range from black over green to light turquoise with shades of green in
between. Dark colors indicate low levels, light colors indicate high ones.
●
Grayscale
Shows the results in shades of gray. Dark gray indicates low levels, light gray indicates high ones.
The value range of the color map
If the measured values only cover a small area in the spectrogram, you can optimize
the displayed value range. Then it becomes easier to distinguish between values that
are close together. Display only parts of interest.
The shape and focus of the color curve
The color-mapping function assigns a specified color to a specified power level in the
spectrogram display. By default, colors on the color map are distributed evenly. However, to visualize a certain area of the value range in greater detail than the rest, you
can set the focus of the color mapping to that area. Changing the focus is performed
by changing the shape of the color curve.
The color curve is a tool to shift the focus of the color distribution on the color map. By
default, the color curve is linear. If you shift the curve to the left or right, the distribution
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Working with spectrograms
becomes non-linear. The slope of the color curve increases or decreases. One end of
the color palette then covers a large range of results, while the other end distributes
several colors over a relatively small result range.
You can use this feature to put the focus on a particular region in the diagram and to be
able to detect small variations of the signal.
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Example:
In the color map based on the linear color curve, the range from -100 dBm to -60 dBm
is covered by blue and a few shades of green only. The range from -60 dBm to
-20 dBm is covered by red, yellow and a few shades of green.
Figure 4-15: Spectrogram with (default) linear color curve shape = 0
The sample spectrogram is dominated by blue and green colors. After shifting the color
curve to the left (negative value), more colors cover the range from -100 dBm to
-60 dBm (blue, green and yellow). This range occurs more often in the example. The
range from -60 dBm to -20 dBm, on the other hand, is dominated by various shades of
red only.
Figure 4-16: Spectrogram with non-linear color curve (shape = -0.5)
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5 Measurement results
Measurement results
The data that was measured by the R&S VSE can be evaluated using various different
methods.
Basis of evaluation
For some displays you can define whether the results are calculated for:
●
the entire capture buffer
●
the selected analysis region
●
a selected individual chirp or hop (for options R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H)
Figure 5-1: Example for different data sources for the same result display (FM Time Domain)
The data source for each result display is selected in the [MEAS] menu. It is indicated
in the description of the individual result displays.
The analysis region is indicated by a colored frame in the Full Spectrogram display,
and by vertical blue lines in result displays based on the full capture buffer. For details
on the analysis region see Chapter 4.5, "Analysis region", on page 25.
For hop/chirp-based result displays, the current hop/chirp index as displayed in the
result tables is indicated at the bottom of the hop/chirp bar.
Measurement range vs result range
The measurement range defines which part of a hop/chirp is used for calculation (for
example for frequency estimation), whereas the result range determines which data is
displayed on the screen in the form of AM, FM or PM vs. time traces.
Exporting Table Results to an ASCII File
Measurement result tables can be exported to an ASCII file for further evaluation in
other (external) applications.
For step-by-step instructions on how to export a table, see Chapter 8.2, "How to export
table data", on page 154.
● Hop parameters...................................................................................................... 43
● Chirp parameters.................................................................................................... 53
● Evaluation methods for transient analysis...............................................................64
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5.1 Hop parameters
Measurement results
Hop parameters
If the R&S VSE-K60H option is installed, various hop parameters can be determined
during transient analysis.
The hop parameters to be measured are based primarily on the IEEE 181 Standard
181-2003. For detailed descriptions refer to the standard documentation ("IEEE Standard on Transitions, hops, and Related Waveforms", from the IEEE Instrumentation
and Measurement (I&M) Society, 7 July 2003).
The following graphic illustrates the main hop parameters and characteristic values.
(For a definition of the values used to determine the measured hop parameters see
Chapter 4.3.1, "Frequency hopping", on page 21.)
Figure 5-2: Definition of the main hop parameters and characteristic values
In order to obtain these results, select the corresponding parameter in the result configuration (see Chapter 7.1.2, "Table configuration", on page 114) or apply the required
SCPI parameter to the remote command (see Chapter 11.5.5.2, "Hop results",
on page 281 and Chapter 11.6.1, "Retrieving information on detected hops",
on page 381).
Settling Parameters
Settling refers to the time it takes the FM or PM signal to remain within a specified tolerance around the nominal frequency.
Settling parameters are calculated from the FM or PM deviation considering the given
FM or PM settling tolerance.
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Hop parameters
Figure 5-3: Settling parameters for hopped signals
Hop ID and Hop number
Each individual hop can be identified by a timestamp which corresponds to the absolute time the beginning of the hop was detected. In addition, each hop is provided with
a consecutive number, which starts at 1 for each new measurement. This is useful to
distinguish hops in a measurement quickly.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]HOP:ID? on page 395
[SENSe:]HOP:NUMBer? on page 401
State parameters...........................................................................................................45
└ State Index......................................................................................................45
Timing parameters........................................................................................................ 45
└ Hop Begin....................................................................................................... 45
└ Dwell Time...................................................................................................... 45
└ Switching Time................................................................................................46
Frequency parameters..................................................................................................46
└ State Frequency (Nominal).............................................................................46
└ Average Frequency.........................................................................................46
└ Hop State Deviation........................................................................................46
└ Relative Frequency (Hop-to-Hop)...................................................................47
└ Frequency Deviation (Peak)........................................................................... 47
└ Frequency Deviation (RMS)............................................................................47
└ Frequency Deviation (Average)...................................................................... 48
Phase parameters.........................................................................................................48
└ Phase Deviation (Peak).................................................................................. 49
└ Phase Deviation (RMS).................................................................................. 50
└ Phase Deviation (Average).............................................................................50
Power parameters.........................................................................................................50
└ Minimum Power.............................................................................................. 50
└ Maximum Power............................................................................................. 51
└ Average Power............................................................................................... 51
└ Power Ripple...................................................................................................51
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Hop parameters
FM settling parameters................................................................................................. 51
└ FM settling point..............................................................................................51
└ FM settling time...............................................................................................52
└ FM settled length............................................................................................ 52
PM settling parameters................................................................................................. 52
└ PM settling point............................................................................................. 52
└ PM settling time.............................................................................................. 53
└ PM settled length............................................................................................ 53
State parameters
Hop state parameters
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:STATe:ALL[:STATe] on page 289
State Index ← State parameters
The nominal frequency levels are numbered consecutively in the "Hop States" table
(see Chapter 6.2.2, "Signal states", on page 79), starting at 0. The state of a detected
hop is defined as the index of the corresponding nominal frequency.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:STATe:INDex on page 290
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:STATe[:INDex]? on page 404
Timing parameters
Hop timing parameters
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:TIMing:ALL[:STATe] on page 291
Hop Begin ← Timing parameters
The relative time (in ms) from the capture start at which the signal first enters the tolerance area of a nominal hop (within the analysis region). The tolerance area is defined
by the settling tolerance above and below the defined nominal hop frequencies.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:TIMing:BEGin on page 291
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:TIMing:BEGin? on page 406
Dwell Time ← Timing parameters
The duration of a hop from begin to end, that is, the time the signal remains in the tolerance area of a nominal hop frequency.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:TIMing:DWELl on page 291
Results:
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Hop parameters
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:TIMing:DWELl? on page 407
Switching Time ← Timing parameters
The time the signal requires to "hop" from one level to the next. It is defined as the time
between a hop end and the following hop begin. The first switching time result can only
be determined after the first hop has been detected.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:TIMing:SWITching on page 291
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:TIMing:SWITching? on page 408
Frequency parameters
Hop frequency parameters
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:STATe:ALL[:STATe] on page 289
State Frequency (Nominal) ← Frequency parameters
Nominal frequency of the hop state as defined in "Hop States" table.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:STATe:STAFrequency on page 290
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:STATe:STAFrequency? on page 405
Average Frequency ← Frequency parameters
Average frequency measured within the frequency measurement range of the hop (see
Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:AVGFm on page 286
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:FREQuency:FREQuency? on page 392
Hop State Deviation ← Frequency parameters
Deviation of the hop frequency from the nominal hop state frequency
Where
●
: Average hop frequency estimate obtained from the frequency meas range of a
hop
●
f
: Nominal hop frequency corresponding to a detected or predefined hop state
nom
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Hop parameters
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:FMERror on page 286
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:FREQuency:FMERror? on page 391
Relative Frequency (Hop-to-Hop) ← Frequency parameters
Relative difference in frequency between two hops.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:RELFrequency on page 286
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:FREQuency:RELFrequency? on page 394
Frequency Deviation (Peak) ← Frequency parameters
Maximum of Frequency Deviation vs Time trace
All hop frequency deviation table values are calculated from the time domain result:
for hop start ≤ k ≤ hop start + dwell time
where:
f
(k): instantaneous frequency of the measured signal
meas
f
(k): ideal frequency trajectory obtained from weighted linear regression of the
ideal
instantaneous signal phase
φ
(k) within the frequency measurement range (see
meas
Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105)
The peak deviation is thus defined as:
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:MAXFm on page 286
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:FREQuency:MAXFm? on page 393
Frequency Deviation (RMS) ← Frequency parameters
RMS of Frequency Deviation vs Time trace
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
(fdev is defined in "Frequency Deviation (Peak)" on page 47)
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Hop parameters
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:RMSFm on page 286
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:FREQuency:RMSFm? on page 395
Frequency Deviation (Average) ← Frequency parameters
Average of Frequency Deviation vs Time trace
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
(fdev is defined in "Frequency Deviation (Peak)" on page 47)
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:AVGFm on page 286
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:FREQuency:AVGFm? on page 388
Phase parameters
Hop phase parameters
All hop phase deviation table values are calculated from the time domain result:
for hop start ≤ k ≤ hop start + dwell time
where:
φ
(k): instantaneous phase of the measured signal
meas
φ
(k): ideal phase trajectory obtained from weighted linear regression of φ
ideal
meas
(k)
within the frequency meas range
Note: Coherent phase deviation measurement.
For coherent hops, the phase deviation can also be calculated based on a common
reference phase trajectory, instead of the ideal phase trajectory of a single hop. The
common reference phase trajectory is calculated from the first detected hop assigned
to a nominal frequency (hop state). This trajectory is then used for the phase deviation
calculation of all subsequent hops of the same hop state. For each different hop state,
a separate reference phase trajectory is calculated.
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PM
Reference
Phase
Trajectory 2
Reference
Phase
Trajectory 1
Hop 1 Hop 2 Hop 3 Hop 4
Figure 5-4: Coherent hops (1,3 and 2,4) with common reference phase trajectories
Phase
Deviation
Hop parameters
Time
0
Hop 1 Hop 2 Hop 3 Hop 4
Figure 5-5: Results of a coherent phase deviation measurement
Time
This function is only available for the R&S VSE-K60H option.
Coherent phase deviation measurement is enabled in the "Hop Measurement" set-
tings, see "Coherent Phase Deviation Measurement" on page 107.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:PHASe:ALL[:STATe] on page 286
Phase Deviation (Peak) ← Phase parameters
Maximum of Phase Deviation vs Time trace
The deviation is calculated within the phase measurement range of the hop (see Chap-
ter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:PHASe:MAXPm on page 287
Results:
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Hop parameters
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:PHASe:MAXPm? on page 396
Phase Deviation (RMS) ← Phase parameters
RMS of Phase Deviation vs Time trace
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:PHASe:RMSPm on page 287
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:PHASe:RMSPm? on page 397
Phase Deviation (Average) ← Phase parameters
Average of Phase Deviation vs Time trace
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:PHASe:AVGPm on page 287
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:PHASe:AVGPm? on page 396
Power parameters
Hop power parameters
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:POWer:ALL[:STATe] on page 288
Minimum Power ← Power parameters
Minimum power level measured during a hop. Which part of the hop precisely is used
for calculation depends on the power parameters in the "Power" measurement range
settings (see Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:POWer:MINPower on page 289
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:POWer:MINPower? on page 403
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Measurement results
Hop parameters
Maximum Power ← Power parameters
Maximum power level measured during a hop. Which part of the hop precisely is used
for calculation depends on the power parameters in the "Power" measurement range
settings (see Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:POWer:MAXPower on page 289
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:POWer:MAXPower? on page 402
Average Power ← Power parameters
Average power level measured during a hop. Which part of the hop precisely is used
for calculation depends on the power parameters in the "Power" measurement range
settings (see Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:POWer:AVEPower on page 289
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:POWer:AVEPower? on page 401
Power Ripple ← Power parameters
The power ripple is defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum power inside the
power measurement range of the detected hop (see Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp mea-
surement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:POWer:PWRRipple on page 289
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:POWer:MINPower? on page 403
FM settling parameters
FM settling parameters describe the hop when it has settled at the nominal frequency.
For details see Figure 5-3.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FMSettling:ALL[:STATe] on page 284
FM settling point ← FM settling parameters
The FM settling point is the point where FM deviation does not exceed the FM settling
tolerance anymore. Since the signal can pass through the tolerance area several times
while it settles, the actual settling point is determined starting at the center of the hop.
From there, the signal is analyzed backwards until it first leaves the tolerance area.
That is defined as the settling point. One FM settling point is calculated per detected
hop. The FM settling point is provided in seconds (time stamp).
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Hop parameters
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FMSettling:FMSPoint on page 285
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:FMSettling:FMSPoint? on page 389
FM settling time ← FM settling parameters
The FM settling time refers to the time interval between the detected hop start and the
FM settling point. The FM settling time is determined once per detected hop. The FM
settling time is provided in seconds.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FMSettling:FMSTime on page 285
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:FMSettling:FMSTime? on page 390
FM settled length ← FM settling parameters
The FM settled length refers to the duration the signal remains settled around a particular nominal frequency. It is determined as the time interval starting from the FM settling point until the point where the deviation exceeds the settling tolerance (hop end).
The FM settled length is given in seconds.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:FMSettling:FMSLength on page 285
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:FMSettling:FMSLength? on page 388
PM settling parameters
PM settling parameters describe when the hop has reached its nominal phase value.
For details see Figure 5-3.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:PMSettling:ALL[:STATe] on page 287
PM settling point ← PM settling parameters
The PM settling point is the point where FM deviation does not exceed the PM settling
tolerance anymore. Since the signal can pass through the tolerance area several times
while it settles, the actual settling point is determined starting at the center of the hop.
From there, the signal is analyzed backwards until it first leaves the tolerance area.
That is defined as the settling point. One PM settling point is calculated per detected
hop. The PM settling point is provided in seconds (time stamp).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:PMSettling:PMSPoint on page 288
Results:
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Chirp parameters
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:PMSettling:PMSPoint? on page 399
PM settling time ← PM settling parameters
The PM settling time refers to the time interval between the detected hop start and the
PM settling point. The PM settling time is determined once per detected hop. The PM
settling time is provided in seconds.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:PMSettling:PMSTime on page 288
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:PMSettling:PMSTime? on page 400
PM settled length ← PM settling parameters
The PM settled length refers to the duration the signal remains settled around a particular nominal frequency. It is determined as the time interval starting from the PM settling point until the point where the deviation exceeds the settling tolerance (hop end).
The PM settled length is given in seconds.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:PMSettling:PMSLength on page 288
Results:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 383
[SENSe:]HOP:PMSettling:PMSLength? on page 398
5.2 Chirp parameters
If the additional option R&S VSE-K60C is installed, various chirp parameters can be
determined during transient analysis.
The chirp parameters to be measured are very similar to the hop parameters; however,
some values are based on the chirp rather than a frequency, so the resulting unit is Hz/
μs.
The following graphic illustrates the main chirp parameters and characteristic values.
(For a definition of the values used to determine the measured chirp parameters see
Chapter 4.3.2, "Frequency chirping", on page 23.)
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Chirp parameters
Figure 5-6: Definition of the main chirp parameters and characteristic values
In order to obtain these results, select the corresponding parameter in the result configuration (see Chapter 7.1.2, "Table configuration", on page 114) or apply the required
SCPI parameter to the remote command (see Chapter 11.5.5.1, "Chirp results",
on page 272 and Chapter 11.6.2, "Retrieving information on detected chirps",
on page 408).
Settling Parameters
Settling refers to the time it takes the FM or PM signal to remain within a specified tolerance around the nominal frequency.
Settling parameters are calculated from the FM or PM deviation considering the given
FM or PM settling tolerance.
Figure 5-7: Settling parameters for chirped signals
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Measurement results
Chirp parameters
Non-linearity parameters
Non-linearity parameters describe the deviation of the chirped signal frequency in relation to the nominal frequency. The integrated non-linearity defines the deviation in reference to the chirp bandwidth.
Figure 5-8: Non-linearity parameters for chirped signals
Chirp ID and Chirp number
Each individual chirp can be identified by a timestamp which corresponds to the absolute time the beginning of the chirp was detected. In addition, each chirp is provided
with a consecutive number, which starts at 1 for each new measurement. This is useful
to distinguish chirps in a measurement quickly.
Remote commands:
[SENSe:]CHIRp:ID? on page 428
[SENSe:]CHIRp:NUMBer? on page 428
State parameters...........................................................................................................56
└ State Index......................................................................................................56
Timing parameters........................................................................................................ 56
└ Chirp Begin..................................................................................................... 56
└ Chirp Length................................................................................................... 57
└ Chirp Rate.......................................................................................................57
└ Switching Time................................................................................................57
Frequency parameters..................................................................................................57
└ Chirp State Deviation......................................................................................57
└ Average Frequency.........................................................................................58
└ Frequency Deviation (Peak)........................................................................... 58
└ Frequency Deviation (RMS)............................................................................58
└ Frequency Deviation (Average)...................................................................... 59
└ Frequency Overshoot..................................................................................... 59
└ Frequency Undershoot................................................................................... 59
Phase parameters.........................................................................................................59
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Chirp parameters
└ Phase Deviation (Peak).................................................................................. 59
└ Phase Deviation (RMS).................................................................................. 60
└ Phase Deviation (Average).............................................................................60
└ Phase Overshoot............................................................................................ 60
└ Phase Undershoot.......................................................................................... 60
Power parameters.........................................................................................................60
└ Minimum Power.............................................................................................. 61
└ Maximum Power............................................................................................. 61
└ Average Power............................................................................................... 61
└ Power Ripple...................................................................................................61
Frequency non-linearity parameters............................................................................. 61
└ Bandwidth....................................................................................................... 62
└ Frequency INL (Peak).....................................................................................62
└ Frequency INL (RMS).....................................................................................62
└ Frequency INL (Average)................................................................................62
FM settling parameters................................................................................................. 63
└ FM settling point..............................................................................................63
└ FM settling time...............................................................................................63
└ FM settled length............................................................................................ 63
PM settling parameters................................................................................................. 63
└ PM settling point............................................................................................. 64
└ PM settling time.............................................................................................. 64
└ PM settled length............................................................................................ 64
State parameters
Chirp state parameters
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:STATe:ALL[:STATe] on page 280
State Index ← State parameters
The nominal chirps are numbered consecutively in the "Chirp States" table (see Chap-
ter 6.2.2, "Signal states", on page 79), starting at 0. The state of a detected chirp is
defined as the index of the corresponding nominal chirp frequency.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:STATe:INDex on page 280
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:STATe? on page 438
Timing parameters
Chirp timing parameters
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:TIMing:ALL[:STATe] on page 281
Chirp Begin ← Timing parameters
Time offset from the analysis region start at which the signal first enters the tolerance
area of a nominal chirp. The tolerance area is defined by the settling tolerance above
and below the defined nominal chirps.
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Chirp parameters
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:TIMing:BEGin on page 281
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:TIMing:BEGin? on page 439
Chirp Length ← Timing parameters
The duration of a chirp from begin to end, that is, the time the signal remains in the
tolerance area of a nominal chirp.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:TIMing:LENGth on page 281
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:TIMing:LENGth? on page 440
Chirp Rate ← Timing parameters
Derivative of the FM vs time trace within the frequency measurement range (see Chap-
ter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:TIMing:RATE on page 281
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:TIMing:RATE? on page 440
Switching Time ← Timing parameters
Chirp switching time parameters.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CHIRp:TIMing:SWITching? on page 441
Frequency parameters
Chirp frequency parameters.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:ALL[:STATe] on page 276
Chirp State Deviation ← Frequency parameters
Deviation of the detected chirp rate from the nominal chirp state (in kHz/us).
●
: Average chirp rate estimate obtained from the frequency meas range of a chirp
●
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:CHERror on page 276
Results:
: Nominal chirp rate corresponding to detected chirp state
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Chirp parameters
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:CHERror? on page 422
Average Frequency ← Frequency parameters
Average frequency measured within the frequency measurement range of the chirp
(see Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:FREQuency on page 276
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:FREQuency? on page 423
Frequency Deviation (Peak) ← Frequency parameters
Maximum of Frequency Deviation vs Time trace.
All chirp frequency deviation table values are calculated from the time domain result:
For chirp start ≤ k ≤ chirp start + chirp length
Where:
f
(k): instantaneous frequency of the measured signal
meas
f
(k): ideal frequency trajectory obtained from weighted quadratic regression of the
ideal
instantaneous signal phase φ
(k) within the frequency measurement range (see
meas
Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105)
The peak deviation is thus defined as:
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:MAXFm on page 276
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:MAXFm? on page 424
Frequency Deviation (RMS) ← Frequency parameters
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
(fdev is defined in "Frequency Deviation (Peak)" on page 58)
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:RMSFm on page 276
Results:
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Chirp parameters
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:RMSFm? on page 425
Frequency Deviation (Average) ← Frequency parameters
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
(fdev is defined in "Frequency Deviation (Peak)" on page 58)
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:AVGFm on page 276
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:AVGFm? on page 417
Frequency Overshoot ← Frequency parameters
Chirp frequency overshoot parameters.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:OVERshoot? on page 427
Frequency Undershoot ← Frequency parameters
Chirp frequency undershoot parameters.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:UNDershoot? on page 427
Phase parameters
Chirp phase parameters
All chirp phase deviation table values are calculated from the time domain result:
for chirp start ≤ k ≤ chirp start + chirp length
where:
φ
(k): instantaneous phase of the measured signal
meas
φ
(k): ideal phase trajectory obtained from weighted linear regression of
ideal
φ
meas
(k)
within the frequency meas range
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:PHASe:ALL[:STATe] on page 277
Phase Deviation (Peak) ← Phase parameters
Maximum of Phase Deviation vs Time trace.
The deviation is calculated within the phase measurement range of the hop (see Chap-
ter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
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Chirp parameters
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:PHASe:MAXPm on page 278
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:PHASe:MAXPm? on page 429
Phase Deviation (RMS) ← Phase parameters
RMS of Phase Deviation vs Time trace
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:PHASe:RMSPm on page 278
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:PHASe:RMSPm? on page 430
Phase Deviation (Average) ← Phase parameters
Average of Phase Deviation vs Time trace
for k∈ {frequency meas range}
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:PHASe:AVGPm on page 278
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:PHASe:AVGPm? on page 428
Phase Overshoot ← Phase parameters
Chirp phase overshoot parameters.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CHIRp:PHASe:OVERshoot? on page 431
Phase Undershoot ← Phase parameters
Chirp phase undershoot parameters.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]CHIRp:PHASe:UNDershoot? on page 431
Power parameters
Chirp power parameters
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:POWer:ALL[:STATe] on page 279
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Measurement results
Chirp parameters
Minimum Power ← Power parameters
Minimum power level measured during a chirp. Which part of the chirp precisely is
used for calculation depends on the power parameters in the "Power" measurement
range settings (see Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:POWer:MINPower on page 280
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:POWer:MINPower? on page 437
Maximum Power ← Power parameters
Maximum power level measured during a chirp. Which part of the chirp precisely is
used for calculation depends on the power parameters in the "Power" measurement
range settings (see Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:POWer:MAXPower on page 279
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:POWer:MAXPower? on page 436
Average Power ← Power parameters
Average power level measured during a chirp. Which part of the chirp precisely is used
for calculation depends on the power parameters in the "Power" measurement range
configuration (see Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:POWer:AVEPower on page 279
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:POWer:AVEPower? on page 435
Power Ripple ← Power parameters
The power ripple is defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum power inside the
power measurement range of the detected hop (see Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp mea-
surement settings", on page 105).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:POWer:PWRRipple on page 280
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:POWer:PWRRipple? on page 437
Frequency non-linearity parameters
Non-linearity parameters describe the deviation of the chirped signal frequency. For
details see Figure 5-8.
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Bandwidth ← Frequency non-linearity parameters
The bandwidth describes the frequency range occupied by the chirp.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:BWIDth on page 276
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:BWIDth? on page 421
Frequency INL (Peak) ← Frequency non-linearity parameters
The maximum frequency integrated non-linearity (INL) indicates the maximum deviation of the measured chirp from the nominal chirp, in relation to the chirp bandwidth.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:MAXNonlinear on page 277
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:MAXNonlinear? on page 425
Frequency INL (RMS) ← Frequency non-linearity parameters
The RMS of the frequency integrated non-linearity (INL) indicates the RMS deviation of
the measured chirp from the nominal chirp, in relation to the chirp bandwidth.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:RMSNonlinear on page 277
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:RMSNonlinear? on page 426
Frequency INL (Average) ← Frequency non-linearity parameters
The average integrated non-linearity (INL) indicates the average deviation of the measured chirp from the nominal chirp, in relation to the chirp bandwidth.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FREQuency:AVGNonlinear on page 277
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FREQuency:AVGNonlinear? on page 421
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FM settling parameters
FM settling parameters describe the chirp when it has reached its nominal frequency
value. For details see Figure 5-7.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FMSettling:ALL[:STATe] on page 274
FM settling point ← FM settling parameters
The FM settling point is the point where FM deviation does not exceed the FM settling
tolerance anymore. Since the signal can pass through the tolerance area several times
while it settles, the actual settling point is determined starting at the center of the chirp.
From there, the signal is analyzed backwards until it first leaves the tolerance area.
That is defined as the settling point. One FM settling point is calculated per detected
chirp. The FM settling point is provided in seconds (time stamp).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FMSettling:FMSPoint on page 275
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FMSettling:FMSPoint? on page 418
FM settling time ← FM settling parameters
The FM settling time refers to the time interval between the detected chirp start and the
FM settling point. The FM settling time is determined once per detected chirp. The FM
settling time is provided in seconds.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FMSettling:FMSTime on page 275
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FMSettling:FMSTime? on page 419
FM settled length ← FM settling parameters
The FM settled length refers to the duration the signal remains settled around a particular nominal frequency. It is determined as the time interval starting from the FM settling point until the point where the deviation exceeds the settling tolerance (chirp end).
The FM settled length is given in seconds.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:FMSettling:FMSLength on page 275
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:FMSettling:FMSLength? on page 417
PM settling parameters
PM settling parameters describe the chirp when it has reached its nominal phase
value. For details see Figure 5-7.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:PMSettling:ALL[:STATe] on page 278
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PM settling point ← PM settling parameters
The PM settling point is the point where FM deviation does not exceed the PM settling
tolerance anymore. Since the signal can pass through the tolerance area several times
while it settles, the actual settling point is determined starting at the center of the chirp.
From there, the signal is analyzed backwards until it first leaves the tolerance area.
That is defined as the settling point. One PM settling point is calculated per detected
chirp. The PM settling point is provided in seconds (time stamp).
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:PMSettling:PMSPoint on page 278
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:PMSettling:PMSPoint? on page 433
PM settling time ← PM settling parameters
The PM settling time refers to the time interval between the detected chirp start and the
PM settling point. The PM settling time is determined once per detected chirp. The PM
settling time is provided in seconds.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:PMSettling:PMSTime on page 278
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:PMSettling:PMSTime? on page 434
PM settled length ← PM settling parameters
The PM settled length refers to the duration the signal remains settled around a particular nominal frequency. It is determined as the time interval starting from the PM settling point until the point where the deviation exceeds the settling tolerance (chirp end).
The PM settled length is given in seconds.
Remote command:
Display:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:PMSettling:PMSLength on page 278
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:RESults? on page 412
[SENSe:]CHIRp:PMSettling:PMSLength? on page 432
5.3 Evaluation methods for transient analysis
Access: "Overview" > "Display Config"
The data that was measured by the R&S VSE can be evaluated using various different
methods, depending on the measurement task.
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Table 5-1: Available evaluation methods and evaluation basis
Measurement task Evaluation Evaluation basis
Frequency domain analysis RF Spectrum Full capture buffer
Analysis region
Individual hop / chirp
*)
Time domain analysis RF Power Time Domain
PM Time Domain
FM Time Domain
PM Time Domain (Wrapped)
Chirp Rate Time Domain
I/Q Time Domain
Joint time / frequency analysis Spectrogram Full capture buffer
Demodulation quality analysis Frequency Deviation Time
Signal characteristics
Online I/Q data transfer analysis RF Spectrum
*)
requires additional option R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H
*)
Domain
Phase Deviation Time Domain
Hop/Chirp Results Table
Hop/Chirp Statistics Table
Parameter Distribution
Parameter Trend
Spectrogram
RF Power Time Domain
PM Time Domain
FM Time Domain
PM Time Domain (Wrapped)
*)
*)
Full capture buffer
Analysis region
Individual hop / chirp
Analysis region
Individual hop / chirp
Analysis region
Individual hop / chirp
*)
Analysis region
Full capture buffer
*)
*)
By default, the Transient Analysis results are displayed in the following windows:
●
RF Spectrum (full capture buffer)
●
FM Time Domain (analysis region)
●
Spectrogram (full capture buffer)
●
RF Power Time Domain (analysis region)
If the additional options R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H are installed, the default result displays
are:
●
RF Spectrum (full capture buffer)
●
FM Time Domain (analysis region)
●
Spectrogram (full capture buffer)
●
Frequency Deviation Time Domain (hop/chirp)
●
Hop/Chirp Result Table (analysis region)
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The following evaluation methods are available for Transient Analysis:
RF Spectrum.................................................................................................................66
Spectrogram..................................................................................................................67
RF Power Time Domain................................................................................................67
FM Time Domain...........................................................................................................68
I/Q Time Domain...........................................................................................................68
Frequency Deviation Time Domain...............................................................................69
PM Time Domain...........................................................................................................70
PM Time Domain (Wrapped).........................................................................................70
Phase Deviation Time Domain......................................................................................71
Chirp Rate Time Domain...............................................................................................72
Hop/Chirp Results Table............................................................................................... 72
Hop/Chirp Statistics Table.............................................................................................73
Parameter Distribution.................................................................................................. 73
Parameter Trend...........................................................................................................74
Marker Table ................................................................................................................ 75
RF Spectrum
The RF Spectrum diagram displays the measured power levels for the detected hops/
chirps. The displayed data corresponds to one particular frame in the spectrogram.
During a running measurement, the most recently captured frame is always displayed.
During analysis, which frame is displayed depends on the selected frame in the spectrogram configuration (see "Select Frame" on page 127) or the marker position in the
spectrogram (see "Frame (for Spectrograms only)" on page 136).
Figure 5-9: RF Spectrum result display
Thus, the RF Spectrum is useful to analyze the input signal measured at a specific
time in more detail.
Detected hops/chirps are indicated by green bars along the x-axis in graphical result
displays. The selected hop/chirp (see "Select Hop / Select Chirp" on page 121) is indicated by a blue bar. The hop/chirp index as displayed in the Hop/Chirp Results Table is
indicated at the bottom of each bar.
In the RF Spectrum for the full capture buffer, the analysis region (AR) is indicated by
vertical blue lines.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, RFSP, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
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Spectrogram
The spectrogram is a way of displaying multiple consecutive spectra over time. The
power, or more exactly the power level, which is usually displayed over frequency, is
displayed over frequency and time. Thus, joint analysis in the time and frequency
domain is possible.
Graphically, time and frequency represent the vertical and horizontal axes of the diagram. Each coordinate (frequency f, time t) of the diagram is filled with a color representing the level for the respective frequency and time.
At the beginning of a measurement, the diagram is empty. As the measurement advances, the graph is filled line by line from top to bottom. Lines in the spectrogram are
called frames, as each frame represents one spectrum.
As the graph fills from top to bottom, the latest spectrum is always the topmost line,
whereas older frames move towards the bottom. However, older frames that have disappeared from the visible display area can be returned to view by selecting a particular
frame or timestamp.
The frames for each individual sweep are separated by colored lines.
Figure 5-10: Spectrogram of a frequency hopper
Spectrograms are highly configurable. In particular, the number of frames and the colors used to display the power levels can be defined by the user.
Spectrograms are particularly useful in combination with a spectrum display. In this
case, the spectrogram provides an overview of events over time, whereas the spectrum provides details for a specific frame.
For more information on working with spectrograms see Chapter 4.9, "Working with
spectrograms", on page 35.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, SGR, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
RF Power Time Domain
Displays the RF power (in dBm) versus time.
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The RF Power Time Domain trace is determined as follows:
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,RFPT, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261)
FM Time Domain
Displays the frequency of the demodulated FM signal versus time.
The FM time domain trace is determined as follows:
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,FMT, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261)
I/Q Time Domain
Displays the magnitude of the I and Q components of the demodulated FM signal versus time as separate traces in one diagram.
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Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,IQT see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
Frequency Deviation Time Domain
Displays the frequency error of the demodulated FM signal versus time.
This display requires additional option R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H.
Note: The frequency error is calculated for complete hops/chirps only. Thus, where no
(complete) hops/chirps are available, gaps will occur in the error display.
Figure 5-11: Frequency Deviation Time Domain display with gaps where no (complete) chirps are
detected
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The Frequency Deviation for the analysis region in the hop model is calculated as follows:
hop start ≤ k ≤ hop start + dwell time
Where
●
: Average frequency estimate obtained from the frequency meas range of a hop
In the chirp model it is calculated as:
chirp start ≤ k ≤ chirp start + chirp length
Where
●
: Average chirp rate estimate obtained from the frequency meas range of a chirp
●
: Average frequency estimate w.r.t. the chirp center obtained from the frequency
meas range of a chirp
∈
For an individual hop/chirp, k
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,FDEV, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
Result Range
PM Time Domain
Displays the phase deviations of the demodulated PM signal (in rad or °) versus time.
The PM time domain trace is determined as follows:
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,PMT, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261)
PM Time Domain (Wrapped)
Displays the phase deviations of the wrapped demodulated PM signal (in rad or °) versus time.
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Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,PMWR, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
Phase Deviation Time Domain
Displays the phase error of the demodulated PM signal (in rad or °) versus time.
This display requires additional option R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H.
Figure 5-12: Phase deviation per chirp over time
Note:
Similar to frequency deviation, the phase error is calculated for complete hops/
chirps only. Thus, where no (complete) hops/chirps are available, gaps will occur in the
error display.
The phase deviation in the hop model is calculated as follows:
With hop state deviation compensation:
Without hop state deviation compensation:
Where:
●
: Average frequency estimate obtained from the frequency meas range of a hop
●
●
●
: Nominal hop frequency corresponding to detected hop state
: Phase offset estimate obtained from the frequency meas range of a hop
t ∈ Result range (for individual hop)
hop start ≤ t ≤ hop start + dwell time (for analysis range)
In the chirp model it is calculated as:
With chirp state deviation compensation:
Without chirp state deviation compensation:
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Where:
●
: Average chirp rate estimate obtained from the frequency meas range of a chirp
●
●
: Nominal chirp rate corresponding to detected chirp state
: Average frequency estimate based on the chirp center obtained from the fre-
quency meas range of a chirp
●
: Phase offset estimate obtained from the frequency meas range of a chirp
●
t ∈ Result range (for individual chirp)
chirp start ≤ t ≤ chirp start + chirp length (for analysis range)
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,PDEV, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
Chirp Rate Time Domain
Displays the chirp rate versus time. This display requires additional option R&S VSEK60C/-K60H.
The chirp rate time domain trace is determined as follows:
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,CRT, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
Hop/Chirp Results Table
Displays the automatically detected hop/chirp parameters in a table of results. This display requires additional option R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H.
Which parameters are displayed depends on the "Result Configuration" (see Chap-
ter 7.1.2, "Table configuration", on page 114). The currently selected hop/chirp is high-
lighted blue. The remaining hops/chirps contained in the current capture buffer are
highlighted green.
Figure 5-13: Hop Results Table
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For details on the individual parameters see Chapter 5.1, "Hop parameters",
on page 43 or Chapter 5.2, "Chirp parameters", on page 53.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,RTAB see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
Results:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:TABLe:TOTal? on page 416 / CALCulate<n>:
CHRDetection:TOTal? on page 416
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:TABLe:TOTal? on page 387 / CALCulate<n>:
HOPDetection:TOTal? on page 387
Hop/Chirp Statistics Table
Displays statistical values (minimum, maximum, average, standard deviation) for the
measured hop/chirp parameters in a table of results. This display requires additional
option R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H.
Both the current capture buffer data and the cumulated captured data from a series of
measurements are evaluated. The statistics computed only from hops/chirps within the
current capture buffer are highlighted green. For reference, the measured parameters
from the Select Hop / Select Chirp are also shown, highlighted blue. The displayed
parameters are the same as in the Hop/Chirp Results Table and can be configured in
the "Result Configuration" (see Chapter 7.1.2, "Table configuration", on page 114).
Figure 5-14: Hop Statistics Table
For details on the individual parameters see Chapter 5.1, "Hop parameters",
on page 43 or Chapter 5.2, "Chirp parameters", on page 53.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,STAB see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
Parameter Distribution
Plots a histogram of a particular parameter, i.e. all measured parameter values from
the current capture vs hop/chirp count or occurrence in %. Thus you can determine
how often a particular parameter value occurs. For each parameter distribution window
you can configure a different parameter to be displayed.
This evaluation method allows you to distinguish transient and stable effects in a specific parameter, such as a spurious frequency deviation or a fluctuation in power over
several hops.
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Note that averaging is not possible for parameter distribution traces.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PDIS see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:X? on page 301
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:Y? on page 302
Chapter 11.5.6, "Configuring parameter distribution displays", on page 292
Parameter Trend
Plots all measured parameter values from the current capture vs another parameter or
the hop/chirp state index. This evaluation allows you to determine trends in a specific
parameter, such as a frequency deviation or a fluctuation in power over several hops.
For each parameter trend window you can configure a different parameter to be displayed for both the x-axis and the y-axis, making this a very powerful and flexible
analysis tool. Note, however, that the same parameter may not be selected on the xaxis and y-axis.
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Note that averaging is not possible for parameter trend traces.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PTR see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:X? on page 303
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:Y? on page 303
Chapter 11.5.7, "Configuring parameter trends", on page 302
Marker Table
Displays a table with the current marker values for the active markers.
This table is displayed automatically if configured accordingly.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, MTAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 261
Results:
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 357
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:Y? on page 358
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6 Configuration
Configuration
Configuration overview
Transient Analysis requires a special application on the R&S VSE.
Transient Analysis measurements require a special application on the R&S VSE.
Multiple access paths to functionality
The easiest way to configure a measurement channel is via the "Overview" dialog box,
which is displayed when you select the "Overview" icon from the main toolbar or the
"Meas Setup" > "Overview" menu item.
Alternatively, you can access the individual dialog boxes from the corresponding menu
items, or via tools in the toolbars, if available.
In this documentation, only the most convenient method of accessing the dialog boxes
is indicated - usually via the "Overview". For an overview of all available menu items
and toolbar icons see Chapter A.2, "Transient analysis measurements menus",
on page 460.
General R&S VSE functions
The application-independent functions for general tasks on the R&S VSE are also
available for Transient Analysis measurements and are described in the R&S VSE
Base Software User Manual. In particular, this comprises the following functionality:
●
Controlling Instruments and Capturing I/Q Data
●
Data Management
●
General Software Preferences and Information
● Configuration overview............................................................................................76
● Signal description....................................................................................................78
● Input and frontend settings......................................................................................84
● Trigger settings....................................................................................................... 97
● Data acquisition and analysis region.....................................................................101
● Bandwidth settings................................................................................................104
● Hop / chirp measurement settings........................................................................ 105
● FM video bandwidth.............................................................................................. 110
● Adjusting settings automatically............................................................................ 110
6.1 Configuration overview
Access: "Meas Setup" > "Overview"
Throughout the measurement configuration, an overview of the most important currently defined settings is provided in the "Overview".
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Configuration overview
In addition to the main measurement settings, the "Overview" provides quick access to
the main settings dialog boxes. The individual configuration steps are displayed in the
order of the data flow. Thus, you can easily configure an entire measurement channel
from input over processing to output and analysis by stepping through the dialog boxes
as indicated in the "Overview".
In particular, the "Overview" provides quick access to the following configuration dialog
boxes (listed in the recommended order of processing):
1. Signal Description
See Chapter 6.2, "Signal description", on page 78.
2. Input and frontend settings
See Chapter 6.3, "Input and frontend settings", on page 84
3. Triggering
See Chapter 6.4, "Trigger settings", on page 97
4. Data acquisition
See Chapter 6.5, "Data acquisition and analysis region", on page 101
5. Measurement settings
See Chapter 6.7, "Hop / chirp measurement settings", on page 105
6. Analysis
See Chapter 7, "Analysis", on page 112
7. Result configuration
See Chapter 7.1, "Result configuration", on page 112
To configure settings
► Select any button to open the corresponding dialog box.
Select a setting in the channel bar (at the top of the measurement channel tab) or
in the diagram footer of a graphical result display to change a specific setting.
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Signal description
For step-by-step instructions on configuring a measurement for Transient Analysis, see
Chapter 8, "How to perform transient analysis", on page 146.
Preset Channel
Select the "Preset Channel" button in the lower left-hand corner of the "Overview" to
restore all measurement settings in the current channel to their default values.
Remote command:
SYSTem:PRESet:CHANnel[:EXEC] on page 173
Specifics for
The channel can contain several windows for different results. Thus, the settings indicated in the "Overview" and configured in the dialog boxes vary depending on the
selected window.
Select an active window from the "Specifics for" selection list that is displayed in the
"Overview" and in all window-specific configuration dialog boxes.
The "Overview" and dialog boxes are updated to indicate the settings for the selected
window.
6.2 Signal description
Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description"
The "Signal Description" settings provide information on the expected signal which can
improve measurement and analysis.
● Signal model........................................................................................................... 78
● Signal states............................................................................................................79
● Timing..................................................................................................................... 83
6.2.1 Signal model
Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description" > "Signal Model" tab
The signal model defines which type of signal to expect (if known), thus determining
the analysis method. These settings are only available if at least one of the additional
options R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H are installed.
Hop Model / Chirp Model
Defines which type of signal to expect (if known), thus determining the analysis
method.
These settings are only available if the additional options R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H are
installed.
For more information see Chapter 4.3, "Signal models", on page 21.
"Hop Model"
"Chirp Model"
Signals "hop" between random carrier frequencies in short intervals
The carrier frequency is either increased or decreased linearly over
time.
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6.2.2 Signal states
Configuration
Signal description
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SIGNal:MODel on page 227
Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description" > "Signal States" tab
The (nominal) frequencies or chirps the signal is expected to switch to are defined in
advance in the "Signal State" table. Each possible frequency/chirp is considered to be
a hop state/chirp state.These settings are only available if at least one of the additional
options R&S VSE-K60C/-K60H are installed.
Figure 6-1: Hop States configuration dialog with additional settings
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Signal description
Figure 6-2: Chirp States configuration dialog
For details on the individual parameters see Chapter 4.3.1, "Frequency hopping",
on page 21.
Hop / Chirp Settings......................................................................................................81
Chirp Detection............................................................................................................. 81
Hop / Chirp State Index.................................................................................................81
Frequency Offset / Chirp Rate.......................................................................................81
Tolerance.......................................................................................................................82
Inserting a signal state.................................................................................................. 82
Deleting a signal state...................................................................................................82
Clearing the signal state table.......................................................................................82
Applying changes to the signal state table....................................................................82
Saving the signal state table to a file.............................................................................82
Loading a signal state table from a file..........................................................................82
Generating a series of hop states................................................................................. 82
└ Start Frequency.............................................................................................. 82
└ Step Size.........................................................................................................83
└ No of States.................................................................................................... 83
└ Add to Table....................................................................................................83
└ Replace Table................................................................................................. 83
└ Applying a global tolerance value................................................................... 83
└ Applying a global frequency offset..................................................................83
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Signal description
Hop / Chirp Settings
By default, the R&S VSE Transient Analysis application performs an automatic hop/
chirp detection according to the measured data. For an initial overview of the signal at
hand this detection is usually sufficient. For more accurate results, particularly if the
input signal is known in advance, the signal states can be adapted as required.
For details see Chapter 4.3.3, "Automatic vs. manual hop/chirp state detection",
on page 24.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:STATes:AUTO on page 229
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:AUTO on page 233
Chirp Detection
Selects the chirp detection mode.
The parameters that can be defined in the chirp state detection table depend on the
chirp settings and the chirp detection mode:
Chirp Detection "On" All parameters are set automati-
Chirp Detection "Off"
Chirp Settings "Auto" Chirp Settings "Manual"
Manual setting of:
●
cally.
Manual setting of:
●
Chirp start
●
Chirp length
Chirp Rate
●
Tolerance
Manual setting of:
●
Chirp start
●
Chirp length
●
Start frequency
●
Stop frequency
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:DETection on page 231
Hop / Chirp State Index
The nominal frequency levels are numbered consecutively in the "Hop States"/"Chirp
States" table, starting at 0. A maximum of 1000 states can be defined. The state index
of the corresponding nominal frequency level is assigned to each detected hop/chirp in
the measured signal.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:NUMBer? on page 234
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:STATes:NUMBer? on page 230
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:NSTates? on page 235
Frequency Offset / Chirp Rate
The hop states are defined as frequency offsets from the center frequency. Hops are
only detected at these frequencies.
Chirp states are defined as a (linear) chirp rate. Chirps are only detected at these chirp
rates.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:STATes[:DATA] on page 229
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes[:DATA] on page 233
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Signal description
Tolerance
A tolerance span can be defined to compensate for settling effects in the signal after
switching the frequency. As long as the deviation remains within the tolerance above or
below the nominal frequency, the signal state is detected.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:STATes[:DATA] on page 229
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes[:DATA] on page 233
Inserting a signal state
Inserts an additional signal state before the currently selected state.
Deleting a signal state
Deletes the currently selected signal state.
Clearing the signal state table
Deletes all signal states in the signal state table.
Applying changes to the signal state table
Applies the changes to the current signal state table configuration.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:SAVE on page 236
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:STATes:TABLe:SAVE on page 231
Saving the signal state table to a file
Saves the current signal state table configuration to a file for later use.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:SAVE on page 236
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:STATes:TABLe:SAVE on page 231
Loading a signal state table from a file
Loads the selected signal state table configuration from a file.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:LOAD on page 234
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:STATes:TABLe:LOAD on page 231
Generating a series of hop states
For hop signals, additional settings are available which allow you to generate several
regularly spaced hop states very easily and quickly.
These settings are displayed or hidden when you select the "More/Less" button in the
"Signal States" tab of the "Signal Description" dialog box for hop signals.
Start Frequency ← Generating a series of hop states
The frequency at which the first hop state will be generated.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:STARt? on page 236
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Signal description
Step Size ← Generating a series of hop states
The distance between two hop states.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:STEP? on page 236
No of States ← Generating a series of hop states
Number of hop states to be generated. A maximum of 1000 states can be defined in
one table.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:NSTates? on page 235
Add to Table ← Generating a series of hop states
Adds the defined number of hop states, starting at the Start Frequency, with the
defined Step Size and a tolerance of 1/2 the Step Size to the existing states in the Hop
States table.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:ADD on page 234
Replace Table ← Generating a series of hop states
Replaces any existing states in the "Hop States" table by the defined number of hop
states, starting at the Start Frequency, with the defined Step Size and a tolerance of
1/2 the Step Size.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:REPLace on page 235
Applying a global tolerance value ← Generating a series of hop states
Applies a global Tolerance value to all hop states in the table at once. By default, a tol-
erance of 1/2 the Step Size is applied when a series of states is generated.
To edit the tolerance value for an individual hop state, select the value directly in the
"Hop States" table and enter the new value.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:TOLerance on page 236
Applying a global frequency offset ← Generating a series of hop states
Applies a global Frequency Offset value to all hop states in the table at once.
To edit the frequency offset for an individual hop state, select the value directly in the
"Hop States" table and enter the new value.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:STATes:TABLe:OFFSet on page 235
6.2.3 Timing
Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description" > "Timing" tab
The dwell time is the time the signal remains in the tolerance area of a nominal hop
frequency, that is, the duration of a hop from beginning to end. A hop/chirp is only
detected if its dwell time lies within the defined minimum and maximum values.
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Input and frontend settings
Auto Mode.....................................................................................................................84
Min Dwell Time / Max Dwell Time................................................................................. 84
Auto Mode
If "Auto Mode" is enabled (default), useful dwell time/chirp length limits for the current
measurement are defined automatically.
Otherwise, the manually defined Min Dwell Time / Max Dwell Time values apply.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:LENGth:AUTO on page 228
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:DWELl:AUTO on page 232
Min Dwell Time / Max Dwell Time
If "Auto Mode" is disabled, you can define minimum or maximum dwell times, or both,
manually, in order to detect only specific hops, for example.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:LENGth:MAXimum on page 228
CALCulate<n>:CHRDetection:LENGth:MINimum on page 229
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:DWELl:MAXimum on page 232
CALCulate<n>:HOPDetection:DWELl:MINimum on page 233
6.3 Input and frontend settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend"
The R&S VSE can evaluate signals from different input sources and provide various
types of output (such as noise or trigger signals).
The frequency and amplitude settings represent the "frontend" of the measurement
setup.
● Input source settings...............................................................................................85
● Frequency settings..................................................................................................92
● Amplitude settings...................................................................................................94
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6.3.1 Input source settings
6.3.1.1 Radio frequency input
Configuration
Input and frontend settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source"
Or: "Input & Output" > "Input Source"
The R&S VSE can control the input sources of the connected instruments.
● Radio frequency input............................................................................................. 85
● I/Q file input.............................................................................................................91
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency"
Or: "Input & Output" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency"
The default input source for the connected instrument is "Radio Frequency". Depending on the connected instrument, different input parameters are available.
Figure 6-3: RF input source settings for an R&S FSW with B2000 option
If the Frequency Response Correction option (R&S
VSE Transient Analysis application also supports frequency response correction using
Touchstone (.snp) files or .fres files.
For details on user-defined frequency response correction, see the R&S VSE Base
Software User Manual.
Input Type (Instrument / File)........................................................................................86
Instrument..................................................................................................................... 86
Input 1 / Input 2............................................................................................................. 86
Input Coupling ..............................................................................................................86
VSE-K544) is installed, the R&S
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Impedance ................................................................................................................... 87
Direct Path ................................................................................................................... 87
High Pass Filter 1 to 3 GHz ..........................................................................................87
YIG-Preselector ............................................................................................................88
Capture Mode............................................................................................................... 88
B2000 State.................................................................................................................. 88
Oscilloscope Sample Rate............................................................................................89
Oscilloscope Splitter Mode............................................................................................89
Oscilloscope IP Address............................................................................................... 89
Preselector State...........................................................................................................90
Preselector Mode..........................................................................................................90
10 dB Minimum Attenuation..........................................................................................90
Input Type (Instrument / File)
Selects an instrument or a file as the type of input provided to the channel.
Note: External mixers are only available for input from a connected instrument.
Note: If the R&S VSE software is installed directly on an instrument, or integrated in
Cadence®AWR®VSS, some restrictions apply on the available input type.
Remote command:
INSTrument:BLOCk:CHANnel[:SETTings]:SOURce<si> on page 181
INPut<ip>:SELect on page 180
Instrument
Specifies a configured instrument to be used for input.
Input 1 / Input 2
For instruments with two input connectors, you must define which input source is used
for each measurement channel.
Note that you cannot use both RF inputs simultaneously.
"Input 1"
"Input2"
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:TYPE on page 180
Input Coupling
The RF input of the R&S VSE can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).
The RF input of the connected instrument can be coupled by alternating current (AC)
or direct current (DC).
For an active external frontend, input coupling is always DC.
AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. AC coupling is activated by
default to prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal
can be distorted.
R&S FSW85: 1.00 mm RF input connector for frequencies up to
85 GHz (90 GHz with option R&S FSW-B90G)
R&S FSW85: 1.85 mm RF input connector for frequencies up to
67 GHz
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However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the
instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data
sheet.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:COUPling<ant> on page 175
Impedance
For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the connected instrument can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.
Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a
75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impedance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/
50Ω).
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:IMPedance<ant> on page 177
Direct Path
Enables or disables the use of the direct path for small frequencies.
In spectrum analyzers, passive analog mixers are used for the first conversion of the
input signal. In such mixers, the LO signal is coupled into the IF path due to its limited
isolation. The coupled LO signal becomes visible at the RF frequency 0 Hz. This effect
is referred to as LO feedthrough.
To avoid the LO feedthrough the spectrum analyzer provides an alternative signal path
to the A/D converter, referred to as the direct path. By default, the direct path is
selected automatically for RF frequencies close to zero. However, this behavior can be
disabled. If "Direct Path" is set to "Off" , the spectrum analyzer always uses the analog
mixer path.
For an active external frontend, the direct path is always used automatically for frequencies close to zero.
"Auto"
"Off"
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:DPATh on page 176
(Default) The direct path is used automatically for frequencies close
to zero.
The analog mixer path is always used.
High Pass Filter 1 to 3 GHz
Activates an additional internal highpass filter for RF input signals from 1 GHz to
3 GHz. This filter is used to remove the harmonics of the analyzer to measure the harmonics for a DUT, for example.
For some connected instruments, this function requires an additional hardware option
on the instrument.
Note: For RF input signals outside the specified range, the high-pass filter has no
effect. For signals with a frequency of approximately 4 GHz upwards, the harmonics
are suppressed sufficiently by the YIG-preselector, if available.)
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:FILTer:HPASs[:STATe] on page 176
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Input and frontend settings
YIG-Preselector
Enables or disables the YIG-preselector.
This setting requires an additional option on the connected instrument.
An internal YIG-preselector at the input of the connected instrument ensures that
image frequencies are rejected. However, image rejection is only possible for a restricted bandwidth. To use the maximum bandwidth for signal analysis you can disable the
YIG-preselector at the input of the connected instrument, which can lead to image-frequency display.
Note: Note that the YIG-preselector is active only higher frequencies, depending on
the connected instrument. Therefore, switching the YIG-preselector on or off has no
effect if the frequency is below that value.
To use the optional 90 GHz frequency extension (R&S FSW-B90G), the YIG-preselector must be disabled.
To use the optional 54 GHz frequency extension (R&S FSV3-B54G), the YIG-preselector must be disabled.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:FILTer:YIG[:STATe] on page 177
Capture Mode
Determines how data from an oscilloscope is input to the R&S VSE software.
This function is only available for a connected R&S oscilloscope with a firmware ver-
sion 3.0.1.1 or higher (for other versions and instruments the input is always I/Q data).
"I/Q"
"Waveform"
"Auto"
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:RF:CAPMode on page 178
The measured waveform is converted to I/Q data directly on the R&S
oscilloscope (requires option K11), and input to the R&S VSE software as I/Q data.
For data imports with small bandwidths, importing data in this format
is quicker. However, the maximum record length is restricted by the
R&S oscilloscope. (Memory options on the R&S oscilloscope are not
available for I/Q data.)
The data is input in its original waveform format and converted to I/Q
data in the R&S VSE software. No additional options are required on
the R&S oscilloscope.
For data imports with large bandwidths, this format is more convenient as it allows for longer record lengths if appropriate memory
options are available on the R&S oscilloscope.
Uses "I/Q" mode when possible, and "Waveform" only when required
by the application (e.g. Pulse measurement, oscilloscope baseband
input).
B2000 State
Activates the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000).
Note: The R&S VSE software supports input from a connected R&S FSW with a
B2000 option installed. However, the R&S FSW interface to the oscilloscope must be
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Input and frontend settings
set up and aligned directly on the instrument before the R&S VSE software can start
analyzing the input.
The analysis bandwidth is defined in the data acquisition settings of the application as
usual. Note that the maximum bandwidth cannot be restricted manually as for other
bandwidth extension options.
Manual operation on the connected oscilloscope, or remote operation other than by the
R&S VSE, is not possible while the B2000 option is active.
Remote command:
SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope[:STATe] on page 182
Oscilloscope Sample Rate
Determines the sample rate used by the connected oscilloscope.
This setting is only available if an R&S oscilloscope is used to obtain the input data,
either directly or via the R&S FSW.
"10 GHz"
"20 GHz"
Default for waveform Capture Mode (not available for I/Q Capture
Mode); provides maximum record length
Achieves a higher decimation gain, but reduces the record length by
half.
Only available for R&S oscilloscope models that support a sample
rate of 20 GHz (see data sheet).
For R&S oscilloscopes with an analysis bandwidth of 4 GHz or larger,
a sample rate of 20 GHZ is always used in waveform Capture Mode
"40 GHz"
Remote command:
Input source R&S FSW via oscilloscope:
SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope:SRATe on page 184
Input source oscilloscope waveform mode:
INPut<ip>:RF:CAPMode:WAVeform:SRATe on page 179
Input source oscilloscope I/Q mode:
INPut<ip>:RF:CAPMode:IQ:SRATe on page 179
Oscilloscope Splitter Mode
Activates the use of the power splitter inserted between the [IF 2 GHZ OUT] connector
of the R&S FSW and the [CH1] and [CH3] input connectors of the oscilloscope. Note
that this mode requires an additional alignment with the power splitter.
For details see the R&S FSW I/Q Analyzer and I/Q Input User Manual.
Remote command:
SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope:PSMode[:STATe] on page 183
Oscilloscope IP Address
When using the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000) with an R&S
FSW as the connected instrument, the entire measurement, as well as both instruments, are controlled by the R&S VSE software. Thus, the instruments must be connected via LAN, and the TCPIP address of the oscilloscope must be defined in the
R&S VSE software.
Provides a maximum sample rate.
Only available for I/Q Capture Mode, and only for R&S RTP13/RTP16
models that support a sample rate of 40 GHz (see data sheet)
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For tips on how to determine the computer name or TCPIP address, see the oscilloscope's user documentation.
Remote command:
SYSTem:COMMunicate:RDEVice:OSCilloscope:TCPip on page 183
Preselector State
Turns the preselector on and off.
When you turn on the preselector, you can configure the characteristics of the prese-
lector and add the preamplifier into the signal path.
When you turn off the preselector, the signal bypasses the preselector and the pream-
plifier, and is fed into the input mixer directly.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:PRESelection[:STATe] on page 178
Preselector Mode
Selects the preselection filters to be applied to the measurement.
"Auto"
"Auto Wide"
"Auto Narrow"
"Manual"
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:PRESelection:SET on page 178
Automatically applies all available bandpass filters in a measurement.
Available with the optional preamplifier.
Automatically applies the wideband filters consecutively:
●
Lowpass 40 MHz
●
Bandpass 30 MHz to 2250 MHz
●
Bandpass 2 GHz to 8 GHz
●
Bandpass 8 GHz to 26.5 GHz
Available with the optional preselector.
Automatically applies the most suitable narrowband preselection fil-
ters in a measurement, depending on the bandwidth you have
selected.
For measurement frequencies up to 30 MHz, the connected instrument uses combinations of lowpass and highpass filters. For higher
frequencies, the connected instrument uses bandpass filters.
Available with the optional preselector.
Applies the filter settings you have defined manually.
10 dB Minimum Attenuation
Turns the availability of attenuation levels of less than 10 dB on and off.
When you turn on this feature, the attenuation is always at least 10 dB. This minimum
attenuation protects the input mixer and avoids accidental setting of 0 dB, especially if
you measure EUTs with high RFI voltage.
When you turn it off, you can also select attenuation levels of less than 10 dB.
The setting applies to a manual selection of the attenuation as well as the automatic
selection of the attenuation.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:PROTection:RESet on page 175
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6.3.1.2 I/Q file input
Configuration
Input and frontend settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source" > "I/Q File"
Or: "Input & Output" > "Input Source" > "I/Q File"
Loading a file via drag&drop
You can load a file simply by selecting it in a file explorer and dragging it to the
R&S VSE software. Drop it into the "Measurement Group Setup" window or the channel bar for any channel. The channel is automatically configured for file input, if necessary. If the file contains all essential information, the file input is immediately displayed
in the channel. Otherwise, the "Recall I/Q Recording" dialog box is opened for the
selected file so you can enter the missing information.
If the file contains data from multiple channels (e.g. from LTE measurements), it can be
loaded to individual input sources, if the application supports them.
For details see the R&S VSE Base Software User Manual.
The "Input Source" settings defined in the "Input" dialog box are identical to those configured for a specific channel in the "Measurement Group Setup" window.
(See "Controlling Instruments and Capturing Data" in the R&S VSE User Manual).
If the Frequency Response Correction option (R&S VSE-K544) is installed, the R&S
VSE Transient Analysis application also supports frequency response correction using
Touchstone (.snp) files or .fres files.
For details on user-defined frequency response correction, see the R&S VSE Base
Software User Manual.
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Encrypted .wv files can also be imported. Note, however, that traces resulting from
encrypted file input cannot be exported or stored in a saveset.
Input Type (Instrument / File)........................................................................................92
Input File....................................................................................................................... 92
Zero Padding.................................................................................................................92
Input Type (Instrument / File)
Selects an instrument or a file as the type of input provided to the channel.
Note: External mixers are only available for input from a connected instrument.
Note: If the R&S VSE software is installed directly on an instrument, or integrated in
Cadence®AWR®VSS, some restrictions apply on the available input type.
Remote command:
INSTrument:BLOCk:CHANnel[:SETTings]:SOURce<si> on page 181
INPut<ip>:SELect on page 180
Input File
Specifies the I/Q data file to be used for input.
Select "Select File" to open the "Load I/Q File" dialog box.
(See "Data Management - Loading the I/Q Data File" in the R&S VSE base software
user manual).
Zero Padding
Enables or disables zero padding for input from an I/Q data file that requires resampling. For resampling, a number of samples are required due to filter settling. These
samples can either be taken from the provided I/Q data, or the software can add the
required number of samples (zeros) at the beginning and end of the file.
If enabled, the required number of samples are inserted as zeros at the beginning and
end of the file. The entire input data is analyzed. However, the additional zeros can
effect the determined spectrum of the I/Q data. If zero padding is enabled, a status
message is displayed.
If disabled (default), no zeros are added. The required samples for filter settling are
taken from the provided I/Q data in the file. The start time in the R&S VSE Player is
adapted to the actual start (after filter settling).
Note: You can activate zero padding directly when you load the file, or afterwards in
the "Input Source" settings.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:FILE:ZPADing on page 176
6.3.2 Frequency settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Frequency" tab
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Input and frontend settings
Center Frequency ........................................................................................................ 93
Center Frequency Stepsize ..........................................................................................93
Frequency Offset ..........................................................................................................94
Center Frequency
Defines the center frequency of the signal in Hertz.
0 Hz ≤ f
center
≤ f
max
Note: For file input, you can shift the center frequency of the current measurement
compared to the stored measurement data. The maximum shift depends on the sample rate of the file data.
If the file does not provide the center frequency, it is assumed to be 0 Hz.
To ensure that the input data remains within the valid analysis bandwidth, define the
center frequency and the analysis bandwidth for the measurement such that the following applies:
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 210
Center Frequency Stepsize
Defines the step size by which the center frequency is increased or decreased using
the arrow keys.
When you use the mouse wheel, the center frequency changes in steps of only 1/10 of
the span.
The step size can be coupled to another value or it can be manually set to a fixed
value.
"= Center"
Sets the step size to the value of the center frequency. The used
value is indicated in the "Value" field.
"Manual"
Defines a fixed step size for the center frequency. Enter the step size
in the "Value" field.
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Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP on page 211
Frequency Offset
Shifts the displayed frequency range along the x-axis by the defined offset.
This parameter has no effect on the instrument's hardware, on the captured data, or on
data processing. It is simply a manipulation of the final results in which absolute frequency values are displayed. Thus, the x-axis of a spectrum display is shifted by a
constant offset if it shows absolute frequencies. However, if it shows frequencies relative to the signal's center frequency, it is not shifted.
A frequency offset can be used to correct the display of a signal that is slightly distorted
by the measurement setup, for example.
The allowed values range from -1 THz to 1 THz. The default setting is 0 Hz.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:OFFSet on page 211
6.3.3 Amplitude settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Amplitude" tab
Amplitude settings affect the signal power or error levels.
Note that amplitude settings are not window-specific, as opposed to the scaling and
unit settings.
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Reference Level ...........................................................................................................95
└ Shifting the Display ( Offset ).......................................................................... 95
RF Attenuation.............................................................................................................. 96
└ Attenuation Mode / Value ...............................................................................96
Using Electronic Attenuation ........................................................................................96
Input Settings................................................................................................................ 97
└ Preamplifier ....................................................................................................97
└ Impedance ..................................................................................................... 97
Reference Level
Defines the expected maximum input signal level. Signal levels above this value are
possibly not measured correctly, which is indicated by the "IF Overload" status display.
Defines the expected maximum reference level. Signal levels above this value are possibly not measured correctly. Signals above the reference level are indicated by an "IF
Overload" status display.
The reference level can also be used to scale power diagrams; the reference level is
then used for the calculation of the maximum on the y-axis.
Since the hardware of the connected instrument is adapted according to this value, it is
recommended that you set the reference level close above the expected maximum signal level. Thus you ensure an optimal measurement (no compression, good signal-tonoise ratio).
Note that for input from the External Mixer (R&S VSE-B21) the maximum reference
level also depends on the conversion loss; see the R&S VSE base software user manual for details.
For an active external frontend, the reference level refers to the RF input at the external frontend, not the levels at the RF input of the connected instrument. The hardware
is adjusted to the defined reference level optimally for input signals with a crest factor
of 10 dB. Thus, the required reference level for an optimal measurement can differ
depending on the crest factor of the input signal.
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:
RLEVel<ant> on page 212
Shifting the Display ( Offset ) ← Reference Level
Defines an arithmetic level offset. This offset is added to the measured level. In some
result displays, the scaling of the y-axis is changed accordingly.
Define an offset if the signal is attenuated or amplified before it is fed into the R&S VSE
so the application shows correct power results. All displayed power level results are
shifted by this value.
The setting range is ±200 dB in 0.01 dB steps.
Note, however, that the internal reference level (used to adjust the hardware settings to
the expected signal) ignores any "Reference Level Offset" . Thus, it is important to
keep in mind the actual power level the R&S VSE must handle. Do not rely on the displayed reference level (internal reference level = displayed reference level - offset).
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Input and frontend settings
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:
RLEVel<ant>:OFFSet on page 212
RF Attenuation
Defines the mechanical attenuation for RF input.
Attenuation Mode / Value ← RF Attenuation
The RF attenuation can be set automatically as a function of the selected reference
level (Auto mode). Automatic attenuation ensures that no overload occurs at the RF
Input connector for the current reference level. It is the default setting.
In "Manual" mode, you can set the RF attenuation in 1 dB steps (down to 0 dB). Other
entries are rounded to the next integer value. The range is specified in the data sheet.
If the defined reference level cannot be set for the defined RF attenuation, the reference level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "limit reached" is displayed.
NOTICE! Risk of hardware damage due to high power levels. When decreasing the
attenuation manually, ensure that the power level does not exceed the maximum level
allowed at the RF input, as an overload can lead to hardware damage.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:ATTenuation on page 213
INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:AUTO on page 213
Using Electronic Attenuation
If the (optional) Electronic Attenuation hardware is installed on the connected instrument, you can also activate an electronic attenuator.
In "Auto" mode, the settings are defined automatically; in "Manual" mode, you can
define the mechanical and electronic attenuation separately.
For an active external frontend, electronic attenuation is not available.
Note: Note that restrictions can apply concerning which frequencies electronic attenua-
tion is available for, depending on which instrument is connected to the R&S VSE software. Check your instrument documentation for details.
In "Auto" mode, RF attenuation is provided by the electronic attenuator as much as
possible to reduce the amount of mechanical switching required. Mechanical attenuation can provide a better signal-to-noise ratio, however.
When you switch off electronic attenuation, the RF attenuation is automatically set to
the same mode (auto/manual) as the electronic attenuation was set to. Thus, the RF
attenuation can be set to automatic mode, and the full attenuation is provided by the
mechanical attenuator, if possible.
If the defined reference level cannot be set for the given attenuation, the reference
level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "limit reached" is displayed in the status
bar.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:EATT:STATe on page 215
INPut<ip>:EATT:AUTO on page 215
INPut<ip>:EATT on page 215
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Trigger settings
Input Settings
Some input settings affect the measured amplitude of the signal, as well.
For information on other input settings see Chapter 6.3.1.1, "Radio frequency input",
on page 85.
Preamplifier ← Input Settings
If the (optional) internal preamplifier hardware is installed on the connected instrument,
a preamplifier can be activated for the RF input signal.
You can use a preamplifier to analyze signals from DUTs with low output power.
Note: If an optional external preamplifier is activated, the internal preamplifier is auto-
matically disabled, and vice versa.
For an active external frontend, a preamplifier is not available.
"Off"
"15 dB"
"30 dB"
Depending on the connected instrument, different settings are available. See the
instrument's documentation for details.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:GAIN<ant>:STATe on page 214
INPut<ip>:GAIN<ant>[:VALue] on page 214
Deactivates the preamplifier.
The RF input signal is amplified by about 15 dB.
The RF input signal is amplified by about 30 dB.
Impedance ← Input Settings
For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the connected instrument can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.
Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a
75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impedance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/
50Ω).
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:IMPedance<ant> on page 177
6.4 Trigger settings
Access: "Overview" > "Trigger" > "Trigger Source"/"Trigger In/Out"
Trigger settings determine when the input signal is measured. Note that gating is not
available for hop measurements.
When using time domain displays, the position of the trigger signal relative to the trace
is indicated by a vertical red line in the diagram.
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Configuration
Trigger settings
External triggers from one of the [TRIGGER INPUT/OUTPUT] connectors on the connected instrument are configured in a separate tab of the dialog box.
For details see R&S VSE Base Software User Manual.
For step-by-step instructions on configuring triggered measurements, see the
R&S VSE User Manual.
Trigger Settings.............................................................................................................98
└ Trigger Source................................................................................................ 98
└ Free Run ..............................................................................................99
└ External Trigger 1/2/3/4........................................................................ 99
└ External Channel 3 .............................................................................. 99
└ IF Power .............................................................................................. 99
└ I/Q Power ...........................................................................................100
└ RF Power ...........................................................................................100
└ Trigger Level ................................................................................................100
└ Drop-Out Time ............................................................................................. 100
└ Trigger Offset ...............................................................................................100
└ Slope ............................................................................................................101
└ Hysteresis .................................................................................................... 101
└ Trigger Holdoff ............................................................................................. 101
Trigger Settings
The trigger settings define the beginning of a measurement.
Trigger Source ← Trigger Settings
Defines the trigger source. If a trigger source other than "Free Run" is set, "TRG" is
displayed in the channel bar and the trigger source is indicated.
Note: When triggering is activated, the squelch function is automatically disabled.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 221
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Trigger settings
Free Run ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Settings
No trigger source is considered. Data acquisition is started manually or automatically
and continues until stopped explicitly.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IMM, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 221
External Trigger 1/2/3/4 ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Settings
Data acquisition starts when the TTL signal fed into the specified input connector
meets or exceeds the specified trigger level.
Note: If the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (B2000) is active, only External Chan-
nel 3 is supported.
For details, see the "Instrument Tour" chapter in the R&S VSE Getting Started manual.
"External Trigger 1"
Trigger signal from the "TRIGGER 1 INPUT" connector.
"External Trigger 2"
Trigger signal from the "TRIGGER 2 INPUT / OUTPUT" connector.
Remote command:
See TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 221
External Channel 3 ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Settings
Data acquisition starts when the signal fed into the "Ch3" input connector on the oscilloscope meets or exceeds the specified trigger level.
Note: In previous firmware versions, the external trigger was connected to the "Ch2"
input on the oscilloscope. As of firmware version R&S VSE 2.30, the "Ch3" input on the
oscilloscope must be used!
Note: Since the external trigger uses a second channel on the oscilloscope, the maximum memory size, and thus record length, available for the input channel 1 may be
reduced by half. For details, see the oscilloscope's data sheet and documentation.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR EXT, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 221
IF Power ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Settings
The R&S VSE starts capturing data as soon as the trigger level is exceeded around
the third intermediate frequency.
(The third IF represents the center frequency.)
This trigger source is only available for RF input.
The available trigger levels depend on the RF attenuation and preamplification. A refer-
ence level offset, if defined, is also considered.
When using the optional 2 GHz bandwidth extension (R&S FSW-B2000) with an IF
power trigger, the IF power trigger corresponds to a "width" trigger on the oscilloscope,
with a negative polarity and the range "longer". Thus, data acquisition starts when both
of the following conditions apply to the signal fed into the CH1 input connector on the
oscilloscope:
●
The power level has remained below the specified trigger level for a duration longer than the drop-out time.
●
The power level then rises above the specified trigger level.
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Configuration
Trigger settings
For details on available trigger levels and trigger bandwidths, see the data sheet.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IFP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 221
I/Q Power ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Settings
Triggers the measurement when the magnitude of the sampled I/Q data exceeds the
trigger threshold.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IQP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 221
RF Power ← Trigger Source ← Trigger Settings
Defines triggering of the measurement via signals which are outside the displayed
measurement range.
For this purpose, the software uses a level detector at the first intermediate frequency.
The resulting trigger level at the RF input depends on the RF attenuation and preampli-
fication. For details on available trigger levels, see the instrument's data sheet.
Note: If the input signal contains frequencies outside of this range (e.g. for fullspan
measurements), the measurement can be aborted. A message indicating the allowed
input frequencies is displayed in the status bar.
A "Trigger Offset" , "Trigger Polarity" and "Trigger Holdoff" (to improve the trigger stability) can be defined for the RF trigger, but no "Hysteresis" .
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR RFP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 221
Trigger Level ← Trigger Settings
Defines the trigger level for the specified trigger source.
For details on supported trigger levels, see the instrument data sheet.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel[:EXTernal<port>] on page 218
Drop-Out Time ← Trigger Settings
Defines the time that the input signal must stay below the trigger level before triggering
again.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:DTIMe on page 217
Trigger Offset ← Trigger Settings
Defines the time offset between the trigger event and the start of the measurement.
Offset > 0: Start of the measurement is delayed
Offset < 0: Measurement starts earlier (pretrigger)
(If supported by the connected instrument.)
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:HOLDoff[:TIME] on page 217
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