3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS
tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
R&S®SMBV-K42/-K43/-K45/-K59
Operating Manual
(;ÜïË2)
1178976102
Version 25
Operating Manual
This document describes the following software options:
●
R&S®SMBV-K42/-K43/-K45/-K59
1415.8048.xx, 1415.8054.xx, 1415.8077.xx, 1415.8219.xx
This manual describes firmware version 4.70.108.xx and later of the R&S®SMBV100A.
© 2020 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Fax: +49 89 41 29 12 164
Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
1178.9761.02 | Version 25 | 3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual: R&S®SMBV is abbreviated as R&S SMBV, R&S®WinIQSIM2TM is
abbreviated as R&S WinIQSIM2
Contents3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
Contents
1 Preface.................................................................................................. 11
1.1 About this Manual....................................................................................................... 11
1.2 Documentation Overview........................................................................................... 11
1.2.1 Quick Start Guide Manual............................................................................................. 12
1.2.2 Operating Manual and Help.......................................................................................... 12
1.2.3 Service Manual............................................................................................................. 12
1.2.4 Instrument Security Procedures....................................................................................12
1.2.5 Basic Safety Instructions...............................................................................................12
1.2.6 Data Sheets and Brochures.......................................................................................... 13
1.2.7 Release Notes and Open Source Acknowledgment (OSA).......................................... 13
1.2.8 Application Notes, Application Cards, White Papers, etc..............................................13
2 Welcome to the 3GPP FDD Options................................................... 14
2.1 Accessing the 3GPP FDD Dialog...............................................................................15
2.2 Scope........................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Notes on Screenshots................................................................................................ 16
3 About the 3GPP FDD Options.............................................................17
3.1 Required Options........................................................................................................ 17
3.2 Major 3GPP Parameters Overview............................................................................ 17
3.3 Modulation System 3GPP FDD.................................................................................. 18
3.3.1 Scrambling Code Generator......................................................................................... 19
3.3.1.1 Downlink Scrambling Code Generator..........................................................................19
3.3.1.2 Uplink Scrambling Code Generator.............................................................................. 20
3.3.2 Scrambling Unit.............................................................................................................22
3.3.3 Channelization Code Generator....................................................................................23
3.3.4 Data Source.................................................................................................................. 23
3.3.5 Slot and Frame Builder................................................................................................. 23
3.3.6 Timing Offset.................................................................................................................24
3.3.7 Demultiplexer................................................................................................................ 25
3.3.8 Power Control............................................................................................................... 25
3.3.9 Summation and Filtering............................................................................................... 26
3.3.10 Multicode.......................................................................................................................26
3Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Contents3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
3.3.11 Orthogonal Channel Noise (OCNS).............................................................................. 27
3.3.11.1 Standard, HSDPA and HSDPA2 modes........................................................................27
3.3.11.2 3i OCNS mode.............................................................................................................. 28
3.3.12 HS-SCCH Less Operation............................................................................................ 30
3.3.12.1 HS-SCCH Type 2..........................................................................................................30
3.3.12.2 HS-SCCH Type Two Fixed Reference Channel: H-Set 7............................................. 31
3.3.13 Higher Order Modulation...............................................................................................31
3.3.13.1 64QAM in downlink....................................................................................................... 31
3.3.13.2 64QAM Fixed Reference Channel: H-Set 8.................................................................. 32
3.3.13.3 16QAM in uplink............................................................................................................32
3.3.13.4 16QAM Fixed Reference Channel: FRC 8....................................................................32
3.3.14 MIMO in HSPA+............................................................................................................ 33
3.3.14.1 D-TxAA Feedback signaling: PCI and CQI................................................................... 33
3.3.14.2 MIMO downlink control channel Support...................................................................... 34
3.3.14.3 Redundancy Version.....................................................................................................35
3.3.14.4 HARQ Processes.......................................................................................................... 35
3.3.14.5 MIMO uplink control channel Support........................................................................... 36
3.3.14.6 CQI Reports: Type A and Type B..................................................................................37
3.3.14.7 PCI Reports...................................................................................................................37
3.3.14.8 MIMO Fixed Reference Channels: H-Set 9 and H-Set 11.............................................38
3.3.15 Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA).....................................................................................38
3.3.15.1 DC-HSDPA Data Acknowledgement (non-MIMO mode).............................................. 39
CQI Reports: CQI1 and CQI2....................................................................................... 41
3.3.15.2 DC-HSDPA + MIMO......................................................................................................41
3.3.15.3 Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA) Fixed Reference Channel: H-Set 12...........................41
3.3.16 HS-DPCCH Extension for 4C-HSDPA and 8C-HSDPA................................................ 42
3.3.17 Dual Cell HSUPA (Dual Cell E-DCH)............................................................................ 42
3.3.18 UE Capabilities..............................................................................................................42
3.3.18.1 MIMO and 64QAM UE Capabilities...............................................................................42
3.3.18.2 UL 16QAM UE Capabilities...........................................................................................43
3.3.18.3 MIMO and DC-HSDPA Operation UE Capabilities........................................................43
3.3.18.4 Dual Cell E-DCH Operation UE Capabilities.................................................................43
3.3.19 Uplink Discontinuous transmission (UL DTX)............................................................... 43
4Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Contents3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
4 User Interface....................................................................................... 46
4.1 General Settings for 3GPP FDD Signals................................................................... 47
4.2 Configure Base Stations or UE..................................................................................52
4.2.1 Orthogonal Channel Noise (OCNS) Settings................................................................ 52
4.2.2 Common Configuration Settings................................................................................... 53
4.2.3 General Power Settings................................................................................................ 56
4.3 Filtering, Clipping, ARB Settings...............................................................................58
4.3.1 Filter Settings................................................................................................................ 58
4.3.2 Clipping Settings........................................................................................................... 59
4.3.3 ARB Settings.................................................................................................................61
4.4 Trigger/Marker/Clock Settings................................................................................... 61
4.4.1 Trigger In.......................................................................................................................63
4.4.2 Marker Mode................................................................................................................. 66
4.4.3 Marker Delay.................................................................................................................67
4.4.4 Clock Settings............................................................................................................... 68
4.4.5 Global Settings..............................................................................................................69
4.5 Test Setups/Models.....................................................................................................69
4.6 Predefined Settings - Downlink................................................................................. 73
4.7 Additional User Equipment - Uplink..........................................................................74
4.8 Base Station Settings................................................................................................. 76
4.8.1 Common Settings..........................................................................................................77
4.8.2 Channel Table............................................................................................................... 80
4.9 Compressed Mode...................................................................................................... 85
4.9.1 Compressed Mode General Settings............................................................................ 86
4.9.2 Compressed Mode Configuration Graph...................................................................... 89
4.9.2.1 Transmission Gaps....................................................................................................... 89
4.9.2.2 Compressed Ranges.................................................................................................... 90
4.9.2.3 Non-compressed ranges...............................................................................................90
4.10 Code Domain Graph - BS........................................................................................... 91
4.11 Channel Graph - BS.................................................................................................... 93
4.12 HSDPA Settings - BS...................................................................................................94
4.12.1 Enhanced HSDPA Mode Settings................................................................................. 95
4.12.2 MIMO Configuration...................................................................................................... 97
5Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Contents3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
4.13 HSDPA H-Set Mode Settings - BS..............................................................................97
4.13.1 HSDPA H-Set General Settings.................................................................................... 99
4.13.2 H-Set Configuration Common Settings....................................................................... 100
4.13.3 MIMO Settings............................................................................................................ 103
4.13.4 Global Settings............................................................................................................104
4.13.5 Coding Configuration.................................................................................................. 106
4.13.6 Signal Structure...........................................................................................................108
4.13.7 HARQ Simulation........................................................................................................ 110
4.13.8 Error Insertion.............................................................................................................. 111
4.13.9 Randomly Varying Modulation and Number of Codes (Type 3i) Settings....................112
4.14 Enhanced Settings for P-CPICH - BS1.................................................................... 113
4.15 Enhanced Settings for P-CCPCH - BS1...................................................................114
4.15.1 Channel Number and State.........................................................................................114
4.15.2 Channel Coding - Enhanced P-CCPCH BS1.............................................................. 115
4.16 Enhanced Settings for DPCHs - BS1.......................................................................116
4.16.1 Channel Number and State.........................................................................................117
4.16.2 Channel Coding...........................................................................................................118
4.16.3 Transport Channel - Enhanced DPCHs BS1.............................................................. 121
4.16.4 Error Insertion - Enhanced DPCHs BS1..................................................................... 124
4.16.5 Dynamic Power Control - Enhanced DPCHs BS1...................................................... 125
4.17 S-CCPCH Settings - BS Channel Table................................................................... 130
4.18 Config AICH/AP-AICH - BS Channel Table..............................................................131
4.19 DPCCH Settings - BS Channel Table.......................................................................132
4.19.1 Common Slot Structure (DPCCH)...............................................................................133
4.19.2 TPC Settings............................................................................................................... 134
4.19.3 DPCCH Power Offset..................................................................................................136
4.20 Config E-AGCH - BS Channel Table........................................................................ 137
4.21 Config E-RGCH/E-HICH - BS Channel Table...........................................................139
4.22 Config F-DPCH - BS Channel Table.........................................................................140
4.22.1 Common Settings........................................................................................................141
4.22.2 TPC Settings............................................................................................................... 141
4.23 Multi Channel Assistant - BS................................................................................... 144
4.24 User Equipment Configuration (UE)........................................................................147
6Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Contents3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
4.24.1 General Settings......................................................................................................... 149
4.25 Code Domain Graph - UE......................................................................................... 151
4.26 Dynamic Power Control - UE................................................................................... 152
4.27 UL-DTX/User Scheduling - UE................................................................................. 157
4.28 PRACH Settings - UE................................................................................................ 160
4.28.1 Graphical Display........................................................................................................ 162
4.28.2 Preamble Settings.......................................................................................................166
4.28.3 Message Part Settings................................................................................................ 167
4.28.4 Channel Coding State................................................................................................. 168
4.29 PCPCH Settings - UE................................................................................................ 170
4.29.1 Graphical Display........................................................................................................ 172
4.29.2 Preamble Settings.......................................................................................................175
4.29.3 Message Part Settings................................................................................................ 177
4.29.4 Channel Coding Settings............................................................................................ 180
4.30 DPCCH Settings - UE................................................................................................ 181
4.31 E-DPCCH Settings - UE............................................................................................ 188
4.32 HS-DPCCH Settings - UE..........................................................................................189
4.32.1 About HS-DPCCH.......................................................................................................190
4.32.2 HS-DPCCH Common Settings....................................................................................192
4.32.3 HS-DPCCH Scheduling Table (Release 8 and Later/RT)........................................... 195
4.32.4 HS-DPCCH Settings for Normal Operation (Up to Release 7)................................... 204
4.32.5 MIMO Settings HS-DPCCH (Up to Release 7)........................................................... 206
4.33 DPDCH Settings - UE................................................................................................ 210
4.33.1 DPDCH Common Settings.......................................................................................... 211
4.33.2 Channel Table............................................................................................................. 212
4.34 E-DPDCH Settings - UE............................................................................................ 214
4.34.1 E-DPDCH Common Settings...................................................................................... 215
4.34.2 Channel Table............................................................................................................. 216
4.35 E-DCH Scheduling - UE............................................................................................ 218
4.36 Scheduling List......................................................................................................... 221
4.37 HSUPA FRC Settings - UE........................................................................................ 223
4.37.1 FRC General Settings................................................................................................. 223
4.37.2 Coding and Physical Channels Settings..................................................................... 224
7Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Contents3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
4.37.3 DTX Mode Settings..................................................................................................... 227
4.37.4 HARQ Simulation Settings.......................................................................................... 228
4.37.5 Bit and Block Error Insertion Settings......................................................................... 230
4.38 Global Enhanced Channel Settings - UE1.............................................................. 231
4.38.1 Enhanced Channels State.......................................................................................... 231
4.38.2 Channel Coding.......................................................................................................... 232
4.38.3 Transport Channel.......................................................................................................235
4.38.4 Error Insertion............................................................................................................. 238
5 How to Work with the 3GPP FDD Option......................................... 240
5.1 Resolving Domain Conflicts.................................................................................... 240
5.2 Using the DL-UL Timing Offset Settings.................................................................241
5.3 Configuring UL-DTX Transmission and Visualizing the Scheduling....................242
5.4 How to Configure the HS-DPCCH Settings for 4C-HSDPA Tests..........................244
6 Application Sheets.............................................................................246
6.1 Uplink Dual Cell HSDPA Test Signal Generation....................................................246
6.1.1 Options and Equipment Required............................................................................... 246
6.1.2 Test Setup................................................................................................................... 246
6.1.3 Generating an uplink DC-HSDPA Test Signal (Non-MIMO Mode).............................. 247
6.1.4 Generating an Uplink Test Signal for Simultaneous Dual Cell and MIMO Operation..249
7 Remote-Control Commands............................................................. 250
7.1 General Commands.................................................................................................. 251
7.2 Filter/Clipping Settings.............................................................................................257
7.3 Trigger Settings.........................................................................................................262
7.4 Marker Settings......................................................................................................... 266
7.5 Clock Settings........................................................................................................... 268
7.6 Test Models and Predefined Settings......................................................................270
7.7 Setting Base Stations............................................................................................... 275
7.8 Enhanced Channels of Base Station 1....................................................................322
7.8.1 General Settings......................................................................................................... 323
7.8.2 Channel Coding.......................................................................................................... 324
7.8.3 Dynamic Power Control Settings................................................................................ 335
7.8.4 Error Insertion............................................................................................................. 338
8Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Contents3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
7.9 User Equipment Settings......................................................................................... 342
7.9.1 General Settings......................................................................................................... 343
7.9.2 Compressed Mode Settings........................................................................................347
7.9.3 DPCCH Settings......................................................................................................... 349
7.9.4 HS-DPCCH Settings................................................................................................... 356
7.9.4.1 Common Settings........................................................................................................356
7.9.4.2 Up to Release 7 Settings............................................................................................ 359
7.9.4.3 Release 8 and Later (RT) Settings..............................................................................367
7.9.5 DPDCH Settings......................................................................................................... 375
7.9.6 PCPCH Settings..........................................................................................................379
7.9.7 PRACH Settings..........................................................................................................390
7.9.8 HSUPA Settings.......................................................................................................... 399
7.9.9 UL-DTX and Uplink Scheduling Settings.................................................................... 417
7.9.10 Dynamic Power Control Settings................................................................................ 421
7.10 Enhanced Channels of the User Equipment.......................................................... 424
Annex.................................................................................................. 437
A Reference............................................................................................437
List of Commands..............................................................................444
Index....................................................................................................454
9Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Contents3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
10Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
1 Preface
1.1 About this Manual
This operating manual provides all the information specific to the digital standard
3GPP FDD.
The main focus in this manual is on the provided settings and the tasks required to
generate a signal. The following topics are included:
●
Welcome to the 3GPP FDD options R&S SMBV-K42/-K83
Introduction to and getting familiar with the option
●
About the 3GPP FDD and Basics
Background information on basic terms and principles in the context of the signal
generation
●
3GPP FDD Configuration and Settings
A concise description of all functions and settings available to configure signal generation with their corresponding remote control commands
●
How to generate a Signal with the 3GPP FDD Options
The basic procedure to perform signal generation tasks and step-by-step instructions for more complex tasks or alternative methods
As well as detailed examples to guide you through typical signal generation scenarios and allow you to try out the application immediately
●
Application Examples
Example signal generation scenarios in which the option is frequently used.
●
Remote Control Commands
Remote commands required to configure and perform signal generation in a
remote environment, sorted by tasks
Programming examples demonstrate the use of many commands and can usually
be executed directly for test purposes
●
Annex
Reference material, such as extensive lists
●
List of remote commands
Alphabetical list of all remote commands described in the manual
●
Index
Preface3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
Documentation Overview
1.2 Documentation Overview
This section provides an overview of the R&S SMBV user documentation. Unless
specified otherwise, you find the documents on the R&S SMBV product page at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/smbv100a
11Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
1.2.1 Quick Start Guide Manual
Introduces the R&S SMBV and describes how to set up and start working with the
product. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general information, e.g. safety instructions, etc. A printed version is delivered with the instrument.
1.2.2 Operating Manual and Help
Separate manuals for the base unit and the software options are provided for download:
●
Base unit manual
Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an
introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control commands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument
interfaces and error messages. Includes the contents of the quick start guide manual.
●
Software option manual
Contains the description of the specific functions of an option. Basic information on
operating the R&S SMBV is not included.
Preface3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
Documentation Overview
The contents of the user manuals are available as help in the R&S SMBV. The help
offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for the base unit and
the software options.
All user manuals are also available for download or for immediate display on the Internet.
1.2.3 Service Manual
Describes the performance test for checking the rated specifications, module replacement and repair, firmware update, troubleshooting and fault elimination, and contains
mechanical drawings and spare part lists.
The service manual is available for registered users on the global Rohde & Schwarz
information system (GLORIS, https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com).
1.2.4 Instrument Security Procedures
Deals with security issues when working with the R&S SMBV in secure areas. It is
available for download on the Internet.
1.2.5 Basic Safety Instructions
Contains safety instructions, operating conditions and further important information.
The printed document is delivered with the instrument.
12Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Documentation Overview
1.2.6 Data Sheets and Brochures
The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S SMBV. It also lists the
options and their order numbers and optional accessories.
The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific characteristics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/smbv100a
1.2.7 Release Notes and Open Source Acknowledgment (OSA)
The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current
firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.
The open source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the
used open source software.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/smbv100a
Preface3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
1.2.8 Application Notes, Application Cards, White Papers, etc.
These documents deal with special applications or background information on particular topics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/smbv100a.
13Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
2 Welcome to the 3GPP FDD Options
The R&S SMBV provides you with the ability to generate signals in accordance with
the WCDMA standard 3GPP FDD.
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) describes a group of mobile radiocommunication technologies, the details of which differ greatly. The R&S SMBV supports the 3GPP FDD stan-
dard developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) standardization committee.
The R&S SMBV generates the 3GPP FDD signals in a combination of realtime mode
(enhanced channels) and arbitrary waveform mode. Channel coding and simulation of
bit and block errors can be activated for the enhanced channels of Release 99 and for
H-Sets 1 to 5 generated in real time. Channel coding can also be activated for HSDPA/
HSPA+ H-Sets and all HSUPA/HSPA+ FRC channels which are generated in arbitrary
wave mode. Data lists can also be used for the data and TPC fields. The enhanced
state of realtime channels can be switched off to generate specific test scenarios. In
arbitrary waveform mode, the signal is first calculated and then output.
Welcome to the 3GPP FDD
Options
The R&S SMBV simulates 3GPP FDD at the physical channel level and also at the
transport layer level for all channels for which channel coding can be activated.
The following list gives an overview of the functions provided by the R&S SMBV
for generating a 3GPP FDD signal (option R&S SMBV-K42):
●
Configuration of up to four base stations and four user equipment.
●
Combination of realtime mode (enhanced channels) and arbitrary waveform mode
●
All special channels and up to 512 channels on the downlink, except HSDPA,
HSUPA and HSPA+
●
Various test models and pre-defined settings for the uplink and the downlink
●
Modulation 16QAM and 64QAM (downlink) for configuring high-speed channels in
continuous mode (test model 5&6, HSDPA)
●
Clipping for reducing the crest factor
●
Misuse TPC" parameter for varying the original normal transmit power over time
●
Simulation of up to 128 additional user equipment
The following functions are provided specifically for the receiver test:
●
Realtime generation of up to four code channels with the option of using data lists
for the data and TPC fields
●
Channel coding of the reference measurement channels, AMR and BCH in real
time
●
Feeding through of bit errors (to test a BER tester) and block errors (to test a BLER
tester)
●
Simulation of orthogonal channel noise (OCNS in accordance with TS 25.101)
●
Presettings in accordance with 3GPP specifications
●
HSDPA Downlink in continuous mode (test model 5&6 for TX tests)
14Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
The following functions are provided by extension R&S SMBV-K43 enhanced
BS/MS tests including HSDPA:
●
HSDPA uplink
●
HSDPA downlink (packet mode and H-Set mode without CPC, 64QAM and MIMO)
●
Dynamic Power Control
●
Predefined and user-definable H-Sets
●
Assistance in the setting of the appropriate sequence length for arbitrary waveform
mode
The following functions are provided by extension R&S SMBV-K45 3GPP FDD
HSUPA:
●
HSUPA Downlink (RX measurements on 3GPP FDD UEs with correct timing )
●
HSUPA Uplink (RX measurements on 3GPP FDD node BS supporting HSUPA)
●
HSUPA HARQ Feedback support
The following functions are provided by extension R&S SMBV-K59 3GPP FDD
HSPA+:
Welcome to the 3GPP FDD
Accessing the 3GPP FDD Dialog
Options
●
Downlink 64QAM with channel coding
●
Uplink 16QAM (4PAM)
●
Downlink MIMO
●
Uplink ACK/PCI/CQI feedback for downlink MIMO and/or Dual Cell HSDPA
●
CPC in downlink (HS-SCCH less operation, enhanced F-DPCH) and uplink (ULDTX, Uplink DPCCH slot format 4)
●
Support for the generation of 3i OCNS and for randomly varying modulation and
the number of HS-PDSCH channels in H-Set over time (type 3i enhanced performance requirements tests).
This operating manual contains a description of the functionality that the application
provides, including remote control operation.
All functions not discussed in this manual are the same as in the base unit and are
described in the R&S SMBV operating manual. The latest version is available at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/SMBV100A
2.1 Accessing the 3GPP FDD Dialog
To open the dialog with 3GPP FDD settings
► In the block diagram of the R&S SMBV, select "Baseband > 3GPP FDD".
A dialog box opens that display the provided general settings.
15Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
The signal generation is not started immediately. To start signal generation with the
default settings, select "State > On".
2.2 Scope
Tasks (in manual or remote operation) that are also performed in the base unit in the
same way are not described here.
In particular, it includes:
●
Managing settings and data lists, like storing and loading settings, creating and
accessing data lists, or accessing files in a particular directory.
●
Information on regular trigger, marker and clock signals and filter settings, if appropriate.
●
General instrument configuration, such as configuring networks and remote operation
●
Using the common status registers
Welcome to the 3GPP FDD
Notes on Screenshots
Options
For a description of such tasks, see the R&S SMBV operating manual.
2.3 Notes on Screenshots
When describing the functions of the product, we use sample screenshots. These
screenshots are meant to illustrate as many as possible of the provided functions and
possible interdependencies between parameters. The shown values may not represent
realistic usage scenarios.
The screenshots usually show a fully equipped product, that is: with all options installed. Thus, some functions shown in the screenshots may not be available in your particular product configuration.
16Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Major 3GPP Parameters Overview
3 About the 3GPP FDD Options
Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used in the 3GPP FDD
modulation system is provided here for better understanding of the required configuration settings.
3.1 Required Options
The basic equipment layout for generating 3GPP FDD signals includes the:
●
Base unit
●
Digital standard 3GPP FDD (R&S SMBV-K42)
The following options are required to support all 3GPP-related settings described in
this operating manual:
●
Option digital standard 3GPP FDD (R&S SMBV-K42)
●
Options 3GPP HSDPA, FDD HSUPA and FDD HSPA+ (R&S SMBV-K43/-K45/K59)
About the 3GPP FDD Options3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
For more information, see data sheet.
3.2 Major 3GPP Parameters Overview
Table 3-1 gives an overview of parameters of the modulation system 3GPP FDD.
17Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Table 3-1: Parameters of the modulation system
Parameter Value
Chip rate 3.84 Mcps
About the 3GPP FDD Options3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
Modulation System 3GPP FDD
Channel types
Symbol rates 7.5 ksps, 15 ksps, 30 ksps to 960 ksps depending on the channel type (down-
Downlink:
●
Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH)
●
Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH)
●
Primary Sync Channel (P-SCH)
●
Secondary Sync Channel (S-SCH)
●
Primary Common Control Phys. Channel (P-CCPCH)
●
Secondary Common Control Phys. Channel (S-CCPCH)
●
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
●
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
●
Access Preamble Acquisition Indication Channel (AP-AICH)
●
Collision Detection Acquisition Indication Channel (CD-AICH)
●
Phys. Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
●
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL-DPCCH)
●
Dedicated Phys. Channel (DPCH)
●
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
●
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH), Modulation
QPSK, 16 QAM or 64QAM
●
HSUPA channels (E-AGCH, E-RGCH, E-HICH, F-DPCH)
Uplink:
●
Phys. Random Access Channel (PRACH)
●
Phys. Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
●
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
●
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
●
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)
●
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH)
●
E-DCH dedicated physical data channel (E-DPDCH)
link)
15 ksps, 30 ksps, 60 ksps to 1920 ksps depending on the channel type (uplink)
Channel count In downlink 4 base stations each with up to 128 DPCHs and 11 special channels.
In uplink 4 user equipment either with PRACH or PCPCH or a combination of
DPCCH, up to 6 DPDCH, HS-DPCCH, E-DPCCH and up to 4 E-DPDCH channels.
Frame structure Timeslot: 0.667 ms,
Subframe: 3 timeslots = 2 ms
Radio frame: 15 timeslots = 10 ms
The frame structure in symbols depends on the symbol rate.
Scrambling code Downlink: 18-bit M sequence
Uplink: 25-bit M sequence in long mode and 8-bit M sequence in short mode
Channelization code for
most of the channel
types
"Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Code (OVSF)" square matrix of dimension chip rate/symbol rate
3.3 Modulation System 3GPP FDD
The following block diagram shows the components of the 3GPP FDD transmission
system.
18Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Figure 3-1: Components of the 3GPP FDD transmission system
3.3.1 Scrambling Code Generator
About the 3GPP FDD Options3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
Modulation System 3GPP FDD
The scrambling code generator (previously called long code generator) is used to
scramble the chip sequence as a function of the transmitter.
Depending on the link direction and mode (long or short), the structure and initialization
regulation of the generator are different.
3.3.1.1 Downlink Scrambling Code Generator
This generator consists of a pair of shift registers from which the binary sequences for
in-phase and orthogonal component of the scrambling code are determined. The Fig-
ure 3-2 shows that the I component is produced as EXOR operation of the LSB out-
puts. However the register contents are first masked and read out for the Q component
and then EXORed.
Table 3-2: Generator polynomials of the downlink scrambling code generators
Shift register 1
Shift register 2
x18+x7+1
x18+x10+x7+x5+1
19Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
About the 3GPP FDD Options3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
Modulation System 3GPP FDD
Figure 3-2: Structure of downlink scrambling code generator
The shift registers are initialized by loading shift register 1 with "0...01" and shift register 2 completely with "1". In addition, shift register 1 is wound forward by n cycles, n
being the scrambling code number or scrambling code (SC) for short.
After a cycle time of one radio frame the generators are reset, i.e. the above initialization is carried out again.
3.3.1.2 Uplink Scrambling Code Generator
In the uplink, a differentiation is made between two SC modes. The long SC can be
used for all types of channel. The short SC can be used as an alternative to the long
SC for all channels except PRACH and PCPCH.
Uplink long scrambling code
Principally, the code generator of the long SC in the uplink is of the same structure as
the SC in the downlink. However, the generator polynomials of the shift registers and
the type of initialization are different.
Table 3-3: Generator polynomials of the uplink long scrambling code generator
Shift register 1
Shift register 2
x25+x3+1
x25+x3+x2+x+1
The shift registers are initialized by allocating 1 to shift register 1-bit number 24 and the
binary form of the scrambling code number n to bits 23 to 0. Shift register 2 is loaded
with "1".
The read-out positions for the Q component are defined such that they correspond to
an IQ offset of 16.777.232 cycles.
After a cycle time of one radio frame the generators are reset, i.e. the above initialization is carried out again.
20Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
About the 3GPP FDD Options3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
Modulation System 3GPP FDD
Uplink short scrambling code
The code generator of the short SC in the uplink consists of a total of three coupled
shift registers.
Figure 3-3: Structure of uplink short scrambling code generator
Table 3-4: Generator polynomials of uplink short scrambling code generator
Shift register 1 (binary)
Shift register 2 (binary)
Shift register 3 (quaternary)
x8+x7+x5+x4+1
x8+x7+x5+x+1
x8+x5+3x3+x2+2x+1
The output sequences of the two binary shift registers are weighted with factor 2 and
added to the output sequence of the quaternary shift register. The resulting quaternary
output sequence is mapped into the binary complex level by the mapper block.
For initialization, of the three 8-bit shift registers (in a modified way) the binary form of
the 24-bit short SC number n is used. For details see 3GPP TS 25 213, "Spreading
and Modulation".
Table 3-5: Mapping of the quaternary output sequence into the binary IQ level
zv(n) Sv(n)
0 +1 + j1
1 -1 + j1
2 -1 - j1
3 +1 - j1
Preamble scrambling code generator
When generating the preambles of the PRACH and PCPCH, a special SC is used. It is
based on the Long SC described under a), however only the I component is taken and
subsequently a pointer (e
j(PI/4 + PI/4 * k)
, k=0 to 4095) modulated upon it.
21Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Modification of the long and short scrambling code output sequence
The scrambling code sequence of the Q component is modified as standard to reduce
the crest factor of the signal. Zero-crossings can thus be avoided for every second
cycle. (This method is often called "HPSK").
For details see 3GPP TS 25 213, "Spreading and Modulation". The R&S SMBV uses a
decimation factor of 2.
3.3.2 Scrambling Unit
In the scrambling unit, the output of the scrambling code generator is linked with
spread symbols.
The input signal and the scrambling code signal are interpreted as complex signal:
(Ci , Cq , SCi , SCq' ∈ { -1, +1 })
The output signal is a complex multiplication of two signals:
Si + j Sq = (Ci + j Cq) * (SCi + j SCq')
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Modulation System 3GPP FDD
The following equations apply:
Si = CiSCi – CqSCq'
Sq = CiSCq' + CqSC
i
The signal thus obtained can be interpreted as a QPSK signal with the following constellation diagram:
Figure 3-4: Constellation diagram of a channel with 0 dB power
There are auxiliary conditions for some types of channels that can result in different
constellation diagrams. If, for instance, symbols of the SCH are coded, a BPSK constellation is obtained without the scrambling unit.
Furthermore, with HSDPA and HSPA+, the higher order modulations 4PAM, 16QAM
and 64QAM were introduced.
22Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
3.3.3 Channelization Code Generator
The channelization code generator cyclically outputs a channel-specific bit pattern. The
length of the cycle corresponds to the period of the source symbol to be spread, i.e.
the number of bits corresponds to the spread factor. The spreading sequence for the I
and Q branch is identical (real value). Spreading is a simple EXOR operation.
Two different channelization code generators are used depending on the type of channel:
Channelization code generator for all channels except SCH
Due to this channelization code, the channel separation takes place in the sum signal.
The channelization code number is the line of an orthogonal spreading matrix which is
generated according to an iterative scheme ("OVSF").
Channelization code generator SCH
This generator replaces the one described above if the synchronization code symbol of
the SCH channels is spread.
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Modulation System 3GPP FDD
The spreading matrix is replaced by a method that forms the spreading sequence. For
details, see 3GPP TS 25 213.
3.3.4 Data Source
The data and TPC fields of the enhanced channels (realtime channels) can be filled
from data lists containing user-defined data. This allows user information from the
physical layer or from higher layers such as the transport layer to be introduced into
the signal generation process.
The choice of data sources is crucially important for the signal characteristics. The constellation diagram and the crest factor in particular are modeled to a great extent by a
suitable choice of data.
3.3.5 Slot and Frame Builder
The bits from the data source are first entered into a frame structure. The frames are
made up of three hierarchical levels:
Table 3-6: Hierarchical structure of 3GPP FDD frames
Hierarchy Length in ms Remarks
Timeslot 0.667
Subframe 2 ms One subframe consists of 3 timeslots.
Radio frame 10 After a radio frame, pilot symbols are repeated. One radio
frame consists of 15 timeslots.
A frame is also the length of a scrambling code cycle. Frames
are the basic unit.
The sequence length is stated in radio frames.
23Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
About the 3GPP FDD Options3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
Modulation System 3GPP FDD
The configuration of the timeslots depends on the channel type and symbol rate. The
following components are distinguished:
●
Pilot sequence
The pilot sequence characterizes the timeslot position within the radio frame and
also depends on the symbol rate, transmit diversity and the pilot length parameter.
Channel types DPCH, S-CCPCH, DL-DPCCH, DPCCH, PRACH and PCPCH have
a pilot sequence.
●
Synchronization code symbol
The synchronization code symbol is the only symbol of the SCH.
●
TPC symbol
This symbol is used to control the transmit power. It is used in DPCH, DL-DPCCH
and DPCCH.
A bit pattern for the sequence of TPC symbols can be indicated as a channel-specific pattern.
●
Data symbols
These symbols carry the user information and are fed from the data source. They
are used in DPCH, P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH, PDSCH, E-AGCH, E-RGCH, E-HICH,
DPDCH, PRACH, PCPCH, HS-PDSCH and E-DPDCH.
●
Signature
The signature is used in PRACH and PCPCH. 16 fixed bit patterns are defined.
●
TFCI (transport format combination indicator)
If enabled, the TFCI is used in DPCH/DPCCH. In this case, a code sequence with
the length of 30 is defined using this value and distributed among 15 subsequent
timeslots. In PRACH and PCPCH, the TFCI field is provided as standard.
●
FBI
Feedback indication bits are only used in DPCCH and PCPCH.
3.3.6 Timing Offset
The symbol stream can be shifted in time relative to the other channels. For this purpose, a timing offset can be entered into the channel table, stating the range of shifting
in multiples of 256 chips. Since the generator does not generate infinite symbol
streams like a real-time system, this offset is implemented as a rotation.
Example:
DPCH 30 ksps, 1 timeslot, timing offset = 2;
2 x 256 chips = 512 chip offset;
4 data symbols shifting at a symbol rate of 30 ksps (1 symbol corresponds to 3.84
Mcps / 30 ksps = 128 chips).
Previously:
11 11 11 11 00 01 10 11 00 10 01 11 11 01 00 01 10 11 01 00
Afterwards:
10 11 01 00 11 11 11 11 00 01 10 11 00 10 01 11 11 01 00 01
24Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
The use of the timing offset usually causes a reduction of the crest factor of the total
signal. This is based on the fact that the spreading chips CH and scramble chips
SCi/SCq' that are applied to the pilot sequences of the channels are not always the
same.
3.3.7 Demultiplexer
In the downlink, the symbol stream is divided into 2-bit streams Di and Dq before processing in the spreading unit.
For example, if QPSK modulation is used for a channel, the symbol stream is processed as follows:
●
It is divided by allocating bits 1, 3, 5, to 2n-1 to the in-phase bitstream D
●
It is divided by allocating bits 2, 4, 6, 2n to the quadrature bitstream Dq.
For the above example with timing offset:
Di = 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
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Modulation System 3GPP FDD
i
Dq = 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
(left-hand bit is always the first one in the time sequence)
In the uplink, independent data are used for the two paths.
PRACH/PCPCH: Preamble : signature parallel to I and Q
DPCCH/E-DPCCH: all bits to I, Q always unused
DPDCH/HS-DPCCH/EDPDCH:
3.3.8 Power Control
After spreading and scrambling, a channel-specific power factor p is applied to the signal. A value of -6 dB therefore results in half the level (or ¼ power) and the following
diagram (DPCH):
Message part : data to I, pilot, TPC and TFCI to Q
all bits are always to I or Q (dependent on channel number), the other
path is unused.
25Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Figure 3-5: Constellation diagram of a channel with –6 dB power
3.3.9 Summation and Filtering
After application of the channel power, the components of the individual channels are
summed up.
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Modulation System 3GPP FDD
The constellation diagram of the sum signal is obtained by superposition of the diagrams of the individual channels. If the signal consists of two channels with power of -6
dB and -12 dB and each channel contains independent source data (DPCH), the following constellation diagram is obtained:
Figure 3-6: Constellation diagram of a 3GPP WCDMA signal with two DPCH channels
3.3.10 Multicode
3GPP FDD supports multicode transmission for downlink-dedicated physical channels
(DPCH).
This form of transmission is used for channels intended for the same receiver, i.e.
those receivers that belong to a radio link. The first channel of this group is used as a
master channel.
Shared parts (pilot, TPC and TCFI) are spread for all channels using the spreading
code of the master channel.
26Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Instead of changing the spreading code within a slot several times, the master code
rather than the shared parts can be sent at higher power. Then blank out the other
channels correspondingly.
3.3.11 Orthogonal Channel Noise (OCNS)
With orthogonal channel noise, a practical downlink signal is generated to test the
maximum input levels of user equipment in accordance with standard specifications.
This simulates the data and control signals of the other orthogonal channels in the
downlink. 3GPP TS 25.101 contains a precise definition of the required appearance of
the OCNS signal.
Four different OCNS scenarios are defined in the standard. One standard scenario,
two scenarios for HSDPA test cases and one scenario for type 3i enhanced performance requirements tests according to 3GPP TS34.121-1.
When activating OCNS and depending on the selected OCNS mode, different channel
groups with different presetting are assigned as in the following tables. These channels
cannot be edited in the channel table.
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Modulation System 3GPP FDD
3.3.11.1 Standard, HSDPA and HSDPA2 modes
For the "Standard", "HSDPA" and "HSDPA2" modes, the OCNS channels are all normal DPCHs. The symbol rate is set at 30 ksps and the pilot length to 8 bits.
The powers of the OCNS channel outputs are relative. In the R&S SMBV, the power of
the OCNS component is set so that OCNS channels supplement the remaining channels in BS1 to make total power of 0 dB (linear 1).
It is not possible to adapt the OCNS power if the linear power of the remaining channels is >1, this produces an error message. The OCNS channels are then given the
maximum power (all -80 dB).
The "Total Power" display is updated after automatic calculation of the output; it is not
possible to use "Adjust Total Power" to make the setting.
Table 3-7: Defined settings for the OCNS signal in base station 1 in Standard mode
Chan. code Timing offset
(x256Tchip)
2 86 -1 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
11 134 -3 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
17 52 -3 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
23 45 -5 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
Level setting
(dB)
Channel type Symbol rate Pilot length
31 143 -2 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
38 112 -4 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
47 59 -8 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
55 23 -7 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
27Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
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Chan. code Timing offset
(x256Tchip)
62 1 -4 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
69 88 -6 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
78 30 -5 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
85 18 -9 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
94 30 -10 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
125 61 -8 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
113 128 -6 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
119 143 0 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
Table 3-8: Defined settings for the OCNS signal in base station 1 in HSDPA mode
Channelization
code at SF=128
122 0 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
123 -2 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
124 -2 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
125 -4 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
Relative Level
setting (dB)
Level setting
(dB)
Channel type Symbol rate Pilot length
Channel type Symbol rate Pilot length
126 -1 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
127 -3 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
Table 3-9: Defined settings for the OCNS signal in base station 1 in HSDPA2 mode
Channelization
code at SF=128
4 0 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
5 -2 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
6 -4 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
7 -1 DPCH 30 ksps 8 bit
3.3.11.2 3i OCNS mode
(Requires options R&S SMx/AMU-K43 and -K59)
In the "3i" OCNS mode, 16 DPCH channels are inserted in the BS 1 channel according
to 3GPP TS34.121-1, chapter E.5E.
According to 3GPP TS34.121-1, table E.5E.1.3, the channelization code of each of
these channels changes randomly on a symbol-by-symbol basis between two possible
values.
Relative Level
setting (dB)
Channel type Symbol rate Pilot length
28Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
About the 3GPP FDD Options3GPP FDD incl. enhanced MS/BS tests, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+
Modulation System 3GPP FDD
Figure 3-7: Channel table (first three DPCHs only)
The power control sequence modeling according to 3GPP TS34.121-1, chapter E.5E.3
is applied to these channels. The power relationship between these channels is
according to 3GPP TS34.121-1, table E.5E.1.3 only during the first slot. It can deviate
in the subsequent slots up to a certain range, but the total power of these channels is
maintained constant (by normalization).
If the "3i" OCNS mode is activated, the OCNS channels are automatically leveled to
have total power of 0 dB for all channels of BS 1.
Table 3-10: Defined settings for the OCNS signal in base station 1 in 3i mode
Slot format Symbol Rate,
kbps
10 30 2 108 -1.7
10 30 3 103 -2.7
10 30 5 109 -3.5
10 30 6 118 -0.8
10 30 90 4 -6.2
10 30 94 123 -4.6
10 30 96 111 -2.3
10 30 98 106 -4.1
10 30 99 100 -3.1
10 30 101 113 -5.1
12 60 52 44 0.0
10 30 110 124 -4.6
10 30 114 115 -4.8
First Ch. code of
the channel
Second Ch. code
of the channel
Relative Power,
dB
(before the 0 dB
adjustment)
10 30 116 126 -4.8
12 60 60 46 -1.1
10 30 125 95 -4.1
29Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
Refer to Chapter 4.13.9, "Randomly Varying Modulation and Number of Codes (Type
3i) Settings", on page 112 for description of the further settings required for the 3i
enhanced performance requirements tests according to 3GPP TS 34.121-1.
3.3.12 HS-SCCH Less Operation
HS-SCCH less operation is a special HSDPA mode of operation which reduces the
HS-SCCH overhead and reduces UE battery consumption. It changes the conventional
structure of HSDPA data reception. In HSDPA as defined from 3GPP release 5
onwards, UE is supposed to read continuously HS-SCCH where data allocations are
being signaled. The UE is being addressed via a UE-specific identity (16-bit H-RNTI /
HSDPA radio network temporary identifier) on HS-SCCH. As soon as the UE detects
relevant control information on HS-SCCH, it switches to the associated HS-PDSCH
resources and receives the data packet.
This scheme is fundamentally changed in HS-SCCH less operation and HS-SCCH less
operation is optimized for services with relatively small packets, e.g. VoIP.
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Modulation System 3GPP FDD
In HS-SCCH less operation mode, the base station can decide for each packet again
whether to apply HS-SCCH less operation or not, i.e. conventional operation is always
possible.
The first transmission of a data packet on HS-DSCH is done without an associated HSSCCH. The first transmission always uses QPSK and redundancy version of 0. Only
four pre-defined transport formats can be used so the UE can blindly detect the correct
format. The four possible transport formats are configured by higher layers. Only predefined channelization codes can be used for this operation mode and are configured
per UE by higher layers: the parameter HS-PDSCH code index provides the index of
the first HS-PDSCH code to use. For each of the transport formats, it is configured
whether one or two channelization codes are required.
In order to allow detection of the packets on HS-DSCH, the HS-DSCH CRC (Cyclic
Redundancy Check) becomes UE specific based on the 16-bit HRNTI. This is called
CRC attachment method 2 (CRC attachment method 1 is conventional as of 3GPP
release 5).
In case of successful reception of the packet, the UE sends an ACK on HS-DPCCH. If
the packet was not received correctly, the UE sends nothing.
If the packet is not received in the initial transmission, the base station retransmits it.
The number of retransmissions is limited to two in HS-SCCH less operation.
In contrast to the initial transmission, the retransmissions are using HS-SCCH signaling. However, the coding of the HS-SCCH deviates from release 5, since the bits on
HS-SCCH are reinterpreted. This is called HS-SCCH type 2. The conventional HSSCCH as of 3GPP release 5 is called HS-SCCH type 1.
3.3.12.1 HS-SCCH Type 2
The table below gives a comparison of the HS-SCCH Type 1 (normal operation) and
HS-SCCH Type 2 (less operation) formats.
30Operating Manual 1178.9761.02 ─ 25
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