R&S®FSMR3-K6
Pulse Measurement Option
User Manual
(;Ý]52)
1179450502
Version 02
This document describes the following R&S®FSMR3000 models:
●
R&S®FSMR3008 (1345.4004K08)
●
R&S®FSMR3026 (1345.4004K26)
●
R&S®FSMR3050 (1345.4004K50)
The contents of this manual correspond to firmware version 1.10 and higher.
The following firmware options are described:
●
R&S FSMR3-K6 (1345.3137.02)
© 2022 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Muehldorfstr. 15, 81671 Muenchen, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
1179.4505.02 | Version 02 | R&S®FSMR3-K6
Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol, e.g. R&S®FSMR3 is indicated as
R&S FSMR3.
R&S®FSMR3-K6
1 Documentation overview.......................................................................9
1.1 Getting started manual................................................................................................. 9
1.2 User manuals and help.................................................................................................9
1.3 Service manual..............................................................................................................9
1.4 Instrument security procedures................................................................................ 10
1.5 Printed safety instructions.........................................................................................10
1.6 Data sheets and brochures........................................................................................ 10
1.7 Release notes and open-source acknowledgment (OSA).......................................10
1.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc......................................... 10
2 Welcome to the pulse measurements application............................ 11
Contents
Contents
2.1 Starting the pulse application.................................................................................... 11
2.2 Understanding the display information.................................................................... 12
3 Measurements and result displays.................................................... 15
3.1 Pulse parameters........................................................................................................ 15
3.1.1 Timing parameters........................................................................................................ 16
3.1.2 Power/amplitude parameters........................................................................................ 19
3.1.3 Frequency parameters.................................................................................................. 23
3.1.4 Phase parameters.........................................................................................................24
3.1.5 Envelope model (cardinal data points) parameters.......................................................25
3.2 Evaluation methods for pulse measurements......................................................... 29
4 Measurement basics............................................................................41
4.1 Parameter definitions................................................................................................. 41
4.1.1 Amplitude droop............................................................................................................ 42
4.1.2 Ripple............................................................................................................................ 42
4.1.3 Overshoot......................................................................................................................44
4.2 Pulse detection............................................................................................................44
4.3 Parameter spectrum calculation................................................................................46
4.4 Basics on input from I/Q data files............................................................................ 49
4.5 Trace evaluation..........................................................................................................50
4.5.1 Trace statistics.............................................................................................................. 51
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4.5.2 Normalizing traces........................................................................................................ 51
5 Configuration........................................................................................55
5.1 Configuration overview.............................................................................................. 55
5.2 Signal description....................................................................................................... 57
5.3 Input and output settings........................................................................................... 60
5.3.1 Input source settings..................................................................................................... 60
5.3.1.1 Radio frequency input................................................................................................... 60
5.4 Frontend settings........................................................................................................63
5.4.1 Frequency settings........................................................................................................63
5.4.2 Amplitude settings.........................................................................................................64
5.5 Trigger settings........................................................................................................... 67
5.6 Data acquisition.......................................................................................................... 72
Contents
5.7 Sweep settings............................................................................................................ 75
5.8 Pulse detection............................................................................................................76
5.9 Pulse measurement settings..................................................................................... 79
5.9.1 Measurement levels...................................................................................................... 79
5.9.2 Measurement point....................................................................................................... 82
5.9.3 Measurement range...................................................................................................... 84
5.10 Automatic settings......................................................................................................86
6 Analysis................................................................................................ 87
6.1 Result configuration................................................................................................... 87
6.1.1 Pulse selection.............................................................................................................. 87
6.1.2 Result range..................................................................................................................88
6.1.3 Result range spectrum configuration............................................................................ 89
6.1.4 Result range frequency configuration........................................................................... 91
6.1.5 Parameter configuration for result displays...................................................................91
6.1.5.1 Parameter distribution configuration............................................................................. 91
6.1.5.2 Parameter spectrum configuration................................................................................ 93
6.1.5.3 Parameter trend configuration.......................................................................................95
6.1.6 Table configuration........................................................................................................97
6.1.6.1 Limit settings for table displays..................................................................................... 97
6.1.7 Y-Scaling....................................................................................................................... 99
6.1.8 Units............................................................................................................................ 101
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6.2 Display configuration............................................................................................... 102
6.3 Markers...................................................................................................................... 102
6.3.1 Individual marker settings........................................................................................... 103
6.3.2 General marker settings..............................................................................................106
6.3.3 Marker search settings................................................................................................107
6.3.4 Marker positioning functions....................................................................................... 108
6.4 Trace configuration...................................................................................................109
6.5 Trace / data export configuration.............................................................................113
6.6 Export functions........................................................................................................115
7 Export functions.................................................................................118
8 How to perform measurements in the pulse application............... 121
8.1 How to perform a standard pulse measurement....................................................121
Contents
8.2 How to configure a limit check for a pulse measurement.....................................122
8.3 How to export table data.......................................................................................... 123
9 Remote commands for pulse measurements................................. 125
9.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 125
9.1.1 Conventions used in descriptions............................................................................... 126
9.1.2 Long and short form.................................................................................................... 127
9.1.3 Numeric suffixes..........................................................................................................127
9.1.4 Optional keywords.......................................................................................................127
9.1.5 Alternative keywords................................................................................................... 128
9.1.6 SCPI parameters.........................................................................................................128
9.1.6.1 Numeric values........................................................................................................... 128
9.1.6.2 Boolean....................................................................................................................... 129
9.1.6.3 Character data............................................................................................................ 130
9.1.6.4 Character strings.........................................................................................................130
9.1.6.5 Block data................................................................................................................... 130
9.2 Common suffixes...................................................................................................... 130
9.3 Activating pulse measurements.............................................................................. 131
9.4 Signal description..................................................................................................... 134
9.5 Input/output settings.................................................................................................137
9.5.1 RF input.......................................................................................................................137
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9.5.2 Input from I/Q data files...............................................................................................141
9.5.3 Configuring the outputs............................................................................................... 141
9.6 Frontend configuration.............................................................................................141
9.6.1 Frequency................................................................................................................... 142
9.6.2 Amplitude settings.......................................................................................................143
9.6.3 Configuring the attenuation......................................................................................... 146
9.7 Triggering measurements........................................................................................ 147
9.7.1 Configuring the triggering conditions...........................................................................147
9.7.2 Configuring the trigger output......................................................................................151
9.8 Data acquisition........................................................................................................ 153
9.9 Pulse detection..........................................................................................................156
9.10 Configuring the pulse measurement.......................................................................159
9.10.1 Measurement levels.................................................................................................... 159
Contents
9.10.2 Measurement point..................................................................................................... 162
9.10.3 Measurement range.................................................................................................... 164
9.11 Configuring and performing sweeps...................................................................... 166
9.12 Configuring the results.............................................................................................171
9.12.1 Selecting the pulse......................................................................................................171
9.12.2 Defining the result range............................................................................................. 171
9.12.3 Configuring a parameter distribution........................................................................... 173
9.12.4 Configuring a parameter spectrum..............................................................................180
9.12.5 Configuring a pulse-pulse spectrum............................................................................186
9.12.6 Configuring a parameter trend.................................................................................... 189
9.12.7 Configuring a result range spectrum........................................................................... 208
9.12.8 Configuring the statistics and parameter tables.......................................................... 209
9.12.9 Configuring limit checks.............................................................................................. 227
9.12.10 Configuring the Y-Axis scaling and units..................................................................... 231
9.13 Configuring the result display................................................................................. 235
9.13.1 General window commands........................................................................................235
9.13.2 Working with windows in the display...........................................................................236
9.14 Configuring standard traces.................................................................................... 243
9.15 Working with markers...............................................................................................248
9.15.1 Individual marker settings........................................................................................... 248
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9.15.2 General marker settings..............................................................................................253
9.15.3 Positioning the marker................................................................................................ 256
9.15.3.1 Positioning normal markers.........................................................................................256
9.15.3.2 Positioning delta markers............................................................................................258
9.16 Retrieving results......................................................................................................260
9.16.1 Retrieving and storing trace data................................................................................ 260
9.16.2 Retrieving information on detected pulses.................................................................. 264
9.16.3 Retrieving parameter results....................................................................................... 269
9.16.3.1 Retrieving power / amplitude parameters................................................................... 270
9.16.3.2 Retrieving timing parameters...................................................................................... 287
9.16.3.3 Retrieving frequency parameters................................................................................ 296
9.16.3.4 Retrieving phase parameters...................................................................................... 301
9.16.3.5 Retrieving envelope model parameters...................................................................... 305
Contents
9.16.4 Retrieving limit results................................................................................................. 319
9.16.5 Exporting trace results to an ASCII file....................................................................... 321
9.16.6 Exporting table results to an ASCII file........................................................................323
9.17 Retrieving marker results.........................................................................................325
9.18 Deprecated commands.............................................................................................326
9.19 Programming example: pulse measurement......................................................... 327
Annex.................................................................................................. 333
A Reference: ASCII file export format..................................................335
B Effects of large gauss filters.............................................................337
C I/Q data file format (iq-tar)................................................................. 338
C.1 I/Q parameter XML file specification....................................................................... 339
C.1.1 Minimum data elements.............................................................................................. 339
C.1.2 Example...................................................................................................................... 341
C.2 I/Q data binary file..................................................................................................... 343
List of Commands (Pulse).................................................................346
Index....................................................................................................364
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Contents
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1 Documentation overview
1.1 Getting started manual
Documentation overview
Service manual
This section provides an overview of the R&S FSMR3 user documentation. Unless
specified otherwise, you find the documents on the R&S FSMR3 product page at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/FSMR3000.html/
Introduces the R&S FSMR3 and describes how to set up and start working with the
product. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general information, e.g. safety instructions, etc.
A printed version is delivered with the instrument. A PDF version is available for download on the Internet.
1.2 User manuals and help
Separate user manuals are provided for the base unit and the firmware applications:
●
Base unit manual
Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an
introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control commands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument
interfaces and error messages.
●
Firmware application manual
Contains the description of the specific functions of a firmware application, including remote control commands. Basic information on operating the R&S FSMR3 is
not included.
The contents of the user manuals are available as help in the R&S FSMR3. The help
offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for the base unit and
the firmware applications.
All user manuals are also available for download or for immediate display on the Internet.
1.3 Service manual
Describes the performance test for checking the rated specifications, module replacement and repair, firmware update, troubleshooting and fault elimination, and contains
mechanical drawings and spare part lists.
The service manual is available for registered users on the global Rohde & Schwarz
information system (GLORIS):
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1.4 Instrument security procedures
1.5 Printed safety instructions
1.6 Data sheets and brochures
Documentation overview
Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.
Deals with security issues when working with the R&S FSMR3 in secure areas. It is
available for download on the Internet.
Provides safety information in many languages. The printed document is delivered with
the product.
The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S FSMR3. It also lists the
firmware applications and their order numbers, and optional accessories.
The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific characteristics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/FSMR3000/
1.7 Release notes and open-source acknowledgment (OSA)
The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current
firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.
The open-source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the
used open source software.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/FSMR3000/
1.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.
These documents deal with special applications or background information on particular topics.
See www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/FSMR3000/
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2 Welcome to the pulse measurements appli-
Welcome to the pulse measurements application
Starting the pulse application
cation
The R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application is a firmware application that adds functionality
to perform measurements on pulsed signals to the R&S FSMR3.
The R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application provides measurement and analysis functions
for pulse signals frequently used in radar applications, for example.
The R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application (R&S FSMR3-K6) features:
●
Automated measurement of many pulse parameters including timing, amplitude,
frequency and phase parameters
●
Statistical analysis of pulse parameters
●
Analysis of "parameter trends" over time and frequency
●
Visualization of the dependency between parameters
●
Display of amplitude, frequency, phase and power spectrum measurement traces
for individual pulses
This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application provides, including remote control operation.
Functions that are not discussed in this manual are the same as in the Spectrum application and are described in the R&S FSMR3 User Manual. The latest version is available for download at the product homepage:
Installation
You can find detailed installation instructions in the R&S FSMR3 Getting Started manual or in the Release Notes.
2.1 Starting the pulse application
Pulse measurements require a separate application on the R&S FSMR3.
To activate the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application
1. Press the [MODE] key on the front panel of the R&S FSMR3.
A dialog box opens that contains all operating modes and applications currently
available on your R&S FSMR3.
2. Select the "Pulse" item.
The R&S FSMR3 opens a new measurement channel for the R&S FSMR3000
Pulse application.
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Welcome to the pulse measurements application
Understanding the display information
The measurement is started immediately with the default settings. It can be configured
in the Pulse "Overview" dialog box, which is displayed when you select the "Overview"
softkey from any menu (see Chapter 5.1, "Configuration overview", on page 55).
Multiple Measurement Channels and Sequencer Function
When you activate an application, a new measurement channel is created which determines the measurement settings for that application. The same application can be activated with different measurement settings by creating several channels for the same
application.
The number of channels that can be configured at the same time depends on the available memory on the instrument.
Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently
active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecutively, a Sequencer function is provided.
If activated, the measurements configured in the currently active channels are performed one after the other in the order of the tabs. The currently active measurement is
indicated by a
are updated in the tabs (including the "MultiView") as the measurements are performed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently displayed tab.
symbol in the tab label. The result displays of the individual channels
For details on the Sequencer function see the R&S FSMR3 User Manual.
2.2 Understanding the display information
The following figure shows a measurement diagram during analyzer operation. All different information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the following
sections.
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Welcome to the pulse measurements application
Understanding the display information
1
2 3
4
5
6
1 = Channel bar for firmware and measurement settings
2+3 = Window title bar with diagram-specific (trace) information
4 = Diagram area
5 = Diagram footer with diagram-specific information, depending on measurement
6 = Instrument status bar with error messages, progress bar and date/time display
Channel bar information
In the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application, the R&S FSMR3 shows the following settings:
Table 2-1: Information displayed in the channel bar in the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application
Ref Level Reference level
Att *) RF attenuation
Freq *) Center frequency for the RF signal
Meas Time Measurement time (data acquisition time)
Meas BW *) Measurement bandwidth
SRate Sample rate
SGL The sweep is set to single sweep mode.
*) If the input source is an I/Q data file, most measurement settings related to data acquisition are not
known and thus not displayed.
In addition, the channel bar also displays information on instrument settings that affect
the measurement results even though this is not immediately apparent from the display
of the measured values (e.g. transducer or trigger settings). This information is dis-
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Welcome to the pulse measurements application
Understanding the display information
played only when applicable for the current measurement. For details see the
R&S FSMR3 Getting Started manual.
Window title bar information
For each diagram, the header provides the following information:
Figure 2-1: Window title bar information in the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application
1 = Window number
2 = Window type
3 = Trace color
4 = Trace number
6 = Trace mode
Diagram footer information
The diagram footer (beneath the diagram) contains the start and stop values for the
displayed time range.
Status bar information
Global instrument settings, the instrument status and any irregularities are indicated in
the status bar beneath the diagram. Furthermore, the progress of the current operation
is displayed in the status bar.
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3 Measurements and result displays
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
During a pulse measurement, I/Q data from the input signal is captured for a specified
time or for a specified record length. Pulses are detected from the signal according to
specified thresholds and user-defined criteria. The measured signal is then compared
with the ideal signal described by the user and any deviations are recorded. The
defined range of measured data is then evaluated to determine characteristic pulse
parameters. These parameters can either be displayed as traces, in a table, or be evaluated statistically over a series of measurements.
Measurement range vs. result range vs. detection range
The measurement range defines which part of an individual pulse is measured (for
example for frequency deviation), whereas the result range determines which data is
displayed on the screen in the form of amplitude, frequency or phase vs. time traces.
The detection range (if enabled) determines which part of the capture buffer is analyzed. The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current
detection range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range in
the capture buffer. If disabled (default), the entire capture buffer is used as the detection range. See also "Detection range" on page 46.
● Pulse parameters....................................................................................................15
● Evaluation methods for pulse measurements.........................................................29
3.1 Pulse parameters
The pulse parameters to be measured are based primarily on the IEEE 181 Standard
181-2003. For detailed descriptions refer to the standard documentation ("IEEE Standard on Transitions, Pulses, and Related Waveforms", from the IEEE Instrumentation
and Measurement (I&M) Society, 7 July 2003).
The following graphic illustrates the main pulse parameters and characteristic values.
(For a definition of the values used to determine the measured pulse parameters see
Chapter 4.1, "Parameter definitions", on page 41.)
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Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Figure 3-1: Definition of the main pulse parameters and characteristic values
In order to obtain these results, select the corresponding parameter in the result configuration (see Chapter 6.1, "Result configuration", on page 87) or apply the required
SCPI parameter to the remote command (see Chapter 9.12, "Configuring the results",
on page 171 and Chapter 9.16, "Retrieving results", on page 260).
● Timing parameters.................................................................................................. 16
● Power/amplitude parameters.................................................................................. 19
● Frequency parameters............................................................................................23
● Phase parameters...................................................................................................24
● Envelope model (cardinal data points) parameters.................................................25
3.1.1 Timing parameters
The following timing parameters can be determined by the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse
application.
Timestamp.....................................................................................................................17
Settling Time................................................................................................................. 17
Rise Time......................................................................................................................17
Fall Time........................................................................................................................17
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Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Pulse Width (ON Time)................................................................................................. 18
Off Time.........................................................................................................................18
Duty Ratio..................................................................................................................... 18
Duty Cycle (%).............................................................................................................. 18
Pulse Repetition Interval............................................................................................... 18
Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz).................................................................................. 19
Timestamp
The time stamp uniquely identifies each pulse in the capture buffer. It is defined as the
time from the capture start point to the beginning of the pulse period of the current
pulse. (As opposed to the pulse number, which is always relative to the start of the
detection range, see also "Detection range" on page 46).
Depending on the user-specified definition of the pulse period, the period begins with
the mid-level crossing of the current pulse's rising edge (period: high-to-low) or the
mid-level crossing of the previous pulse's falling edge (period low-to-high). See also
"Pulse Period" on page 58.
Note: For external triggers, the trigger point within the sample (TPIS) is considered in
the timestamp (see TRACe:IQ:TPISample? on page 269).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:TSTamp? on page 295
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:TSTamp on page 227
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:TSTamp:LIMit? on page 321
Settling Time
The difference between the time at which the pulse exceeds the mid threshold on the
rising edge to the point where the pulse waveform remains within the pulse boundary
(ON Inner/ ON Outer)
See Figure 3-1
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:SETTling? on page 294
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:SETTling on page 227
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:SETTling:LIMit? on page 321
Rise Time
The time required for the pulse to transition from the base to the top level. This is the
difference between the time at which the pulse exceeds the lower and upper thresholds.
See Figure 3-1
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:RISE? on page 293
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:RISE on page 227
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:RISE:LIMit? on page 320
Fall Time
The time required for the pulse to transition from the top to the base level. This is the
difference between the time at which the pulse drops below the upper and lower
thresholds.
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Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
See Figure 3-1
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:FALL? on page 289
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:FALL on page 225
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:FALL:LIMit? on page 320
Pulse Width (ON Time)
The time that the pulse remains at the top level ("ON"). This is the time between the
first positive edge and the subsequent negative edge of the pulse in seconds, where
the edges occur at crossings of the mid threshold.
See Figure 3-1
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PWIDth? on page 293
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PWIDth on page 226
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PWIDth:LIMit? on page 320
Off Time
The time that the pulse remains at the base level ("OFF"). This is the time between the
first negative edge and the subsequent positive edge of the pulse in seconds, where
the edges occur at crossings of the mid threshold.
See Figure 3-1
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:OFF? on page 290
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:OFF on page 226
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:OFF:LIMit? on page 320
Duty Ratio
The ratio of the "Pulse Width" to "Pulse Repetition Interval" expressed as a value
between 0 and 1 (requires at least two measured pulses)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DRATio? on page 289
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:DRATio on page 225
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DRATio:LIMit? on page 320
Duty Cycle (%)
The ratio of the "Pulse Width" to "Pulse Repetition Interval" expressed as a percentage
(requires at least two measured pulses)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DCYCle? on page 288
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:DCYCle on page 225
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DCYCle:LIMit? on page 320
Pulse Repetition Interval
The time between two consecutive edges of the same polarity in seconds (requires at
least two measured pulses). The user-specified definition of the pulse period
(see"Pulse Period" on page 58) determines whether this value is calculated from consecutive rising or falling edges.
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3.1.2 Power/amplitude parameters
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRI? on page 292
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PRI on page 226
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRI:LIMit? on page 320
Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz)
The frequency of occurrence of pulses, i.e. inverse of the "Pulse Repetition Interval"
(requires at least two measured pulses)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRF? on page 291
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PRF on page 226
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRF:LIMit? on page 320
The following power/amplitude parameters can be determined by the R&S FSMR3000
Pulse application.
Top Power..................................................................................................................... 19
Base Power...................................................................................................................19
Pulse Amplitude............................................................................................................ 20
In-Phase Amplitude/Quadrature Amplitude...................................................................20
Average ON Power....................................................................................................... 20
Average Tx Power.........................................................................................................20
Minimum Power............................................................................................................ 20
Peak Power...................................................................................................................21
Peak-to-Avg ON Power Ratio........................................................................................21
Peak-to-Average Tx Power Ratio..................................................................................21
Peak-to-Min Power Ratio.............................................................................................. 21
Droop............................................................................................................................ 21
Ripple............................................................................................................................22
Overshoot......................................................................................................................22
Power (at Point)............................................................................................................ 22
Pulse-to-Pulse Power Ratio.......................................................................................... 22
Top Power
The median pulse ON power. The value of this parameter is used as a reference
(100%) to determine other parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds. Various algorithms are provided to determine the top power (see "Measurement Algo-
rithm" on page 81).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:TOP? on page 286
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:TOP on page 224
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:TOP:LIMit? on page 320
Base Power
The median pulse OFF power. The value of this parameter is used as a reference (0%)
to determine other parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds.
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Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:BASE? on page 276
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:BASE on page 221
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:BASE:LIMit? on page 320
Pulse Amplitude
The difference between the "Top Power" and the "Base Power", calculated in linear
power units (W). This value determines the 100% power range (amplitude). This value
is converted to dBm for the "Pulse Results" table.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude? on page 273
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude on page 220
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:LIMit? on page 320
In-Phase Amplitude/Quadrature Amplitude
The pulse in-phase or quadrature amplitude as a voltage, measured at the measurement point of the pulse (see Chapter 5.9.2, "Measurement point", on page 82). Values
range from -10 mV to +10 mV.
Remote command:
Querying results:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I? on page 274
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q? on page 275
Including results in result summary table:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude:I on page 220
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q on page 220
Querying limit check results:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I:LIMit? on page 320
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q:LIMit? on page 320
Average ON Power
The average power during the pulse ON time
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ON? on page 278
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ON on page 222
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ON:LIMit? on page 320
Average Tx Power
The average transmission power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AVG? on page 275
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AVG on page 220
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AVG:LIMit? on page 320
Minimum Power
The minimum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
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Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MIN? on page 278
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:MIN on page 221
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MIN:LIMit? on page 320
Peak Power
The maximum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MAX? on page 277
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:MAX on page 221
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MAX:LIMit? on page 320
Peak-to-Avg ON Power Ratio
The ratio of maximum to average power over the pulse ON time (also known as crest
factor)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PON? on page 283
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PON on page 223
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PON:LIMit? on page 320
Peak-to-Average Tx Power Ratio
The ratio of maximum to average power over the entire pulse ON + OFF interval.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PAVG? on page 281
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PAVG on page 222
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PAVG:LIMit? on page 320
Peak-to-Min Power Ratio
The ratio of maximum to minimum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PMIN? on page 281
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PMIN on page 223
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PMIN:LIMit? on page 320
Droop
The rate at which the pulse top level decays, calculated as the difference between the
power at the beginning of the pulse ON time and the power at the end of the pulse ON
time, divided by the pulse amplitude.
Droop values are only calculated if Pulse Has Droop is set to "On" (default ).
For more information see Chapter 4.1.1, "Amplitude droop", on page 42
Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is
defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 81), otherwise in %W.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop:DB? on page 272
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent]? on page 272
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ADRoop:DB on page 219
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Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent] on page 219
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop:DB:LIMit? on page 320
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 320
Ripple
The ripple is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum deviation from the pulse top reference, within a user specified interval.
For more information see Chapter 4.1.2, "Ripple", on page 42
Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is
defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 81), otherwise in %W.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle:DB? on page 285
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent]? on page 285
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:RIPPle:DB on page 224
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent] on page 224
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle:DB:LIMit? on page 320
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 320
Overshoot
The height of the local maximum after a rising edge, divided by the pulse amplitude.
For more information see Chapter 4.1.3, "Overshoot", on page 44.
Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is
defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 81), otherwise in %W.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB? on page 279
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent]? on page 280
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB on page 222
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent] on page 222
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB:LIMit? on page 320
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 320
Power (at Point)
The power measured at the pulse "measurement point" specified by the Measurement
Point Reference and the "Offset" on page 83
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:POINt? on page 282
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:POINt on page 223
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:POINt:LIMit? on page 320
Pulse-to-Pulse Power Ratio
The ratio of the "Power" values from the first measured pulse to the current pulse.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PPRatio? on page 284
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PPRatio on page 223
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PPRatio:LIMit? on page 320
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3.1.3 Frequency parameters
Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
The following frequency parameters can be determined by the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse
application.
Frequency..................................................................................................................... 23
Pulse-Pulse Frequency Difference................................................................................23
Frequency Error (RMS).................................................................................................23
Frequency Error (Peak).................................................................................................23
Frequency Deviation..................................................................................................... 24
Chirp Rate.....................................................................................................................24
Frequency
Frequency of the pulse measured at the defined Measurement point
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:POINt? on page 299
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:POINt on page 216
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:POINt:LIMit? on page 320
Pulse-Pulse Frequency Difference
Difference in frequency between the first measured pulse and the currently measured
pulse
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PPFRequency? on page 299
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:PPFRequency on page 217
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PPFRequency:LIMit? on page 320
Frequency Error (RMS)
The RMS frequency error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for modulation type "Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:RERRor? on page 300
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:RERRor on page 217
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:RERRor:LIMit? on page 320
Frequency Error (Peak)
The peak frequency error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for modulation type "Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PERRor? on page 298
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:PERRor on page 216
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PERRor:LIMit? on page 320
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Pulse parameters
Frequency Deviation
The frequency deviation of the currently measured pulse. The deviation is calculated
as the absolute difference between the maximum and minimum frequency values
within the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:DEViation? on page 297
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:DEViation on page 216
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:DEViation:LIMit? on page 320
Chirp Rate
A known frequency chirp rate (per μs) to be used for generating an ideal pulse waveform.
Note: a chirp rate is only available for the Pulse Modulation type "Linear FM".
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:CRATe? on page 296
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:CRATe on page 216
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:CRATe:LIMit? on page 320
3.1.4 Phase parameters
The following phase parameters can be determined by the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse
application.
Phase............................................................................................................................24
Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference.......................................................................................24
Phase Error (RMS)........................................................................................................25
Phase Error (Peak)....................................................................................................... 25
Phase Deviation............................................................................................................25
Phase
Phase of the pulse measured at the defined Measurement point
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:POINt? on page 303
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:POINt on page 218
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:POINt:LIMit? on page 320
Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference
Difference in phase between the first measured pulse and the currently measured
pulse
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PPPHase? on page 304
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:PPPHase on page 218
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PPPHase:LIMit? on page 320
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Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Phase Error (RMS)
The RMS phase error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative
to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for the Pulse Modulation type
"Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:RERRor? on page 305
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:RERRor on page 219
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:RERRor:LIMit? on page 320
Phase Error (Peak)
The peak phase error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative
to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for the Pulse Modulation type
"Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PERRor? on page 302
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:PERRor on page 218
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PERRor:LIMit? on page 320
Phase Deviation
The phase deviation of the currently measured pulse. The deviation is calculated as
the absolute difference between the maximum and minimum phase values within the
Measurement range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:DEViation? on page 302
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:DEViation on page 218
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:DEViation:LIMit? on page 320
3.1.5 Envelope model (cardinal data points) parameters
The pulse envelope model has the shape of a trapezoid of amplitude (V) versus time
(s) values. This model allows for a finite rise and fall time, as well as an amplitude
droop across the top of the pulse. During measurement of each pulse, the points of this
trapezoidal model are determined as the basis for further measurements. For example,
the rise and fall time amplitude thresholds or the "pulse top" duration are determined
from the parameters of the envelope model.
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Pulse parameters
Figure 3-2: Envelope model parameters
Each of these parameters has a time and an amplitude value. The time values are relative to the pulse timestamp and displayed in seconds. The amplitude values are displayed as power in dBm units.
You configure the desired high, mid and low thresholds for the rise and fall slopes relative to the base (0%) and top (100%) levels. See Chapter 5.9.1, "Measurement levels",
on page 79.
The power value of the rise base point and the fall base point is assumed to be equal
and is defined by the "Base Power" parameter found in the "Amplitude Parameters"
group of the table configuration (see "Base Power" on page 19).
Rise Base Point Time....................................................................................................26
Rise Low Point Time..................................................................................................... 27
Rise Mid Point Time......................................................................................................27
Rise High Point Time.....................................................................................................27
Rise Top Point Time......................................................................................................27
Rise Low Point Level.....................................................................................................27
Rise Mid Point Level..................................................................................................... 27
Rise High Point Level....................................................................................................28
Rise Top Point Level..................................................................................................... 28
Fall Base Point Time.....................................................................................................28
Fall Low Point Time.......................................................................................................28
Fall Mid Point Time........................................................................................................28
Fall High Point Time......................................................................................................28
Fall Top Point Time........................................................................................................28
Fall Low Point Level......................................................................................................29
Fall Mid Point Level.......................................................................................................29
Fall High Point Level..................................................................................................... 29
Fall Top Point Level.......................................................................................................29
Rise Base Point Time
The time the amplitude starts rising above 0 %.
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Pulse parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RBPTime? on page 313
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RBPTime on page 213
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RBPTime:LIMit? on page 319
Rise Low Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPTime? on page 316
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RLPTime on page 214
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPTime:LIMit? on page 320
Rise Mid Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPTime? on page 317
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RMPTime on page 215
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPTime:LIMit? on page 320
Rise High Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the High (Distal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPTime? on page 315
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RHPTime on page 214
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPTime:LIMit? on page 320
Rise Top Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the 100 % level in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPTime? on page 319
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RTPTime on page 215
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPTime:LIMit? on page 320
Rise Low Point Level
The amplitude of the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPLevel? on page 315
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RLPLevel on page 214
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPLevel:LIMit? on page 320
Rise Mid Point Level
The amplitude of the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPLevel? on page 317
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RMPLevel on page 214
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPLevel:LIMit? on page 320
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Measurements and result displays
Pulse parameters
Rise High Point Level
The amplitude of the High (Distal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPLevel? on page 314
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RHPLevel on page 213
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPLevel:LIMit? on page 319
Rise Top Point Level
The amplitude at 100 % in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPLevel? on page 318
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RTPLevel on page 215
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPLevel:LIMit? on page 320
Fall Base Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches 0 % on the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FBPTime? on page 307
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FBPTime on page 211
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FBPTime:LIMit? on page 319
Fall Low Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPTime? on page 310
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FLPTime on page 212
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPTime:LIMit? on page 319
Fall Mid Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPTime? on page 311
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FMPTime on page 212
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPTime:LIMit? on page 319
Fall High Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the High (Distal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPTime? on page 309
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FHPTime on page 211
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPTime:LIMit? on page 319
Fall Top Point Time
The time the amplitude falls below the 100 % level in the falling edge.
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Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPTime? on page 313
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FTPTime on page 213
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPTime:LIMit? on page 319
Fall Low Point Level
The amplitude of the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPLevel? on page 309
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FLPLevel on page 211
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPLevel:LIMit? on page 319
Fall Mid Point Level
The amplitude of the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPLevel? on page 311
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FMPLevel on page 212
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPLevel:LIMit? on page 319
Fall High Point Level
The amplitude of the High (Distal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPLevel? on page 308
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FHPLevel on page 211
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPLevel:LIMit? on page 319
Fall Top Point Level
The amplitude at 100 % in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPLevel? on page 312
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FTPLevel on page 212
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPLevel:LIMit? on page 319
3.2 Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
The data that was measured by the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application can be evaluated using various different methods.
By default, the Pulse measurement results are displayed in the following windows:
●
"Magnitude Capture"
●
"Pulse Results"
●
"Pulse Frequency"
●
"Pulse Magnitude"
●
"Pulse Phase"
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Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
The following evaluation methods are available for Pulse measurements:
Magnitude Capture........................................................................................................30
Marker Table................................................................................................................. 31
Parameter Distribution.................................................................................................. 31
Parameter Spectrum.....................................................................................................32
Parameter Trend...........................................................................................................32
Pulse Frequency........................................................................................................... 34
Pulse I and Q................................................................................................................ 35
Pulse Magnitude........................................................................................................... 35
Pulse Phase..................................................................................................................36
Pulse Phase (Wrapped)................................................................................................36
Pulse Results................................................................................................................ 37
Pulse-Pulse Spectrum...................................................................................................38
Pulse Statistics..............................................................................................................39
Result Range Spectrum................................................................................................40
Magnitude Capture
Displays the captured data. Detected pulses are indicated by green bars along the xaxis. The currently selected pulse is highlighted in blue.
Additionally, the following parameters are indicated by horizontal lines in the diagram:
●
"Ref": the pulse detection reference level (see Chapter 5.9.1, "Measurement lev-
els", on page 79)
●
"Det": the pulse detection threshold (see "Threshold" on page 78)
●
"100 %": a fixed top power level (see "Fixed Value" on page 81)
You can drag the line in the diagram to change the top power level.
The detection range is indicated by vertical lines ("DR", see "Detection Range"
on page 78). You can drag the lines within the capture buffer to change the detection
range.
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Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,MCAP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 260
Marker Table
Displays a table with the current marker values for the active markers.
This table is displayed automatically if configured accordingly.
Tip: To navigate within long marker tables, simply scroll through the entries with your
finger on the touchscreen.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, MTAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Results:
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 250
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:Y? on page 325
Parameter Distribution
Plots a histogram of a particular parameter, i.e. all measured parameter values from
the current capture vs pulse count or occurrence in %. Thus you can determine how
often a particular parameter value occurs. For each "parameter distribution" window
you can configure a different parameter to be displayed.
This evaluation method allows you to distinguish transient and stable effects in a specific parameter, such as a spurious frequency deviation or a fluctuation in power over
several pulses.
Note: Limit lines. Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the "Parameter Distribution"
diagram. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new position is
maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in any active
table displays are adapted.
Note that averaging is not possible for "parameter distribution" traces.
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Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PDIS see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Chapter 9.12.3, "Configuring a parameter distribution", on page 173
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 260
Parameter Spectrum
Calculates an FFT for a selected column of the "Pulse Results" table. This "spectrum"
allows you to easily determine the frequency of periodicities in the pulse parameters.
For example, the "Parameter Spectrum" for "Pulse Top Power" might display a peak at
a particular frequency, indicating incidental amplitude modulation of the amplifier output
due to the power supply.
The "Parameter Spectrum" is calculated by taking the magnitude of the FFT of the
selected parameter and normalizing the result to the largest peak. In order to calculate
the frequency axis the average PRI (pulse repetition interval) is taken to be the "sample rate" for the FFT. Note that in cases where the signal has a non-uniform or staggered PRI the frequency axis must therefore be interpreted with caution.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PSP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Chapter 9.12.4, "Configuring a parameter spectrum", on page 180
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 260
Parameter Trend
Plots all measured parameter values from the current capture buffer (or detection
range, if enabled) vs pulse number or pulse timestamp. This is equivalent to plotting a
column of the "Pulse Results" table for the rows highlighted green. This evaluation
allows you to determine trends in a specific parameter, such as a frequency deviation
or a fluctuation in power over several pulses.
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Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
The "parameter trend" evaluation can also be used for a more general scatter plot - the
parameters from the current capture buffer cannot only be displayed over time, but
also versus any other pulse parameter. For example, you can evaluate the rise time vs
fall time.
For each "parameter trend" window you can configure a different parameter to be displayed for both the x-axis and the y-axis, making this a very powerful and flexible
analysis tool.
Figure 3-3: Pulse width trend display (over pulse numbers)
Figure 3-4: Peak power vs pulse width scatter plot
Note: Limit lines. Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the "Parameter Trend" diagram. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new position is
maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in any active
table displays are adapted.
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Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
If a limit is defined for a parameter that is displayed in a "Parameter Trend" diagram,
the "Auto Scale Once" on page 100 function is not available for the axis this parameter
is displayed on (see also "Activating a limit check for a parameter" on page 99). This
avoids the rapid movement of the limit lines which would occur if the axis scale
changed.
Note that averaging is not possible for "parameter trend" traces.
Note: Setting markers in "Parameter Trend" Displays. In "Parameter Trend" displays,
especially when the x-axis unit is not pulse number, positioning a marker by defining its
x-axis value can be very difficult or ambiguous. Thus, markers can be positioned by
defining the corresponding pulse number in the "Marker" edit field for all parameter
trend displays, regardless of the displayed x-axis parameter. The "Marker" edit field is
displayed when you select one of the "Marker" softkeys.
However, the position displayed in the marker information area or the marker table is
shown in the defined x-axis unit.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PTR see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Chapter 9.12.6, "Configuring a parameter trend", on page 189
Pulse Frequency
Displays the frequency trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of the
trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result
range", on page 88).
Note:
You can apply an additional filter after demodulation to help filter out unwanted signals
(see "FM Video Bandwidth" on page 91).
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PFR see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 260
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Measurements and result displays
Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Pulse I and Q
Displays the magnitude of the I and Q components of the selected pulse versus time
as separate traces in one diagram. The length and alignment of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result range",
on page 88).
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PIAQ see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Results:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I? on page 274
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q? on page 275
Pulse Magnitude
Displays the magnitude vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment
of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2,
"Result range", on page 88).
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Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PMAG see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 260
Pulse Phase
Displays the phase vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of
the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2,
"Result range", on page 88).
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PPH see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 260
Pulse Phase (Wrapped)
Displays the wrapped phase vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chap-
ter 6.1.2, "Result range", on page 88).
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Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PPW see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 260
Pulse Results
Displays the measured pulse parameters in a table of results. Which parameters are
displayed can be configured in the "Result Configuration" (see Chapter 6.1, "Result
configuration", on page 87). The currently selected pulse is highlighted blue. The pul-
ses contained in the current capture buffer (or detection range, if enabled) are highlighted green. The number of detected pulses in the current capture buffer ("Curr") and the
entire measurement ("Total") is indicated in the title bar.
Note:
You can apply an additional filter after demodulation to help filter out unwanted signals
(see "FM Video Bandwidth" on page 91).
Limit check
Optionally, the measured results can be checked against defined limits (see Chap-
ter 6.1.6.1, "Limit settings for table displays", on page 97). The results of the limit
check are indicated in the Pulse Results table as follows:
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Table 3-1: Limit check results in the result tables
Display color Limit check result
White No limit check active for this parameter
Green Limit check passed
Red, asterisk before Limit check failed; limit exceeds lower limit
Red, asterisk behind Limit check failed; limit exceeds upper limit
Note: The results of the limit check are for informational purposes only; special events
such as stopping the measurement are not available.
Note: Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Distribution and Param-
eter Trend diagrams. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The
new position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit
check in any active table displays are adapted.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PRES see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Chapter 9.12.8, "Configuring the statistics and parameter tables", on page 209
Results:
Chapter 9.16.3, "Retrieving parameter results", on page 269
Number of pulses: [SENSe:]PULSe:COUNt? on page 266
Chapter 9.16.4, "Retrieving limit results", on page 319
Pulse-Pulse Spectrum
The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is basically a Parameter Spectrum, based on complex I/Q
data. The I and Q values for each pulse (taken at the Measurement Point Reference)
are integrated over all pulses to create a spectrum that consists of positive and negative frequencies. You cannot select a parameter for the spectrum. All other settings are
identical to the "parameter spectrum".
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The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is useful to analyze small frequency shifts which cannot
be detected within an individual pulse, for example Doppler effects.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,PPSP, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 260
Pulse Statistics
Displays statistical values (minimum, maximum, average, standard deviation) for the
measured pulse parameters in a table of results. The number of evaluated pulses is
also indicated. Both the current capture buffer data and the cumulated captured data
from a series of measurements are evaluated. The statistics calculated only from pulses within the current capture buffer (or detection range, if enabled) are highlighted
green. For reference, the measured parameters from the "Selected Pulse" are also
shown, highlighted blue. The displayed parameters are the same as in the "Pulse
Results" and can be configured in the "Result Configuration" (see Chapter 6.1, "Result
configuration", on page 87).
Note: Limit checks are also available for "Pulse Statistics"; see "Pulse Results"
on page 37.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PST see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Chapter 9.12.8, "Configuring the statistics and parameter tables", on page 209
Results:
Chapter 9.16.3, "Retrieving parameter results", on page 269
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Evaluation methods for pulse measurements
[SENSe:]PULSe:<ParameterGroup>:<Parameter>:COUNt? on page 268
Chapter 9.16.4, "Retrieving limit results", on page 319
Result Range Spectrum
Calculates a power spectrum from the captured I/Q data, within the time interval
defined by the result range (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result range", on page 88.
The "Result Range Spectrum" is calculated using a Welch periodogram, which involves
averaging the spectrum calculated by overlapping windows.
The shape of the window used for the calculation can be specified. The length of the
window is calculated such that a specific resolution bandwidth is obtained.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,RRSP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 237
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 260
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4 Measurement basics
4.1 Parameter definitions
Measurement basics
Parameter definitions
Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used in pulse measurements is provided here for a better understanding of the required configuration settings.
● Parameter definitions.............................................................................................. 41
● Pulse detection........................................................................................................44
● Parameter spectrum calculation..............................................................................46
● Basics on input from I/Q data files.......................................................................... 49
● Trace evaluation......................................................................................................50
The pulse parameters to be measured are based primarily on the IEEE 181 Standard
181-2003. For detailed descriptions refer to the standard documentation ("IEEE Standard on Transitions, Pulses, and Related Waveforms", from the IEEE Instrumentation
and Measurement (I&M) Society, 7 July 2003).
The following definitions are used to determine the measured pulse power parameters:
Value Description
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
The magnitude in V corresponding to the pulse OFF level (base level)
0%
The magnitude in V corresponding to the pulse ON level (top level)
100%
The magnitude in V at the peak level occurring directly after the pulse rising edge (mid-level
Ov
crossing)
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the top of the rising edge (beginning of the pulse
rise
top)
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the top of the falling edge (end of the pulse top)
fall
The magnitude in V corresponding to the largest level above the reference model which occurs
rip+
within the ripple portion of the pulse top
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the point in time where L
top+
The magnitude in V corresponding to the lowest measured level below the reference model which
rip-
occurs within the ripple portion of the pulse top
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the point in time where L
top-
is measured
rip+
is measured
rip-
● Amplitude droop......................................................................................................42
● Ripple......................................................................................................................42
● Overshoot................................................................................................................44
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100 (%V) Droop
%0%100
LL
LL
fallrise
100 (%W) Droop
2
%0
2
%100
22
LL
LL
fallrise
fall
rise
L
L
10
log20 (dB) Droop
4.1.1 Amplitude droop
Measurement basics
Parameter definitions
The amplitude droop is calculated as the difference between the power at the beginning of the pulse ON time and the power at the end of the pulse ON time, divided by
the pulse amplitude:
Figure 4-1: Illustration of levels used to define the droop measurement
4.1.2 Ripple
The ripple is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum deviation from the pulse top reference, within a user specified interval.
The default behavior compensates for droop in the pulse top using the following formulae:
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100 (%V) Ripple
%0%100
LL
LLLL
riptoptoprip
100 (%W) Ripple
2
%0
2
%100
2222
LL
LLLL
riptoptoprip
222
%100
222
%100
10
log10 (dB) Ripple
riptop
toprip
LLL
LLL
100 (%V) Ripple
%0%100
LL
LL
ripri p
100 (%W) Ripple
2
%0
2
%100
22
LL
LL
riprip
rip
rip
L
L
10
log20 (dB) Ripple
Measurement basics
Parameter definitions
However, if Pulse Has Droop is set to "Off" or the 100 % Level Position is set to "Center", then the reference model has a flat pulse top and L
formulae are reduced to:
top+
= L
top-
= L
. Thus, the
100%
The following illustration indicates the levels used for calculation.
Figure 4-2: Illustration of levels used to define the ripple measurement.
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100 (%V)Overshoot
%0%100
%100
LL
LL
Ov
100 (%W)Overshoot
2
%0
2
%100
2
%100
2
LL
LL
Ov
%100
10
log20 (dB)Overshoot
L
L
Ov
4.1.3 Overshoot
Measurement basics
Pulse detection
The overshoot is defined as the height of the local maximum after a rising edge, divided by the pulse amplitude:
Figure 4-3: Illustration of levels used to define the overshoot measurement
4.2 Pulse detection
A pulsed input signal is a signal whose carrier power is modulated by two states: ON
and OFF. Basically, a pulse is detected when the input signal power exceeds a threshold, then falls below that threshold, or vice versa. Pulses that rise to and then remain at
a peak (positive) power level for a certain duration, and then fall again are referred to
as positive pulses. The opposite - falling to and remaining at a minimum (negative)
power level, then rising - is referred to as a negative pulse. The "ON" power level is
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Pulse detection
referred to as the top or 100% level, whereas the "OFF" level is referred to as the
base or 0% level.
Top
Base
Positive
pulse
A hysteresis can refine the detection process and avoid falsely interpreting unstable
signals as additional pulses. Optionally, detection can be restricted to a maximum number of pulses per capture process.
A top power level that is not constant is called an amplitude droop. Since the top level
is an important reference for several pulse parameters, take a droop into consideration
where possible. If a signal is known to have a droop, the reference level is not calculated as an average or median value over the ON time. Instead, it is calculated separately for the rising and falling edges.
The time it takes the signal power to rise from the base level to the top is called the
rise time.
The duration the signal power remains at the top level is considered the ON time,
which also defines the pulse width.
Base
Top
Negative
pulse
The time it takes the signal power to fall from the top to the base level is called the fall
time.
The duration the signal power remains at the base level is called the OFF time.
The pulse repetition interval (also known as pulse period) is defined as the duration
of one complete cycle consisting of:
●
The rise time
●
The ON time
●
The fall time
●
The OFF time
To avoid taking noise, ripples, or other signal instabilities into consideration, the absolute peak or minimum power values are not used to calculate these characteristic values. Instead, threshold values are defined.
See Chapter 3.1, "Pulse parameters", on page 15 for more precise definitions and an
illustration of how these values are calculated.
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Measurement basics
Parameter spectrum calculation
Detection range
If the capture buffer contains a large number of pulses, it can be tedious to find a particular pulse for analysis. In this case, you can enable the use of a detection range
instead of the entire capture buffer for analysis.
A detection range determines which part of the capture buffer is analyzed. It is defined
by the Detection Start and the Detection Length. If disabled (default), the entire capture
buffer is used as the detection range.
The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current detection
range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range. If you
change the position of the detection range within the capture buffer, pulse number 1
can be a different pulse. All pulse-based results are automatically updated, if necessary. To navigate to a particular pulse in the capture buffer, use the pulse timestamps,
which are relative to the start of the capture buffer.
An active detection range is indicated by vertical lines ("DR") in the "Magnitude Capture" Buffer display. You can also change the detection range graphically by dragging
the vertical lines in the window.
4.3 Parameter spectrum calculation
When a signal is measured over time, it is possible to calculate the frequency spectrum
for the measured signal by performing an FFT on the measured data. Similarly, it is
possible to calculate a "spectrum" for a particular pulse parameter by performing an
FFT. This "spectrum" allows you to determine the frequency of periodicities in the pulse
parameters easily. For example, the "Parameter Spectrum" for "Pulse Top Power" can
display a peak at a particular frequency, indicating incidental amplitude modulation of
the amplifier output due to the power supply.
Basically, the "parameter spectrum" is calculated by taking the magnitude of the FFT of
the selected parameter and normalizing the result to the largest peak.
Frequency axis
When calculating a spectrum from a measured signal, the sample rate ensures a regular distance between two frequencies. To calculate the frequency axis for a "parameter
spectrum", the average PRI (pulse repetition interval) is taken to be the "sample rate"
for the FFT.
Interpolation
However, in cases where the signal has a non-uniform or staggered PRI the frequency
axis must be interpreted with caution. In cases where the pulses only occur in non-contiguous intervals, using the PRI no longer provides useful results. A good solution to
create equidistant samples for calculation is to "fill up" the intervals between pulses
with interpolated values. Based on the measured and interpolated values, the frequency axis can then be created.
The number of possible interpolation values is restricted to 100,000 by the R&S
FSMR3000 Pulse application . Thus, the resulting spectrum is limited. By default, the
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Parameter spectrum calculation
frequency span for the resulting spectrum is determined automatically. However, to
improve the accuracy (and performance) of the interpolation, the maximum required
frequency span can be restricted further manually.
Non-contiguous pulses - sections vs gaps
For the non-contiguous pulse measurements described above, interpolation in the long
intervals where no pulses occur distort the result. Therefore, time intervals without pulses are identified, referred to as gaps. The time intervals that contain pulses are also
identified, referred to as sections. Interpolation is then performed only on the sections,
whereas the gaps are ignored for the spectrum calculation.
A gap threshold ensures that pulses with large intervals are not split into multiple sections. A section threshold ensures that singular pulses within a long gap are not included in calculation.
Example: Non-contiguous pulse measurement
A typical measurement setup that results in non-contiguous pulses is a rotating radar
antenna scanning the air. For most of the time required for a single rotation, no pulses
are received. However, when an object comes within the scan area, several pulses are
detected within a short duration in time (identified as a section). When the object
leaves the scan area again, the pulses will stop, defining a gap until the next object is
detected.
Blocks
Spectrum calculation is then performed for the individual sections only. However, the
Fourier transformation is not performed on the entire section in one step. Each section
is split into blocks, which can overlap. An FFT is performed on each block to calculate
an individual result. The smaller the block size, the more individual results are calculated, and the more precise the final result. Thus, the block size determines the resolution bandwidth in the final spectrum. Note that while the block size can be defined
manually, the RBW cannot.
Window functions
Each block with its measured and interpolated values is multiplied with a specific window function. Windowing helps minimize the discontinuities at the end of the measured
signal interval and thus reduces the effect of spectral leakage, increasing the frequency resolution.
Various different window functions are provided in the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application. Each of the window functions has specific characteristics, including some advantages and some trade-offs. Consider these characteristics carefully to find the optimum
solution for the measurement task.
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1length
n4
cos
2
alpha
1length
n2
cos5.0
2
1alpha
)n(w
blackman
1length
2
cos1
5.0
alpha
Measurement basics
Parameter spectrum calculation
Table 4-1: FFT window functions
Window type Function
Rectangular The rectangular window function is in effect not a function at all, it maintains the original
sampled data. This can be useful to minimize the required bandwidth; however, heavy
sidelobes can occur, which do not exist in the original signal.
Hamming
Hann
Blackman
(default)
Bartlett
Averaging and final spectrum
After windowing, an FFT is performed on each block, and the individual spectrum
results are then combined to a total result by averaging the traces. The complete process to calculate a "parameter spectrum" is shown in Figure 4-4.
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Basics on input from I/Q data files
Figure 4-4: Calculating a parameter spectrum for non-contiguous pulses
4.4 Basics on input from I/Q data files
The I/Q data to be evaluated in a particular R&S FSMR3 application cannot only be
captured by the application itself, it can also be loaded from a file, provided it has the
correct format. The file is then used as the input source for the application.
For example, you can capture I/Q data using the I/Q Analyzer application, store it to a
file, and then analyze the signal parameters for that data later using the Pulse application (if available).
An application note on converting Rohde & Schwarz I/Q data files is available from the
Rohde & Schwarz website:
1EF85: Converting R&S I/Q data files
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Trace evaluation
When importing data from an I/Q data file using the import functions provided by some
R&S FSMR3 applications, the data is only stored temporarily in the capture buffer. It
overwrites the current measurement data and is in turn overwritten by a new measurement. If you use an I/Q data file as input, the stored I/Q data remains available for any
number of subsequent measurements. Furthermore, the (temporary) data import
requires the current measurement settings in the current application to match the settings that were applied when the measurement results were stored (possibly in a different application). When the data is used as an input source, however, the data acquisition settings in the current application (attenuation, center frequency, measurement
bandwidth, sample rate) can be ignored. As a result, these settings cannot be changed
in the current application. Only the measurement time can be decreased, to perform
measurements on an extract of the available data (from the beginning of the file) only.
When using input from an I/Q data file, the [RUN SINGLE] function starts a single measurement (i.e. analysis) of the stored I/Q data, while the [RUN CONT] function repeatedly analyzes the same data from the file.
Sample iq.tar files
If you have the optional R&S FSMR3 VSA application (R&S FSMR3-K70), some sample iq.tar files are provided in the C:/R_S/Instr/user/vsa/DemoSignals
directory on the R&S FSMR3.
Pre-trigger and post-trigger samples
In applications that use pre-triggers or post-triggers, if no pre-trigger or post-trigger
samples are specified in the I/Q data file, or too few trigger samples are provided to
satisfy the requirements of the application, the missing pre- or post-trigger values are
filled up with zeros. Superfluous samples in the file are dropped, if necessary. For pretrigger samples, values are filled up or omitted at the beginning of the capture buffer.
For post-trigger samples, values are filled up or omitted at the end of the capture buffer.
4.5 Trace evaluation
Traces in graphical result displays based on the defined result range (see Chap-
ter 6.1.2, "Result range", on page 88) can be configured. For example, you can per-
form statistical evaluations over a defined number of measurements, pulses, or samples.
You can configure up to 6 individual traces for the following result displays (see Chap-
ter 6.1.2, "Result range", on page 88):
●
"Pulse Frequency" on page 34
●
"Pulse Magnitude" on page 35
●
"Pulse Phase" on page 36
●
"Pulse Phase (Wrapped)" on page 36
● Trace statistics........................................................................................................ 51
● Normalizing traces.................................................................................................. 51
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4.5.1 Trace statistics
Measurement basics
Trace evaluation
Each trace represents an analysis of the data measured in one result range. Statistical
evaluations can be performed over several traces, that is, result ranges. Which ranges
and how many are evaluated depends on the configuration settings.
Selected pulse vs all pulses
The "Sweep/Average Count" determines how many measurements are evaluated.
For each measurement, in turn, either the selected pulse only (that is: one result
range), or all detected pulses (that is: possibly several result ranges) can be included
in the statistical evaluation.
Thus, the overall number of averaging steps depends on the "Sweep/Average Count"
and the statistical evaluation mode.
Figure 4-5: Trace statistics - number of averaging steps
4.5.2 Normalizing traces
For pulse results based on an individual pulse, sometimes, the absolute value is not of
interest. Instead, the relative offset of each point in the trace from a specific measurement point within the pulse, or from a reference pulse, is of interest.
Normalization based on a measurement point
In a standard trace for a pulse result display, the measured frequency, magnitude, or
phase value for each measurement point in the result range is displayed. If only the relative deviations within that pulse are of interest, you can subtract a fixed value from
each trace point. The fixed value is the value measured at a specified point in the
pulse. Thus, the trace value at the specified measurement point is always 0. This happens when a trace is normalized based on the measured pulse.
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The measurement point used for normalization is the same point used to determine the
pulse parameter results, see Chapter 5.9.2, "Measurement point", on page 82.
Figure 4-6: Normalization of the Pulse Phase trace based on the measured pulse
By default, the measurement point is the center of the pulse. However, this position
can be moved arbitrarily within the pulse by defining an offset.
If the measurement point is defined with an offset in time, the trace value does not
pass 0 at the measurement point. It passes 0 at the time of the measurement point +
the offset value.
Figure 4-7: Normalization of the Pulse Phase trace based on the measured pulse + 100
ns offset
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Trace evaluation
Normalization + averaging window
Together with an Averaging Window for the measurement point, normalization based
on the measured pulse can provide for a very stable pulse trace. However, the calculated average value does not always coincide with the measured trace point value. So in
this case, the maxhold, minhold or average traces do not necessarily pass 0 at the
measurement point.
Figure 4-8: Normalization based on the measured pulse with an average window
Normalization based on a reference pulse
Sometimes you are not interested in the deviations of the pulse results within a single
pulse, but rather in the deviations to a reference pulse. Then you can also base normalization on the measurement point of a specified reference pulse. In this case, the
trace value for the measurement point in the reference pulse is deducted from all trace
values in the measured pulse.
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Figure 4-9: Normalization based on a reference pulse
Note that in this case, the value at the measurement point used to determine pulse
parameter results is also normalized. Thus, normalization based on a reference pulse
modifies the results in the Pulse Results and "Pulse Statistics" on page 39 tables! The
pulse parameter values in the pulse tables for the (normalized) reference pulse are
always 0.
However, as opposed to normalization based on a measured pulse, the pulse-to-pulse
deviations are maintained when normalized to a reference pulse.
The reference pulse can be defined as one of the following:
●
A fixed pulse number
●
The currently selected pulse
●
A previous (-n) or subsequent (+n) pulse, relative to the currently evaluated pulse
Normalization of pulse phase traces
Phase traces for an individual pulse can be normalized just like magnitude and frequency traces, as described above. However, you can also define a phase offset. In
this case, the pulses are not normalized to 0, but to the phase offset value. The phase
measured at a specified point in the reference or measured pulse, plus the phase off-
set, is subtracted from each trace point.
The phase offset for normalization is defined in the "Units" settings (see "Phase Nor-
malization" on page 102).
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5 Configuration
Configuration
Configuration overview
Access: [MODE] > "Pulse"
Pulse measurements require a special application on the R&S FSMR3.
When you activate the Pulse application the first time, a set of parameters is passed on
from the currently active application. After initial setup, the parameters for the measurement channel are stored upon exiting and restored upon re-entering the channel.
Thus, you can switch between applications quickly and easily.
When you activate the Pulse application, a pulse measurement for the input signal is
started automatically with the default configuration. The "Pulse" menu is displayed and
provides access to the most important configuration functions.
Automatic refresh of results after configuration changes
The R&S FSMR3 supports you in finding the correct measurement settings quickly and
easily - after each change in settings, the measurements are repeated and the result
displays are updated immediately and automatically to reflect the changes. You do not
need to refresh the display manually. Thus, you can see if the setting is appropriate or
not directly through the transparent dialog boxes.
● Configuration overview............................................................................................55
● Signal description....................................................................................................57
● Input and output settings.........................................................................................60
● Frontend settings.................................................................................................... 63
● Trigger settings....................................................................................................... 67
● Data acquisition.......................................................................................................72
● Sweep settings........................................................................................................75
● Pulse detection........................................................................................................76
● Pulse measurement settings...................................................................................79
● Automatic settings...................................................................................................86
5.1 Configuration overview
Throughout the measurement configuration, an overview of the most important currently defined settings is provided in the "Overview".
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Configuration
Configuration overview
In addition to the main measurement settings, the "Overview" provides quick access to
the main settings dialog boxes. Thus, you can easily configure an entire measurement
channel from input over processing to output and evaluation by stepping through the
dialog boxes as indicated in the "Overview".
In particular, the "Overview" provides quick access to the following configuration dialog
boxes (listed in the recommended order of processing):
1. Signal Description
See Chapter 5.2, "Signal description", on page 57
2. Input and Frontend Settings
3. (Optionally:) Trigger/Gate
See Chapter 5.5, "Trigger settings", on page 67
4. Data Acquisition
See Chapter 5.6, "Data acquisition", on page 72
5. Pulse Detection
See Chapter 5.8, "Pulse detection", on page 76
6. Pulse Measurement
See Chapter 5.9, "Pulse measurement settings", on page 79
7. Result Configuration
See Chapter 6.1, "Result configuration", on page 87
To configure settings
► Select any button in the "Overview" to open the corresponding dialog box.
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Configuration
Signal description
Select a setting in the channel bar (at the top of the measurement channel tab) to
change a specific setting.
Preset Channel............................................................................................................. 57
Specific Settings for...................................................................................................... 57
Preset Channel
Select the "Preset Channel" button in the lower left-hand corner of the "Overview" to
restore all measurement settings in the current channel to their default values.
Note: Do not confuse the "Preset Channel" button with the [Preset] key, which restores
the entire instrument to its default values and thus closes all channels on the
R&S FSMR3 (except for the default channel)!
Remote command:
SYSTem:PRESet:CHANnel[:EXEC] on page 134
Specific Settings for
The channel can contain several windows for different results. Thus, the settings indicated in the "Overview" and configured in the dialog boxes vary depending on the
selected window.
Select an active window from the "Specific Settings for" selection list that is displayed
in the "Overview" and in all window-specific configuration dialog boxes.
The "Overview" and dialog boxes are updated to indicate the settings for the selected
window.
5.2 Signal description
Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description"
The signal description provides information on the expected input signal, which optimizes pulse detection and measurement.
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Configuration
Signal description
Pulse Period..................................................................................................................58
Pulse Has Droop...........................................................................................................58
Pulse Modulation...........................................................................................................58
Timing Auto Mode.........................................................................................................59
Minimum Pulse Width................................................................................................... 59
Maximum Pulse Width.................................................................................................. 59
Min Pulse Off Time........................................................................................................59
Frequency Offset Auto Mode........................................................................................ 59
Frequency Offset Value.................................................................................................59
Chirp Rate Auto Mode...................................................................................................60
Chirp Rate.....................................................................................................................60
Pulse Period
Defines how a pulse is detected.
"High to Low"
"Low to High"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:PERiod on page 137
Pulse Has Droop
If enabled, a pulse can be modeled as having amplitude droop, i.e. the pulse top may
not be flat.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ADRoop on page 136
The pulse period begins with the falling edge of the preceding pulse
and ends with the falling edge of the current pulse.
The pulse period begins with the rising edge of the current pulse and
end with the rising edge of the succeeding pulse.
Pulse Modulation
Defines the expected pulse modulation:
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Configuration
Signal description
"Arbitrary"
"CW"
"Linear FM"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:MODulation on page 136
Timing Auto Mode
If enabled, the timing parameters (minimum pulse width, maximum pulse width, minimum pulse off time) are determined automatically from the current capture settings.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:AUTO on page 134
Minimum Pulse Width
Defines a minimum pulse width; pulses outside this range are not detected. The available value range is restricted by the sample rate.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:MIN on page 135
Modulation not considered (no phase error/frequency error results
available)
Continuous wave modulation, i.e. only the carrier power is modulated
(On/Off)
For CW modulation, additional parameters are available to define the
frequency offset.
Linear frequency modulation (FM) (The frequency changes linearly
over time within each pulse)
For linear pulse modulation, additional parameters are available to
define the chirp rate.
Maximum Pulse Width
Defines a maximum pulse width; pulses outside this range are not detected. The available value range is restricted by the sample rate.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:MAX on page 135
Min Pulse Off Time
The minimum time the pulse is "off", i.e. the time between successive pulses. This
value is used to determine noise statistics and to reject short drops in amplitude during
pulse "on" time. The available value range is 50ns to 100s, but may be restricted further by the sample rate.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:OFF on page 135
Frequency Offset Auto Mode
If enabled, the frequency offset is estimated automatically for each individual pulse.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:OFFSet:AUTO on page 136
Frequency Offset Value
Defines a known frequency offset to be corrected in the pulse acquisition data.
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5.3 Input and output settings
Configuration
Input and output settings
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:OFFSet on page 135
Chirp Rate Auto Mode
If enabled, the chirp rate is estimated automatically for each individual pulse.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:RATE:AUTO on page 136
Chirp Rate
Defines a known frequency chirp rate (in Hz/μs) to be used to generate an ideal pulse
waveform for computing frequency and phase error parameters. This value is assumed
constant for all measured pulses.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:RATE on page 136
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend"
Or: "Input & Output"
The R&S FSMR3 can analyze signals from different input sources and provide various
types of output (such as noise or trigger signals).
● Input source settings...............................................................................................60
5.3.1 Input source settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source"
The input source determines which data the R&S FSMR3 analyzes.
The default input source for the R&S FSMR3 is "Radio Frequency", i.e. the signal at
the "RF Input" connector of the R&S FSMR3. If no additional options are installed, this
is the only available input source.
● Radio frequency input............................................................................................. 60
5.3.1.1 Radio frequency input
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency"
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Configuration
Input and output settings
RF Input Protection
The RF input connector of the R&S FSMR3 must be protected against signal levels
that exceed the ranges specified in the data sheet. Therefore, the R&S FSMR3 is
equipped with an overload protection mechanism for DC and signal frequencies up to
30 MHz. This mechanism becomes active as soon as the power at the input mixer
exceeds the specified limit. It ensures that the connection between RF input and input
mixer is cut off.
When the overload protection is activated, an error message is displayed in the status
bar ("INPUT OVLD"), and a message box informs you that the RF input was disconnected. Furthermore, a status bit (bit 3) in the STAT:QUES:POW status register is set.
In this case, you must decrease the level at the RF input connector and then close the
message box. Then measurement is possible again. Reactivating the RF input is also
possible via the remote command INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:PROTection:RESet.
Radio Frequency State................................................................................................. 61
Input Coupling...............................................................................................................62
Impedance.................................................................................................................... 62
High Pass Filter 1 to 3 GHz...........................................................................................62
YIG-Preselector.............................................................................................................62
Radio Frequency State
Activates input from the "RF Input" connector.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:SELect on page 140
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Configuration
Input and output settings
Input Coupling
The RF input of the R&S FSMR3 can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct
current (DC).
AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. AC coupling is activated by
default to prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal
can be distorted.
However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the
instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data
sheet.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:COUPling on page 138
Impedance
For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the
R&S FSMR3000 can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.
Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a
75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impedance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/
50Ω).
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 140
High Pass Filter 1 to 3 GHz
Activates an additional internal highpass filter for RF input signals from 1 GHz to
3 GHz. This filter is used to remove the harmonics of the analyzer to measure the harmonics for a DUT, for example.
This function requires an additional hardware option.
Note: For RF input signals outside the specified range, the high-pass filter has no
effect. For signals with a frequency of approximately 4 GHz upwards, the harmonics
are suppressed sufficiently by the YIG-preselector, if available.)
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:FILTer:HPASs[:STATe] on page 139
YIG-Preselector
Enables or disables the YIG-preselector, if available on the R&S FSMR3000.
An internal YIG-preselector at the input of the R&S FSMR3000 ensures that image fre-
quencies are rejected. However, image rejection is only possible for a restricted bandwidth. To use the maximum bandwidth for signal analysis you can disable the YIG-preselector at the input of the R&S FSMR3000, which can lead to image-frequency display.
Note: Note that the YIG-preselector is active only on frequencies greater than 8 GHz.
Therefore, switching the YIG-preselector on or off has no effect if the frequency is
below that value.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:FILTer:YIG[:STATe] on page 140
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5.4 Frontend settings
5.4.1 Frequency settings
Configuration
Frontend settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend"
The frequency and amplitude settings represent the "frontend" of the measurement
setup.
● Frequency settings..................................................................................................63
● Amplitude settings...................................................................................................64
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Frequency"
Center Frequency......................................................................................................... 63
Center Frequency Stepsize...........................................................................................63
Frequency Offset...........................................................................................................64
Center Frequency
Defines the center frequency of the signal in Hertz.
The allowed range of values for the center frequency depends on the frequency span.
span > 0: span
zero span: 0 Hz ≤ f
f
and span
max
/2 ≤ f
min
center
depend on the instrument and are specified in the data sheet.
min
center
≤ f
≤ f
max
max
– span
min
/2
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 142
Center Frequency Stepsize
Defines the step size by which the center frequency is increased or decreased using
the arrow keys.
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Configuration
Frontend settings
When you use the rotary knob the center frequency changes in steps of only 1/10 of
the span.
The step size can be coupled to another value or it can be manually set to a fixed
value.
"= Center"
"Manual"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP on page 142
Frequency Offset
Shifts the displayed frequency range along the x-axis by the defined offset.
This parameter has no effect on the instrument's hardware, on the captured data, or on
data processing. It is simply a manipulation of the final results in which absolute frequency values are displayed. Thus, the x-axis of a spectrum display is shifted by a
constant offset if it shows absolute frequencies. However, if it shows frequencies relative to the signal's center frequency, it is not shifted.
A frequency offset can be used to correct the display of a signal that is slightly distorted
by the measurement setup, for example.
The allowed values range from -1 THz to 1 THz. The default setting is 0 Hz.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:OFFSet on page 143
Sets the step size to the value of the center frequency. The used
value is indicated in the "Value" field.
Defines a fixed step size for the center frequency. Enter the step size
in the "Value" field.
5.4.2 Amplitude settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Amplitude"
Amplitude settings affect the y-axis values.
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Configuration
Frontend settings
Reference Level............................................................................................................65
└ Shifting the Display (Offset)............................................................................ 65
RF Attenuation.............................................................................................................. 66
└ Attenuation Mode / Value................................................................................66
Input Settings................................................................................................................ 66
└ Preamplifier.....................................................................................................66
└ Input Coupling.................................................................................................67
└ Impedance...................................................................................................... 67
Reference Level
Defines the expected maximum reference level. Signal levels above this value are possibly not measured correctly. Signals above the reference level are indicated by an "IF
Overload" status display.
The reference level can also be used to scale power diagrams; the reference level is
then used for the calculation of the maximum on the y-axis.
Since the hardware of the R&S FSMR3000 is adapted according to this value, it is recommended that you set the reference level close above the expected maximum signal
level. Thus you ensure an optimum measurement (no compression, good signal-tonoise ratio).
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel
on page 144
Shifting the Display (Offset) ← Reference Level
Defines an arithmetic level offset. This offset is added to the measured level. In some
result displays, the scaling of the y-axis is changed accordingly.
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Configuration
Frontend settings
Define an offset if the signal is attenuated or amplified before it is fed into the
R&S FSMR3 so the application shows correct power results. All displayed power level
results are shifted by this value.
The setting range is ±200 dB in 0.01 dB steps.
Note, however, that the internal reference level (used to adjust the hardware settings to
the expected signal) ignores any "Reference Level Offset". Thus, it is important to keep
in mind the actual power level the R&S FSMR3 must handle. Do not rely on the displayed reference level (internal reference level = displayed reference level - offset).
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<w>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel:
OFFSet on page 144
RF Attenuation
Defines the mechanical attenuation for RF input.
Attenuation Mode / Value ← RF Attenuation
The RF attenuation can be set automatically as a function of the selected reference
level (Auto mode). Automatic attenuation ensures that no overload occurs at the RF
Input connector for the current reference level. It is the default setting.
In "Manual" mode, you can set the RF attenuation in 1 dB steps (down to 0 dB). Other
entries are rounded to the next integer value. The range is specified in the data sheet.
If the defined reference level cannot be set for the defined RF attenuation, the reference level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "limit reached" is displayed.
NOTICE! Risk of hardware damage due to high power levels. When decreasing the
attenuation manually, ensure that the power level does not exceed the maximum level
allowed at the RF input, as an overload can lead to hardware damage.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:ATTenuation on page 146
INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:AUTO on page 146
Input Settings
Some input settings affect the measured amplitude of the signal, as well.
Preamplifier ← Input Settings
If the (optional) internal preamplifier hardware is installed, a preamplifier can be activated for the RF input signal.
You can use a preamplifier to analyze signals from DUTs with low output power.
"Off"
"15 dB"
"30 dB"
For FSMR3050, the input signal is amplified by 30 dB if the preamplifier is activated.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:GAIN:STATe on page 145
INPut<ip>:GAIN[:VALue] on page 145
Deactivates the preamplifier.
The RF input signal is amplified by about 15 dB.
The RF input signal is amplified by about 30 dB.
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Configuration
Trigger settings
Input Coupling ← Input Settings
The RF input of the R&S FSMR3 can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct
current (DC).
AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. AC coupling is activated by
default to prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal
can be distorted.
However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the
instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data
sheet.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:COUPling on page 138
Impedance ← Input Settings
For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the
R&S FSMR3000 can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.
Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a
75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impedance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/
50Ω).
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 140
5.5 Trigger settings
Access: "Overview" > "Trigger" > "Trigger Source"
Or: [TRIG] > "Trigger Config"
Trigger settings determine when the input signal is measured.
External triggers from one of the [TRIGGER INPUT/OUTPUT] connectors on the
R&S FSMR3000 are also available.
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Configuration
Trigger settings
For step-by-step instructions on configuring triggered measurements, see the
R&S FSMR3 User Manual.
Trigger Source...............................................................................................................68
└ Free Run.........................................................................................................68
└ Ext. Trigger 1/2............................................................................................... 68
└ I/Q Power........................................................................................................69
└ IF Power..........................................................................................................69
└ RF Power........................................................................................................69
Trigger Level................................................................................................................. 70
Drop-Out Time...............................................................................................................70
Trigger Offset................................................................................................................ 70
Slope.............................................................................................................................70
Hysteresis..................................................................................................................... 70
Trigger Holdoff...............................................................................................................71
Trigger 1/2.....................................................................................................................71
└ Output Type.................................................................................................... 71
└ Level..................................................................................................... 72
└ Pulse Length.........................................................................................72
└ Send Trigger.........................................................................................72
Trigger Source
Defines the trigger source. If a trigger source other than "Free Run" is set, "TRG" is
displayed in the channel bar and the trigger source is indicated.
Note: When triggering is activated, the squelch function is automatically disabled.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 150
Free Run ← Trigger Source
No trigger source is considered. Data acquisition is started manually or automatically
and continues until stopped explicitly.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IMM, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 150
Ext. Trigger 1/2 ← Trigger Source
Data acquisition starts when the TTL signal fed into the specified input connector
meets or exceeds the specified trigger level.
(See "Trigger Level" on page 70).
Note: The "External Trigger 1" softkey automatically selects the trigger signal from the
"Trigger Input / Output" connector on the front panel.
For details, see the "Instrument Tour" chapter in the R&S FSMR3 Getting Started man-
ual.
"External Trigger 1"
Trigger signal from the "Trigger Input / Output" connector.
(front panel)
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Configuration
Trigger settings
"External Trigger 2"
Trigger signal from the "Sync Trigger Input / Output" connector.
(rear panel)
Note: Connector must be configured for "Input" in the "Output" configuration
(See the R&S FSMR3 user manual).
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR EXT, TRIG:SOUR EXT2
See TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 150
I/Q Power ← Trigger Source
Triggers the measurement when the magnitude of the sampled I/Q data exceeds the
trigger threshold.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IQP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 150
IF Power ← Trigger Source
The R&S FSMR3 starts capturing data as soon as the trigger level is exceeded around
the third intermediate frequency.
For frequency sweeps, the third IF represents the start frequency. The trigger threshold
depends on the defined trigger level, as well as on the RF attenuation and preamplification. A reference level offset, if defined, is also considered. The trigger bandwidth at
the intermediate frequency depends on the RBW and sweep type. For details on available trigger levels and trigger bandwidths, see the instrument data sheet.
For measurements on a fixed frequency (e.g. zero span or I/Q measurements), the
third IF represents the center frequency.
This trigger source is only available for RF input.
The available trigger levels depend on the RF attenuation and preamplification. A refer-
ence level offset, if defined, is also considered.
For details on available trigger levels and trigger bandwidths, see the data sheet.
Note: Be aware that in auto sweep type mode, due to a possible change in sweep
types, the trigger bandwidth can vary considerably for the same RBW setting.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IFP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 150
RF Power ← Trigger Source
Defines triggering of the measurement via signals which are outside the displayed
measurement range.
For this purpose, the instrument uses a level detector at the first intermediate frequency.
The input signal must be in the frequency range between 500 MHz and 8 GHz.
The resulting trigger level at the RF input depends on the RF attenuation and preampli-
fication. For details on available trigger levels, see the instrument's data sheet.
Note: If the input signal contains frequencies outside of this range (e.g. for fullspan
measurements), the measurement can be aborted. A message indicating the allowed
input frequencies is displayed in the status bar.
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Configuration
Trigger settings
A "Trigger Offset", "Trigger Polarity" and "Trigger Holdoff" (to improve the trigger stability) can be defined for the RF trigger, but no "Hysteresis".
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR RFP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 150
Trigger Level
Defines the trigger level for the specified trigger source.
For details on supported trigger levels, see the instrument data sheet.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:IFPower on page 149
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:IQPower on page 149
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel[:EXTernal<port>] on page 148
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:RFPower on page 150
Drop-Out Time
Defines the time that the input signal must stay below the trigger level before triggering
again.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:DTIMe on page 147
Trigger Offset
Defines the time offset between the trigger event and the start of the measurement.
Offset > 0: Start of the measurement is delayed
Offset < 0: Measurement starts earlier (pretrigger)
Only possible for zero span (e.g. I/Q Analyzer application) and gated trigger switched off
Maximum allowed range limited by the measurement time:
Pretrigger
= measurement time
max
max
Tip: To determine the trigger point in the sample (for "External" or "IF Power" trigger
source), use the TRACe:IQ:TPISample? command.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:HOLDoff[:TIME] on page 147
Slope
For all trigger sources except time, you can define whether triggering occurs when the
signal rises to the trigger level or falls down to it.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SLOPe on page 150
Hysteresis
Defines the distance in dB to the trigger level that the trigger source must exceed
before a trigger event occurs. Setting a hysteresis avoids unwanted trigger events
caused by noise oscillation around the trigger level.
This setting is only available for "IF Power" trigger sources. The range of the value is
between 3 dB and 50 dB with a step width of 1 dB.
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Configuration
Trigger settings
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:IFPower:HYSTeresis on page 148
Trigger Holdoff
Defines the minimum time (in seconds) that must pass between two trigger events.
Trigger events that occur during the holdoff time are ignored.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:IFPower:HOLDoff on page 148
Trigger 1/2
The trigger input and output functionality depends on how the variable "Trigger Input/
Output" connectors are used.
"Trigger 1"
"Trigger 2"
"Input"
"Output"
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:DIRection on page 151
Output Type ← Trigger 1/2
Type of signal to be sent to the output
"Device Trig-
gered"
"Trigger 1": "Trigger Input/Output" connector on the front panel
Defines the usage of the variable "Trigger Input/Output" connector on
the rear panel.
The signal at the connector is used as an external trigger source by
the R&S FSMR3000. Trigger input parameters are available in the
"Trigger" dialog box.
The R&S FSMR3000 sends a trigger signal to the output connector to
be used by connected devices.
Further trigger parameters are available for the connector.
(Default) Sends a trigger when the R&S FSMR3000 triggers.
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Configuration
Data acquisition
"Trigger
Armed"
"User Defined"
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:OTYPe on page 152
Level ← Output Type ← Trigger 1/2
Defines whether a high (1) or low (0) constant signal is sent to the trigger output connector (for "Output Type": "User Defined".
The trigger pulse level is always opposite to the constant signal level defined here. For
example, for "Level" = "High", a constant high signal is output to the connector until you
select the Send Trigger function. Then, a low pulse is provided.
Sends a (high level) trigger when the R&S FSMR3000 is in "Ready
for trigger" state.
This state is indicated by a status bit in the STATus:OPERation register (bit 5), as well as by a low-level signal at the "AUX" port (pin 9).
Sends a trigger when you select the "Send Trigger" button.
In this case, further parameters are available for the output signal.
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:LEVel on page 152
Pulse Length ← Output Type ← Trigger 1/2
Defines the duration of the pulse (pulse width) sent as a trigger to the output connector.
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:PULSe:LENGth on page 153
Send Trigger ← Output Type ← Trigger 1/2
Sends a user-defined trigger to the output connector immediately.
Note that the trigger pulse level is always opposite to the constant signal level defined
by the output Level setting. For example, for "Level" = "High", a constant high signal is
output to the connector until you select the "Send Trigger" function. Then, a low pulse
is sent.
Which pulse level is sent is indicated by a graphic on the button.
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:PULSe:IMMediate on page 153
5.6 Data acquisition
Access: "Overview" > "Data Acquisition" > "Acquisition"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Data Acquisition" > "Acquisition" tab
You must define how much and how data is captured from the input signal.
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Configuration
Data acquisition
Input from I/Q data files
If the input source is an I/Q data file, most measurement settings related to data acquisition (attenuation, center frequency, measurement bandwidth, sample rate) cannot be
changed. The measurement time can only be decreased, in order to perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from the beginning of the file) only.
For details, see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 49.
Filter type...................................................................................................................... 73
Measurement Bandwidth.............................................................................................. 74
Sample rate...................................................................................................................74
Measurement Time....................................................................................................... 74
Record length................................................................................................................74
Filter type
Defines the filter to be used for demodulation.
"Flat"
Standard flat demodulation filter
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Configuration
Data acquisition
"Gauss"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]BWIDth:DEMod:TYPE on page 154
Measurement Bandwidth
The measurement bandwidth is defined by the used filter and the sample rate. Either a
flat or a Gauss filter are available. For information on supported sample rates and filter
bandwidths see the data sheet.
Note: If the input source is an I/Q data file, the measurement bandwidth cannot be
changed.
For details, see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 49.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]BANDwidth:DEMod on page 154
Filter with optimized settling behavior (default)
Note: For Gaussian filters whose -3dB bandwidth is large compared
to the maximum I/Q bandwidth, the ideal Gaussian filter shape would
exceed the maximum I/Q bandwidth at its outer edges. Thus, the
actual filter only follows the ideal Gaussian filter shape in the inner
range of the set I/Q bandwidth. At a certain frequency offset it must
deviate from the ideal Gauss filter and drop off faster.
For details see Chapter B, "Effects of large gauss filters",
on page 337.
Sample rate
The sample rate for I/Q data acquisition is indicated for reference only. It is calculated
from the defined measurement bandwidth and measurement time, or taken from the
I/Q data input file.
Measurement Time
Defines how long data is captured for analysis ("Meas Time"), or how many samples
are captured in each record ("Record Length").
Note: If the input source is an I/Q data file, the measurement time can only be
decreased, in order to perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from
the beginning of the file) only.
For details, see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 49.
The maximum measurement time in the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application is limited
only by the available memory ("memory limit reached" message is shown in status
bar). Note, however, that increasing the measurement time (and thus reducing the
available memory space) may restrict the number of measurement channels that can
be activated simultaneously on the R&S FSMR3.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:TIME on page 155
Record length
The record length for I/Q data acquisition is indicated for reference only. It is calculated
from the defined measurement bandwidth and measurement time, or taken from the
I/Q data input file.
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5.7 Sweep settings
Configuration
Sweep settings
Remote command:
[SENSe:]RLENgth? on page 155
Access: [SWEEP]
The sweep settings define how often data from the input signal is acquired and then
evaluated.
Continuous Sweep / Run Cont......................................................................................75
Single Sweep / Run Single............................................................................................75
Continue Single Sweep.................................................................................................76
Measurement Time....................................................................................................... 76
Sweep/Average Count.................................................................................................. 76
Continuous Sweep / Run Cont
After triggering, starts the sweep and repeats it continuously until stopped. This is the
default setting.
While the measurement is running, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey and the [RUN
CONT] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the
highlighted softkey or key again. The results are not deleted until a new measurement
is started.
Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey only controls the sweep mode for the currently selected channel. However, the sweep mode
only takes effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a
channel-defined sequence. In this case, a channel in continuous sweep mode is swept
repeatedly.
Furthermore, the [RUN CONT] key controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps.
[RUN CONT] starts the Sequencer in continuous mode.
For details on the Sequencer, see the R&S FSMR3 User Manual.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONTinuous on page 167
Single Sweep / Run Single
After triggering, starts the number of sweeps set in "Sweep Count". The measurement
stops after the defined number of sweeps has been performed.
While the measurement is running, the "Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN SINGLE]
key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again.
Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, the "Single Sweep" softkey only controls
the sweep mode for the currently selected channel. However, the sweep mode only
takes effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a channel-defined sequence. In this case, the Sequencer sweeps a channel in single sweep
mode only once.
Furthermore, the [RUN SINGLE] key controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps.
[RUN SINGLE] starts the Sequencer in single mode.
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Configuration
Pulse detection
If the Sequencer is off, only the evaluation for the currently displayed channel is updated.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>[:IMMediate] on page 168
Continue Single Sweep
After triggering, repeats the number of sweeps set in "Sweep Count", without deleting
the trace of the last measurement.
While the measurement is running, the "Continue Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN
SINGLE] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting
the highlighted softkey or key again.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONMeas on page 167
Measurement Time
Defines how long data is captured for analysis ("Meas Time"), or how many samples
are captured in each record ("Record Length").
Note: If the input source is an I/Q data file, the measurement time can only be
decreased, in order to perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from
the beginning of the file) only.
For details, see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on input from I/Q data files", on page 49.
The maximum measurement time in the R&S FSMR3000 Pulse application is limited
only by the available memory ("memory limit reached" message is shown in status
bar). Note, however, that increasing the measurement time (and thus reducing the
available memory space) may restrict the number of measurement channels that can
be activated simultaneously on the R&S FSMR3.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:TIME on page 155
Sweep/Average Count
Defines the number of measurements to be performed in the single sweep mode. Values from 0 to 200000 are allowed. If the values 0 or 1 are set, one measurement is
performed.
In continuous sweep mode, if "Sweep Count" = 0 (default), averaging is performed
over 10 measurements. For "Sweep Count" =1, no averaging, maxhold or minhold
operations are performed.
The "Average Count" also determines the number of measurements used to calculate
the pulse trace statistics for the result range displays (see Chapter 4.5.1, "Trace statis-
tics", on page 51).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:COUNt on page 169
5.8 Pulse detection
Access: "Overview" > "Detection"
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Configuration
Pulse detection
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Data Acquisition" > "Detection" tab
The pulse detection settings define the conditions under which a pulse is detected
within the input signal.
Reference Source......................................................................................................... 77
Threshold...................................................................................................................... 78
Hysteresis..................................................................................................................... 78
Detection Limit.............................................................................................................. 78
Maximum Pulse Count..................................................................................................78
Detection Range........................................................................................................... 78
Detection Start.............................................................................................................. 78
Detection Length...........................................................................................................79
Reference Source
Defines the level to be used as a reference for the pulse detection threshold.
"Reference"
"Peak"
"Noise"
"Absolute"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:REFerence on page 158
Current reference level
Peak level as measured over the entire capture data interval
Noise level determined from the current capture data according to the
Min Pulse Off Time parameter set in Signal description.
Absolute level defined by the Threshold
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Configuration
Pulse detection
Threshold
The threshold determines whether a pulse is detected or not. The top of a pulse must
exceed the threshold in order to be detected. The threshold is defined in dB in relation
to the defined reference, or as an absolute threshold in dBm.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:THReshold on page 159
Hysteresis
Defines a hysteresis for pulse detection in dB in relation to the defined threshold. As
long as the signal does not exceed the hysteresis, the next threshold crossing is
ignored.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:HYSTeresis on page 157
Detection Limit
Restricts the number of pulses to be detected. When the maximum number is exceeded, measurement is stopped for the current capture buffer. This limitation can be used
to speed up the measurement if only a small number of pulses is of interest.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:LIMit on page 156
Maximum Pulse Count
Defines the maximum number of pulses to be detected.
This limit is ignored if Detection Limit is disabled.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:LIMit:COUNt on page 157
Detection Range
Enables or disables the use of a detection range instead of the entire capture buffer for
analysis.
A detection range determines which part of the capture buffer is analyzed. It is defined
by the Detection Start and the Detection Length. An active detection range is indicated
in the "Magnitude Capture" Buffer display by vertical lines ("DR").
See also "Detection range" on page 46.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:RANGe on page 157
Detection Start
Defines the beginning of the detection range as the time in seconds from the capture
buffer start. You can also change the detection start graphically by dragging the left
vertical line ("DR") in the "Magnitude Capture" Buffer.
The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current detection
range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range in the capture
buffer. (Timestamps are in relation to the capture buffer start.)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:RANGe:STARt on page 158
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5.9 Pulse measurement settings
Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Detection Length
Defines the length of the detection range as a time in seconds. You can also change
the detection length graphically by dragging one of the vertical lines ("DR") in the "Magnitude Capture" Buffer.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:RANGe:LENGth on page 158
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement"
The pulse measurement settings determine how much data is measured for each
pulse, in relation to defined levels, points, or ranges. Which definition is actually used
during measurement depends on the selected evaluation method.
● Measurement levels................................................................................................79
● Measurement point................................................................................................. 82
● Measurement range................................................................................................84
5.9.1 Measurement levels
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement" > "Meas Levels" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Pulse Meas" > "Meas Levels" tab
Some measurements are performed depending on defined levels.
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Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Position......................................................................................................................... 80
Measurement Algorithm................................................................................................81
Fixed Value....................................................................................................................81
Ripple Portion................................................................................................................81
Reference Level Unit.....................................................................................................81
High (Distal) Threshold................................................................................................. 81
Mid (Mesial) Threshold..................................................................................................81
Low (Proximal) Threshold............................................................................................. 82
Boundary.......................................................................................................................82
Position
Determines where the 100% value (from base to top) for the rise and fall time measurements is calculated.
This allows you to consider a "droop" in the pulse top during the pulse measurements.
If a droop is to be considered, the 100% value must be calculated separately for the
rising and falling edges.
"Edge"
"Center"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:COMPensate:ADRoop on page 160
The 100% value is measured separately for the rising and falling
edges.
The 100% value is measured at the pulse center and used for all
measurements.
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Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Measurement Algorithm
Defines the algorithm used to detect the pulse top level.
"Mean"
"Median"
"Fixed"
"Peak Power"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:ALGorithm on page 160
Fixed Value
Defines the value (in dBm) to be used by the "Fixed" measurement algorithm.
Note that if the fixed value is much higher than the actual pulse top level, pulse param-
eters cannot be measured ("---" indicated in the table results). In this case, reduce the
fixed power level or the High (Distal) Threshold used for rise/fall time measurements.
You can also change the fixed top power level graphically, by moving the "100 %" horizontal line in the "Magnitude Capture" Buffer display.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TOP:FIXed on page 161
The arithmetic average of the measured values
The level for which half the values lie above, the other half below in
the histogram
A Fixed Value is used.
Useful if some pulses do not reach the top level, but you want to
measure them nevertheless, while maintaining a specified top level.
The peak power is used to detect the pulse top level.
Ripple Portion
Defines the portion of the pulse top which is used to measure the ripple.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RIPPle on page 161
Reference Level Unit
Defines the unit of the pulse amplitude values, i.e. whether magnitude (V) or power (W,
dBm) values are used to determine the threshold levels for fall and rise times.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:AMPLitude:UNIT on page 160
High (Distal) Threshold
The upper threshold in percent of the pulse amplitude used to signify the end of a rising or beginning of a falling signal level.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TRANsition:HREFerence on page 161
Mid (Mesial) Threshold
The middle threshold in percent of the pulse amplitude used to signify the mid-transition level between pulse states.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TRANsition:REFerence on page 162
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5.9.2 Measurement point
Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Low (Proximal) Threshold
The lower threshold in percent of the pulse amplitude used to signify the end of a falling or beginning of a rising signal level.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TRANsition:LREFerence on page 162
Boundary
The boundary in percent of the pulse amplitude to either side of the pulse top (ON
state). Used to determine the settling time, for example. Once the signal remains within
the boundary, it is assumed to have settled.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:BOUNdary:TOP on page 160
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement" > "Meas Point" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Pulse Meas" > "Meas Point" tab
Some specific pulse parameters, e.g. the phase or the frequency, are determined at a
specific time instant (measurement point) within the pulse. You can configure this point
based on a reference and offset value.
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Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Measurement Point Reference..................................................................................... 83
Offset.............................................................................................................................83
Averaging Window........................................................................................................ 84
Reference for Pulse-Pulse Measurements................................................................... 84
Measurement Point Reference
Defines the reference which the Offset refers to.
"Rise"
"Center"
"Fall"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:INSTant:REFerence
on page 163
Offset
The time offset of the measurement point in reference to the pulse center or an edge,
depending on the Measurement Point Reference setting.
The "Offset" is indicated in the dialog box.
The measurement point is defined in reference to the rising edge
(mid-level crossing).
The measurement point is defined in reference to the center of the
pulse (equal distance from the rising and falling mid-level crossings).
The measurement point is defined in reference to the falling edge
(mid-level crossing).
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Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:INSTant on page 162
Averaging Window
Measurement point results are averaged over a window centered at the measurement
point. The length of the averaging window in seconds can be defined. A minimum
length of 1 sample is enforced internally.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:INSTant:AWINdow on page 162
Reference for Pulse-Pulse Measurements
Reference pulse on which relative pulse results are based (e.g. for traces normalized
to reference pulse, see Chapter 4.5.2, "Normalizing traces", on page 51).
"Fixed"
"Selected"
"Before Pulse"
"After Pulse"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:REFerence:POSition
on page 163
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:REFerence on page 163
A fixed pulse number
Relative results for the specified pulse number itself are not valid and
are indicated as "...".
The currently selected pulse (see Chapter 6.1.1, "Pulse selection",
on page 87)
Relative results for the selected pulse itself are not valid and are indicated as "...".
If you change the value for the reference pulse here, the Chap-
ter 6.1.1, "Pulse selection", on page 87 value is adapted accordingly,
and vice versa.
The nth pulse before the currently evaluated pulse, where n is the
specified number
No values are available for the first n pulses, as no valid reference
pulse is available. These results are indicated as "...".
For example, a value of 2 will use row 1 as the reference row for
Pulse-Pulse results for pulse number 3. In this case, pulse numbers 1
and 2 will not have a valid reference row and the Pulse-Pulse results
will be invalid for these rows.
The nth pulse after the currently evaluated pulse, where n is the
specified number
No values are available for the last n pulses, as no valid reference
pulse is available. These results are indicated as "...".
For example, a value of 2 will use row 5 as the reference row for
Pulse-Pulse results for pulse number 3. In this case, the last two
pulse rows will not have a valid reference row and the Pulse-Pulse
results will be invalid for these rows.
5.9.3 Measurement range
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement" > "Meas Range" tab
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Configuration
Pulse measurement settings
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Pulse Meas" > "Meas Range" tab
Some measurements are performed over a range within the pulse, for example the
phase or frequency deviation. The measurement range is specified either by start and
end points relative to the rising and falling edges, or as a proportion of the pulse top.
Reference, Length, Offset
Reference, Length, Offset
Defines the reference for the measurement range definition. Depending on the
selected reference type, an additional setting is available to define the range.
"Center"
"Edge"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:REFerence
on page 165
Relative range (Center):
Defines a relative range around the center of the pulse. The range is
defined by its length in percent of the pulse top.
Defines the start and stop of the measurement range with respect to
the pulse edges. The range is defined by a time offset from the middle of the rising edge and a time offset from the middle of the falling
edge.
............................................................................................. 85
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5.10 Automatic settings
Configuration
Automatic settings
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:LENGth
on page 165
Absolute range (Edge):
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:OFFSet:LEFT
on page 165
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:OFFSet:RIGHt
on page 165
Access: [AUTO SET]
Some settings can be adjusted by the R&S FSMR3 automatically according to the current measurement settings.
Auto Scale Continuous (All).......................................................................................... 86
Auto Scale Once (All)....................................................................................................86
Auto Scale Continuous (All)
Automatically determines the optimal result range and reference level position for each
new measurement in all displayed diagrams (for graphical or pulse-based result dis-
plays only).
Remote command:
SENS:TRAC:MEAS:DEF:RRAN:AUTO ON, see [SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:
DEFine:RRANge:AUTO on page 172
DISP:TRAC:Y:SCAL:AUTO ON, see DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<n>]:
TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:AUTO on page 232
Auto Scale Once (All)
Automatically determines the optimal result range and reference level position once for
the current measurement settings in all displayed diagrams and pulse-based result displays. All automatic scaling functions are then switched off.
Remote command:
SENS:TRAC:MEAS:DEF:RRAN:AUTO ONCE, see [SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:
DEFine:RRANge:AUTO on page 172
DISP:TRAC:Y:SCAL:AUTO ONCE, see DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:
SUBWindow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:AUTO on page 232
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6 Analysis
6.1 Result configuration
Analysis
Result configuration
After a Pulse measurement has been performed, you can analyze the results in various ways.
● Result configuration................................................................................................ 87
● Display configuration.............................................................................................102
● Markers................................................................................................................. 102
● Trace configuration............................................................................................... 109
● Trace / data export configuration...........................................................................113
● Export functions.....................................................................................................115
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config"
Some evaluation methods require or allow for additional settings to configure the result
display. Note that the available settings depend on the selected window (see "Specific
Settings for" on page 57).
● Pulse selection........................................................................................................87
● Result range............................................................................................................88
● Result range spectrum configuration...................................................................... 89
● Result range frequency configuration..................................................................... 91
● Parameter configuration for result displays.............................................................91
● Table configuration..................................................................................................97
● Y-Scaling................................................................................................................. 99
● Units......................................................................................................................101
6.1.1 Pulse selection
Access: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Selected Pulse"
The pulse traces (frequency, magnitude and pulse vs. time) always display the trace
for one specific pulse, namely the currently selected pulse. The currently selected
pulse is highlighted blue in the "Pulse Results" and "Pulse Statistics" displays.
As soon as a new pulse is selected, all pulse-specific displays are automatically updated.
The selected pulse (number) is relative to the currently defined detection range, if
enabled (see "Detection Range" on page 78). If you change the detection range within
the capture buffer, the selected pulse is adapted automatically, and all pulse-based
results are updated, if necessary.
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6.1.2 Result range
Analysis
Result configuration
Linked markers
In "Parameter Trend" displays, the marker M1 can be linked to the selected pulse (see
"Link Trend M1 to Selected Pulse" on page 107). Thus, if you select a different pulse,
the marker M1 is also set to the same pulse, and vice versa.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:SELected on page 171
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Result Range" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Result Range" tab
The result range determines which data is displayed on the screen (see also "Mea-
surement range vs. result range vs. detection range" on page 15). This range applies
to the "pulse magnitude", frequency and phase vs time displays.
Furthermore, the spectrum for the result range can be displayed (see "Result Range
Spectrum" on page 40).
The range is defined by a reference point, alignment and the range length.
Automatic Range Scaling..............................................................................................89
Result Range Reference Point......................................................................................89
Offset.............................................................................................................................89
Alignment...................................................................................................................... 89
Length........................................................................................................................... 89
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Analysis
Result configuration
Automatic Range Scaling
Defines whether the result range length is determined automatically according to the
width of the selected pulse (see Chapter 6.1.1, "Pulse selection", on page 87).
Note: The result range is applied to all pulse-based result displays.
"OFF"
"ON"
"ONCE"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:AUTO on page 172
Result Range Reference Point
Defines the reference point for positioning the result range. The Offset is given with
respect to this value.
"Rise"
"Center"
"Fall"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:REFerence on page 173
Switches automatic range scaling off
Switches automatic range scaling on
Executes automatic range scaling once and then switches it off
The result range is defined in reference to the rising edge.
The result range is defined in reference to the center of the pulse top.
The result range is defined in reference to the falling edge.
Offset
The offset in seconds from the pulse edge or center at which the result range reference
point occurs.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:OFFSet on page 173
Alignment
Defines the alignment of the result range in relation to the selected Result Range Ref-
erence Point.
"Left"
"Center"
"Right"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:ALIGnment on page 172
Length
Defines the length or duration of the result range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:LENGth on page 172
The result range starts at the pulse center or selected edge.
The result range is centered around the pulse center or selected
edge.
The result range ends at the pulse center or selected edge.
6.1.3 Result range spectrum configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Result Range" tab > "Result Range
Spectrum" tab
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Analysis
Result configuration
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Result Range" tab > "Result Range Spectrum" tab
For the "Result Range Spectrum" display additional settings are available for the FFT.
Window Type.................................................................................................................90
ResBW Manual............................................................................................................. 90
RBW Auto..................................................................................................................... 91
Window Type
Used FFT window type for "Result Range Spectrum". The same window types are
available as for "Parameter Spectrum" displays (see "Window functions" on page 47).
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:RRSPectrum:WINDow on page 208
ResBW Manual
Defines the resolution bandwidth for the "Result Range Spectrum".
The resolution bandwidth defines the minimum frequency separation at which the indi-
vidual components of a spectrum can be distinguished. Small values lead to high precision results, as the distance between two distinguishable frequencies is small, but
require a larger measurement interval (that is: longer Result Range length) for the calculation. Higher values decrease the precision, but can increase measurement speed.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:RRSPectrum:RBW on page 209
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6.1.4 Result range frequency configuration
Analysis
Result configuration
RBW Auto
If activated, a resolution bandwidth is selected automatically which provides a good
balance between fast measurement speed and high spectral resolution.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:RRSPectrum:AUTO on page 208
FM Video Bandwidth
Access: "Bandwidth" > "FM Video Bandwidth"
Additional filters applied after demodulation help filter out unwanted signals, or correct
pre-emphasized input signals.
●
Relative low pass filters:
Relative filters (3 dB) can be selected in % of the analysis (demodulation) bandwidth. The filters are designed as 5th-order Butterworth filters (30 dB/octave) and
active for all demodulation bandwidths.
●
"None" deactivates the FM video bandwidth (default).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DEMod:FMVF:TYPE on page 154
6.1.5 Parameter configuration for result displays
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Parameter" tab
For "parameter trend", spectrum, or distribution displays you can define which parameters are to be evaluated in each window.
● Parameter distribution configuration....................................................................... 91
● Parameter spectrum configuration..........................................................................93
● Parameter trend configuration.................................................................................95
6.1.5.1 Parameter distribution configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Parameter" > "Distribution"
The "parameter distribution" evaluations allow you to visualize the number of occurrences for a specific parameter value within the current capture buffer. For each "parameter distribution" window you can configure which measured parameter is to be displayed.
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Analysis
Result configuration
This tab is only available for windows with a Parameter Distribution evaluation.
Parameter Group.......................................................................................................... 92
X-Axis............................................................................................................................92
Y-Axis............................................................................................................................ 92
Histogram Bins..............................................................................................................93
Display Limit Lines........................................................................................................ 93
Parameter Group
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to display the distribution of the measured values on the y-axis. For a description of the parameters see
Chapter 3.1, "Pulse parameters", on page 15.
X-Axis
Defines the parameter for which the values are displayed on the x-axis. The available
parameters depend on the selected Parameter Group.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:<GroupName> <X-Axis>,<Y-Axis>, see e.g.
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:FREQuency on page 175
Y-Axis
Defines the scaling of the y-axis.
"Pulse count"
"Occurrence"
Number of pulses in which the value occurred.
Number of occurrences in percent of all measured values.
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Analysis
Result configuration
Histogram Bins
Number of columns on the x-axis, i.e. the number of measurement value ranges for
which the occurrences are determined.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:NBINs on page 176
Display Limit Lines
Hides or shows the limit lines in the selected Parameter Trend or Parameter Distribution result display. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new
position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in
any active table displays are adapted.
Note that this function only has an effect on the visibility of the lines in the graphical
displays, it does not affect the limit check in general or the display of the limit check
results in the table displays.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:LLINes[:STATe] on page 176
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:LLINes[:STATe] on page 197
6.1.5.2 Parameter spectrum configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Parameter" > "Spectrum"
A "parameter spectrum" displays the results of an FFT for a selected column of the
"Pulse Results" table. This "spectrum" allows you to easily determine the frequency of
periodicities in the pulse parameters.
For each "Parameter Spectrum" window you can configure which measured parameter
is to be displayed and how the spectrum is determined.
The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is basically a "parameter spectrum" based on complex
I/Q data. You cannot select a parameter for the spectrum. All other settings are identical to the "parameter spectrum".
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This tab is only available for windows with a "Parameter Spectrum" evaluation.
For more information on how the "parameter spectrum" is calculated see Chapter 4.3,
"Parameter spectrum calculation", on page 46.
Parameter Group.......................................................................................................... 94
Parameter..................................................................................................................... 94
Full Auto........................................................................................................................95
Maximum Frequency.....................................................................................................95
Window Type.................................................................................................................95
Block Size..................................................................................................................... 95
Gap Threshold.............................................................................................................. 95
Section Threshold......................................................................................................... 95
Parameter Group
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to display the FFT of
the measured values. For a description of the parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse
parameters", on page 15.
Parameter
Defines the parameter for which the FFT is calculated and displayed. The available
parameters depend on the selected Parameter Group.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:<GroupName> <X-Axis>, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:
PSPectrum:FREQuency on page 182
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Full Auto
Determines the "Parameter Spectrum" settings automatically. For most measurement
cases, automatic configuration should be suitable.
If enabled, the individual settings are not available.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:AUTO on page 180
Maximum Frequency
Defines the maximum frequency span for which the Spectrum is calculated. Internally,
the span is limited by the number of possible interpolation samples (100 000). Limiting
the span to the actually required frequencies decreases the calculation time and can
improve the obtained RBW.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:MAXFrequency on page 183
Window Type
Used FFT window type
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:WINDow on page 186
Block Size
Size of block used in spectrum calculation. Windowing and averaging are used to combine blocks. The block size also determines the resulting RBW of the spectrum.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:BLOCksize on page 180
Gap Threshold
Minimum time that must pass before a gap is detected as such.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:GTHReshold on page 182
Section Threshold
Minimum section size as a percentage of the block size. Sections that are smaller than
the threshold are ignored and considered to be in the detected gap.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:STHReshold on page 185
6.1.5.3 Parameter trend configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Parameter" tab > "Trend" tab
The parameter trend result displays allow you to visualize changes in a specific parameter for all measured pulses within the current capture buffer. For each parameter trend
window you can configure which measured parameter is to be displayed on the x-axis
and which on the y-axis.
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This tab is only available for windows with a Parameter Trend result display.
Parameter Group Y.......................................................................................................96
Y-Axis............................................................................................................................ 96
Parameter Group X.......................................................................................................96
X-Axis............................................................................................................................97
Display Limit Lines........................................................................................................ 97
Parameter Group Y
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to display the trend
on the y-axis. For a description of the parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse parame-
ters", on page 15.
Y-Axis
Defines the parameter for which the trend is displayed on the y-axis. The available
parameters depend on the selected "Parameter Group Y" on page 96.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:<GroupName>:Y, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:TRENd:
FREQuency:Y on page 196
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:<GroupName> Y,X, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:TRENd:
FREQuency on page 194
Parameter Group X
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to display the trend
on the x-axis. For a description of the parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse parame-
ters", on page 15.
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X-Axis
Defines the parameter for which the trend is displayed on the y-axis. The available
parameters depend on the selected Parameter Group X.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:<GroupName>:X, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:TRENd:
FREQuency:X on page 195
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:<GroupName> Y,X, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:TRENd:
FREQuency on page 194
Display Limit Lines
Hides or shows the limit lines in the selected Parameter Trend or Parameter Distribution result display. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new
position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in
any active table displays are adapted.
Note that this function only has an effect on the visibility of the lines in the graphical
displays, it does not affect the limit check in general or the display of the limit check
results in the table displays.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:LLINes[:STATe] on page 176
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:LLINes[:STATe] on page 197
6.1.6 Table configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Table Config"
During each measurement, a large number of statistical and characteristic values are
determined. The "Pulse Statistics" and "Pulse Results" result displays provide an overview of the parameters selected here.
Note that the "Result Configuration" dialog box is window-specific; table configuration
settings are only available if a table display is selected. However, the table configuration applies to all tables, regardless of which table is selected.
Select the parameters to be included in the tables, and the required unit scaling, if
available. For a description of the individual parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse
parameters", on page 15.
Table export configuration is described in "Table Export Configuration" on page 116.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:<GroupName>:<ParamName>, see Chapter 9.12.8, "Config-
uring the statistics and parameter tables", on page 209
● Limit settings for table displays............................................................................... 97
6.1.6.1 Limit settings for table displays
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Table Config" > "Limits"
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Measurement results can be checked against defined limits and the results of the limit
check can then be indicated in the Result Table.
For details on limits see "Pulse Results" on page 37.
The settings are window-specific and only available for result tables.
Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Distribution and Parameter
Trend diagrams. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new
position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in
any active table displays are adapted.
Parameter Group.......................................................................................................... 98
Parameter..................................................................................................................... 98
Activating a limit check for a parameter........................................................................ 99
Defining lower and upper limits for a parameter........................................................... 99
Deactivating a limit check for an entire parameter group..............................................99
Deactivating all limit checks for all parameter groups................................................... 99
Parameter Group
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to define limits. For a
description of the parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse parameters", on page 15.
Parameter
Defines the parameter for which the limits are to be defined. The available parameters
depend on the selected Parameter Group.
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Activating a limit check for a parameter
To activate a limit check for the selected parameter, set "Limit On/Off" to "ON".
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:<ParameterGroup>:<Parameter>:LIMit:STATe
on page 228
Defining lower and upper limits for a parameter
The "Lower Limit" and "Upper Limit" define the valid value range for the limit check for
the selected parameter.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:<ParameterGroup>:<Parameter>:LIMit on page 230
Deactivating a limit check for an entire parameter group
To deactivate all limits for an entire parameter group at once, select "Turn off all limits
in group". This function is identical to setting "Limit On/Off" to "OFF" for each parameter in the group.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:<ParameterGroup>:ALL:LIMit:STATe on page 229
Deactivating all limit checks for all parameter groups
To deactivate all limits for all parameter groups at once, select "Turn off limits". This
function is identical to setting "Limit On/Off" to "OFF" for each parameter in each group.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:ALL:LIMit:STATe on page 229
6.1.7 Y-Scaling
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Y Scaling"
The scaling for the vertical axis is highly configurable, using either absolute or relative
values.
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Automatic Grid Scaling................................................................................................100
Auto Scale Once......................................................................................................... 100
Absolute Scaling (Min/Max Values).............................................................................101
Relative Scaling (Reference/ per Division)..................................................................101
└ Per Division...................................................................................................101
└ Ref Position...................................................................................................101
└ Ref Value...................................................................................................... 101
Automatic Grid Scaling
The y-axis is scaled automatically according to the current measurement settings and
results (continuously).
Note: If a limit is defined for a parameter that is displayed in a Parameter Trend dia-
gram (see "Activating a limit check for a parameter" on page 99), autoscaling is not
available for the axis this parameter is displayed on.
Note: Tip: To update the scaling automatically once when this setting for continuous
scaling is off, use the "Auto Scale Once" on page 100 button or the softkey in the
[AUTO SET] menu.
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>][:SUBWindow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:AUTO
on page 232
Auto Scale Once
Automatically determines the optimal range and reference level position to be displayed for the current measurement settings.
The display is only set once; it is not adapted further if the measurement settings are
changed again.
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