R&S®NRP18S-xx
High-Power Three-Path Diode Power
Sensors
User Manual
(;ÜTä2)
1178368602
Version 08
This manual describes the following high-power three-path diode power sensors with firmware version FW
02.40 and later:
●
R&S®NRP18S-10 (1424.6721K02)
●
R&S®NRP18S-20 (1424.6738K02)
●
R&S®NRP18S-25 (1424.6744K02)
© 2022 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Muehldorfstr. 15, 81671 Muenchen, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
All other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.
1178.3686.02 | Version 08 | R&S®NRP18S-xx
Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol, for example R&S®NRP18S-10 is
abbreviated as R&S NRP18S-10.
R&S®NRP18S-xx
1 Safety and regulatory information........................................................7
1.1 Safety instructions........................................................................................................7
1.2 Labels on the product...................................................................................................8
1.3 Warning messages in the documentation.................................................................. 8
2 Welcome................................................................................................. 9
2.1 Documentation overview..............................................................................................9
2.1.1 Getting started manual....................................................................................................9
2.1.2 User manuals.................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.3 Tutorials...........................................................................................................................9
2.1.4 Instrument security procedures.......................................................................................9
Contents
Contents
2.1.5 Basic safety instructions..................................................................................................9
2.1.6 Data sheets and brochures........................................................................................... 10
2.1.7 Release notes and open source acknowledgment (OSA)............................................ 10
2.1.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.................................................10
2.2 Key features.................................................................................................................10
3 Preparing for use................................................................................. 12
3.1 Unpacking and checking............................................................................................12
3.2 Choosing the operating site.......................................................................................12
3.3 Considerations for test setup.................................................................................... 13
3.4 Connecting to a DUT...................................................................................................13
3.5 Powering the power sensor....................................................................................... 14
3.6 Connecting a cable to the host interface..................................................................15
3.7 Connecting to a controlling host...............................................................................15
3.7.1 Computer...................................................................................................................... 15
3.7.2 Base unit....................................................................................................................... 18
4 Power sensor tour................................................................................19
4.1 RF connector............................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Status information...................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Host interface.............................................................................................................. 20
4.4 Trigger I/O connector..................................................................................................20
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5 Operating concepts............................................................................. 22
5.1 R&S NRP Toolkit..........................................................................................................22
5.1.1 Versions and downloads............................................................................................... 22
5.1.2 System requirements.................................................................................................... 22
5.1.3 R&S NRP Toolkit for Windows...................................................................................... 23
5.2 Remote control............................................................................................................24
5.3 R&S NRPV....................................................................................................................25
5.4 R&S Power Viewer...................................................................................................... 26
5.5 R&S Power Viewer Mobile..........................................................................................28
5.6 R&S NRX...................................................................................................................... 28
6 Firmware update.................................................................................. 30
6.1 Preparing the update.................................................................................................. 30
Contents
6.2 Updating the firmware................................................................................................ 30
6.2.1 Using the Firmware Update for NRP Family program...................................................30
6.2.2 Using remote control..................................................................................................... 32
7 Replacing an R&S NRP‑Zxx with an R&S NRP18S-xx ..................... 34
7.1 Important difference................................................................................................... 34
7.2 Prerequisites............................................................................................................... 34
8 Remote control commands.................................................................35
8.1 Conventions used in SCPI command descriptions................................................. 35
8.2 Notations......................................................................................................................36
8.3 Common commands...................................................................................................37
8.4 Preparing for the measurement.................................................................................41
8.4.1 Selecting the reference source..................................................................................... 41
8.4.2 Selecting a measurement path..................................................................................... 41
8.4.3 Selecting a measurement mode................................................................................... 42
8.4.4 Configuring the measured values................................................................................. 43
8.5 Controlling the measurement.................................................................................... 44
8.5.1 Starting and ending a measurement............................................................................. 45
8.5.2 Triggering...................................................................................................................... 46
8.5.3 Controlling the measurement results............................................................................ 48
8.5.4 Interplay of the controlling mechanisms........................................................................49
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8.5.5 Configuring the trigger...................................................................................................54
8.6 Configuring the measurement modes...................................................................... 59
8.6.1 Continuous average measurement............................................................................... 59
8.6.2 Burst average measurement.........................................................................................63
8.6.3 Timeslot measurement..................................................................................................64
8.6.4 Trace measurement...................................................................................................... 66
8.7 Configuring basic measurement parameters...........................................................70
8.7.1 Configuring auto averaging........................................................................................... 70
8.7.2 Setting the frequency.................................................................................................... 74
8.7.3 Excluding intervals........................................................................................................ 74
8.7.4 Configuring corrections................................................................................................. 76
8.8 Configuring measurement results.............................................................................91
8.8.1 Setting the power unit................................................................................................... 91
Contents
8.8.2 Setting the result format................................................................................................ 92
8.9 Querying measurement results................................................................................. 93
8.9.1 Continuous average measurement results................................................................... 93
8.9.2 Burst average measurement results............................................................................. 94
8.9.3 Timeslot measurement results...................................................................................... 94
8.9.4 Trace measurement results...........................................................................................94
8.10 Calibrating, zeroing.....................................................................................................96
8.11 Testing..........................................................................................................................98
8.12 Configuring the system.............................................................................................. 99
8.12.1 Configuring general functions....................................................................................... 99
8.13 Using the status register.......................................................................................... 108
8.13.1 General status register commands............................................................................. 108
8.13.2 Reading the CONDition part....................................................................................... 108
8.13.3 Reading the EVENt part..............................................................................................109
8.13.4 Controlling the ENABle part........................................................................................ 109
8.13.5 Controlling the negative transition part........................................................................109
8.13.6 Controlling the positive transition part......................................................................... 110
9 Performing measurement tasks - programming examples............ 111
9.1 Performing the simplest measurement................................................................... 111
9.2 Performing the fastest measurement in continuous average mode.................... 111
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9.2.1 Untriggered fast unchopped continuous average measurement.................................111
9.2.2 Triggered fast unchopped continuous average measurement.................................... 113
9.3 Performing a buffered continuous average measurement................................... 114
9.4 Performing trace measurements............................................................................. 116
9.5 Trace measurement with synchronization to measurement complete................ 117
10 Remote control basics.......................................................................119
10.1 Remote control interfaces and protocols............................................................... 119
10.1.1 USB interface.............................................................................................................. 119
10.2 Status reporting system........................................................................................... 120
10.2.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 120
10.2.2 Device status register..................................................................................................122
10.2.3 Questionable status register....................................................................................... 124
Contents
10.2.4 Standard event status and enable register (ESR, ESE)............................................. 127
10.2.5 Operation status register.............................................................................................128
11 Troubleshooting.................................................................................136
11.1 Displaying status information..................................................................................136
11.2 Performing a selftest................................................................................................ 136
11.3 Problems during a firmware update........................................................................136
11.4 Contacting customer support..................................................................................137
12 Transporting.......................................................................................138
13 Maintenance, storage and disposal................................................. 139
13.1 Regular checks..........................................................................................................139
13.2 Cleaning..................................................................................................................... 140
13.3 Storage.......................................................................................................................140
13.4 Disposal..................................................................................................................... 140
List of commands.............................................................................. 142
Index....................................................................................................147
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1 Safety and regulatory information
Safety and regulatory information
Safety instructions
The product documentation helps you use the product safely and efficiently. Follow the
instructions provided here and in the following chapters.
Intended use
The power sensors are intended for accurate and uncomplicated power measurements
in production, R&D and calibration labs as well as for installation and maintenance
tasks. The supported base units are listed in the data sheet. Observe the operating
conditions and performance limits stated in the data sheet.
Target audience
The target audience is developers and technicians. The required skills and experience
in power measurements depend on the used operating concept.
The power sensor is designed for high-power applications.
Where do I find safety information?
Safety information is part of the product documentation. It warns you of potential dangers and gives instructions on how to prevent personal injury or damage caused by
dangerous situations. Safety information is provided as follows:
●
In Chapter 1.1, "Safety instructions", on page 7. The same information is provided in many languages as printed "Safety Instructions". The printed "Safety
Instructions" are delivered with the product.
●
Throughout the documentation, safety instructions are provided when you need to
take care during setup or operation.
1.1 Safety instructions
Products from the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies are manufactured according
to the highest technical standards. To use the products safely, follow the instructions
provided here and in the product documentation. Keep the product documentation
nearby and offer it to other users.
Use the product only for its intended use and within its performance limits. Intended
use and limits are described in the product documentation such as the data sheet,
manuals and the printed "Safety Instructions". If you are unsure about the appropriate
use, contact Rohde & Schwarz customer service.
Using the product requires specialists or specially trained personnel. These users also
need sound knowledge of at least one of the languages in which the user interfaces
and the product documentation are available.
Reconfigure or adjust the product only as described in the product documentation or
the data sheet. Any other modifications can affect safety and are not permitted.
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Safety and regulatory information
Warning messages in the documentation
Never open the casing of the product. Only service personnel authorized by
Rohde & Schwarz are allowed to repair the product. If any part of the product is damaged or broken, stop using the product. Contact Rohde & Schwarz customer service at
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/support.
Operating the product
Only use the product indoors. The product casing is not waterproof.
Observe the ambient conditions such as altitude, operating temperature and climatic
loads; see the data sheet.
Meaning of safety labels
Safety labels on the product warn against potential hazards.
Potential hazard
Read the product documentation to avoid personal injury or product damage.
1.2 Labels on the product
Labels on the product inform about:
●
Personal safety
See "Meaning of safety labels" on page 8.
●
Environment safety
See Table 1-1.
●
Identification of the product
The name plate at the rear side of the power sensor contains the serial number
that uniquely identifies the power sensor.
Table 1-1: Labels regarding environment safety
Labeling in line with EN 50419 for disposal of electrical and electronic equipment after the product has come to the end of its service life.
For more information, see "Disposing electrical and electronic equipment" on page 140.
1.3 Warning messages in the documentation
A warning message points out a risk or danger that you need to be aware of. The signal word indicates the severity of the safety hazard and how likely it will occur if you do
not follow the safety precautions.
NOTICE
Potential risks of damage. Could result in damage to the supported product or to other
property.
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2 Welcome
2.1 Documentation overview
Welcome
Documentation overview
This chapter provides an overview of the user documentation and an introduction to
the R&S NRP18S-xx .
This section provides an overview of the R&S NRP18S-xx user documentation. Unless
specified otherwise, you find the documents at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/nrp18s-xx
Further documents are available at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/nrp_s_sn
2.1.1 Getting started manual
Introduces the R&S NRP18S-xx and describes how to set up and start working with the
product. Includes basic operations and general information, e.g. safety instructions,
etc. A printed version is delivered with the power sensor.
2.1.2 User manuals
Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an
introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control commands
with programming examples, and information on maintenance and interfaces. Includes
the contents of the getting started manual.
2.1.3 Tutorials
Tutorials offer guided examples and demonstrations on operating the R&S NRP18Sxx . They are provided on the product page of the internet.
2.1.4 Instrument security procedures
Deals with security issues when working with the R&S NRP18S-xx in secure areas. It
is available for download on the Internet.
2.1.5 Basic safety instructions
Contains safety instructions, operating conditions and further important information.
The printed document is delivered with the instrument.
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2.1.6 Data sheets and brochures
2.1.7 Release notes and open source acknowledgment (OSA)
Welcome
Key features
The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S NRP18S-xx . It also
lists the firmware applications and their order numbers, and optional accessories.
The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific characteristics.
www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/nrp18s-xx
The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current
firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.
The "Open Source Acknowledgment" is provided on the user documentation CD-ROM,
included in the delivery. It contains verbatim license texts of the used open source software.
www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/nrp_s_sn
2.1.8 Application notes, application cards, white papers, etc.
These documents deal with special applications or background information on particular topics.
www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/nrp18s-xx
2.2 Key features
The 3-path diode power sensors are members of the NRP power sensors from Rohde
& Schwarz.
They provide a high-speed USB interface that constitutes both the communication port
and the power supply connection.
The R&S NRP18S-xx power sensors are designed for high-power applications. Each
R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor is delivered with an upstream attenuator.
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Welcome
Key features
Figure 2-1: R&S NRP18S-10, R&S NRP18S-20 and R&S NRP18S-25 (from left)
To provide physically correct results, the power sensor itself numerically compensates
the influence of the attenuator. Hence, the measurement output is not the power level
that is measured at the input port of the power sensor. It represents the power level at
the input of the attenuator.
This numerical compensation of a two-port ("S-parameter device") connected
upstream is also implemented in R&S NRP power sensors that are delivered without
an attenuator. You can select any third-party attenuator, measure its S-parameters and
connect it upstream of the power sensor in place of the supplied attenuator.
However, a precise measurement of the S-parameters is not trivial, and not all attenuators are sufficiently stable. To enable high-precision power measurements with R&S
NRP18S‑xx power sensors, each included attenuator is highly stable and accurately
calibrated on site. The factory-provided calibration data is stored in the factory calibration data set of the power sensor and includes the precisely determined S-parameter
values.
At start-up of the power sensor, it automatically activates S-parameter correction based
on the stored S-parameters. You can change this default behavior using the S-parameters tool included in the R&S NRP Toolkit, see Chapter 8.7.4.3, "S-parameter correc-
tion", on page 77.
●
If you use the power sensor without an attenuator to increase sensitivity, disable Sparameter correction.
●
If you use the power sensor with a third-party attenuator, load its S-parameters and
define it as the active device.
For a detailed specification, refer to the data sheet and the brochure.
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3 Preparing for use
3.1 Unpacking and checking
Preparing for use
Choosing the operating site
Here, you can find basic information about setting up the product for the first time.
● Unpacking and checking.........................................................................................12
● Choosing the operating site.................................................................................... 12
● Considerations for test setup.................................................................................. 13
● Connecting to a DUT...............................................................................................13
● Powering the power sensor.....................................................................................14
● Connecting a cable to the host interface.................................................................15
● Connecting to a controlling host..............................................................................15
1. Unpack the product carefully.
2. Retain the original packing material. Use it when transporting or shipping the product later.
3. Using the delivery notes, check the equipment for completeness.
4. Check the equipment for damage.
If the delivery is incomplete or equipment is damaged, contact Rohde & Schwarz.
3.2 Choosing the operating site
Specific operating conditions ensure proper operation and avoid damage to the product and connected devices. For information on environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and humidity, see the data sheet.
Electromagnetic compatibility classes
The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) class indicates where you can operate the
product. The EMC class of the product is given in the data sheet.
●
Class B equipment is suitable for use in:
– Residential environments
– Environments that are directly connected to a low-voltage supply network that
supplies residential buildings
●
Class A equipment is intended for use in industrial environments. It can cause
radio disturbances in residential environments due to possible conducted and radiated disturbances. It is therefore not suitable for class B environments.
If class A equipment causes radio disturbances, take appropriate measures to
eliminate them.
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3.3 Considerations for test setup
Preparing for use
Connecting to a DUT
Give particular attention to the following aspects when handling power sensors.
Handling the R&S NRP18S‑xx power sensor
CAUTION! Hot surfaces. Under certain conditions, the maximum surface tempera-
►
tures of the power sensor can exceed the limits defined in the EN 61010-1 standard, safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and
laboratory use.
Provide protection as follows:
a) Ensure that unintentional contact with the power sensor is impossible.
b) Wear heat-protective gloves when touching the power sensor after operation.
EMI impact on measurement results
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can affect the measurement results.
To suppress electromagnetic radiation during operation:
●
Use high-quality shielded cables, for example, double-shielded RF and interface
cables.
●
Always terminate open cable ends.
●
Ensure that connected external devices comply with EMC regulations.
Signal input and output levels
Information on signal levels is provided in the data sheet. Keep the signal levels within
the specified ranges to avoid damage to the product and connected devices.
The test limits specified on the name plate apply only if the power sensor is operated
together with the RF power attenuator supplied. If the power sensor is operated without
attenuator, the lower test limits of the R&S NRP18S power sensor apply, as specified
in the data sheet.
Preventing electrostatic discharge (ESD)
Electrostatic discharge is most likely to occur when you connect or disconnect a DUT.
NOTICE! Electrostatic discharge can damage the electronic components of the
►
product and the device under test (DUT).
Ground yourself to prevent electrostatic discharge damage:
a) Use a wrist strap and cord to connect yourself to ground.
b) Use a conductive floor mat and heel strap combination.
3.4 Connecting to a DUT
For connecting the power sensor to a DUT, use the RF connector. See Chapter 4.1,
"RF connector", on page 19.
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Preparing for use
Powering the power sensor
To connect to the DUT
1. Ensure that the RF connector of your DUT is compatible with the RF connector of
the power sensor or attenuator.
See Table 4-1.
2. Inspect both RF connectors carefully. Look for metal particles, contaminants and
defects.
If either RF connector is damaged, do not proceed, because the risk of damaging
the mating connector is too high.
See also Chapter 13.1, "Regular checks", on page 139.
3. Insert the RF connector straight into the RF output of your DUT. Take care not to tilt
it.
180
NOTICE! Risk of damaging the center pin of the RF connector. Only rotate the hex
4.
nut of the RF connector. Never rotate the power sensor itself.
Tighten the RF connector manually.
To disconnect from the DUT
NOTICE! Risk of damaging the center pin of the RF connector. Always rotate only
►
the union nut of the RF connector. Never rotate the power sensor itself.
If the attenuator is attached to the power sensor:
a) Carefully loosen the union nut of the RF connector at the input of the attenua-
tor.
b) Remove the power sensor with the attenuator.
Normally, it is not necessary or advisable to separate the attenuator from the power
sensor if both are operated together.
► If you use the power sensor without attenuator:
a) Carefully loosen the union nut at the RF connector of the power sensor.
b) Remove the power sensor.
3.5 Powering the power sensor
The electrical power for the R&S NRP18S-xx is supplied over the host interface. See
Chapter 4.3, "Host interface", on page 20.
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3.6 Connecting a cable to the host interface
Preparing for use
Connecting to a controlling host
For connecting the power sensor to a USB host, use the host interface. See Chap-
ter 4.3, "Host interface", on page 20.
Depending on the USB host, use one of the following cables:
●
Computer or R&S NRP‑Z5 sensor hub:
R&S NRP‑ZKU cable with a USB connector
See Chapter 3.7.1, "Computer", on page 15.
●
Base units or other supported Rohde & Schwarz instruments:
R&S NRP‑ZK6 cable with a push-pull type connector
See Chapter 3.7.2, "Base unit", on page 18.
These cables can be obtained in different lengths up to 5 meters. The order numbers
are provided in the data sheet.
To connect a cable to the host interface of the power sensor
1. Insert the screw-lock cable connector into the host interface connector of the power
sensor.
2. Tighten the union nut manually.
To disconnect the host interface of the power sensor
1. Loosen the union nut of the screw-lock cable connector.
2. Remove the cable.
3.7 Connecting to a controlling host
As a controlling host, you can use:
●
Computer
●
Base unit
For operating the power sensor, you can choose from various possibilities. For details,
see Chapter 5, "Operating concepts", on page 22.
3.7.1 Computer
If the controlling host is a computer, you can operate the power sensor in several ways.
For details, see Chapter 5, "Operating concepts", on page 22.
► Establish the connection using:
● Host interface
See Chapter 3.7.1.1, "Simple USB connection", on page 16.
See Chapter 3.7.1.2, "R&S NRP‑Z5 sensor hub setup", on page 16.
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3.7.1.1 Simple USB connection
Preparing for use
Connecting to a controlling host
All R&S NRP18S-xx power sensors can be connected to the USB interface of a computer.
Required equipment
●
R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor
●
R&S NRP‑ZKU cable
Setup
7
1
Figure 3-1: Setup with an R&S NRP‑ZKU cable
1 = Signal source
2 = Attenuator
3 = R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor
4 = Host interface connector
5 = R&S NRP‑ZKU cable
6 = USB connector
7 = Computer with installed VISA driver or R&S NRP Toolkit
2
3
4
6
5
Set up as shown in Figure 3-1.
1. Connect the R&S NRP‑ZKU cable to the power sensor. See "To connect a cable to
the host interface of the power sensor" on page 15.
2. Connect the R&S NRP‑ZKU cable to the computer.
NOTICE! Incorrectly connecting or disconnecting the power sensor can damage
3.
the power sensor or lead to erroneous results. Ensure that you connect or disconnect the power sensor as described in Chapter 3.4, "Connecting to a DUT",
on page 13.
Connect the power sensor to the signal source.
4. On the computer, start a software application to view the measurement results.
See Chapter 5, "Operating concepts", on page 22.
3.7.1.2 R&S NRP‑Z5 sensor hub setup
The R&S NRP‑Z5 sensor hub (high-speed USB 2.0) can host up to four R&S NRP18Sxx power sensors and provides simultaneous external triggering to all connected power
sensors.
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R&S®NRP18S-xx
Preparing for use
Connecting to a controlling host
Required equipment
●
1 to 4 R&S NRP18S-xx power sensors
●
1 R&S NRP‑ZK6 cable per power sensor
●
R&S NRP‑Z5 sensor hub with external power supply unit and USB cable
●
BNC cables to connect the trigger input and trigger output signals (optional)
Setup
7
1
Figure 3-2: Setup with an R&S NRP-Z5 sensor hub
1 = External power supply unit
2 = Connect to AC power supply.
3 = Connect to computer with USB host interface.
4 = Optional: Connect to trigger source.
5 = Optional: Connect to triggered device.
6 = R&S NRP‑Z5 sensor hub
7 = Signal source (DUT)
8 = Attenuator
9 = R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor
10 = R&S NRP‑ZK6 cable
2 3 4
5
6
8
9
10
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R&S®NRP18S-xx
Preparing for use
Connecting to a controlling host
Set up as shown in Figure 3-2.
1. Connect the R&S NRP‑ZK6 cable to the power sensor. See "To connect a cable to
the host interface of the power sensor" on page 15.
2. Connect the power sensors to the R&S NRP‑Z5 sensor hub. You can connect up to
four power sensors.
3. Connect the R&S NRP‑Z5 to the computer.
NOTICE! Incorrectly connecting or disconnecting the power sensor can damage
4.
the power sensor or lead to erroneous results. Ensure that you connect or disconnect the power sensor as described in Chapter 3.4, "Connecting to a DUT",
on page 13.
Connect the power sensors to the signal sources.
5. Connect the delivered external power supply unit to the R&S NRP‑Z5 and to an AC
supply connector.
6. Connect the trigger input of the R&S NRP‑Z5 with a BNC cable to the trigger
source (optional).
7. Connect the trigger output of the R&S NRP‑Z5 with a BNC cable to the trigger
device (optional).
8. On the computer, start a software application to view the measurement results.
See Chapter 5, "Operating concepts", on page 22.
3.7.2 Base unit
As a controlling host, you can use an R&S NRX base unit.
You can also operate the power sensor using other supported Rohde & Schwarz
instruments with a sensor connector. For details, see also the user manual of the
instrument.
► Establish the connection with the base unit using:
Host interface, see Chapter 5.6, "R&S NRX", on page 28.
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4 Power sensor tour
Power sensor tour
RF connector
This chapter provides an overview of the available connectors and LEDs of the power
sensor.
1
2
3
4
Figure 4-1: R&S NRP18S‑xx power sensor
1 = RF connector (attenuator), see Chapter 4.1, "RF connector", on page 19
2 = RF connector (power sensor), see Chapter 4.1, "RF connector", on page 19
3 = Status LED, see Chapter 4.2, "Status information", on page 20
4 = Host interface connector, see Chapter 4.3, "Host interface", on page 20
5 = Trigger I/O connector, see Chapter 4.4, "Trigger I/O connector", on page 20
4.1 RF connector
The RF connector is used for connecting the power sensor to a device under test
(DUT) or a signal generator. See Chapter 3.4, "Connecting to a DUT", on page 13.
The RF connector type is an N connector. Use it to connect to the following:
●
Included attenuator, which is in turn connected to a device under test (DUT) or a
signal generator.
●
DUT or signal generator, directly connected.
●
Two-port device ("S-parameter device"), which in turn is connected to a DUT or a
signal generator.
5
For maximum measurement accuracy, tighten the RF connector using a torque wrench
with a nominal torque as specified in the following table.
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R&S®NRP18S-xx
Power sensor tour
Trigger I/O connector
Table 4-1: R&S NRP18S‑xx RF connector characteristics
Power sensor Male connector Matching female con-
R&S NRP18S
4.2 Status information
The status LED gives information about the state of the power sensor. The following
states are defined:
Indication State
White Idle state. The power sensor performs no measurement and is ready for
Flashing white Firmware update is in progress
Slow flashing white Sanitizing in progress
Yellow Wait for trigger state
Green Measuring state
Turquoise blue Zeroing is in progress
nector
N N
use.
Tightening torque
1.36 Nm (12'' lbs)
Slow flashing red Static error
You can query the error type with SYSTem:SERRor?.
Fast flashing red Critical static error
You can query the error type with SYSTem:SERRor?.
Note: If this state occurs after a firmware update, the update was not
successful. Perform the firmware update again.
See also Chapter 11.3, "Problems during a firmware update",
on page 136.
4.3 Host interface
The host interface is used for establishing a connection between the power sensor and
a USB host. For this purpose, an external cable is needed. See Chapter 3.6, "Connect-
ing a cable to the host interface", on page 15.
4.4 Trigger I/O connector
The trigger I/O is a connector of SMB type.
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Power sensor tour
Trigger I/O connector
It is used as an input for signals if the trigger source parameter is set to EXTernal2. It
is used as an output for trigger signals if the power sensor is operated in the trigger
sender mode.
Further information:
●
Chapter 8.5.2, "Triggering", on page 46
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5 Operating concepts
5.1 R&S NRP Toolkit
Operating concepts
NRP Toolkit
R&S
For operating the power sensor, you can choose from various possibilities:
●
Chapter 5.2, "Remote control", on page 24
●
Chapter 5.3, "R&S NRPV", on page 25
●
Chapter 5.4, "R&S Power Viewer", on page 26
●
Chapter 5.5, "R&S Power Viewer Mobile", on page 28
●
Chapter 5.6, "R&S NRX", on page 28
Before you start using the power sensor, we recommend to install the R&S NRP Toolkit.
The R&S NRP Toolkit is the basic software package that supplies low-level drivers and
tools for all power sensors. The components of the R&S NRP Toolkit depend on the
operating system.
5.1.1 Versions and downloads
The R&S NRP Toolkit is available for:
●
Microsoft Windows operating systems, as listed in Chapter 5.1.2, "System require-
ments", on page 22
●
Linux distributions
●
macOS
Several R&S NRP Toolkit versions are available on your documentation CD-ROM. The
latest version for Windows is available at www.rohde-schwarz.com/software/nrp-toolkit.
To obtain an R&S NRP Toolkit for an operating system other than Microsoft Windows,
contact the Rohde & Schwarz customer support: customersupport@rohde-
schwarz.com
5.1.2 System requirements
Hardware requirements:
●
Desktop computer or laptop, or an Intel-based Apple Mac
Supported Microsoft Windows versions:
●
Microsoft Windows Vista 32/64-bit
●
Microsoft Windows 7 32/64-bit
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5.1.3 R&S NRP Toolkit for Windows
Operating concepts
NRP Toolkit
R&S
●
Microsoft Windows 8/ 8.1 32/64-bit
●
Microsoft Windows 10 32/64-bit
The R&S NRP Toolkit installer for Windows-based systems contains the components
described in the release notes available at www.rohde-schwarz.com/software/nrp-tool-
kit.
To install the R&S NRP Toolkit
1. Start the R&S NRP Toolkit installer on the Windows-based computer.
In the "NRP-Toolkit Setup" dialog, the correct R&S NRP Toolkit version for your
operating system, 32-bit or 64-bit, is already selected.
2. Enable the components you want to install.
● "NRP-Toolkit (SDK)"
The software development kit (SDK) provides programming examples for the
R&S power sensors.
See Chapter 9, "Performing measurement tasks - programming examples",
on page 111.
● "IVI Shared Components"
Installs the USBTMC driver. Enabled by default because the installation is recommended.
See also Table 10-1.
3. Accept the license terms to continue with the installation.
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5.1.3.1 Components of the R&S NRP Toolkit
Operating concepts
Remote control
4. Click "Next" and complete the installation process.
Access: "Start" > "NRP-Toolkit"
The following tools are part of the R&S NRP Toolkit for Windows.
Configure Network Sensor
Useful if you have troubles establishing a LAN connection with an R&S NRP LAN
power sensor. The tool provides the following functions:
●
Configuring the network settings by (temporary) connecting the selected power
sensor to the computer using USB.
●
Discovering the power sensors that have been configured via the Zeroconf (APIA)
protocol.
The tool comes with a guide (PDF) that is also available in the "Start" menu. The guide
explains the network setup.
Firmware Update
You can use the Firmware Update for NRP Family program to load new firmware for
the power sensors.
See Chapter 6, "Firmware update", on page 30.
NRP Version Display
Displays version information of all installed, power measurement-relevant software
packages.
R&S NRP‑Z Uncertainty Calculator
Determines the expanded measurement uncertainty. The tool comes with a manual
(PDF) that is also available in the "Start" menu.
S-Parameter Update Multi
Helps loading an S-parameter table into the power sensor.
See Chapter 8.7.4.6, "Using the S-Parameters program", on page 82.
Terminal
Low-level communication program for sending commands to the power sensor.
5.2 Remote control
You can remote control the R&S NRP18S-xx easily.
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5.3 R&S NRPV
Operating concepts
NRPV
R&S
Further information:
●
Chapter 8, "Remote control commands", on page 35
●
Chapter 10, "Remote control basics", on page 119
●
Chapter 10.1, "Remote control interfaces and protocols", on page 119
●
Chapter 3.7.1, "Computer", on page 15
The R&S NRPV enables you to measure power in all available measurement modes.
Also, you can use up to four power sensors simultaneously.
The R&S NRPV is provided on your documentation CD-ROM and on the
Rohde & Schwarz website as a separate standalone installation package.
Required equipment
●
R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor
●
R&S NRP‑ZKU cable or an R&S NRP‑Z5 sensor hub and an R&S NRP‑ZK6 cable
to connect the power sensor to the computer
●
Windows computer with installed:
– R&S NRP Toolkit version 4.20 or higher
– R&S NRPV version 3.2 or higher (refer to the operating manual of the
R&S NRPV for a description of the installation process)
Setup
7
1
Figure 5-1: Setup with an R&S
1 = Signal source
2 = Attenuator
3 = R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor
4 = Host interface connector
5 = R&S NRP‑ZKU cable
6 = USB connector
7 = Computer with installed R&S NRPV
NOTICE! Incorrectly connecting or disconnecting the power sensor can damage
1.
2
NRPV
3
4
5
6
the power sensor or lead to erroneous results. Ensure that you connect or disconnect the power sensor as described in Chapter 3.4, "Connecting to a DUT",
on page 13.
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Operating concepts
Power Viewer
R&S
Connect the power sensor to the signal source.
2. Connect the power sensor to the computer as shown in Figure 5-1.
For a detailed description, refer to Chapter 3.7.1.1, "Simple USB connection",
on page 16.
Starting a measurement
For a detailed description of how to measure in this setup, refer to the operating manual of the R&S NRPV.
1. Start the R&S NRPV.
2. If you use the power sensor without the attenuator supplied in the delivery or with
another 2-port device, adjust the S-parameter correction. See Chapter 8.7.4.3, "S-
parameter correction", on page 77.
3. Execute zeroing.
Note: Turn off all measurement signals before zeroing. An active measurement
signal during zeroing causes an error.
4. Switch on the test signal of the signal source.
5. Start a measurement.
5.4 R&S Power Viewer
The R&S Power Viewer is software that simplifies many measurement tasks. It is provided on your documentation CD-ROM and on the Rohde & Schwarz website as a separate standalone installation package.
Required equipment
●
R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor
●
R&S NRP‑ZKU cable or an R&S NRP‑Z5 sensor hub and an R&S NRP‑ZK6 cable
to connect the power sensor to the computer
●
Computer with installed:
– R&S NRP Toolkit version 4.20 or higher
– R&S Power Viewer version 9.2 or higher (refer to the operating manual of the
R&S Power Viewer for a description of the installation process)
If you want to use an android device like a tablet or a smartphone, use the R&S Power
Viewer Mobile. For details, see Chapter 5.5, "R&S Power Viewer Mobile", on page 28.
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Setup
Operating concepts
Power Viewer
R&S
7
1
Figure 5-2: Setup with the R&S Power Viewer
1 = Signal source
2 = Attenuator
3 = R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor
4 = Host interface connector
5 = R&S NRP‑ZKU cable
6 = USB connector
7 = Computer with installed R&S Power Viewer
NOTICE! Incorrectly connecting or disconnecting the power sensor can damage
1.
2
3
4
5
6
the power sensor or lead to erroneous results. Ensure that you connect or disconnect the power sensor as described in Chapter 3.4, "Connecting to a DUT",
on page 13.
Connect the power sensor to the signal source.
2. Connect the cables as shown in Figure 5-2.
For a detailed description, refer to Chapter 3.7.1.1, "Simple USB connection",
on page 16.
Starting a measurement
For a detailed description, refer to the operating manual of the R&S Power Viewer. The
manual is installed automatically during the installation of the R&S Power Viewer.
1. Start the R&S Power Viewer.
2. If you use the power sensor without the attenuator supplied in the delivery or with
another 2-port device, adjust the S-parameter correction. See Chapter 8.7.4.3, "S-
parameter correction", on page 77.
3. Execute zeroing.
Note: Turn off all measurement power signals before zeroing. An active measurement signal during zeroing causes an error.
4. Switch on the test signal of the signal source.
5. Select a measurement.
6. Start the measurement.
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5.5 R&S Power Viewer Mobile
Operating concepts
R&S NRX
The R&S Power Viewer Mobile extends the functionality of the R&S Power Viewer to
Android-based devices, such as a smartphone and tablets.
For connecting the power sensor to USB-C type mobile phones (Android), use an
R&S NRP-ZKC cable. It enables the R&S Power Viewer Mobile to take power measurements via the USB-C connection.
You can download the R&S Power Viewer Mobile free of charge from the Google Play
Store.
The 1MA215 "Using R&S®NRP Series Power Sensors with AndroidTM Handheld Devices" application note gives a detailed description on installation and features of the
R&S Power Viewer Mobile. The application note is provided on the documentation CDROM and at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/nrpz
5.6 R&S NRX
In a measurement, the R&S NRX uses all power sensor-dependent measurement
functions and displays the results. Thus, you can configure both the measurement and
the power sensor.
Required equipment
●
R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor
●
R&S NRP‑ZK8 cable to connect the power sensor to the R&S NRX
●
R&S NRX
Setup
1
Figure 5-3: Setup with an R&S
2
3
NRX base unit
4
5
7
6
1 = Signal source
2 = Attenuator
3 = R&S NRP18S-xx power sensor
4 = Host interface connector
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Operating concepts
R&S NRX
5 = R&S NRP‑ZK8 cable
6 = Sensor input connector of the R&S NRX
7 = R&S NRX base unit
NOTICE! Incorrectly connecting or disconnecting the power sensor can damage
1.
the power sensor or lead to erroneous results. Ensure that you connect or disconnect the power sensor as described in Chapter 3.4, "Connecting to a DUT",
on page 13.
Connect the power sensor to the signal source.
2. Connect the cables as shown in Figure 5-3
Starting a measurement
For a detailed description of how to measure in this setup, refer to the user manual of
the R&S NRX.
1. Preset the R&S NRX and the connected R&S power sensors.
a) Press the [Preset] key.
b) Tap "Preset".
All parameters are set to their defaults.
2. If you use the power sensor without the attenuator supplied in the delivery or with
another 2-port device, adjust the S-parameter correction. See Chapter 8.7.4.3, "S-
parameter correction", on page 77.
3. Note: Turn off all measurement signals before zeroing. An active measurement
signal during zeroing causes an error.
a) Switch off the power of the signal source.
b) Press the [Zero] key of the R&S NRX.
c) Tap "Zero All Sensors".
4. Configure the measurement.
a) In the "Measurement Settings" dialog, select the "Measurement Type", for
example "Continuous Average".
b) Tap "Quick Setup" > "Auto Set".
5. Switch on the signal source.
The measurement starts, and the result is displayed in dBm.
6. If necessary, perform further settings.
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6 Firmware update
6.1 Preparing the update
Firmware update
Updating the firmware
● Preparing the update...............................................................................................30
● Updating the firmware.............................................................................................30
Firmware of R&S power sensors generally has an *.rsu extension, RSU meaning
Rohde & Schwarz update.
To download the update file
1. Download the most recent firmware version from the Rohde & Schwarz homepage
on the Internet, since the CD-ROM accompanying the power sensor contains the
firmware dating from the time of delivery. The latest firmware update files are available at:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/nrp_s_sn
2. If the *.rsu file is packed in a *.zip archive, extract it.
3. Save the *.rsu file on the computer.
6.2 Updating the firmware
Do not interrupt the firmware update because an interruption can lead to missing or
faulty firmware. Take special care not to disconnect the power supply while the update
is in progress. Interrupting the power supply during the firmware update most likely
leads to an unusable power sensor that needs to be sent in for maintenance.
You can choose from several methods to update the firmware installed on the power
sensor.
6.2.1 Using the Firmware Update for NRP Family program
Firmware Update for NRP Family is part of the R&S NRP Toolkit. See also Chap-
ter 5.1, "R&S NRP Toolkit", on page 22.
You can perform a firmware update with Firmware Update for NRP Family only if the
power sensor is recognized as a VISA device.
Checking the prerequisites
1. Ensure that a recent VISA software is installed on the computer.
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Firmware update
Updating the firmware
2. Ensure that the R&S NRP Toolkit for Windows is installed on the computer. See
Chapter 5.1, "R&S NRP Toolkit", on page 22.
Firmware Update for NRP Family
A firmware update can take up to 5 minutes. Ensure that the update is not interrupted.
1. Check the prerequisites. See "Checking the prerequisites" on page 30.
2. Connect the power sensor to the computer as described in Chapter 3.7.1, "Com-
puter", on page 15.
3. Start the Firmware Update for NRP Family program:
"Start" menu > "NRP-Toolkit" > "Firmware Update".
The program automatically starts scanning for R&S power sensors connected via
USB.
When the scan is completed, all recognized power sensors are listed under
"Device".
4. If the power sensor you want to update is not listed, perform one of the following
actions:
a) Click "Rescan" to search for attached power sensors.
b) Check whether all necessary drivers are installed on the computer.
For example, if the VISA library is not installed on the computer, no VISA power
sensor is accessible.
See also "Troubleshooting" on page 32.
5. Under "Device", select the power sensor you want to update.
Note: The "Hostname or IP Address" field is not used during this procedure. There-
fore, leave it empty.
6. Under "Firmware", enter the full path and filename of the update file, or press the
browse button next to the field.
7. Click "Update".
During the update process, a progress bar is displayed. The update sequence can
take a couple of minutes, depending on the power sensor model and the size of
the selected file.
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Firmware update
Updating the firmware
8. Check if the update was successful. The firmware version in the "Identification"
field must match the version you selected in the "Firmware" field.
Troubleshooting
You do not find the power sensor in the list of power sensors provided by Firmware
Update for NRP Family.
The driver assigned to the power sensor is the legacy driver.
► Install a recent VISA software.
The power sensor is highlighted by a yellow exclamation mark in the Windows device
manager.
Windows tries in vain to find a USB driver for the power sensor.
► Install a recent VISA software.
Further information:
●
Chapter 11.3, "Problems during a firmware update", on page 136
6.2.2 Using remote control
If you want to integrate a firmware update function in an application, use SYSTem:
FWUPdate on page 101.
Example:
You want to update your R&S NRP18S with the NRPxSN_02.30.21062301.rsu file.
This file has a size of 10242884 bytes.
To send the file to the power sensor for updating the firmware, your application has to
assemble a memory block containing:
SYST:FWUP <block_data>
The <block_data> is definite length-arbitrary block data as described in SYSTem:
FWUPdate on page 101.
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Firmware update
Updating the firmware
The size of the file is 10242884. This number has 8 digits. Thus, the <block_data>
consist of the following:
●
#
●
8
How many digits follow to specify the file size.
●
10242884
Number that specifies the file size.
●
<file_contents>
Contents of the *.rsu file, byte-by-byte
●
0x0a
Delimiter
In this example, you write exactly 10242905 bytes to the power sensor, for example by
using a 'viWrite()' function.
The 10242905 bytes result from the values of the list above:
9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 8 + 10242884 + 1
In a (pseudo) string notation, the memory block looks as follows:
SYST:FWUP #810242884<file_contents>0x0a,
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7 Replacing an R&S NRP‑Zxx with an R&S
Replacing an R&S NRP‑Zxx with an R&S NRP18S-xx
Prerequisites
NRP18S-xx
The R&S NRP18S-xx power sensors are compatible with the R&S NRP‑Zxx series of
power sensors.
R&S NRPxx power sensor Replaces R&S NRP‑Zxx power sensor
R&S NRP18S-10 R&S NRP-Z22
R&S NRP18S-20 R&S NRP-Z23
R&S NRP18S-25 R&S NRP-Z24
To use the new power sensors, it can be required to update the drivers. For computerbased software applications (R&S NRPV and R&S Power Viewer), install the latest
R&S NRP Toolkit (version 4.20 or higher).
For using the power sensors with base units, signal generators, spectrum analyzers or
other Rohde & Schwarz instruments, install the latest firmware version.
7.1 Important difference
After powering the R&S NRP18S-xx , the firmware is loaded. Because the USB power
sensors are plug-and-play devices, the drivers are loaded after enumeration in the host
system. For the R&S NRP‑Zxx power sensors, the whole process takes 4 s to 5 s. For
USB power sensors, the process can take up to 8 s.
Otherwise, the R&S NRP‑Zxx power sensors and the USB power sensors are compatible as far as possible.
7.2 Prerequisites
Install the R&S NRP Toolkit version 4.20 or higher, see Chapter 5.1, "R&S NRP Tool-
kit", on page 22.
The new version of the R&S NRP Toolkit is compatible with both the R&S NRP‑Zxx
and the R&S NRP18S-xx so that its installation does not affect the usage of the
R&S NRP‑Zxx.
After the new version of the R&S NRP Toolkit is installed, you can connect the R&S
NRP18S-xx to the computer and use it with Rohde & Schwarz software applications or
your own programs. For information on Rohde & Schwarz software applications, see
the release notes and the manual of the software application.
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8 Remote control commands
8.1 Conventions used in SCPI command descriptions
Remote control commands
Conventions used in SCPI command descriptions
In the following, all implemented commands are listed according to the command system and then described in detail. Mostly, the notation used complies with SCPI specifications.
The following conventions are used in the remote command descriptions:
●
Command usage
If not specified otherwise, commands can be used both for setting and for querying
parameters.
If a command can be used for setting or querying only, or if it initiates an event, the
usage is stated explicitly.
●
Parameter usage
If not specified otherwise, a parameter can be used to set a value and it is the
result of a query.
Parameters required only for setting are indicated as Setting parameters.
Parameters required only to refine a query are indicated as Query parameters.
Parameters that are only returned as the result of a query are indicated as Return
values.
●
Conformity
Commands that are taken from the SCPI standard are indicated as SCPI confirmed. All commands used by the R&S NRP18S-xx follow the SCPI syntax rules.
●
Asynchronous commands
A command which does not automatically finish executing before the next command starts executing (overlapping command) is indicated as an Asynchronous
command.
●
Reset values (*RST)
Default parameter values that are used directly after resetting the instrument (*RST
command) are indicated as *RST values, if available.
●
Default unit
The default unit is used for numeric values if no other unit is provided with the
parameter.
Units
For physical quantities, you can enter the unit. Only basic units are allowed and recognized.
Table 8-1: Units
Basic unit Also noted as
Hz Frequency or HZ
s Seconds
W Watts
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8.2 Notations
Remote control commands
Notations
Basic unit Also noted as
degrees Angle
PCT Percent
dB DB
dBm DBM
dBuV DBUV
For a detailed description of SCPI notations, see Chapter 10, "Remote control basics",
on page 119.
Numeric suffixes <n>
If a command can be applied to multiple instances of an object, e.g. specific power
sensors, the required instances can be specified by a suffix added to the command.
Numeric suffixes are indicated by angular brackets (<1...4>, <n>, <I>) and are replaced
by a single value in the command. Entries without a suffix are interpreted as having the
suffix 1.
Optional keywords [ ]
Some command systems permit certain keywords to be inserted into the header or
omitted. These keywords are marked by square brackets in the description. The power
sensor must recognize the long command to comply with the SCPI standard. Some
commands are considerably shortened without these optional mnemonics.
So you can use the short or long form for the commands, distinguished here by uppercase and lowercase letters. Also, you can shorten by omitting optional keywords.
Example:
Command [SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]SMOothing:STATe 1 can be written as:
SENSe1:POWer:AVG:SMOothing:STATe 1
SENS:POW:AVG:SMO:STAT 1
SENSe:POWer:SMOothing:STATe 1
SENSe:SMOothing:STATe 1
SMOothing:STATe 1
SMO:STAT 1
Parameters
Parameters must be separated from the header by a "white space". If several parameters are specified in a command, they are separated by a comma (,).
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Remote control commands
Common commands
Example:
Definition: [SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:NSRatio <nsr>
Command: AVER:COUN:AUTO:NSR 0.01
Special characters | and { }
|
{ } Parameters in braces can be included in the command once, several times or not at all.
A vertical bar in parameter definitions indicates alternative possibilities in the sense of
"or". The effect of the command differs, depending on which parameter is used.
Example:
Definition: INITiate:CONTinuous ON | OFF
Command INITiate:CONTinuous ON starts the measurements
Command INITiate:CONTinuous OFF stops the measurements
8.3 Common commands
The common commands are taken from the IEEE 488.2 (IEC 625–2) standard. The
headers of these commands consist of an asterisk * followed by three letters.
*CLS...............................................................................................................................37
*ESE...............................................................................................................................38
*ESR?.............................................................................................................................38
*IDN?..............................................................................................................................38
*IST?.............................................................................................................................. 38
*OPC..............................................................................................................................38
*OPT?.............................................................................................................................39
*PRE.............................................................................................................................. 39
*RCL...............................................................................................................................39
*RST...............................................................................................................................39
*SAV...............................................................................................................................39
*SRE.............................................................................................................................. 40
*STB?.............................................................................................................................40
*TRG.............................................................................................................................. 40
*TST?.............................................................................................................................40
*WAI...............................................................................................................................40
*CLS
Clear status
Resets the following:
●
Status byte (STB)
●
Standard event register (ESR)
●
EVENt part of the QUEStionable and the OPERation register
●
Error/event queue
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Remote control commands
Common commands
The command does not alter the ENABle and TRANsition parts of the registers.
Usage: Event
*ESE <register>
Event status enable
Sets the event status enable register to the specified value. The query returns the contents of the event status enable register in decimal form.
Parameters:
<register> Range: 0 to 255
*RST: 0
*ESR?
Event status read
Returns the contents of the event status register in decimal form (0 to 255) and then
sets the register to zero.
Usage:
*IDN?
Identification
Returns a string containing information on the identity of the power sensor (device
identification code). In addition, the version number of the installed firmware is indicated.
Usage:
*IST?
Individual status
Returns the current value of the IST flag in decimal form. The IST flag is the status bit
which is sent during a parallel poll.
Usage:
*OPC
Operation complete
Query only
Query only
Query only
Sets bit 0 in the event status register when all preceding commands have been executed. Send this command at the end of a program message. It is important that the read
timeout is set sufficiently long.
The query always returns 1 because the query waits until all previous commands are
executed.
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Remote control commands
Common commands
*OPC? basically functions like *WAI, but also returns a response. The response is an
advantage, because you can query the execution of commands from a controller program before sending new commands. Thus preventing overflow of the input queue
when too many commands are sent that cannot be executed.
*OPT?
Option identification
Returns a comma-separated list of installed options.
Usage: Query only
<register>
*PRE
Parallel poll register enable
Sets the parallel poll enable register to the specified value or queries the current value.
Parameters:
<register> Range: 0 to 255
*RST: 0
*RCL <number>
Recall
Calls the device state which has been stored with the *SAV command under the specified number.
Setting parameters:
<number> Range: 0 to 9
*RST: 0
Usage: Setting only
*RST
Reset
Sets the instrument to a defined default status. The default settings are indicated in the
description of commands.
The command corresponds to the SYSTem:PRESet command.
Usage:
*SAV <number>
Event
Save
Stores the current device state under the specified number.
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Remote control commands
Common commands
Setting parameters:
<number> Range: 0 to 9
*RST: 0
Usage: Setting only
*SRE <register>
Service request enable
Sets the service request enable register to the specified value. This command determines under which conditions a service request is triggered.
Parameters:
<register> Range: 0 to 255
*RST: 0
*STB?
Status byte
Returns the contents of the status byte in decimal form.
Usage:
*TRG
Trigger
Triggers a measurement if the following conditions are met:
●
Power sensor is in the waiting for trigger state.
●
Trigger source is set to BUS.
See TRIGger:SOURce BUS.
Usage:
*TST?
Selftest
Triggers a selftest of the R&S NRP18S-xx and outputs the result. 0 indicates that no
errors have occurred.
Query only
Event
Usage:
*WAI
Wait to continue
Prevents the execution of the subsequent commands until all preceding commands
have been executed and all signals have settled.
Query only
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8.4 Preparing for the measurement
8.4.1 Selecting the reference source
Remote control commands
Preparing for the measurement
Usage: Event
Before starting a measurement, you need to do the following:
● Selecting the reference source............................................................................... 41
● Selecting a measurement path............................................................................... 41
● Selecting a measurement mode............................................................................. 42
● Configuring the measured values........................................................................... 43
The ROSCillator subsystem contains commands for configuring the reference
source.
[SENSe<Sensor>:]ROSCillator:SOURce <source>
Sets the source of the reference oscillator. Refers typically to a precision, stabilized
time base.
Parameters:
<source> INTernal | EXTernal | HOST
INTernal
Internal precision oscillator
EXTernal | HOST
External signal supplied at the host interface connector.
*RST: If the power sensor boots or reboots, the source is
set to INTernal. If the power sensor is reset, the
source setting is kept unchanged.
Example:
ROSC:SOUR INT
8.4.2 Selecting a measurement path
The RANGe subsystem contains commands for selection of a measurement path.
Remote commands:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]RANGe................................................................................................41
[SENSe<Sensor>:]RANGe:AUTO......................................................................................42
[SENSe<Sensor>:]RANGe:CLEVel....................................................................................42
[SENSe<Sensor>:]RANGe <range>
Sets the selected path as active measurement path.
Parameters:
<range> The sensitivity of the paths differs.
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Remote control commands
Preparing for the measurement
0 is the most sensitive path.
2 is the most insensitive path.
1 is the path with medium sensitivity.
Range: 0 to 2
*RST: 2
[SENSe<Sensor>:]RANGe:AUTO <state>
Enables or disables the automatic measurement path selection.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: ON
[SENSe<Sensor>:]RANGe:CLEVel
Reduces the transition range between the measurement paths, 0 -> 1 and 1 -> 2, by
the set value. Thus, you can improve the measurement accuracy for signals with a
high peak-to-average ratio, since the headroom for modulation peaks becomes larger.
However, the S/N ratio is reduced at the lower limits of the transition ranges.
Parameters:
<level> Range: -20.00 to 0.00
*RST: 0.00
Default unit: dB
<level>
8.4.3 Selecting a measurement mode
► Before starting a measurement, select the measurement mode using:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]FUNCtion
The available measurement modes and how to configure them are described in
Chapter 8.6, "Configuring the measurement modes", on page 59.
[SENSe<Sensor>:]FUNCtion <function>
Sets the measurement mode.
Parameters:
<function> "POWer:AVG"
Continuous average mode
See Chapter 8.6.1, "Continuous average measurement",
on page 59.
"POWer:BURSt:AVG"
Burst average mode
See Chapter 8.6.2, "Burst average measurement", on page 63.
"POWer:TSLot:AVG"
Timeslot mode
See Chapter 8.6.3, "Timeslot measurement", on page 64.
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8.4.4 Configuring the measured values
Remote control commands
Preparing for the measurement
"XTIMe:POWer"
Trace mode
See Chapter 8.6.4, "Trace measurement", on page 66.
*RST: "POWer:AVG"
Before starting a measurement, you can configure the measurand or enable the measurement of additional-measured values.
CALCulate:FEED.............................................................................................................43
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AUXiliary..............................................................................................44
CALCulate:FEED <mode>
If you query measurement data using FETCh<Sensor>[:SCALar][:POWer][:
AVG]?, the power sensor returns data of the measurand that was configured before.
Generally, this measurand is the average power. However, the power sensor can also
output data of other measurands.
To configure which measurand the FETCh<Sensor>[:SCALar][:POWer][:AVG]?
command reads, use the CALCulate:FEED command before the measurement is initiated. Depending on the measurement mode, the following settings are possible:
SENS:FUNC Possible CALC:FEED Meaning
"POWer:AVG" "POWer:AVERage"
"POWer:PEAK"
"POWer:RANDom"
"POWer:BURSt:AVG" "POWer:AVERage"
"POWer:PEAK"
"POWer:RANDom"
"POWer:TSLot:AVG" "POWer:AVERage"
"POWer:PEAK"
"POWer:RANDom"
"XTIMe:POWer" "POWer:TRACe"
"POWer:PEAK:TRACe"
Average value
Peak value
Randomly selected value from the
measurement interval
Average value
Peak value
Randomly selected value from the
measurement interval
Average value
Peak value
Randomly selected value from the
measurement interval
Measurement sequence
Peak value of the samples per
trace point
"POWer:RANDom:TRACe"
Parameters:
<mode> *RST: "POWer:AVERage"
Randomly selected value of the
samples per trace point
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Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
Example: The following sequence of commands configures a peak trace
measurement:
*RST
SENSe:FUNCtion "XTIMe:POWer"
SENSe:FREQuency 1.0e9
SENSe:TRACe:POINts 500
SENS:TRAC:TIME 20e-3
TRIGger:SOURce INTernal
TRIGger:SLOPe POSitive
TRIGger:DTIMe 0.001
TRIGger:HYSTeresis 0.1
TRIGger:LEVel 30e-6
SENSe:TRACe:AVERage:COUNt 8
SENSe:TRACe:AVERage:STATe ON
CALCulate:FEED "POWer:PEAK:TRACe"
INITiate
FETCh?
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AUXiliary <mode>
Enables the measurement of additional-measured values that are determined together
with the main-measured value.
Parameters:
<mode> NONE | MINMax | RNDMax
NONE
No additional values are measured.
MINMax
Minima and maxima of the trace are transmitted together with
the measured value.
Usually, extreme values are lost due to averaging the measured
values.
RNDMax
Randomly selected samples are transmitted. All evaluations use
these values instead of the average values.
*RST:
NONE
8.5 Controlling the measurement
The power sensor offers a bunch of possibilities to control the measurement:
●
Do you want to start the measurement immediately after the initiate command or
do you want to wait for a trigger event?
●
Do you want to start a single measurement cycle or a sequence of measurement
cycles?
●
Do you want to output each new average value as a measurement result or do you
want to bundle more measured values into one result?
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8.5.1 Starting and ending a measurement
Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
ABORt............................................................................................................................ 45
INITiate:ALL.................................................................................................................... 45
INITiate[:IMMediate]......................................................................................................... 45
INITiate:CONTinuous........................................................................................................45
ABORt
Immediately interrupts the current measurement. If the measurement has been started
as a single measurement (INITiate[:IMMediate]), the power sensor goes into the
idle state. However, if a continuous measurement is in progress (INITiate:
CONTinuous ON), the trigger system of the power sensor enters the waiting for trigger
state. When the trigger condition is met, a new measurement is immediately started.
See also Chapter 8.5, "Controlling the measurement", on page 44.
Usage:
Event
INITiate:ALL
INITiate[:IMMediate]
Starts a single measurement cycle. The power sensor changes from the idle state to
the waiting for trigger state. When the trigger condition is fulfilled, the power sensor
begins the measurement. Depending on the number of trigger events that are required,
e.g. for averaging, the power sensor enters the waiting for trigger state several times.
Once the entire measurement is completed, a measurement result is available, and the
power sensor enters the idle state again.
Use this command only after the continuous measurement mode has been disabled
using INITiate:CONTinuous OFF.
See also Chapter 8.5, "Controlling the measurement", on page 44.
Example:
See Chapter 9.3, "Performing a buffered continuous average
measurement", on page 114.
Usage: Event
INITiate:CONTinuous <state>
Enables or disables the continuous measurement mode. In continuous measurement
mode, the power sensor does not go into the idle state after a measurement has been
completed, but immediately executes another measurement cycle.
See also Chapter 8.5.2, "Triggering", on page 46.
Parameters:
<state> ON
Measurements are performed continuously. If a measurement is
completed, the power sensor does not return to the idle state but
enters the waiting for trigger state again.
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8.5.2 Triggering
Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
OFF
Ends the continuous measurement mode, and sets the power
sensor to the idle state.
*RST: OFF
Example: See Chapter 9.3, "Performing a buffered continuous average
measurement", on page 114.
In a basic continuous measurement, the measurement is started immediately after the
initiate command, see also Chapter 8.5.2.2, "Waiting for a trigger event", on page 46.
However, sometimes you want that the measurement starts only if a specific condition
is fulfilled. For example, if a signal level is exceeded, or in certain time intervals. For
these cases, you can define a trigger for the measurement.
Further information:
●
Chapter 8.5.5, "Configuring the trigger", on page 54
8.5.2.1 Trigger states
The power sensor has trigger states to define the exact start and stop time of a measurement and the sequence of a measurement cycle. The following states are defined:
●
Idle
The power sensor performs no measurement. After powered on, the power sensor
is in the idle state.
●
Waiting for trigger
The power sensor waits for a trigger event that is defined by the trigger source.
When the trigger event occurs, the power sensor enters the measuring state.
●
Measuring
The power sensor is measuring data. It remains in this state during the measurement. When the measurement is completed, it exits this state immediately.
8.5.2.2 Waiting for a trigger event
Before a trigger can be executed, the power sensor has to be set to the waiting for trigger state. Depending on the required number of measurement cycles, you use one of
the following commands:
●
INITiate:CONTinuous
A new measurement cycle is started automatically after the previous one has been
terminated.
●
INITiate[:IMMediate]
The number of measurement cycles is restricted.
If TRIGger:COUNt 1 is set, the command starts a single measurement cycle that
renders one result. Every time you send this command, a new measurement cycle
is started.
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Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
Otherwise, as many measurement cycles are performed as determined by the trigger count.
8.5.2.3 Trigger sources
The possible trigger conditions and the execution of a trigger depend on the selected
trigger mode and trigger source.
If the signal power exceeds or falls below a reference level set by the trigger level, the
measurement is started after the defined delay time. Waiting for a trigger event can be
skipped.
Trigger source Description Remote commands to initiate the measurement
"Hold" Triggered by the remote command. TRIGger:IMMediate
"Immediate" Measures immediately, does not wait for trigger
condition.
"Internal" Uses the input signal as trigger signal. TRIGger:IMMediate
"External 1" Uses the digital input signal supplied using a dif-
ferential pair in the 8-pin sensor cable.
"External 2" Uses the digital input signal supplied at the SMB
connector.
"Bus" Triggered by the remote command. *TRG
-
TRIGger:IMMediate
TRIGger:IMMediate
TRIGger:IMMediate
8.5.2.4 Dropout time
The dropout time is useful when dealing with signals with several active slots, for
example GSM signals, see Figure 8-1. When measuring in sync with the signal, a trigger event is to be produced at A, but not at B or C.
p
A B C A
D E F D
3
2
1 1 1
Figure 8-1: Significance of the dropout time
t
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8.5.2.5 Hold-off time
Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
1 = Dropout time
2 = Trigger hysteresis
3 = Trigger level
The RF power between the slots is below the threshold defined by the trigger level and
the trigger hysteresis. Therefore, the trigger hysteresis alone cannot prevent triggering
at B or at C. Therefore, set the dropout time greater than the time elapsed between
points D and B and between E and C, but smaller than the time elapsed between F
and A. Thus, you ensure that triggering takes place at A.
Because the mechanism associated with the dropout time is reactivated whenever the
trigger threshold is crossed, you can obtain also unambiguous triggering for many
complex signals.
If you use a hold-off time instead of a dropout time, you can obtain stable triggering
conditions - regular triggering at the same point. But you cannot achieve exclusive triggering at A.
During the hold-off time, a period after a trigger event, all trigger events are ignored.
p
A B C D
E F G H
1
1
= Hold-off time
2 = Trigger hysteresis
3 = Trigger level
8.5.3 Controlling the measurement results
3
2
t
The R&S NRP18S-xx can cope with the wide range of measurement scenarios with
the help of the so-called "termination control". Depending on how fast your measurement results change, you can define, how the measurement results are output.
In continuous average mode, use [SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:TCONtrol.
In trace mode, use [SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:TCONtrol.
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8.5.4 Interplay of the controlling mechanisms
Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
Repeating termination control
Outputs a measurement result when the entire measurement has been completed.
This means that the number of measurement cycle repetitions is equal to the set average count. If the average count is large, the measurement time can be very long.
Useful if you expect slow changes in the results, and you want to avoid outputting
redundant data.
Moving termination control
Outputs intermediate values to facilitate early detection of changes in the measured
quantity. This means that for each partial measurement, a new average value is output
as a measurement result. Thus, the measurement result is a moving average of the
last partial measurements. How many of the partial measurements are averaged is
defined by the average count.
Useful if you want to detect trends in the result during the measurement.
In the following examples, continuous measurement scenarios are used. But these
scenarios apply also to single measurements. The only difference is that a single measurement is not repeated.
8.5.4.1 Continuous average mode
General settings for these examples:
●
INITiate:CONTinuous ON
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt 4
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO OFF
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Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
Example: Repeating termination control
Further settings for this example:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:TCONtrol REPeat
The measurement is started by the trigger event. Due to the chopper phases, one
measurement lasts twice the defined aperture time. As defined by the average count,
after 4 measurements, the result is averaged and available. During the whole measurement cycle, the trigger synchronization is high (TRIGger:SYNC:STATe ON).
1 2 3 4 5
7
8
1
= Start of the measurement cycle
2 = Trigger event
3 = Noninverted chopper phase
4 = Inverted chopper phase
5 = Duration of one aperture time (1 x tAP) ≙ length of one chopper phase
6 = Measurement result
7 = Trigger synchronization
8 = Return to the start of the measurement cycle
6
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1
2
3 4
Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
Example: Moving termination control
Further settings for this example:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:TCONtrol MOVing
●
TRIGger:COUNt 16
Every measurement is started by a trigger event. Due to the chopper phases, one
measurement lasts twice the defined aperture time. During each measurement, the
trigger synchronization is high (TRIGger:SYNC:STATe ON). Every measurement provides a result. During the settling phase, the amount of the result is already correct, but
the noise is higher. After 4 measurements, when the average count is reached, settled
data is available.
When the trigger count is reached (TRIGger:COUNt on page 55), the power sensor
returns to the idle state.
5
7
8
1
= Start of the measurement cycle
2 = Trigger events
3 = Noninverted chopper phase
4 = Inverted chopper phase
5 = Trigger synchronization
6 = Averaged measurement result after average count is reached
7 = Measurement result before average count is reached
8 = Return to idle state after trigger count (= 16 in this example) is reached
6
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Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
Example: Average count = 1
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt 1
For average count 1, the setting of the termination control has no impact. In both
cases, the measurement runs for the duration of one aperture time. Then, settled data
is available, and the power sensor returns to the idle state.
1 2 3
5
4
1 = Trigger event
2 = Noninverted chopper phase
3 = Measurement result
4 = Trigger synchronization
5 = Return to idle state
8.5.4.2 Trace mode
General settings for the first two examples:
●
INITiate:CONTinuous ON
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:COUNt 2
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage[:STATe] ON
Example: Repeating termination control
Further settings for this example:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:TCONtrol REPeat
Every chopper phase is started by a trigger event and lasts the defined trace time. During a chopper phase, the trigger synchronization is high (TRIGger:SYNC:STATe ON).
After 2 chopper phases, 1 measurement is completed. As defined by the trace average
count, after 2 measurements, the trace measurement result is averaged and available.
1
2 3 4
5
6
7
= Start of the measurement cycle
1
2 = Trigger events
3 = Noninverted chopper phase
4 = Inverted chopper phase
5 = Trace measurement result
6 = Trigger synchronization
7 = Return to the start of the measurement cycle
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Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
Example: Moving termination control
Further settings for this example:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:TCONtrol MOVing
Every chopper phase is started by a trigger event and lasts the defined trace time. During a chopper phase, the trigger synchronization is high (TRIGger:SYNC:STATe ON).
Every measurement provides a result. After 2 measurements, when the trace average
count is reached, the settled trace data result is available.
1
3 4
2
5
8
67
1
= Start of the measurement cycle
2 = Trigger events
3 = Noninverted chopper phase
4 = Inverted chopper phase
5 = Trigger synchronization
6 = Averaged trace data result after trace average count is reached
7 = Trace measurement result before average count is reached
8 = Return to the start of the measurement cycle
Example: Average count = 1
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:COUNt 1
For average count 1, the setting of the termination control has no impact. In both
cases, the measurement runs for the duration of one trace time. Then, settled trace
data is available, and the power sensor returns to the idle state.
2 3
1
5
= Trigger event
1
2 = Noninverted chopper phase
3 = Trace measurement result
4 = Trigger synchronization
5 = Return to idle state
4
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8.5.5 Configuring the trigger
Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
Further information:
●
Chapter 8.5, "Controlling the measurement", on page 44
Remote commands:
TRIGger:ATRigger:DELay.................................................................................................54
TRIGger:ATRigger:EXECuted?..........................................................................................54
TRIGger:ATRigger[:STATe]................................................................................................55
TRIGger:COUNt.............................................................................................................. 55
TRIGger:DELay............................................................................................................... 55
TRIGger:DELay:AUTO..................................................................................................... 55
TRIGger:DTIMe............................................................................................................... 56
TRIGger:EXTernal<2...2>:IMPedance................................................................................ 56
TRIGger:HOLDoff............................................................................................................ 56
TRIGger:HYSTeresis........................................................................................................56
TRIGger:IMMediate..........................................................................................................57
TRIGger:LEVel................................................................................................................ 57
TRIGger:LEVel:UNIT........................................................................................................57
TRIGger:SENDer:PORT................................................................................................... 57
TRIGger:SENDer:STATe...................................................................................................58
TRIGger:SLOPe.............................................................................................................. 58
TRIGger:SOURce............................................................................................................ 58
TRIGger:SYNC:PORT......................................................................................................59
TRIGger:SYNC:STATe......................................................................................................59
TRIGger:ATRigger:DELay <delay>
Effective only if TRIGger:ATRigger[:STATe] is set to ON.
Sets the delay between the artificial trigger event and the beginning of the actual measurement
Parameters:
<delay> Range: 0.1 to 5.0
*RST: 0.3
Default unit: Seconds
TRIGger:ATRigger:EXECuted?
Queries the number of measurements that were triggered automatically since
TRIGger:ATRigger[:STATe] was set to ON.
In normal scalar measurements, this number can only be 0 or 1. If a buffered measurement was executed, this number indicates how many results in the returned array of
measurement data were executed without a real trigger event.
Usage:
Query only
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Remote control commands
Controlling the measurement
TRIGger:ATRigger[:STATe] <state>
Controls the automatic trigger function. If enabled, an artificial trigger is generated if the
delay time has elapsed after the measurement start and no trigger event has occurred.
The delay time is set using TRIGger:ATRigger:DELay.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
TRIGger:COUNt <count>
Sets the number of measurement cycles to be performed when the measurement is
started using INITiate[:IMMediate].
This number equals the number of results that can be obtained from the power sensor
after a single measurement. As long as the defined number of measurements is not
executed, the power sensor automatically initiates another measurement internally
when the current result is available.
This command is particularly useful in conjunction with buffered measurements. For
example, to fill a buffer with a predefined size with measurements that have been triggered externally or by *TRG without having to start the measurement multiple times.
Parameters:
<count> Range: 1 to 8192
*RST: 1
Example: See Chapter 9.3, "Performing a buffered continuous average
measurement", on page 114.
TRIGger:DELay <delay>
Sets the delay between the trigger event and the beginning of the actual measurement
(integration).
Parameters:
<delay> Range: -5.0 to 10.0
*RST: 0.0
Default unit: s
TRIGger:DELay:AUTO <state>
If TRIGger:DELay:AUTO ON is set, no measurement is started until the power sensor
has settled. For this purpose, the delay value is automatically determined.
If a longer period is set using TRIGger:DELay, the automatically determined delay is
ignored.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
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Controlling the measurement
TRIGger:DTIMe <dropout_time>
Sets the dropout time for the internal trigger source. During this time, the signal power
must exceed (negative trigger slope) or undercut (positive trigger slope) the level
defined by the trigger level and trigger hysteresis. At least, this time must elapse before
triggering can occur again.
See Chapter 8.5.2.4, "Dropout time", on page 47.
Parameters:
<dropout_time> Range: 0.00 to 10.00
*RST: 0.00
Default unit: s
TRIGger:EXTernal<2...2>:IMPedance <impedance>
Effective only if TRIGger:SOURce EXTernal2 is set.
Sets termination resistance of the second external trigger input. Choose the setting
that fits the impedance of the trigger source to minimize reflections on the trigger signals.
Suffix:
<2...2>
Parameters:
<impedance> HIGH | LOW
TRIGger:HOLDoff <holdoff>
Sets the hold-off time, see Chapter 8.5.2.5, "Hold-off time", on page 48.
Parameters:
<holdoff> Range: 0.00 to 10.00
TRIGger:HYSTeresis <hysteresis>
.
2
HIGH
~10 kΩ
LOW
50 Ω
*RST: HIGH
*RST: 0.00
Default unit: Seconds
Sets the hysteresis. A trigger event occurs, if the trigger level:
●
Falls below the set value on a rising slope.
●
Rises above the set value on a falling slope
Thus, you can use this setting to eliminate the effects of noise in the signal for the edge
detector of the trigger system.
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Controlling the measurement
Parameters:
<hysteresis> Range: 0.00 to 10.00
*RST: 0.00
Default unit: DB
TRIGger:IMMediate
Causes a generic trigger event. The power sensor leaves the waiting for trigger state
immediately, irrespective of the trigger source and the trigger delay, and starts the
measurement.
This command is the only way to start a measurement if the trigger source is set to
hold, TRIGger:SOURce HOLD. Only one measurement cycle is executed, irrespective
of the averaging factor.
Usage:
TRIGger:LEVel <level>
Effective only if TRIGger:SOURce INTernal.
Sets the trigger threshold for internal triggering derived from the test signal.
If an S-parameter device and/or the offset correction are enabled, the trigger threshold
is referenced to the correction data.
If the S-parameter device and/or the offset correction are disabled, the trigger threshold and its input limits are adjusted as necessary.
If you enter a value without unit, the unit is defined by TRIGger:LEVel:UNIT.
Parameters:
<level> Range: 1.0e-7 to 200.0e-3
TRIGger:LEVel:UNIT <unit>
Sets the unit of the trigger level if this value is entered without a unit. See also
TRIGger:LEVel on page 57.
Event
*RST: 1.0e-6
Default unit: Watts
Parameters:
<unit> DBM | W | DBUV
*RST: W
TRIGger:SENDer:PORT <sender_port>
Selects the port where the power sensor outputs its own trigger event in case it is trigger sender. See TRIGger:SENDer:STATe for more information.
If the power sensor is the trigger sender, it can output its trigger event either on the
EXTernal<1> or EXTernal2.
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Controlling the measurement
If the power sensor triggers itself, the trigger source of the power sensor must be
assigned to the other external port, as shown in the examples.
Parameters:
<sender_port> EXT1 | EXTernal1 | EXT2 | EXTernal2
*RST: EXT1
Example:
Example:
TRIGger:SENDer:STATe
Enables or disables the trigger sender mode of the power sensor. In this state, the
power sensor can output a digital trigger signal in sync with its own trigger event.
If enabled, select the output port for the trigger signal using TRIGger:SENDer:PORT.
Typically, the trigger sender uses its internal trigger source. But you can also trigger the
trigger sender externally, because the power sensor has got two external trigger connectors. If you trigger the trigger sender externally, use EXTernal1 as external trigger
input port (trigger source) and EXTernal2 as trigger sender output port or vice versa.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
TRIGger:SLOPe <slope>
TRIG:SEND:PORT EXT1
TRIG:SOUR EXT2
TRIG:SEND:STAT ON
TRIG:SEND:PORT EXT2
TRIG:SOUR EXT1
TRIG:SEND:STAT ON
<state>
Effective only if TRIGger:SOURce is set to INTernal or EXTernal.
Determines which edge of the envelope power, with internal triggering, or increasing
voltage, with external triggering, is used for triggering.
Parameters:
<slope> POSitive | NEGative
POSitive
Rising edge
NEGative
Falling edge
*RST: POSitive
TRIGger:SOURce <source>
Selects the source for the trigger event detector.
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Configuring the measurement modes
Parameters:
<source> HOLD | IMMediate | INTernal | BUS | EXTernal | EXT1 |
EXTernal1 | EXT2 | EXTernal2
See Chapter 8.5.2.3, "Trigger sources", on page 47.
*RST: IMMediate
TRIGger:SYNC:PORT <sync_port>
Selects the external connection for the sync output of the power sensor. For more
information, see TRIGger:SYNC:STATe.
Parameters:
<sync_port> EXT1 | EXTernal1 | EXT2 | EXTernal2
*RST: EXT1
TRIGger:SYNC:STATe <state>
Usually used in combination with TRIGger:SENDer:STATe ON.
If enabled, blocks the external trigger bus as long as the power sensor remains in the
measurement state. Thus, ensures that a new measurement is only started after all
power sensors have completed their measurements.
Make sure that the number of repetitions is the same for all power sensors involved in
the measurement. Otherwise, the trigger bus is blocked by any power sensor that has
completed its measurements before the others and has returned to the idle state.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
8.6 Configuring the measurement modes
In the following, the settings needed for configuring a measurement mode are described.
Further information:
●
Chapter 8.7, "Configuring basic measurement parameters", on page 70
●
Chapter 8.5, "Controlling the measurement", on page 44
●
Chapter 8.9, "Querying measurement results", on page 93
8.6.1 Continuous average measurement
The continuous average mode measures the signal average power asynchronously
within definable time intervals (sampling windows). The aperture (width of the sampling
windows) can be defined.
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8.6.1.1 Defining the sampling window
Remote control commands
Configuring the measurement modes
For information on querying the measurement results, see Chapter 8.9.1, "Continuous
average measurement results", on page 93.
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]APERture <integration_time>
Sets the duration of the sampling window. During this time interval, the average signal
power is measured.
The minimum value is implemented for fast unchopped continuous average measurements. See also Chapter 9.2.2, "Triggered fast unchopped continuous average mea-
surement", on page 113.
Parameters:
<integration_time> Range: 8.0e-6 to 2.00
*RST: 0.02
Default unit: Seconds
8.6.1.2 Reducing noise and zero offset
The smoothing filter can reduce result fluctuations caused by modulation. But activating it increases the inherent noise of the power sensor by approx. 20 %, so do not activate if it unless required.
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]SMOothing:STATe <state>
Enables or disables the smoothing filter, a steep-edge digital lowpass filter. If you cannot adjust the aperture time exactly to the modulation period, the filter reduces result
fluctuations caused by modulation.
Parameters:
<state> ON | OFF
*RST: OFF
Example:
8.6.1.3 Measuring modulated signals
When measuring modulated signals in continuous average mode, the measurement
can show fluctuation due to the modulation. If that is the case, adapt the size of the
sampling window exactly to the modulation period to get an optimally stable display. If
the modulation period varies or is not precisely known, you can also activate the
smoothing function.
SMO:STAT OFF
With smoothing activated, the selected sampling window has to be 5 to 9 times larger
than the modulation period so that the fluctuations caused by modulation are sufficiently reduced. The sampling values are subjected to weighting (raised-von-Hann window), which corresponds to video filtering.
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8.6.1.4 Calculating the measurement time
Remote control commands
Configuring the measurement modes
If you deactivate the smoothing filter, 300 to 3000 periods are required to obtain the
same effect. The sampling values are considered equivalent and are averaged in a
sampling window, which yields an integrating behavior of the measuring instrument. To
obtain optimum suppression of variations in the result, exactly adapt the modulation
period to the size of the sampling window. Otherwise, the modulation can have a considerable influence, even if the sampling window is much larger than the modulation
period.
Normally, the measurement time is calculated as follows:
μ
MT = 2 * AC * APER + (2 * AC - 1) * 100
With:
MT: overall measurement time
AC: average count
APER: aperture time
s
100 μs is the time for switching the chopper phase.
8.6.1.5 Accelerating measurements
Using [SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]FAST ON, you can accelerate the measurement as follows:
●
Chopper is disabled.
●
Average count is set to 1, no matter which average count you have set.
Thus, the overall measurement time is only defined by the aperture time, and the measurement time for a fast measurement is calculated as follows:
MT = APER
The fast measurement setting delivers up to 100 000 measurements per second without any blind time over randomly long time periods. Programming examples are given
in Chapter 9.2, "Performing the fastest measurement in continuous average mode",
on page 111.
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]FAST <state>
Enables or disables a fast unchopped continuous average measurement. If enabled,
the average count is enforced to 1, and any setting for average count is silently
ignored.
You can increase the measurement accuracy by increasing the duration of the sampling window using:
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]APERture.
The fast measurement setting delivers up to 100 000 measurements per second without any blind time over randomly long time periods.
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Configuring the measurement modes
See also Chapter 8.6.1.4, "Calculating the measurement time", on page 61.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
Example:
FAST ON
See Chapter 9.2, "Performing the fastest measurement in con-
tinuous average mode", on page 111.
8.6.1.6 Configuring the result buffer
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:CLEar...............................................................62
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:COUNt?............................................................62
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:SIZE.................................................................62
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:STATe...............................................................62
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:CLEar
Clears the contents of the result buffer.
Example:
BUFF:CLE
Usage: Event
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:COUNt?
Queries the number of results that are currently stored in the result buffer.
Example:
BUFF:COUN?
Usage: Query only
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:SIZE <count>
Sets the size of the result buffer.
You can enable the buffer using [SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:
STATe.
Parameters:
<count> Range: 1 to 8192
*RST: 1
Example:
BUFF:SIZE 1
See Chapter 9.3, "Performing a buffered continuous average
measurement", on page 114.
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:STATe <state>
Enables or disables a buffered continuous average measurement. If enabled, the
power sensor collects all results generated by trigger events until the buffer is filled.
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You can set the size of the buffer using [SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:
]BUFFer:SIZE.
Parameters:
<state> ON | OFF
*RST: OFF
Example:
BUFF:STAT OFF
8.6.2 Burst average measurement
The burst average mode is used to measure the average power of bursts. The integration time of a measurement is not predefined but determined by the power sensor with
the aid of a burst detector. The start of a burst is detected when the measurement signal rises above a set trigger level. The measurement ends when the signal drops
below a trigger threshold.
Power
Trigger level
Pulse interval
Time
Dropout time
Figure 8-2: Burst average parameters
For information on querying the measurement results, see Chapter 8.9.2, "Burst aver-
age measurement results", on page 94.
8.6.2.1 Defining the dropout tolerance
To prevent power drops due to modulation from being erroneously interpreted as the
end of a pulse, you must define the dropout tolerance. The dropout tolerance is a time
interval in which the pulse end is only recognized if the signal level no longer exceeds
the trigger level.
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]BURSt:DTOLerance <tolerance>
Sets the dropout tolerance, a time interval in which the pulse end is only recognized if
the signal level no longer exceeds the trigger level. See Figure 8-2.
Dropout tolerance
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8.6.2.2 Defining a time interval for the measurement
8.6.2.3 Triggering a burst average measurement
Remote control commands
Configuring the measurement modes
Parameters:
<tolerance> Range: 0.00 to 0.30
*RST: 1.000e-6
Default unit: Seconds
At the beginning and at the end of the measurement interval, you can define time intervals that are excluded from the measurement, see Chapter 8.7.3, "Excluding intervals",
on page 74.
In burst average mode, only internal trigger events from the signal are evaluated, irrespective of the setting of the TRIGger:SOURce parameter. The TRIGger:DELay
parameter is also ignored, so that the measurement interval begins exactly when the
signal exceeds the trigger level.
8.6.2.4 Querying the pulse interval
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]BURSt:LENGth?
Queries the length of a burst (pulse interval), the time between the trigger point of the
measurement and the time the trigger logic detects the end of the pulse. See Fig-
ure 8-2.
Usage:
Query only
8.6.3 Timeslot measurement
The timeslot mode is used to measure the average power of a definable number of
successive timeslots within a frame structure with equal spacing. The measurement
result is an array with the same number of elements as timeslots. Each element represents the average power in a particular timeslot.
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Power
Trigger level
Remote control commands
Configuring the measurement modes
Timeslot 1 Timeslot 2 Timeslot 3
Trigger event
Timeslot width
Start of fence
Figure 8-3: Timeslot parameters
Length of fence
For information on querying the measurement results, see Chapter 8.9.3, "Timeslot
measurement results", on page 94.
8.6.3.1 Triggering a timeslot measurement
In timeslot mode, internal and external trigger events from the signal are evaluated
depending on the settings of the TRIGger:SOURce parameter. It is essential to define
the TRIGger:DELay parameter to ensure that the beginning of the first slot to be measured coincides with the delayed trigger point.
8.6.3.2 Defining a time interval for the measurement
Time
At the beginning and at the end of the measurement interval, you can define time intervals that are excluded from the measurement, see Chapter 8.7.3, "Excluding intervals",
on page 74.
8.6.3.3 Configuring the time slots
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG]:COUNt................................................................ 65
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG]:WIDTh.................................................................66
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG][:EXCLude]:MID:OFFSet[:TIME]..............................66
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG][:EXCLude]:MID:TIME............................................66
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG][:EXCLude]:MID[:STATe]........................................ 66
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG]:COUNt <count>
Sets the number of simultaneously measured timeslots. See Figure 8-3.
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Parameters:
<count> Range: 1 to 128
*RST: 8
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG]:WIDTh <width>
Sets the length of the timeslot. See Figure 8-3.
Parameters:
<width> Range: 10.0e-6 to 0.10
*RST: 1.000e-3
Default unit: Seconds
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG][:EXCLude]:MID:OFFSet[:TIME] <time>
Determines the distance from the start of the timeslots to the start of the interval to be
blanked out. See Figure 8-3.
Parameters:
<time> Range: 0.00 to 0.10
*RST: 0.00
Default unit: Seconds
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG][:EXCLude]:MID:TIME <time>
Sets the length of the time interval in the timeslots to be excluded from the measurement. See Figure 8-3. The parameter applies to each individual timeslot.
Note: Even if the exclusion interval exceeds the timeslot because, for example, its right
limit is outside the timeslot, correct results are obtained. In the extreme case, where
the interval length has been set to a value greater than the timeslot length, 0 W is output as the measured power. No error message is output.
Parameters:
<time> Range: 0.00 to 0.10
*RST: 0.00
Default unit: Seconds
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:]TSLot[:AVG][:EXCLude]:MID[:STATe] <state>
Enables or disables the blanking out of time intervals in the timeslots.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
8.6.4 Trace measurement
The trace measurement determines the course of power over a defined time. During
the measurement time set by [SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:TIME, a large number of
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8.6.4.1 Configuring the video bandwidth
Remote control commands
Configuring the measurement modes
measurements are performed. The result is returned as an array of values with a size
predefined by [SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:POINts. The length of an individual measurement(-point) is determined from the ratio of measurement time and measurement
points. The entire result is called a "trace". Each trace must be triggered separately.
For information on querying the measurement results, see Chapter 8.9.4, "Trace mea-
surement results", on page 94.
The number of analyzed samples is the product of the analysis window length, the
number of repetitions and the sampling rate. In turn, the sampling rate is a function of
the video bandwidth.
[SENSe<Sensor>:]BWIDth:VIDeo......................................................................................67
[SENSe<Sensor>:]BWIDth:VIDeo:LIST?............................................................................ 68
[SENSe<Sensor>:]BWIDth:VIDeo <value>
Available in trace and statistics modes.
Reduces the video bandwidth, thus increasing the trigger sensitivity and reducing the
display noise. To prevent signals from being corrupted, do not select a video bandwidth
smaller than the RF bandwidth of the measurement signal.
If you reduce the video bandwidth, the sampling rate is also automatically reduced. In
trace mode, the effective time resolution is reduced accordingly. In statistics mode, you
have to increase the measurement time if you want to maintain the sample size.
Table 8-2: Effect on sampling rate and sampling interval
Video bandwidth Sampling rate Sampling interval
"Full"
"5 MHz"
"1.5 MHz"
"300 kHz"
8×107 s
4×107 s
1×107 s
2.5×106 s
-1
-1
-1
-1
12.5 ns
25 ns
100 ns
400 ns
Parameters:
<value> "FULL"
The effect depends on the frequency set by [SENSe<Sensor>:
]FREQuency:
Frequency ≥ 500 MHz: Video bandwidth of at least 30 MHz is
set.
Frequency < 500 MHz: Video bandwidth of approx. 7.5 MHz is
set.
"5 MHZ"
5 MHz
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"1.5 MHZ"
1.5 MHz
"300 KHZ"
300 kHz
*RST: "FULL"
[SENSe<Sensor>:]BWIDth:VIDeo:LIST?
Available in trace and statistics modes.
Lists all available video bandwidth settings.
Usage:
Query only
8.6.4.2 Configuring the trace measurement
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:COUNt......................................................................68
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:TCONtrol...................................................................68
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage[:STATe]..................................................................... 69
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:MPWidth?................................................................................ 69
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:OFFSet:TIME........................................................................... 69
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:POINts.....................................................................................69
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:REALtime.................................................................................70
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:TIME........................................................................................70
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:COUNt <count>
Available in trace and statistics modes.
Sets the number of readings that are averaged for one measured value. The higher the
count, the lower the noise, and the longer it takes to obtain a measured value.
Averaging is only effective, if [SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage[:STATe] ON is
set.
Parameters:
<count> Range: 1 to 65536
*RST: 4
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:TCONtrol <mode>
Defines how the measurement results are output. This is called termination control.
See also Chapter 8.5, "Controlling the measurement", on page 44.
Parameters:
<mode> MOVing | REPeat
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Configuring the measurement modes
MOVing
Outputs intermediate values to facilitate early detection of
changes in the measured quantity. In the settled state, that
means when the number of measurements specified by the
average count has been performed, a moving average is output.
REPeat
Specifies that a measurement result is not output until the entire
measurement has been completed. This means that the number
of measurement cycle repetitions is equal to the set average
count. If the average count is large, the measurement time can
be very long.
The average count is set using [SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:
AVERage:COUNt.
*RST:
REPeat
Example:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage[:STATe] <state>
Enables or disables the averaging filter.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: ON
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:MPWidth?
Queries the attainable time resolution. The result is the smallest possible distance
between two pixels, i.e. it is the smallest time interval that can be assigned to a pixel.
Usage:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:OFFSet:TIME <time>
Adds an offset to the beginning of the trace sequence. Thus, the trace in the result display is moved in positive or negative x-direction. If you measure with more than one
power sensor, you can use this offset to arrange the traces to each other. The start of
recording relative to the trigger event is set using TRIGger:DELay.
TRAC:AVER:TCON REP
Query only
Parameters:
<time> Range: Depends on the trigger delay.
*RST: 0.0
Default unit: Seconds
Example:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:POINts <points>
Sets the number of required values per trace sequence.
TRAC:OFFS:TIME 1.0
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Parameters:
<points> Range: 1 to 100000
*RST: 260
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:REALtime <state>
If disabled, each measurement from the power sensor is averaged. If enabled, only
one sampling sequence per measurement is recorded, thus increasing the measurement speed. With a higher measurement speed, the measured values of an individual
measurement are immediately delivered.
The averaging filter is not used, so the following settings are ignored:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage[:STATe]
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:AVERage:COUNt
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:TIME
Sets the trace length, time to be covered by the trace sequence. This time period is
divided into several equal intervals, in which the average power is determined. The
number of intervals equals the number of trace points, which is set using
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:POINts.
Parameters:
<time> Range: 10.0e-6 to 3.0
*RST: 0.01
Default unit: Seconds
<time>
8.7 Configuring basic measurement parameters
The following section describes the settings common for several measurement modes.
8.7.1 Configuring auto averaging
Describes the commands for automatic averaging in continuous average and burst
average measurements.
Remote commands:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt..................................................................................71
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO........................................................................71
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:MTIMe.............................................................71
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:NSRatio...........................................................72
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:RESolution.......................................................72
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:SLOT.............................................................. 72
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:RESet...................................................................................73
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[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:TYPE.............................................................. 73
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:TCONtrol.............................................................................. 73
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage[:STATe]................................................................................. 74
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt <count>
Sets the number of readings that are averaged for one measured value. The higher the
count, the lower the noise, and the longer it takes to obtain a measured value.
Average count is often also called averaging factor, but it designates the same thing,
i.e the number of measured values that have to be averaged for forming the measurement result.
Averaging is only effective, if [SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage[:STATe] ON is set.
Parameters:
<count> Range: 1 to 65536
*RST: 4
Example:
AVER:COUN 1
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO <state>
Sets how the average count is determined.
Parameters:
<state> ON
Auto averaging: the averaging factor is continuously determined
and set depending on the power level and other parameters.
OFF
Fixed filter: the previous, automatically determined averaging
factor is used.
ONCE
Automatically determines an averaging factor under the current
measurement conditions. Then changes to the fixed filter setting
(see OFF) and uses this averaging factor.
*RST: ON
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:MTIMe <maximum_time>
Sets an upper limit for the settling time of the auto-averaging filter if
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:TYPE is set to NSRatio. Thus it limits
the length of the filter.
Parameters:
<maximum_time> Range: 0.01 to 999.99
*RST: 4.00
Default unit: Seconds
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Configuring basic measurement parameters
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:NSRatio <nsr>
Determines the relative noise component in the measurement result for the measurement modes with scalar results. These measurement modes are continuous average,
burst average and timeslot, provided the particular power sensor supports them.
This command is only effective if the auto average calculation is enabled:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO ON
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:TYPE NSR
The noise component is defined as the magnitude of the level variation in dB caused
by the inherent noise of the power sensor (two standard deviations).
The query returns the relative noise component in the measured value.
Parameters:
<nsr> Range: 100.000e-6 to 1.00
*RST: 0.01
Default unit: dB
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:RESolution <resolution>
Defines the number of significant places for linear units and the number of decimal places for logarithmic units that are likely free of noise in the measurement result.
The setting is only considered, if the following applies:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO ON
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:TYPE RES
Parameters:
<resolution> Range: 1 to 4
*RST: 3
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:SLOT <slot>
Available only in timeslot mode.
Sets a timeslot from which the measured value is used to determine the filter length
automatically. The timeslot number must not exceed the number of the currently set
timeslots.
Parameters:
<slot> Range: 1 to 128
*RST: 1
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[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:RESet
Deletes all previous measurement results that the averaging filter contains and initializes the averaging filter. The filter length gradually increases from 1 to the set averaging factor. Thus, trends in the measurement result become quickly apparent. Note that
the measurement time required for the averaging filter to settle completely remains
unchanged.
Use this command if:
●
High averaging factor is set.
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt
●
Intermediate values are output as measurement results.
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:TCONtrol MOVing
●
Power has significantly decreased since the previous measurement, for example
by several powers of 10.
In this situation, previous measurement results, which are still contained in the averaging filter, strongly affect the settling of the display. As a result, the advantage of detecting trends in the measurement result while the measurement is still in progress is lost.
Example:
Usage: Event
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:COUNt:AUTO:TYPE <type>
Sets the automatic averaging filter.
Parameters:
<type> RESolution | NSRatio
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:TCONtrol <mode>
Defines how the measurement results are output. This is called termination control.
See also Chapter 8.5, "Controlling the measurement", on page 44.
AVER:RES
RESolution
Usually used.
NSRatio
Predefines the compliance to an exactly defined noise component. Enter this value using [SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:
OFFSet.
*RST: RESolution
Parameters:
<mode> MOVing | REPeat
MOVing
Outputs intermediate values to facilitate early detection of
changes in the measured quantity. In the settled state, that
means when the number of measurements specified by the
average count has been performed, a moving average is output.
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REPeat
Specifies that a measurement result is not output until the entire
measurement has been completed. This means that the number
of measurement cycle repetitions is equal to the set average
count. If the average count is large, the measurement time can
be very long.
The average count is set using [SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage:
COUNt on page 71.
*RST: REPeat
Example:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]AVERage[:STATe]
Available in continuous average, burst average and timeslot modes.
Enables or disables the averaging filter.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: ON
AVER:TCON REP
8.7.2 Setting the frequency
The frequency of the signal to be measured is not automatically determined. For achieving better accuracy, the carrier frequency of the applied signal must be set.
[SENSe<Sensor>:]FREQuency <frequency>
Transfers the carrier frequency of the RF signal to be measured. This frequency is
used for the frequency-response correction of the measurement result.
The center frequency is set for broadband signals, e.g. spread-spectrum signals, multicarrier signals.
<state>
Parameters:
<frequency> Range: 0.0 to 110.0e9
*RST: 50.0e6
Default unit: Frequency
Example:
FREQ 10000
8.7.3 Excluding intervals
In the burst average and timeslot modes, you can define a time interval at the beginning or at the end of an integration interval that is excluded from the measurement
result. See in Figure 8-4.
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p
1
2
3
t
4
Figure 8-4: Excluding intervals
1 = Trigger level
2 = Excluding interval at the beginning
3 = Excluding interval at the end
4 = Integration interval
Remote commands:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TIMing:EXCLude:STARt........................................................................75
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TIMing:EXCLude:STOP.........................................................................75
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TIMing:EXCLude:STARt <exclude_start>
Available in burst average and timeslot modes.
Sets a time interval at the beginning of bursts that is excluded from the measurement.
See Figure 8-4.
Parameters:
<exclude_start> Range: 0.0 to 1.0
*RST: 0.0
Default unit: Seconds
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TIMing:EXCLude:STOP <exclude_stop>
Available in burst average and timeslot modes.
Sets a time interval at the end of bursts that is excluded from the measurement. See
Figure 8-4.
Parameters:
<exclude_stop> Range: 0.0 to 1.0
*RST: 0.0
Default unit: Seconds
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8.7.4 Configuring corrections
8.7.4.1 Duty cycle corrections
Remote control commands
Configuring basic measurement parameters
It is possible to set some parameters that compensate for a change of the measured
signal due to fixed external influences.
● Duty cycle corrections.............................................................................................76
● Offset corrections....................................................................................................76
● S-parameter correction........................................................................................... 77
● S-gamma corrections..............................................................................................79
● I-gamma queries..................................................................................................... 81
● Using the S-Parameters program........................................................................... 82
The duty cycle is the percentage of one period during which the signal is active, when
pulse-modulated signals are corrected. The duty cycle is only evaluated in the continuous average mode.
Remote commands:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:DCYCle............................................................................ 76
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:DCYCle:STATe..................................................................76
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:DCYCle <duty_cycle>
Available in continuous average mode.
Sets the duty cycle for measuring pulse-modulated signals. The duty cycle defines the
percentage of one period during which the signal is active. If the duty cycle is enabled,
the R&S NRP18S-xx considers this percentage when calculating the signal pulse
power from the average power.
Parameters:
<duty_cycle> Range: 0.001 to 100.00
*RST: 1.00
Default unit: Percent
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:DCYCle:STATe <state>
Enables or disables the duty cycle correction for the measured value.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
8.7.4.2 Offset corrections
The offset accounts for external losses by adding a fixed level offset in dB.
The attenuation of an attenuator located ahead of the power sensor (or the coupling
attenuation of a directional coupler) is considered with a positive offset. That means
the power sensor calculates the power at the input of the attenuator or the directional
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coupler. A negative offset can be used to correct the influence of an amplifier connected ahead.
Using S-parameters instead of a fixed offset allows more precise measurements,
because the interaction between the power sensor and the component can be considered. See also Chapter 8.7.4.3, "S-parameter correction", on page 77.
Remote commands:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:OFFSet............................................................................ 77
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:OFFSet:STATe.................................................................. 77
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:OFFSet <offset>
Sets a fixed offset that is added to correct the measured value.
Parameters:
<offset> Range: -200.00 to 200.00
*RST: 0
Default unit: dB
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:OFFSet:STATe <state>
Enables or disables the offset correction.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
Example:
CORR:OFFS:STAT ON
8.7.4.3 S-parameter correction
S-parameter correction compensates for the losses and reflections introduced by a
component — such as an attenuator, directional coupler, or matching pad — that is
attached to a power sensor. Using S-parameters instead of a fixed offset increases
measurement accuracy by accounting for the interaction between the power sensor
and the component. It shifts the reference plane of the power sensor from its RF connector to the input of the device that is being applied externally.
All R&S NRP18S-xx power sensors allow compensating for the influence of any 2-port
device between the signal source and the power sensor input. As a result, the firmware
can calculate the power that the signal source actually delivers. Examples of such 2port devices include attenuators, matching pads, minimum-loss pads and waveguide
adapters. One precondition for such compensation is that you provide a complete set
of S-parameter data for the 2-port device in the frequency range required by the application.
The S-parameters of the attenuator delivered with the R&S NRP18S-xx have been
measured by Rohde & Schwarz. The results of the factory calibration, including an Sparameter table that matches the delivered attenuator, are stored in the factory calibration data set of the power sensor. If you use this attenuator, its effect on the measurement is compensated arithmetically.
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If you use a base unit or software to operate the power sensor, the base unit or software automatically recognizes the activated S-parameter device in the power sensor
and activates the S-parameter correction. See also Chapter 5, "Operating concepts",
on page 22.
Achieving maximum measurement sensitivity
For maximum measurement sensitivity, you can choose from the following methods.
To operate the R&S NRP18S-xx without an attenuator
► Disable the S-parameter correction:
● Each time after you have put the power sensor into operation.
Remote control: [SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:STATe.
Base unit or software: Directly in the instrument firmware or software.
● Permanently, using the S-Parameters program of the R&S NRP Toolkit.
See Chapter 8.7.4.6, "Using the S-Parameters program", on page 82.
To replace the delivered attenuator with any other 2-port device
1. Measure the S-parameters of the 2-port device.
2. Load the S-parameters into the power sensor.
In the user calibration data set of the power sensor, you can manage the S-parameters of several 2-port devices beside the S-parameters of the attenuator delivered
with the power sensor. The power sensor can apply the sets of S-parameters individually, depending on which S-parameter device you select as the active device.
3. Make sure that the S-parameter settings — selected S-parameter device, S-parameter correction state — always match the used hardware configuration.
NRP
Figure 8-5: Operation with 2
3-Path Diode Power Sensor
MHz to GHz, 100 pW to 200 mW (−70 dBm to +23 dBm)
SMART SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
-
port device between signal source and power sensor input
Configuring the S-parameter correction
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:LIST?................................................................78
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:SELect.............................................................. 79
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:STATe............................................................... 79
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:LIST?
Queries the list of the S-parameter data sets that have been downloaded to the power
sensor. The result of the query indicates the consecutive number and mnemonic of
each data set.
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Usage: Query only
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:SELect <num>
Selects a downloaded data set for S-parameter correction.
See also Chapter 8.7.4.3, "S-parameter correction", on page 77.
Parameters:
<num> Range: 1 to 1999
*RST: 1; can differ if a calibration set defines another
value.
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:STATe
Enables or disables the S-parameter correction. If activated, uses the S-parameter
data set selected by [SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:SELect.
See also Chapter 8.7.4.3, "S-parameter correction", on page 77.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF; can differ if a calibration set defines another
Example:
8.7.4.4 S-gamma corrections
Using the complex reflection coefficient, you can determine the power P delivered by
the signal source with considerably greater accuracy.
The coefficient of the signal source Γ
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:MAGNitude
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:PHASe
<state>
value.
CORR:SPD:SEL 1
Selects an S-parameter correction data set.
CORR:SPD:STAT ON
Enables the S-parameter correction.
is defined by its magnitude and phase:
source
The complex reflection coefficient Γ
of the power sensor, which is also required for
sensor
the correction, is prestored in the calibration data memory for many frequencies.
−70 dBm to +23 dBm)
NRP
3-Path Diode Power Sensor
MHz to GHz, 100 pW to 200 mW (
SMART SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Source
Sensor
Figure 8-6: Correction of interactions between the power sensor and the signal source
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If the gamma correction is performed in combination with an S-parameter correction
([SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:STATe ON), the following is considered:
●
Interaction of the signal source with the S-parameter device
●
Input of the power sensor, depending on the transmission, expressed by the term
s12s
21
The interaction between the complex reflection coefficient Γ
of the power sensor
sensor
and the reflection of port 2 is expressed by s22, see Figure 8-7. If the S-parameter correction is enabled, this interaction is always considered, regardless whether gamma
correction is performed or not.
3-Path Diode Power Sensor
MHz to GHz, 100 pW to 200 mW (−70 dBm to +23 dBm)
SMART SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Source
Sensor
Figure 8-7: Correction of interactions between the power sensor, the signal source, and the S-param-
eter device
S
21
S
11
S
22
S
12
NRP
Remote commands:
[SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:CORRection:STATe................................................................80
[SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:MAGNitude........................................................................... 80
[SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:PHASe................................................................................. 80
[SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:CORRection:STATe <state>
Enables or disables the use of the complex reflection coefficient to correct the interactions of power sensor and signal source.
Parameters:
<state> *RST: OFF
[SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:MAGNitude <magnitude>
Sets the magnitude of the complex reflection coefficient of the source, Γ
source
.
Parameters:
<magnitude> 0.0 ≙ ideal matched source
1.0 ≙ total reflection
Range: 0.0 to 1.0
*RST: 0.0
[SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:PHASe <phase>
Sets the phase angle of the complex reflection coefficient of the source, Γ
source
.
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8.7.4.5 I-gamma queries
Remote control commands
Configuring basic measurement parameters
Parameters:
<phase> Range: -360.0 to 360.0
*RST: 0.0
For the current frequency, queries the complex input reflection coefficient Γin of the following:
●
Power sensor if the S-parameter correction is disabled.
([SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:CORRection:STATe OFF)
●
S-parameter device if the S-parameter correction is enabled, S11 in Figure 8-7.
([SENSe<Sensor>:]SGAMma:CORRection:STATe ON)
[SENSe<Sensor>:]IGAMma:MAGNitude?...........................................................................81
[SENSe<Sensor>:]IGAMma:PHASe?.................................................................................81
[SENSe<Sensor>:]IGAMma:EUNCertainty?........................................................................81
[SENSe<Sensor>:]IGAMma:MAGNitude?
Queries the magnitude of the complex input reflection coefficient Γin.
Example:
IGAM:MAGN?
Query
1.739179E-02
Response
Usage: Query only
[SENSe<Sensor>:]IGAMma:PHASe?
Queries the phase angle of the complex input reflection coefficient Γin. The result is
provided in degrees. Range: -180 degrees to +180 degrees.
Example:
IGAM:PHAS?
Query
-1.327654E+02
Response
Usage: Query only
[SENSe<Sensor>:]IGAMma:EUNCertainty?
Queries the expanded (k = 2) uncertainty of the magnitude of the complex input reflection coefficient Γin. Following gamma correction, the residual mismatch uncertainty
becomes so small that it is practically negligible.
Example:
IGAM:EUNC?
Query
5.000000E-03
Response
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8.7.4.6 Using the S-Parameters program
Remote control commands
Configuring basic measurement parameters
Usage: Query only
The S-Parameters program helps loading an S-parameter table into the power sensor.
The S-Parameters program is part of the R&S NRP Toolkit, see Chapter 5.1,
"R&S NRP Toolkit", on page 22.
To start the S-Parameters program
► In the Windows start menu, select "NRP Toolkit" > "S-Parameter Update Multi".
User interface of the S-Parameters program
Figure 8-8: S-Parameters dialog
Menu bar.......................................................................................................................83
└ File.................................................................................................................. 83
└ Sensor.............................................................................................................83
└ Device.............................................................................................................83
└ Options............................................................................................................83
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└ User Data..............................................................................................83
└ Remote................................................................................................. 83
└ Show Cal. Data.....................................................................................84
Global Flags..................................................................................................................84
└ S-Parameter Correction ON by Default.......................................................... 84
└ S-Parameter Correction State Locked............................................................84
└ S-Parameter Device Locked...........................................................................85
└ Use Flags in Factory Cal. Data Set.................................................................85
Device table.................................................................................................................. 85
Menu bar
Contains the following submenus.
File ← Menu bar
Provides options for loading and saving calibration data files, see:
●
"To change the S-parameter data" on page 87
●
"To load an uncertainty parameter file" on page 88
Sensor ← Menu bar
Provides options for loading and saving calibration data directly from or to the power
sensor, see:
●
"To load a calibration data set from a power sensor" on page 86
●
"To save the calibration data on the power sensor" on page 89
Device ← Menu bar
Provides functions for editing the table of S-parameter devices.
Options ← Menu bar
Provides functions for editing user data, changing remote control timeouts, and displaying calibration data as plain text.
User Data ← Options ← Menu bar
Opens the "User Data" dialog.
Here, you can enter the name of the calibration laboratory and the calibration engineer
that is stored in the calibration data set if changes are made.
Remote ← Options ← Menu bar
Opens the "Remote Control Settings" dialog. It is normally not necessary to change
timeouts.
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Show Cal. Data ← Options ← Menu bar
Displays the content of the calibration data set that has been loaded either from a file
of directly from a power sensor as a plain text.
You can copy the text output to the clipboard by clicking "Copy to Clipboard."
Figure 8-9: Example
Global Flags
Groups the settings for the power sensor behavior regarding S-parameter corrections.
S-Parameter Correction ON by Default ← Global Flags
If this option is enabled, the S-parameter correction is activated automatically when the
power sensor is started.
S-Parameter Correction State Locked ← Global Flags
If enabled, the state that is selected with "S-Parameter Correction ON by Default" is
locked and cannot be changed using:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:STATe
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●
R&S NRP2 base unit
S-Parameter Device Locked ← Global Flags
If enabled, the S-parameter device that is selected as the default device in the table of
S-parameter devices is locked and cannot be changed using:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:SELect
●
R&S NRP2 base unit
The default S-parameter device is the S-parameter device that you have selected
when the power sensor is started.
Use Flags in Factory Cal. Data Set ← Global Flags
Available if the power sensor supports two different calibration data sets:
●
Factory calibration data set containing all factory calibration data.
●
User calibration data set that contains the S-parameter devices you have loaded.
Note: After you have added S-parameter devices and configured the global flags, disable this option. Otherwise, it is not possible to enable S-parameter correction because
the flags in the factory calibration data set prevent it.
Device table
Shows a list of all S-parameter devices that are available in the calibration data set.
If you double-click an entry, a dialog for the device is opened that allows to import,
export, and edit S-parameter data. See "To change the S-parameter data"
on page 87.
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Performing configuration tasks
In this chapter, different configuration tasks performed with the power sensor and the
"S-Parameter Update Multi" tool are described.
To load a calibration data set from a power sensor
Prerequisites: The power sensor is connected to the computer and a connection is
established.
1. Open the "S-Parameter Update Multi" program.
2. Select "Sensor" > "Load Calibration Data".
The "Upload Calibration Data" dialog opens. It shows a list of the available power
sensors.
3. If you cannot find your power sensor in the list, for example because of reconnecting the power sensor, you can reload the list by clicking "Rebuild List".
4. Click "Upload" to load calibration data from the power sensor.
After the upload is finished, the "OK" button is enabled.
5. Click "OK" to apply the changes.
If you want to discard the changes, exit the dialog by clicking "Cancel".
After a successful upload, the name and serial number are shown in the name of
the main dialog.
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6. Create a backup of the calibration data set before making any changes.
Select "File" > "Save Calibration Data".
A dialog opens where you can select the location to save the calibration data.
To change the S-parameter data
1. In the device table, double-click an entry. See also "Device table" on page 85.
2. Select "File" > "Import S2P".
3. Select the *.S2P file you want to import.
4. Confirm with "Open".
The data from the selected file is loaded in the device table.
All uncertainties are set to zero.
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5. If needed, load uncertainty data. See "To load an uncertainty parameter file"
on page 88.
6. Check the entries in the " S-Parameter Device Mnemonic", "Lower Power Limit/W"
and "Upper Power Limit/W" fields
7. If necessary, change the entries.
For example, the lower and upper power limits are deduced from the power limits
of the power sensor itself and the minimum attenuation of the S-parameter device.
If the "Upper Power Limit/W" entry is higher than the power dissipation rating of the
attenuator, reduce it accordingly.
8. Click "OK" to apply the changes.
If you want to discard the change, click "Cancel".
To load an uncertainty parameter file
1. In the device table, double-click an entry. See also "Device table" on page 85.
2. Select "File" > "Import uncertainties".
3. Select the file you want to import.
4. Confirm with "Open".
The data from the selected file is loaded in the device table.
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To save the calibration data on the power sensor
1. Select "Sensor" > "Save Calibration Data".
The "Download Calibration Data" dialog opens.
2. Confirm that the correct power sensor is selected by clicking "Download".
After a successful transfer of the data to the power sensor, a confirmation message
is displayed.
The power sensor can be used with the new S-parameter data.
S2P measurement data files
S2P files are human-readable text files that contain header information and the complex S-parameters of the device under test in columns. This chapter briefly describes
the format of the S2P file.
An S2P measurement data file has the following structure (square brackets indicate
that the enclosed content is optional):
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●
Option line
The option line has the format #[<frequency unit>][<parameter>][<format>][<R n>],
where:
– #
Identifies the option line.
– <frequency unit>
Possible values are Hz, kHz, MHz or GHz. If a frequency unit is not specified,
GHz is implicitly assumed.
– <parameter> For S-parameter files. If a parameter is not specified, S is implic-
itly assumed.
– <format>
Possible values are MA (linear magnitude and phase in degree), DB (magnitude in dB, phase in degree) or RI (real and imaginary part). If a format is not
specified, MA is implicitly assumed.
– <R n>
R is optional and followed by the reference impedance in Ω. If no entry is
made, R50 is implicitly assumed.
The option line therefore reads:
# [HZ | KHZ | MHZ | GHZ] [S] [MA | DB | RI] [R 50].
●
Measurement frequencies
The measurement frequencies are listed in ascending order and are specified as
follows:
s11( fi) s21( fi) s12 ( fi) s22 ( fi)
f
i
where fi is the i-th frequency and sjk( fi) is the display format as specified in the
option line:
– | sjk( fi)| arg sjk( fi)
Display format for linear magnitude and phase in degree (MA)
– 20.lg| sjk( fi)| arg sjk( fi)
Display format for magnitude in dB and phase in degree (DB)
– Re| sjk( fi)| Im| sjk( fi)|
Display format for real and imaginary part (RI)
●
Comments
Any line starting with an exclamation mark (!) is interpreted as a comment line.
Uncertainty data files
An uncertainty data file has the following structure (square brackets indicate that the
enclosed content is optional):
●
Option line
The option line has the format #[<frequency unit>]<parameter>[<format>][<R n>],
where:
– #
Identifies the option line.
– <frequency unit>
Possible values are Hz, kHz, MHz or GHz. If a frequency unit is not specified,
GHz is implicitly assumed.
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– <parameter>
U must be specified for uncertainty data files. If a parameter is not specified, S
is implicitly assumed and as a result an error message is triggered.
– <format>
This value is ignored in uncertainty measurement files. The entry is therefore
irrelevant.
– <R n>
R is optional and followed by the reference impedance in Ω. If no entry is
made, R50 is implicitly assumed.
The option line therefore reads:
# [HZ | KHZ | MHZ | GHZ] U [MA | DB | RI] [R 50].
●
Measurement frequencies
The measurement frequencies are listed in ascending order and are specified as
follows:
unc[s11( fi)] unc[s21( fi)] unc[s12 ( fi)] unc[s22 ( fi)]
f
i
where fi is the i-th frequency and unc[ sjk( fi)] is the uncertainty of the S-parameters
that is forwarded as follows:
– As extended absolute uncertainty ( k = 2 ) for the magnitude of reflection
parameters s11 and s
22
– As extended uncertainties ( k = 2 ) in dB for the magnitude of transmission
●
Comments
parameters s21 and s
12
Any line starting with an exclamation mark (!) is interpreted as a comment line.
8.8 Configuring measurement results
See also:
●
Chapter 8.9, "Querying measurement results", on page 93
8.8.1 Setting the power unit
The UNIT subsystem contains commands for setting up the power unit.
UNIT:POWer <unit>
Sets the output unit for the measured power values.
Parameters:
<unit> DBM | W | DBUV
*RST: W
Example:
UNIT:POW DBM
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8.8.2 Setting the result format
Remote control commands
Configuring measurement results
The FORMat subsystem sets the format of numeric data (measured values) that is
exchanged between the remote control computer and the power sensors if high-level
measurement commands are used.
Remote commands:
FORMat:BORDer.............................................................................................................92
FORMat:SREGister..........................................................................................................92
FORMat[:DATA]............................................................................................................... 92
FORMat:BORDer <border>
Selects the order of bytes in 32-bit or 64-bit binary data.
Parameters:
<border> NORMal | SWAPped
NORMal
The 1st byte is the least significant byte, the 4th/8th byte the
most significant byte.
Fulfills the Little Endian (little end comes first) convention, used
by x86/x64 CPUs, for example.
SWAPped
The 1st byte is the most significant byte, the 4th/8th byte the
least significant byte.
Fulfills the Big Endian (big end comes first) convention.
*RST: NORMal
Example:
FORM:BORD NORM
FORMat:SREGister <sregister>
Specifies which format is used for the return value of *STB?.
Parameters:
<sregister> ASCii | HEXadecimal | OCTal | BINary
*RST: ASCii
Example:
FORM:SREG ASC
FORMat[:DATA] [<data,length>, <length>]
Specifies how the R&S NRP18S-xx sends the numeric data to the controlling host/
computer.
Parameters:
<data,length> <REAL,32 | 64>
REAL
Block of binary values, 32-bit or 64-bit each; so-called "SCPI
definite length block"
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32 | 64
32-bit or 64-bit
If you omit the length, the R&S NRP18S-xx sets the last used
length.
Example for REAL,32 format:
#6768000....<binary float values>....
Example for REAL,64 format:
#71536000....<binary float values>....
<data[,length]> <ASCii[,0 to 12]>
ASCii
List of comma separated, readable values.
[,0 to 12]
Defines the number of decimal places.
The reset value 0 does not restrict the number of decimal places.
Example for ASCii,4 format:
1.2938e-06, -4.7269e-11, ...
*RST: ASCii,0
8.9 Querying measurement results
After the measurement, you can query the measurement results.
8.9.1 Continuous average measurement results
FETCh<Sensor>:ARRay[:POWer][:AVG]?.......................................................................... 93
FETCh<Sensor>[:SCALar][:POWer][:AVG]?........................................................................93
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:DATA?.............................................................. 94
FETCh<Sensor>:ARRay[:POWer][:AVG]?
Queries the last valid measurement result of a buffered continuous average measurement.
To configure the measurand, use CALCulate:FEED before the measurement is initiated.
Usage:
FETCh<Sensor>[:SCALar][:POWer][:AVG]?
Queries the last valid measurement result of the measurand that was configured
before.
Query only
To configure the measurand, use CALCulate:FEED before the measurement is initiated.
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8.9.2 Burst average measurement results
Remote control commands
Querying measurement results
Usage: Query only
[SENSe<Sensor>:][POWer:][AVG:]BUFFer:DATA?
Queries the results of the continuous average result buffer and returns them even if the
buffer is not full.
In contrast, FETCh<Sensor>[:SCALar][:POWer][:AVG]? returns a result only if
the buffer is full.
Usage: Query only
FETCh<Sensor>[:SCALar][:POWer]:BURSt?
Queries the last valid measurement result.
To configure the measurand, use CALCulate:FEED before the measurement is initiated.
Usage:
Query only
8.9.3 Timeslot measurement results
FETCh<Sensor>[:SCALar][:POWer]:TSLot?
Queries the last valid measurement result.
To configure the measurand, use CALCulate:FEED before the measurement is initiated.
Usage:
Query only
8.9.4 Trace measurement results
[SENSe<Sensor>:]TRACe:DATA?
Returns the measured trace data in a well-defined format.
Unlike FETCh<Sensor>[:SCALar][:POWer][:AVG]?, this command takes the settings of [SENSe<Sensor>:]AUXiliary into account, as explained below.
Command response
Besides the average power, the power sensor can measure additional measurands like
minimum, maximum or random. These additional measurands are denoted as auxiliary
measurands and are selected by [SENSe<Sensor>:]AUXiliary.
A trace measurement can deliver up to 3 measurands. Therefore, the resulting block of
data returned can contain up to 3 blocks of user data.
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Remote control commands
Querying measurement results
Basically, the [SENSe<Sensor>:]AUXiliary response represents a "definite length
arbitrary block response data" as defined in IEEE488.2. This object consists of a
header and content.
In principle, the response has the format as shown in Figure 8-10:
Header
# n LLLL user data content <LF>
Figure 8-10: Response format
Header # Starting character
n Single digit that defines how many of the following digits are interpreted as the size of
the content.
LLLLL Number consisting of as many digits as specified by "n". This number gives the size
of the content.
User data content See also Figure 8-11. As many bytes as specified by "LLLLL".
<LF> Single linefeed character
Examples
The arbitrary block response data for a user data that contains 45182 bytes is:
#545182xxxxxx.......xxxxxx <LF>
The arbitrary block response data for a user data content 'THIS IS A TEST' is:
#214THIS IS A TEST<LF>
Explanation: 'THIS IS A TEST' has 14 bytes, and '14' has 2 digits, hence the #214
User data content
In the further description, the term "user data content" is used for the totality of the contained measurement results.
In the user data content, there are similar mechanisms as with arbitrary block response
data. As indicated above, the user data content can have one or more blocks with
trace measurement results, depending on the selection of auxiliary measurands. Each
section is composed of:
0 : 2
3
5 : (5+x-1)4
(5+x) : (5+x+y * (size of data type) –
1)
1 2 3 4 5
Figure 8-11: User data content format (byte)
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Remote control commands
Calibrating, zeroing
Result type
1
Always 3 bytes, one for AVG, one for MIN and one for MAX or RND
Data type
2
Designator for the contained data type with the size of 1 byte. Currently, the only possible designator is "f" for 4-byte IEEE754 float data type, little endian.
Single digit that defines how many of the following digits are interpreted as the number of con-
3
tained float values.
User data length
4
Number consisting of as many digits as specified by (3). This number gives the number of contained float values contained in the user data.
User data
5
Measurement result values in the format that is described by the data type. Currently IEEE754 float
only.
If no [SENSe<Sensor>:]AUXiliary measurands have been activated before executing the measurement, the user data content is finished here. In case that auxiliary
measurands have been selected, the above section is repeated for every auxiliary
measurand. The user data content looks like:
AVGf3100...(400byte AVG values)...MINf3100...(400byte min.
values)...MAXf3100...(400byte max. values)...
Where each of
...(400byte AVG values)...
...(400byte min. values)...
...(400byte max. values)...
Stands for 400 bytes as the equivalent of 100 float values.
The user data content is embedded in the arbitrary block response data response.
Example:
TRAC:DATA?
Usage: Query only
8.10 Calibrating, zeroing
Zeroing removes offset voltages from the analog circuitry of the power sensor, so that
there are only low powers displayed if no power applied. The zeroing process can take
more than 8 seconds to complete.
Zeroing is recommended if:
●
The temperature has varied by more than 5 K.
●
The power sensor has been replaced.
●
No zeroing was performed in the last 24 hours.
●
Signals of very low power are to be measured, for instance, if the expected measured value is less than 10 dB above the lower measurement range limit.
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Remote control commands
Calibrating, zeroing
Turn off all test signals before zeroing. An active test signal during zeroing causes an
error.
Remote commands:
CALibration:DATA............................................................................................................ 97
CALibration:DATA:LENGth?.............................................................................................. 97
CALibration:USER:DATA.................................................................................................. 97
CALibration:USER:DATA:LENGth?.................................................................................... 97
CALibration<Channel>:ZERO:AUTO..................................................................................98
CALibration:DATA <caldata>
Writes a binary calibration data set in the memory of the power sensor.
Parameters:
<caldata> <block_data>
CALibration:DATA:LENGth?
Queries the length in bytes of the calibration data set currently stored in the flash memory. Programs that read out the calibration data set can use this information to determine the capacity of the buffer memory required.
Example:
CAL:DATA:LENG?
Query
57392
Response
Usage: Query only
CALibration:USER:DATA <caldata>
Transfers the user calibration data set, which mainly contains S-parameter sets for
user-specific devices. The query returns the data as it was downloaded to the power
sensor before.
After downloading of a new user calibration data set to the power sensor, the current
S-parameter correction settings become invalid. Safe operation of the power sensor is
only possible if the SELect and STATe commands are repeated after download. See
also:
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:STATe
●
[SENSe<Sensor>:]CORRection:SPDevice:SELect
Parameters:
<caldata> <block_data>
CALibration:USER:DATA:LENGth?
Queries the length of the user calibration data block.
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Remote control commands
Testing
Usage: Query only
CALibration<Channel>:ZERO:AUTO <state>
Performs zero calibration.
Turn off all test signals before zeroing. An active test signal during zeroing causes an
error.
While zero calibration is in progress, no queries or other setting commands are
allowed, since the command is synchronous. Any communication attempt can run into
a timeout.
After zero calibration, query the static error queue (SYSTem:SERRor?). The following
responses are possible:
0
●
No error, the zero calibration was successful.
-240
●
Warning, zero calibration failed. See also the example.
Suffix:
<Channel>
Parameters:
<state> ONCE
Example:
8.11 Testing
The selftest allows a test of the internal circuitry of the power sensor.
.
1 to 4
Measurement channel if more than one channel is available.
Only valid parameter for this command.
0
Return value if no calibration is in progress.
*CLS
CAL1:ZERO:AUTO ONCE
Performs zeroing. Takes several seconds.
SYST:SERR?
Query
-240
Response: Warning; Zero Calibration failed; Results Degrading.
Do not apply a signal to the power sensor while the selftest is running. If the selftest is
carried out with a signal being present, error messages can erroneously be output for
the test steps Offset Voltages and/or Noise Voltages.
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Remote control commands
Configuring the system
TEST:SENSor? [<Item>]
Starts a selftest of the power sensor. In contrast to *TST?, this command returns
detailed information that you can use for troubleshooting.
Query parameters:
<Item> String
Usage: Query only
8.12
Configuring the system
The SYSTem subsystem contains a series of commands for general functions that do
not directly affect the measurement.
8.12.1 Configuring general functions
SYSTem:DFPRint<Channel>?.........................................................................................100
SYSTem:ERRor:ALL?.....................................................................................................100
SYSTem:ERRor:CODE:ALL?.......................................................................................... 100
SYSTem:ERRor:CODE[:NEXT]?......................................................................................100
SYSTem:ERRor:COUNt?................................................................................................101
SYSTem:ERRor[:NEXT]?................................................................................................101
SYSTem:FWUPdate.......................................................................................................101
SYSTem:FWUPdate:STATus?......................................................................................... 102
SYSTem:HELP:HEADers?.............................................................................................. 102
SYSTem:HELP:SYNTax?................................................................................................102
SYSTem:HELP:SYNTax:ALL?......................................................................................... 102
SYSTem:INFO?............................................................................................................. 102
SYSTem:INITialize......................................................................................................... 103
SYSTem:LANGuage.......................................................................................................103
SYSTem:LED:COLor......................................................................................................103
SYSTem:LED:MODE......................................................................................................104
SYSTem:MINPower?......................................................................................................104
SYSTem:PARameters?...................................................................................................104
SYSTem:PARameters:DELTa?........................................................................................ 105
SYSTem:PRESet........................................................................................................... 105
SYSTem:REBoot............................................................................................................105
SYSTem:RESTart...........................................................................................................105
SYSTem:RUTime...........................................................................................................105
SYSTem:SERRor?......................................................................................................... 106
SYSTem:SERRor:LIST:ALL?...........................................................................................106
SYSTem:SERRor:LIST[:NEXT]?......................................................................................106
SYSTem:SUTime...........................................................................................................106
SYSTem:TLEVels?.........................................................................................................107
SYSTem:TRANsaction:BEGin......................................................................................... 107
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Remote control commands
Configuring the system
SYSTem:TRANsaction:END............................................................................................107
SYSTem[:SENSor]:NAME...............................................................................................107
SYSTem:VERSion?........................................................................................................107
SYSTem:DFPRint<Channel>?
Reads the footprint file of the power sensor.
Suffix:
<Channel>
.
1...4
Measurement channel if more than one channel is available.
Usage: Query only
SYSTem:ERRor:ALL?
Queries all unread entries in the SCPI communication error queue and removes them
from the queue.
Returns a comma-separated list of error numbers and a short error description in the
first-in first-out order.
Example:
SYST:ERR:ALL?
Query
0,"No error"
Response
Usage: Query only
SYSTem:ERRor:CODE:ALL?
Queries all unread entries in the SCPI communication error queue and removes them
from the queue.
Returns a comma-separated list of error numbers, but no error description.
Example:
SYST:ERR:CODE:ALL?
Query
0
Response: No errors have occurred since the error queue was
last read out.
Usage: Query only
SYSTem:ERRor:CODE[:NEXT]?
Queries the SCPI communication error queue for the oldest entry and removes it from
the queue.
Returns the error number, but no error description.
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