Rohde&Schwarz FSWP-K6 User Manual

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P
Pulse Measurement Option
User Manual

(;ÛÆÌ2)

1177566202
Version 06

This manual describes the following R&S®FSWP models with firmware version 1.92 or higher:

●

R&S®FSWP8 (1322.8003K08)

●

R&S®FSWP26 (1322.8003K26)

●

R&S®FSWP50 (1322.8003K50)

The following firmware applications are described:

●

R&S FSWP-K6 (1325.4221.02) (requires R&S FSWP-B1)

●

R&S FSWP-K6S (1325.5363.02) (requires R&S FSWP-B1 and R&S FSWP-K6)

●

R&S FSWP-K6P (1338.3106.02) (requires R&S FSWP-B1 and R&S FSWP-K6)

© 2021 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany
Phone: [phone] - 0
Email: [e-mail]
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.

1177.5662.02 | Version 06 | R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol , e.g. R&S®FSWP is indicated as
R&S FSWP.

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Contents

1 Preface.................................................................................................... 7

1.1 About this Manual......................................................................................................... 7

1.2 Documentation Overview............................................................................................. 7

1.3 Conventions Used in the Documentation...................................................................9

2 Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application........................... 11

2.1 Starting the Pulse Application................................................................................... 12

2.2 Understanding the Display Information....................................................................13

3 Measurements and Result Displays...................................................15

3.1 Pulse Parameters........................................................................................................ 15

3.2 Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements..........................................................34

Contents

4 Measurement Basics........................................................................... 51

4.1 Parameter Definitions................................................................................................. 51

4.2 Pulse Detection........................................................................................................... 55

4.3 Parameter Spectrum Calculation...............................................................................57

4.4 Segmented Data Capturing........................................................................................ 60

4.5 Time Sidelobe Analysis.............................................................................................. 63

4.6 Pulse Stability Analysis..............................................................................................69

4.7 Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files...........................................................................77

4.8 Trace Evaluation..........................................................................................................78

4.9 Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode........................................................................ 84

5 Configuration........................................................................................86

5.1 Configuration Overview..............................................................................................86

5.2 Signal Description.......................................................................................................88

5.3 Reference Signal Description.................................................................................... 91

5.4 Input and Output Settings.......................................................................................... 97

5.5 Frontend Settings......................................................................................................110

5.6 Trigger Settings.........................................................................................................114

5.7 Data Acquisition........................................................................................................122

5.8 Sweep Settings..........................................................................................................126

5.9 Pulse Detection......................................................................................................... 128

3User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

5.10 Pulse Measurement Settings................................................................................... 130

5.11 Automatic Settings................................................................................................... 142

6 Analysis.............................................................................................. 143

6.1 Result Configuration.................................................................................................143

6.2 Display Configuration...............................................................................................161

6.3 Markers...................................................................................................................... 162

6.4 Trace Configuration.................................................................................................. 170

6.5 Trace / Data Export Configuration...........................................................................177

6.6 Export Functions.......................................................................................................179

7 How to Perform Measurements in the Pulse Application.............. 183

7.1 How to Perform a Standard Pulse Measurement................................................... 183

7.2 How to Configure a Limit Check for a Pulse Measurement.................................. 184

Contents

7.3 How to Perform Time Sidelobe Analysis................................................................ 185

7.4 How to Export Table Data......................................................................................... 190

8 Remote Commands for Pulse Measurements.................................192

8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 193

8.2 Common Suffixes......................................................................................................197

8.3 Activating Pulse Measurements.............................................................................. 198

8.4 Signal Description.....................................................................................................201

8.5 Reference Signal Description.................................................................................. 205

8.6 Input/Output Settings................................................................................................209

8.7 Frontend Configuration............................................................................................ 231

8.8 Triggering Measurements........................................................................................ 235

8.9 Segmented Data Capturing...................................................................................... 242

8.10 Data Acquisition........................................................................................................244

8.11 Pulse Detection......................................................................................................... 247

8.12 Configuring the Pulse Measurement.......................................................................250

8.13 Configuring and Performing Sweeps......................................................................261

8.14 Configuring the Results........................................................................................... 267

8.15 Configuring the Result Display................................................................................349

8.16 Configuring Standard Traces...................................................................................357

8.17 Working with Markers...............................................................................................364

4User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

8.18 Configuring an Analysis Interval and Line (MSRA mode only)............................ 376

8.19 Retrieving Results.....................................................................................................378

8.20 Retrieving Marker Results........................................................................................461

8.21 Deprecated Commands............................................................................................ 462

8.22 Programming Example: Pulse Measurement......................................................... 464

9 Troubleshooting: Explanation of Error Messages.......................... 470

Annex.................................................................................................. 471

A Annex: Reference...............................................................................471

A.1 Reference: ASCII File Export Format...................................................................... 471

A.2 Effects of Large Gauss Filters................................................................................. 472

A.3 I/Q Data File Format (iq-tar)......................................................................................473

Contents

List of Remote Commands (Pulse)...................................................483

Index....................................................................................................506

5User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Contents

6User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

1 Preface

1.1 About this Manual

This Pulse Measurements User Manual provides all the information specific to the
application. All general instrument functions and settings common to all applications

and operating modes are described in the main R&S FSWP User Manual.

The main focus in this manual is on the measurement results and the tasks required to
obtain them. The following topics are included:

●

Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application

Introduction to and getting familiar with the application

●

Measurements and Result Displays

Details on supported measurements and their result types

●

Measurement Basics

Background information on basic terms and principles in the context of the mea­surement

●

Configuration + Analysis

A concise description of all functions and settings available to configure measure­ments and analyze results with their corresponding remote control command

●

How to Perform Measurements in the Pulse Application

The basic procedure to perform each measurement and step-by-step instructions
for more complex tasks or alternative methods

●

Remote Commands for Pulse Measurements

Remote commands required to configure and perform Pulse measurements in a
remote environment, sorted by tasks
(Commands required to set up the environment or to perform common tasks on the
instrument are provided in the main R&S FSWP User Manual)
Programming examples demonstrate the use of many commands and can usually
be executed directly for test purposes

●

List of remote commands

Alphabetical list of all remote commands described in the manual

●

Index

Preface

Documentation Overview

1.2 Documentation Overview

This section provides an overview of the R&S FSWP user documentation. Unless
specified otherwise, you find most of the documents on the R&S FSWP product page
at:

www.rohde-schwarz.com/manual/fswp

7User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

1.2.1 Getting Started Manual

Introduces the R&S FSWP and describes how to set up and start working with the
product. Includes basic operations, typical measurement examples, and general infor­mation, e.g. safety instructions, etc.

A printed version is delivered with the instrument. A PDF version is available for down­load on the Internet.

1.2.2 User Manuals and Help

Separate user manuals are provided for the base unit and the firmware applications:

●

Base unit manual
Contains the description of all instrument modes and functions. It also provides an
introduction to remote control, a complete description of the remote control com­mands with programming examples, and information on maintenance, instrument
interfaces and error messages. Includes the contents of the getting started manual.

●

Manuals for (optional) firmware applications
Contains the description of the specific functions of a firmware application, includ­ing remote control commands. Basic information on operating the R&S FSWP is
not included.

Preface

Documentation Overview

The contents of the user manuals are available as help in the R&S FSWP. The help
offers quick, context-sensitive access to the complete information for the base unit and
the firmware applications.

All user manuals are also available for download or for immediate display on the Inter­net.

1.2.3 Service Manual

Describes the performance test for checking the rated specifications, module replace­ment and repair, firmware update, troubleshooting and fault elimination, and contains
mechanical drawings and spare part lists.

The service manual is available for download for registered users on the global
Rohde & Schwarz information system (GLORIS):

https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com

1.2.4 Instrument Security Procedures

Deals with security issues when working with the R&S FSWP in secure areas. It is
available for download on the Internet.

8User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

1.2.5 Basic Safety Instructions

Contains safety instructions, operating conditions and further important information.
The printed document is delivered with the instrument.

1.2.6 Data Sheets and Brochures

The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R&S FSWP. It also lists the
options and their order numbers, and optional accessories.

The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific char­acteristics.

See www.rohde-schwarz.com/brochure-datasheet/fswp

1.2.7 Release Notes and Open Source Acknowledgment (OSA)

The release notes list new features, improvements and known issues of the current
firmware version, and describe the firmware installation.

Preface

Conventions Used in the Documentation

The open source acknowledgment document provides verbatim license texts of the
used open source software.

See www.rohde-schwarz.com/firmware/fswp

1.2.8 Application Notes, Application Cards, White Papers, etc.

These documents deal with special applications or background information on particu­lar topics.

See www.rohde-schwarz.com/application/fswp

1.3 Conventions Used in the Documentation

1.3.1 Typographical Conventions

The following text markers are used throughout this documentation:

Convention Description

"Graphical user interface ele­ments"

[Keys] Key and knob names are enclosed by square brackets.

All names of graphical user interface elements on the screen, such as
dialog boxes, menus, options, buttons, and softkeys are enclosed by
quotation marks.

9User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Convention Description

Preface

Conventions Used in the Documentation

Filenames, commands,
program code

Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.

Links Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.

"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by quota-

Filenames, commands, coding samples and screen output are distin­guished by their font.

tion marks.

1.3.2 Conventions for Procedure Descriptions

When operating the instrument, several alternative methods may be available to per­form the same task. In this case, the procedure using the touchscreen is described.
Any elements that can be activated by touching can also be clicked using an addition­ally connected mouse. The alternative procedure using the keys on the instrument or
the on-screen keyboard is only described if it deviates from the standard operating pro­cedures.

The term "select" may refer to any of the described methods, i.e. using a finger on the
touchscreen, a mouse pointer in the display, or a key on the instrument or on a key­board.

1.3.3 Notes on Screenshots

When describing the functions of the product, we use sample screenshots. These
screenshots are meant to illustrate as many as possible of the provided functions and
possible interdependencies between parameters. The shown values may not represent
realistic usage scenarios.

The screenshots usually show a fully equipped product, that is: with all options instal­led. Thus, some functions shown in the screenshots may not be available in your par­ticular product configuration.

10User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

2 Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Appli-

cation

The Pulse application is a firmware application that adds functionality to perform mea­surements on pulsed signals to the R&S FSWP.

The Pulse application provides measurement and analysis functions for pulse signals
frequently used in radar applications, for example.

The Pulse application (R&S FSWP-K6) features:

●

Automated measurement of many pulse parameters including timing, amplitude,
frequency and phase parameters

●

Statistical analysis of pulse parameters

●

Analysis of parameter trends over time and frequency

●

Visualization of the dependency between parameters

●

Display of amplitude, frequency, phase and power spectrum measurement traces
for individual pulses

Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application

The additional option R&S FSWP-K6S, which requires the R&S FSWP-K6 option,
includes Time Sidelobe measurements with the following features:

●

Automated measurement of time sidelobe parameters

●

Measurement of correlation and frequency/phase error values with respect to an
arbitrary reference I/Q waveform

●

Display of correlated magnitude over the entire acquisition interval

●

Display of correlated magnitude, frequency error and phase error measurement
traces for individual pulses

The additional option R&S FSWP-K6P, which requires the R&S FSWP-K6 option,
includes Pulse-to-Pulse Stability measurements with the following features:

●

Automated measurement of absolute and additive pulse stability (variability in
phase or amplitude over time, with respect to a reference)

Availability of Pulse Measurements

The Pulse Measurements application becomes available when you equip the
R&S FSWP with the optional Spectrum Analyzer hardware (R&S FSWP-B1) and firm­ware application R&S FSWP-K6/6S.

This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application pro­vides, including remote control operation.

Functions that are not discussed in this manual are the same as in the Spectrum appli­cation and are described in the R&S FSWP User Manual. The latest version is availa­ble for download at the product homepage:

http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/FSWP.html.

11User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Installation

You can find detailed installation instructions in the R&S FSWP Getting Started manual
or in the Release Notes.

2.1 Starting the Pulse Application

Pulse measurements require a separate application on the R&S FSWP.

Both the basic R&S FSWP-K6 option and the additional R&S FSWP-K6S option are
integrated in the same Pulse application. However, some functions and result displays
are only available if both options are installed. This is indicated in the documentation.

To activate the Pulse application

1. Press the [MODE] key on the front panel of the R&S FSWP.
A dialog box opens that contains all operating modes and applications currently

available on your R&S FSWP.

Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application

Starting the Pulse Application

2. Select the "Pulse" item.

The R&S FSWP opens a new measurement channel for the Pulse application.

The measurement is started immediately with the default settings. It can be configured
in the Pulse "Overview" dialog box, which is displayed when you select the "Overview"
softkey from any menu (see Chapter 5.1, "Configuration Overview", on page 86).

Multiple Measurement Channels and Sequencer Function

When you activate an application, a new measurement channel is created which deter­mines the measurement settings for that application. The same application can be acti­vated with different measurement settings by creating several channels for the same
application.

The number of channels that can be configured at the same time depends on the avail­able memory on the instrument.

Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently
active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecu­tively, a Sequencer function is provided.

If activated, the measurements configured in the currently active channels are per­formed one after the other in the order of the tabs. The currently active measurement is
indicated by a
are updated in the tabs (including the "MultiView") as the measurements are per­formed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently displayed tab.

For details on the Sequencer function see the R&S FSWP User Manual.

symbol in the tab label. The result displays of the individual channels

12User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

2.2 Understanding the Display Information

The following figure shows a measurement diagram during analyzer operation. All dif­ferent information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the following
sections.

Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application

Understanding the Display Information

1 = Channel bar for firmware and measurement settings
2+3 = Window title bar with diagram-specific (trace) information
4 = Diagram area
5 = Diagram footer with diagram-specific information, depending on measurement
6 = Instrument status bar with error messages, progress bar and date/time display

MSRA operating mode

In MSRA operating mode, additional tabs and elements are available. A colored back­ground of the screen behind the measurement channel tabs indicates that you are in
MSRA operating mode.

For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FSWP MSRA User Manual.

Channel bar information

In the Pulse application, the R&S FSWP shows the following settings:

Table 2-1: Information displayed in the channel bar in the Pulse application

Ref Level Reference level

Att *) RF attenuation

Freq *) Center frequency for the RF signal

*) If the input source is an I/Q data file, most measurement settings related to data acquisition are not
known and thus not displayed. For details see Chapter 4.7, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files",
on page 77.

13User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Meas Time Measurement time (data acquisition time)

Meas BW *) Measurement bandwidth

SRate Sample rate

SGL The sweep is set to single sweep mode.

*) If the input source is an I/Q data file, most measurement settings related to data acquisition are not
known and thus not displayed. For details see Chapter 4.7, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files",
on page 77.

In addition, the channel bar also displays information on instrument settings that affect
the measurement results even though this is not immediately apparent from the display
of the measured values (e.g. transducer or trigger settings). This information is dis­played only when applicable for the current measurement. For details see the
R&S FSWP Getting Started manual.

Window title bar information

For each diagram, the header provides the following information:

Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application

Understanding the Display Information

Figure 2-1: Window title bar information in the Pulse application

1 = Window number
2 = Window type
3 = Trace color
4 = Trace number
6 = Trace mode

Diagram footer information

The diagram footer (beneath the diagram) contains the start and stop values for the
displayed time range.

Status bar information

Global instrument settings, the instrument status and any irregularities are indicated in
the status bar beneath the diagram. Furthermore, the progress of the current operation
is displayed in the status bar.

14User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

3 Measurements and Result Displays

During a pulse measurement, I/Q data from the input signal is captured for a specified
time or for a specified record length. Pulses are detected from the signal according to
specified thresholds and user-defined criteria. The measured signal is then compared
with the ideal signal described by the user and any deviations are recorded. The
defined range of measured data is then evaluated to determine characteristic pulse
parameters. These parameters can either be displayed as traces, in a table, or be eval­uated statistically over a series of measurements.

Measurement range vs. result range vs. detection range

The measurement range defines which part of an individual pulse is measured (for
example for frequency deviation), whereas the result range determines which data is
displayed on the screen in the form of amplitude, frequency or phase vs. time traces.

The detection range (if enabled) determines which part of the capture buffer is ana­lyzed. The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current
detection range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range in
the capture buffer. If disabled (default), the entire capture buffer is used as the detec­tion range. See also "Detection range" on page 56.

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Time sidelobe range

If the additional option R&S FSWP-K6S is installed, the sidelobes are analyzed in addi­tion to the pulses themselves. The time sidelobe range defines which part of the sig­nal (in relation to the pulse) is analyzed.

As a result of sidelobe vs. time measurements, additional result displays are available.
Furthermore, characteristic sidelobe parameters are added to the pulse result tables.
Result displays that require the additional option R&S FSWP-K6S are indicated by an
asterisk (*) in the following descriptions.

Exporting Table Results to an ASCII File

Measurement result tables can be exported to an ASCII file for further evaluation in
other (external) applications.

For step-by-step instructions on how to export a table, see Chapter 7.4, "How to Export

Table Data", on page 190.

● Pulse Parameters....................................................................................................15

● Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements.........................................................34

3.1 Pulse Parameters

The pulse parameters to be measured are based primarily on the IEEE 181 Standard
181-2003. For detailed descriptions refer to the standard documentation ("IEEE Stan­dard on Transitions, Pulses, and Related Waveforms", from the IEEE Instrumentation
and Measurement (I&M) Society, 7 July 2003).

15User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

The following graphic illustrates the main pulse parameters and characteristic values.
(For a definition of the values used to determine the measured pulse parameters see

Chapter 4.1, "Parameter Definitions", on page 51.)

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Figure 3-1: Definition of the main pulse parameters and characteristic values

In order to obtain these results, select the corresponding parameter in the result config­uration (see Chapter 6.1, "Result Configuration", on page 143) or apply the required
SCPI parameter to the remote command (see Chapter 8.14, "Configuring the Results",
on page 267 and Chapter 8.19, "Retrieving Results", on page 378).

● Timing Parameters..................................................................................................16

● Power/Amplitude Parameters................................................................................. 19

● Frequency Parameters............................................................................................23

● Phase Parameters.................................................................................................. 24

● Envelope Model (Cardinal Data Points) Parameters.............................................. 25

● Time Sidelobe Parameters......................................................................................29

● Stability Parameters................................................................................................33

3.1.1 Timing Parameters

The following timing parameters can be determined by the Pulse application.

16User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Timestamp.....................................................................................................................17

Settling Time................................................................................................................. 17

Rise Time......................................................................................................................17

Fall Time........................................................................................................................18

Pulse Width (ON Time)................................................................................................. 18

Off Time.........................................................................................................................18

Duty Ratio..................................................................................................................... 18

Duty Cycle (%).............................................................................................................. 18

Pulse Repetition Interval............................................................................................... 19

Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz).................................................................................. 19

Timestamp

The time stamp uniquely identifies each pulse in the capture buffer. It is defined as the
time from the capture start point to the beginning of the pulse period of the current
pulse. (As opposed to the pulse number, which is always relative to the start of the
detection range, see also "Detection range" on page 56).

Depending on the user-specified definition of the pulse period, the period begins with
the mid-level crossing of the current pulse's rising edge (period: high-to-low) or the
mid-level crossing of the previous pulse's falling edge (period low-to-high). See also

"Pulse Period" on page 89.

Note: For external triggers, the trigger point within the sample (TPIS) is considered in
the timestamp (see TRACe:IQ:TPISample? on page 390).

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:TSTamp? on page 416
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:TSTamp on page 337
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:TSTamp:LIMit? on page 455

Settling Time

The difference between the time at which the pulse exceeds the mid threshold on the
rising edge to the point where the pulse waveform remains within the pulse boundary
(ON Inner/ ON Outer)

See Figure 3-1
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:SETTling? on page 415
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:SETTling on page 337
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:SETTling:LIMit? on page 455

Rise Time

The time required for the pulse to transition from the base to the top level. This is the
difference between the time at which the pulse exceeds the lower and upper thresh­olds.

See Figure 3-1
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:RISE? on page 415
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:RISE on page 337
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:RISE:LIMit? on page 455

17User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Fall Time

The time required for the pulse to transition from the top to the base level. This is the
difference between the time at which the pulse drops below the upper and lower
thresholds.

See Figure 3-1
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:FALL? on page 411
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:FALL on page 335
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:FALL:LIMit? on page 455

Pulse Width (ON Time)

The time that the pulse remains at the top level ("ON"). This is the time between the
first positive edge and the subsequent negative edge of the pulse in seconds, where
the edges occur at crossings of the mid threshold.

See Figure 3-1
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PWIDth? on page 414
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PWIDth on page 337
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PWIDth:LIMit? on page 455

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Off Time

The time that the pulse remains at the base level ("OFF"). This is the time between the
first negative edge and the subsequent positive edge of the pulse in seconds, where
the edges occur at crossings of the mid threshold.

See Figure 3-1
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:OFF? on page 411
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:OFF on page 336
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:OFF:LIMit? on page 455

Duty Ratio

The ratio of the "Pulse Width" to "Pulse Repetition Interval" expressed as a value
between 0 and 1 (requires at least two measured pulses)

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DRATio? on page 410
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:DRATio on page 335
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DRATio:LIMit? on page 455

Duty Cycle (%)

The ratio of the "Pulse Width" to "Pulse Repetition Interval" expressed as a percentage
(requires at least two measured pulses)

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DCYCle? on page 409
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:DCYCle on page 335
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DCYCle:LIMit? on page 455

18User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Pulse Repetition Interval

The time between two consecutive edges of the same polarity in seconds (requires at
least two measured pulses). The user-specified definition of the pulse period
(see"Pulse Period" on page 89) determines whether this value is calculated from
consecutive rising or falling edges.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRI? on page 413
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PRI on page 336
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRI:LIMit? on page 455

Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz)

The frequency of occurrence of pulses, i.e. inverse of the "Pulse Repetition Interval"
(requires at least two measured pulses)

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRF? on page 412
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PRF on page 336
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRF:LIMit? on page 455

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

3.1.2 Power/Amplitude Parameters

The following power/amplitude parameters can be determined by the Pulse application.

Top Power..................................................................................................................... 19

Base Power...................................................................................................................20

Pulse Amplitude............................................................................................................ 20

In-Phase Amplitude/Quadrature Amplitude...................................................................20

Average ON Power....................................................................................................... 20

Average Tx Power.........................................................................................................20

Minimum Power............................................................................................................ 21

Peak Power...................................................................................................................21

Peak-to-Avg ON Power Ratio........................................................................................21

Peak-to-Average Tx Power Ratio..................................................................................21

Peak-to-Min Power Ratio.............................................................................................. 21

Droop............................................................................................................................ 21

Ripple............................................................................................................................22

Overshoot......................................................................................................................22

Power (at Point)............................................................................................................ 22

Pulse-to-Pulse Power Ratio.......................................................................................... 22

Top Power

The median pulse ON power. The value of this parameter is used as a reference
(100%) to determine other parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds. Var­ious algorithms are provided to determine the top power (see "Measurement Algo-

rithm" on page 132).

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:TOP? on page 407
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:TOP on page 333
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:TOP:LIMit? on page 455

19User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Base Power

The median pulse OFF power. The value of this parameter is used as a reference (0%)
to determine other parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:BASE? on page 397
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:BASE on page 329
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:BASE:LIMit? on page 455

Pulse Amplitude

The difference between the "Top Power" and the "Base Power", calculated in linear
power units (W). This value determines the 100% power range (amplitude). This value
is converted to dBm for the Pulse Results table.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude? on page 394
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude on page 328
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:LIMit? on page 455

In-Phase Amplitude/Quadrature Amplitude

The pulse in-phase or quadrature amplitude as a voltage, measured at the measure­ment point of the pulse (see Chapter 5.10.2, "Measurement Point", on page 133). Val­ues range from -10 mV to +10 mV.

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Remote command:
Querying results:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I? on page 395
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q? on page 396

Including results in result summary table:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude:I on page 329
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q on page 329

Querying limit check results:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I:LIMit? on page 455
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q:LIMit? on page 455

Average ON Power

The average power during the pulse ON time
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ON? on page 400
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ON on page 330
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ON:LIMit? on page 455

Average Tx Power

The average transmission power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AVG? on page 397
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AVG on page 329
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AVG:LIMit? on page 455

20User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Minimum Power

The minimum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MIN? on page 399
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:MIN on page 330
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MIN:LIMit? on page 455

Peak Power

The maximum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MAX? on page 398
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:MAX on page 330
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MAX:LIMit? on page 455

Peak-to-Avg ON Power Ratio
The ratio of maximum to average power over the pulse ON time (also known as crest
factor)

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PON? on page 404
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PON on page 332
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PON:LIMit? on page 455

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Peak-to-Average Tx Power Ratio

The ratio of maximum to average power over the entire pulse ON + OFF interval.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PAVG? on page 402
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PAVG on page 331
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PAVG:LIMit? on page 455

Peak-to-Min Power Ratio

The ratio of maximum to minimum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PMIN? on page 403
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PMIN on page 331
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PMIN:LIMit? on page 455

Droop

The rate at which the pulse top level decays, calculated as the difference between the
power at the beginning of the pulse ON time and the power at the end of the pulse ON
time, divided by the pulse amplitude.

Droop values are only calculated if Pulse Has Droop is set to "On" (default ).
For more information see Chapter 4.1.1, "Amplitude Droop", on page 52
Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is

defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 132), otherwise in %W.

21User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop:DB? on page 393
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent]? on page 394
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ADRoop:DB on page 328
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent] on page 328
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop:DB:LIMit? on page 455
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 455

Ripple

The ripple is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum devia­tion from the pulse top reference, within a user specified interval.

For more information see Chapter 4.1.2, "Ripple", on page 52
Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is

defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 132), otherwise in %W.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle:DB? on page 406
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent]? on page 407
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:RIPPle:DB on page 332
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent] on page 333
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle:DB:LIMit? on page 455
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 455

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Overshoot

The height of the local maximum after a rising edge, divided by the pulse amplitude.
For more information see Chapter 4.1.3, "Overshoot", on page 54.
Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is

defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 132), otherwise in %W.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB? on page 400
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent]? on page 401
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB on page 330
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent] on page 331
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB:LIMit? on page 455
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 455

Power (at Point)

The power measured at the pulse "measurement point" specified by the Measurement

Point Reference and the "Offset" on page 135

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:POINt? on page 404
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:POINt on page 331
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:POINt:LIMit? on page 455

Pulse-to-Pulse Power Ratio

The ratio of the "Power" values from the first measured pulse to the current pulse.

22User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PPRatio? on page 405
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PPRatio on page 332
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PPRatio:LIMit? on page 455

3.1.3 Frequency Parameters

The following frequency parameters can be determined by the Pulse application.

Frequency..................................................................................................................... 23

Pulse-Pulse Frequency Difference................................................................................23

Frequency Error (RMS).................................................................................................23

Frequency Error (Peak).................................................................................................23

Frequency Deviation..................................................................................................... 24

Chirp Rate.....................................................................................................................24

Frequency

Frequency of the pulse measured at the defined Measurement Point
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:POINt? on page 420
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:POINt on page 325
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:POINt:LIMit? on page 454

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Pulse-Pulse Frequency Difference

Difference in frequency between the first measured pulse and the currently measured
pulse

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PPFRequency? on page 421
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:PPFRequency on page 325
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PPFRequency:LIMit? on page 454

Frequency Error (RMS)

The RMS frequency error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated rela­tive to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for modulation type "Arbi­trary". The error is calculated over the Measurement Range.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:RERRor? on page 421
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:RERRor on page 326
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:RERRor:LIMit? on page 454

Frequency Error (Peak)

The peak frequency error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated rela­tive to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for modulation type "Arbi­trary". The error is calculated over the Measurement Range.

23User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PERRor? on page 419
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:PERRor on page 325
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PERRor:LIMit? on page 454

Frequency Deviation

The frequency deviation of the currently measured pulse. The deviation is calculated
as the absolute difference between the maximum and minimum frequency values
within the Measurement Range.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:DEViation? on page 418
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:DEViation on page 325
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:DEViation:LIMit? on page 454

Chirp Rate

A known frequency chirp rate (per μs) to be used for generating an ideal pulse wave­form.

Note: a chirp rate is only available for the Pulse Modulation type "Linear FM".
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:CRATe? on page 418
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:CRATe on page 324
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:CRATe:LIMit? on page 454

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

3.1.4 Phase Parameters

The following phase parameters can be determined by the Pulse application.

Phase............................................................................................................................24

Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference.......................................................................................24

Phase Error (RMS)........................................................................................................25

Phase Error (Peak)....................................................................................................... 25

Phase Deviation............................................................................................................25

Phase

Phase of the pulse measured at the defined Measurement Point
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:POINt? on page 424
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:POINt on page 327
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:POINt:LIMit? on page 454

Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference

Difference in phase between the first measured pulse and the currently measured
pulse

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PPPHase? on page 425
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:PPPHase on page 327
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PPPHase:LIMit? on page 454

24User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Phase Error (RMS)

The RMS phase error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative
to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for the Pulse Modulation type
"Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement Range.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:RERRor? on page 426
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:RERRor on page 327
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:RERRor:LIMit? on page 455

Phase Error (Peak)

The peak phase error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative
to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for the Pulse Modulation type
"Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement Range.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PERRor? on page 424
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:PERRor on page 326
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PERRor:LIMit? on page 454

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Phase Deviation

The phase deviation of the currently measured pulse. The deviation is calculated as
the absolute difference between the maximum and minimum phase values within the

Measurement Range.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:DEViation? on page 423
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:DEViation on page 326
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:DEViation:LIMit? on page 454

3.1.5 Envelope Model (Cardinal Data Points) Parameters

The pulse envelope model has the shape of a trapezoid of amplitude (V) versus time
(s) values. This model allows for a finite rise and fall time, as well as an amplitude
droop across the top of the pulse. During measurement of each pulse, the points of this
trapezoidal model are determined as the basis for further measurements. For example,
the rise and fall time amplitude thresholds or the "pulse top" duration are determined
from the parameters of the envelope model.

25User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Figure 3-2: Envelope model parameters

Each of these parameters has a time and an amplitude value. The time values are rel­ative to the pulse timestamp and displayed in seconds. The amplitude values are dis­played as power in dBm units.

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

You configure the desired high, mid and low thresholds for the rise and fall slopes rela­tive to the base (0%) and top (100%) levels. See Chapter 5.10.1, "Measurement Lev-

els", on page 130.

The power value of the rise base point and the fall base point is assumed to be equal
and is defined by the "Base Power" parameter found in the "Amplitude Parameters"
group of the table configuration (see "Base Power" on page 20).

Rise Base Point Time....................................................................................................26

Rise Low Point Time..................................................................................................... 27

Rise Mid Point Time......................................................................................................27

Rise High Point Time.....................................................................................................27

Rise Top Point Time......................................................................................................27

Rise Low Point Level.....................................................................................................27

Rise Mid Point Level..................................................................................................... 27

Rise High Point Level....................................................................................................28

Rise Top Point Level..................................................................................................... 28

Fall Base Point Time.....................................................................................................28

Fall Low Point Time.......................................................................................................28

Fall Mid Point Time........................................................................................................28

Fall High Point Time......................................................................................................28

Fall Top Point Time........................................................................................................28

Fall Low Point Level......................................................................................................29

Fall Mid Point Level.......................................................................................................29

Fall High Point Level..................................................................................................... 29

Fall Top Point Level.......................................................................................................29

Rise Base Point Time

The time the amplitude starts rising above 0 %.

26User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RBPTime? on page 435
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RBPTime on page 322
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RBPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Rise Low Point Time

The time the amplitude reaches the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPTime? on page 437
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RLPTime on page 323
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Rise Mid Point Time

The time the amplitude reaches the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPTime? on page 439
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RMPTime on page 323
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Rise High Point Time

The time the amplitude reaches the High (Distal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPTime? on page 436
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RHPTime on page 322
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Rise Top Point Time

The time the amplitude reaches the 100 % level in the rising edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPTime? on page 440
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RTPTime on page 324
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Rise Low Point Level

The amplitude of the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPLevel? on page 437
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RLPLevel on page 322
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPLevel:LIMit? on page 454

Rise Mid Point Level

The amplitude of the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPLevel? on page 438
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RMPLevel on page 323
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPLevel:LIMit? on page 454

27User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Rise High Point Level

The amplitude of the High (Distal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPLevel? on page 435
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RHPLevel on page 322
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPLevel:LIMit? on page 454

Rise Top Point Level

The amplitude at 100 % in the rising edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPLevel? on page 439
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RTPLevel on page 324
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPLevel:LIMit? on page 454

Fall Base Point Time

The time the amplitude reaches 0 % on the falling edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FBPTime? on page 429
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FBPTime on page 319
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FBPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Fall Low Point Time

The time the amplitude reaches the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPTime? on page 431
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FLPTime on page 320
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Fall Mid Point Time

The time the amplitude reaches the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPTime? on page 433
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FMPTime on page 321
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Fall High Point Time

The time the amplitude reaches the High (Distal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPTime? on page 430
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FHPTime on page 320
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Fall Top Point Time

The time the amplitude falls below the 100 % level in the falling edge.

28User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPTime? on page 434
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FTPTime on page 321
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPTime:LIMit? on page 454

Fall Low Point Level

The amplitude of the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPLevel? on page 431
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FLPLevel on page 320
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPLevel:LIMit? on page 454

Fall Mid Point Level

The amplitude of the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPLevel? on page 432
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FMPLevel on page 321
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPLevel:LIMit? on page 454

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Fall High Point Level

The amplitude of the High (Distal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPLevel? on page 429
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FHPLevel on page 320
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPLevel:LIMit? on page 454

Fall Top Point Level

The amplitude at 100 % in the falling edge.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPLevel? on page 433
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FTPLevel on page 321
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPLevel:LIMit? on page 454

3.1.6 Time Sidelobe Parameters

The following graphics illustrate how some of the time sidelobe parameters are deter­mined.

29User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

The following phase parameters can be determined by the Pulse application if the
additional R&S FSWP-K6S option is installed.

Peak to Sidelobe Level................................................................................................. 30

Integrated Sidelobe Level............................................................................................. 31

Mainlobe 3 dB Width.....................................................................................................31

Sidelobe Delay..............................................................................................................31

Compression Ratio........................................................................................................31

Mainlobe Power (Integrated).........................................................................................32

Mainlobe Power (Average)............................................................................................32

Peak Correlation........................................................................................................... 32

Mainlobe Phase............................................................................................................ 32

Mainlobe Frequency......................................................................................................33

Peak to Sidelobe Level

The level of the largest sidelobe (measured within the Time Sidelobe Range), relative
to the peak of the mainlobe.

30User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:PSLevel on page 340
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:PSLevel? on page 448
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:PSLevel:LIMit? on page 455

Integrated Sidelobe Level

The sum of all the levels of all the sidelobes (measured within the Time Sidelobe

Range), relative to the peak of the correlated pulse.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:ISLevel on page 339
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:ISLevel? on page 444
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:ISLevel:LIMit? on page 455

Mainlobe 3 dB Width

Width of the mainlobe at 3 dB below its peak level.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:MWIDth on page 339
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:MWIDth? on page 446
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:MWIDth:LIMit? on page 455

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Sidelobe Delay

Time difference between the sidelobe peak and the mainlobe peak level.

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:SDELay on page 340
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:SDELay? on page 449
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:SDELay:LIMit? on page 455

Compression Ratio

Ratio of Mainlobe 3 dB Width to width of uncorrelated (non-filtered) pulse

31User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:CRATio on page 338
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:CRATio? on page 443
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:CRATio:LIMit? on page 455

Mainlobe Power (Integrated)

Peak power of the correlator output, normalized to the reference waveform power. For
perfectly correlated measured and reference waveforms, this value corresponds to the
integrated power of the measured waveform over the correlation interval.

For details see "Mainlobe power (integrated)" on page 67.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:IMPower on page 338
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:IMPower? on page 443
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:IMPower:LIMit? on page 455

Mainlobe Power (Average)

Peak power of the correlator output, normalized to the reference waveform power and
to the correlation interval. For perfectly correlated measured and reference waveforms,

this value corresponds to the average power of the measured waveform over the cor­relation interval.

For details see "Mainlobe power (integrated)" on page 67.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:AMPower on page 338
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:AMPower? on page 442
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:AMPower:LIMit? on page 455

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Peak Correlation

Peak power of the correlator output, normalized to both the measured and reference
waveform powers. This yields a value between 0 (completely uncorrelated) and 1 (per­fectly correlated).

For details see "Peak correlation" on page 67.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:PCORrelation on page 340
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:PCORrelation? on page 447
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:PCORrelation:LIMit? on page 455

Mainlobe Phase

The phase difference between the measured and reference waveforms at the time off­set corresponding to the mainlobe peak.

Note: The phase is only meaningful relative to other pulses within the capture, not as
an absolute value.

For details see "Mainlobe frequency and phase" on page 68.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:MPHase on page 339
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:MPHase? on page 446
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:MPHase:LIMit? on page 455

32User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Mainlobe Frequency

The frequency difference between the measured and reference waveforms at the time
offset corresponding to the mainlobe peak.

For details see "Mainlobe frequency and phase" on page 68.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TSIDelobe:MFRequency on page 339
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:MFRequency? on page 445
[SENSe:]PULSe:TSIDelobe:MFRequency:LIMit? on page 455

3.1.7 Stability Parameters

The following pulse stability parameters can be determined by the Pulse application if
the additional R&S FSWP-K6P option is installed.

For more information, see Chapter 4.6, "Pulse Stability Analysis", on page 69.

Burst Number................................................................................................................33

Position Number in Burst.............................................................................................. 33

Pulse Phase Stability.................................................................................................... 33

Pulse Amplitude Stability...............................................................................................33

Total Pulse Stability.......................................................................................................34

Measurements and Result Displays

Pulse Parameters

Burst Number

Number of burst in capture buffer (see "Pulse vs burst" on page 70)
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:STABility:BURSt on page 334
[SENSe:]PULSe:STABility:BURSt? on page 451

Position Number in Burst

Position of the individual pulse within a burst (see "Pulse vs burst" on page 70)
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:STABility:PIBurst on page 334
[SENSe:]PULSe:STABility:PIBurst? on page 452

Pulse Phase Stability

The deviation of the pulse phase from the reference phase, in dB with respect to
1 radian. The reference phase is calculated by taking the average phase over all cap­tured pulses.

For details see "Calculation of individual pulse stability values" on page 72.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:STABility:PHASe on page 334
[SENSe:]PULSe:STABility:PHASe? on page 452

Pulse Amplitude Stability

The deviation of the pulse amplitude from the reference amplitude, in dB with respect
to the reference value. The reference amplitude is calculated by taking the RMS power
over all captured pulses.

33User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

For details see "Calculation of individual pulse stability values" on page 72.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:STABility:AMPLitude on page 333
[SENSe:]PULSe:STABility:AMPLitude? on page 450

Total Pulse Stability

The total stability is obtained by adding phase and amplitude stability in the power
domain, and converting it to dB.

For details see "Calculation of individual pulse stability values" on page 72.
Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:TABLe:STABility:TOTal on page 334
[SENSe:]PULSe:STABility:TOTal? on page 453

3.2 Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

The data that was measured by the Pulse application can be evaluated using various
different methods.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

All evaluation modes available for the Pulse measurement are displayed in the selec­tion bar in SmartGrid mode.

For details on working with the SmartGrid see the R&S FSWP Getting Started manual.

By default, the Pulse measurement results are displayed in the following windows:

●

Magnitude Capture

●

Pulse Results

●

Pulse Frequency

●

Pulse Magnitude

●

Pulse Phase

The following evaluation methods are available for Pulse measurements:

(Result displays marked with an asterisk (*) require both the R&S FSWP-K6 and the
additional R&S FSWP-K6S option.)

(Result displays marked with a cross (+) require both the R&S FSWP-K6 and the addi­tional R&S FSWP-K6P option.)

Magnitude Capture........................................................................................................35

Marker Table ................................................................................................................ 36

Parameter Distribution.................................................................................................. 37

Parameter Spectrum.....................................................................................................38

Parameter Trend...........................................................................................................38

Pulse Frequency........................................................................................................... 40

Pulse I and Q................................................................................................................ 40

Pulse Magnitude........................................................................................................... 41

Pulse Phase..................................................................................................................42

34User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Pulse Phase (Wrapped)................................................................................................42

Pulse Results................................................................................................................ 43

Pulse-Pulse Spectrum...................................................................................................44

Pulse Statistics..............................................................................................................45

Result Range Spectrum................................................................................................45

Correlated Magnitude Capture(*)..................................................................................46

Correlated Pulse Magnitude(*)......................................................................................47

Pulse Frequency Error(*).............................................................................................. 47

Pulse Phase Error(*)..................................................................................................... 48

Pulse Stability(+)........................................................................................................... 49

Pulse Stability Waterfall(+)............................................................................................49

Magnitude Capture

Displays the captured data. Detected pulses are indicated by green bars along the x­axis. The currently selected pulse is highlighted in blue.

Additionally, the following parameters are indicated by horizontal lines in the diagram:

●

"Ref": the pulse detection reference level (see Chapter 5.10.1, "Measurement Lev-

els", on page 130)

●

"Det": the pulse detection threshold (see "Threshold" on page 129)

●

"100 %": a fixed top power level (see "Fixed Value" on page 132)
You can drag the line in the diagram to change the top power level.

The detection range is indicated by vertical lines ("DR", see "Detection Range"
on page 129). You can drag the lines within the capture buffer to change the detection
range.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Segmented data capturing

35User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Data can be captured non-contiguously, that is, in segments (see Chapter 4.4, "Seg-

mented Data Capturing", on page 60). For segmented data, the measured time span

may be very long, whereas the relevant signal segments may be relatively short. Thus,
to improve clarity, the Magnitude Capture display is compressed to eliminate the gaps
between the captured segments. The segment ranges are indicated by vertical blue
lines. Between two segments, the gap may be compressed in the display. The time
span indicated for the x-axis in the diagram footer is only up-to-date when the mea­surement is completed.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,MCAP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Segmented data:

TRACe<n>:IQ:SCAPture:BOUNdary? on page 382
TRACe<n>:IQ:SCAPture:TSTamp:SSTart? on page 383
TRACe<n>:IQ:SCAPture:TSTamp:TRIGger? on page 385

Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Marker Table

Displays a table with the current marker values for the active markers.
This table is displayed automatically if configured accordingly.

Type Shows the marker type and number ("M" for a nor-

mal marker, "D" for a delta marker).

Ref Shows the reference marker that a delta marker

refers to.

Trace Shows the trace that the marker is positioned on.

X- / Y-Value Shows the marker coordinates (usually frequency

and level).

36User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Tip: To navigate within long marker tables, simply scroll through the entries with your

finger on the touchscreen.
Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, MTAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 366
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:Y? on page 462

Parameter Distribution

Plots a histogram of a particular parameter, i.e. all measured parameter values from
the current capture vs pulse count or occurrence in %. Thus you can determine how
often a particular parameter value occurs. For each parameter distribution window you
can configure a different parameter to be displayed.

This evaluation method allows you to distinguish transient and stable effects in a spe­cific parameter, such as a spurious frequency deviation or a fluctuation in power over
several pulses.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Note: Limit lines. Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Distribution
diagram. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new position is
maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in any active
table displays are adapted.

Note that averaging is not possible for parameter distribution traces.
Remote command:

LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PDIS see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350

Chapter 8.14.3, "Configuring a Parameter Distribution", on page 269

Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

37User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Parameter Spectrum

Calculates an FFT for a selected column of the Pulse Results table. This "spectrum"
allows you to easily determine the frequency of periodicities in the pulse parameters.
For example, the Parameter Spectrum for "Pulse Top Power" might display a peak at a
particular frequency, indicating incidental amplitude modulation of the amplifier output
due to the power supply.

The Parameter Spectrum is calculated by taking the magnitude of the FFT of the
selected parameter and normalizing the result to the largest peak. In order to calculate
the frequency axis the average PRI (pulse repetition interval) is taken to be the "sam­ple rate" for the FFT. Note that in cases where the signal has a non-uniform or stag­gered PRI the frequency axis must therefore be interpreted with caution.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PSP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350

Chapter 8.14.4, "Configuring a Parameter Spectrum", on page 277

Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Parameter Trend

Plots all measured parameter values from the current capture buffer (or detection
range, if enabled) vs pulse number or pulse timestamp. This is equivalent to plotting a
column of the "Pulse Results" table for the rows highlighted green. This evaluation
allows you to determine trends in a specific parameter, such as a frequency deviation
or a fluctuation in power over several pulses.

The parameter trend evaluation can also be used for a more general scatter plot - the
parameters from the current capture buffer cannot only be displayed over time, but
also versus any other pulse parameter. For example, you can evaluate the rise time vs
fall time.

38User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

For each parameter trend window you can configure a different parameter to be dis­played for both the x-axis and the y-axis, making this a very powerful and flexible
analysis tool.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Figure 3-3: Pulse width trend display (over pulse numbers)

Figure 3-4: Peak power vs pulse width scatter plot

Note: Limit lines. Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Trend dia­gram. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new position is
maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in any active
table displays are adapted.
If a limit is defined for a parameter that is displayed in a Parameter Trend diagram, the

" Auto Scale Once " on page 159 function is not available for the axis this parameter is

displayed on (see also "Activating a limit check for a parameter" on page 158). This
avoids the rapid movement of the limit lines which would occur if the axis scale
changed.

Note that averaging is not possible for parameter trend traces.

39User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Note: Setting markers in Parameter Trend Displays. In Parameter Trend displays,

especially when the x-axis unit is not pulse number, positioning a marker by defining its
x-axis value can be very difficult or ambiguous. Thus, markers can be positioned by
defining the corresponding pulse number in the "Marker" edit field for all parameter
trend displays, regardless of the displayed x-axis parameter. The "Marker" edit field is
displayed when you select one of the "Marker" softkeys.
However, the position displayed in the marker information area or the marker table is
shown in the defined x-axis unit.

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PTR see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350

Chapter 8.14.6, "Configuring a Parameter Trend", on page 288

Pulse Frequency

Displays the frequency trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of the
trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result

Range", on page 144).

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Note:

You can apply an additional filter after demodulation to help filter out unwanted signals
(see "FM Video Bandwidth" on page 147).

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PFR see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Pulse I and Q

Displays the magnitude of the I and Q components of the selected pulse versus time
as separate traces in one diagram. The length and alignment of the trace can be con­figured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result Range",
on page 144).

40User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PIAQ see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I? on page 395
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q? on page 396

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Pulse Magnitude

Displays the magnitude vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment
of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2,

"Result Range", on page 144).

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PMAG see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

41User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Pulse Phase

Displays the phase vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of
the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2,

"Result Range", on page 144).

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PPH see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Pulse Phase (Wrapped)

Displays the wrapped phase vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and align­ment of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chap-

ter 6.1.2, "Result Range", on page 144).

42User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PPW see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Pulse Results

Displays the measured pulse parameters in a table of results. Which parameters are
displayed can be configured in the "Result Configuration" (see Chapter 6.1, "Result

Configuration", on page 143). The currently selected pulse is highlighted blue. The

pulses contained in the current capture buffer (or detection range, if enabled) are high­lighted green. The number of detected pulses in the current capture buffer ("Curr") and
the entire measurement ("Total") is indicated in the title bar.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Note:

You can apply an additional filter after demodulation to help filter out unwanted signals
(see "FM Video Bandwidth" on page 147).

Limit check

Optionally, the measured results can be checked against defined limits (see Chap-

ter 6.1.6.1, "Limit Settings for Table Displays", on page 156). The results of the limit

check are indicated in the Pulse Results table as follows:

Table 3-1: Limit check results in the result tables

Display color Limit check result

White No limit check active for this parameter

Green Limit check passed

Red, asterisk before Limit check failed; limit exceeds lower limit

Red, asterisk behind Limit check failed; limit exceeds upper limit

43User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Note: The results of the limit check are for informational purposes only; special events

such as stopping the measurement are not available.
Note: Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Distribution and Param-

eter Trend diagrams. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The

new position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit
check in any active table displays are adapted.

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PRES see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350

Chapter 8.14.9, "Configuring the Statistics and Parameter Tables", on page 317

Results:

Chapter 8.19.4, "Retrieving Parameter Results", on page 390

Number of pulses: [SENSe:]PULSe:COUNt? on page 387

Chapter 8.19.5, "Retrieving Limit Results", on page 454

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Pulse-Pulse Spectrum

The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is basically a Parameter Spectrum, based on complex I/Q
data. The I and Q values for each pulse (taken at the Measurement Point Reference)
are integrated over all pulses to create a spectrum that consists of positive and nega­tive frequencies. You cannot select a parameter for the spectrum. All other settings are
identical to the parameter spectrum.

The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is useful to analyze small frequency shifts which cannot
be detected within an individual pulse, for example Doppler effects.

44User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,PPSP, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Pulse Statistics

Displays statistical values (minimum, maximum, average, standard deviation) for the
measured pulse parameters in a table of results. The number of evaluated pulses is
also indicated. Both the current capture buffer data and the cumulated captured data
from a series of measurements are evaluated. The statistics calculated only from pul­ses within the current capture buffer (or detection range, if enabled) are highlighted
green. For reference, the measured parameters from the "Selected Pulse" are also
shown, highlighted blue. The displayed parameters are the same as in the Pulse
Results and can be configured in the "Result Configuration" (see Chapter 6.1, "Result

Configuration", on page 143).

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Note: Limit checks are also available for Pulse Statistics; see "Pulse Results"
on page 43.

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PST see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350

Chapter 8.14.9, "Configuring the Statistics and Parameter Tables", on page 317

Results:

Chapter 8.19.4, "Retrieving Parameter Results", on page 390

[SENSe:]PULSe:<ParameterGroup>:<Parameter>:COUNt? on page 389

Chapter 8.19.5, "Retrieving Limit Results", on page 454

Result Range Spectrum

Calculates a power spectrum from the captured I/Q data, within the time interval
defined by the result range (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result Range", on page 144.

The Result Range Spectrum is calculated using a Welch periodogram, which involves
averaging the spectrum calculated by overlapping windows.

The shape of the window used for the calculation can be specified. The length of the
window is calculated such that a specific resolution bandwidth is obtained.

45User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,RRSP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Correlated Magnitude Capture(*)

Requires option R&S FSWP-K6S.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Displays the magnitude of the correlator output over the entire capture buffer. The time
intervals corresponding to detected pulses are indicated with green bars along the
lower edge of the display. The time interval of the current "Selected Pulse" is indicated
with a blue bar analogous to the Magnitude Capture display.

This result display is only available for measurements on a reference pulse (Pulse

Modulation = "Reference IQ").

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,CMC, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

46User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Correlated Pulse Magnitude(*)

Requires option R&S FSWP-K6S.
Displays the magnitude of the correlator output for the currently selected pulse within

the result range.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

This result display is only available for measurements on a reference pulse (Pulse

Modulation = "Reference IQ").

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,CPM, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Pulse Frequency Error(*)

Requires option R&S FSWP-K6S.
Displays the frequency deviation between the reference pulse and the currently

selected measured pulse within the result range.

47User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

This result display only shows results if the signal model has been defined as CW, Lin­ear FM or Reference I/Q (see Chapter 5.3, "Reference Signal Description",
on page 91).

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,PFE, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Pulse Phase Error(*)

Requires option R&S FSWP-K6S.
Displays the phase deviation between the reference pulse and the currently selected

measured pulse within the result range.

48User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

This result display only shows results if the signal model has been defined as CW, Lin­ear FM or Reference I/Q (see Chapter 5.3, "Reference Signal Description",
on page 91).

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,PPER, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Pulse Stability(+)

Pulse stability refers to the deviation of the pulse phase or amplitude from the refer­ence phase/amplitude, averaged over all captured pulses, in dB.

The Pulse stability diagram shows the stability for each pulse versus time.

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

By default, 3 traces are shown, one for each stability parameter:

●

Trace 1: phase stability

●

Trace 3: amplitude stability

●

Trace 5: total (phase+amplitude) stability

By default, the deviation for the selected pulse is averaged over all captured pulses in
single burst mode ("Selected Pulse" trace result).

In multiple burst mode, the deviation for the selected pulse is averaged over the pulses
at the same position in all captured bursts ("Position Average" trace result.

For details see Chapter 6.4, "Trace Configuration", on page 170.
Remote command:

LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,STAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

Pulse Stability Waterfall(+)

The Pulse Stability Waterfall is a 3-dimensional diagram that displays a selected stabil­ity result parameter (z-axis) vs the burst number (y-axis), and the pulse number within
a burst (x-axis). The stability parameter value is also indicated by different colors. In
effect, the waterfall diagram displays the (position average) Pulse Stability traces for
each burst one behind the other. Since one dimension of the waterfall is the burst num­ber, this display is mainly useful for multiple burst mode measurements.

49User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

The average stability value, which is also indicated numerically, is displayed as a trans­lucent 2-dimensional plane for quick reference. The 2-dimensional x-z and y-z traces
are indicated by black lines.

Depending on which aspect of the waterfall is currently of interest, you can rotate the
display to have a closer look at the stability parameter versus the burst number, or ver­sus the position number in burst. Simply drag your finger or the mouse pointer over the
waterfall in the direction you want to rotate it. You can rotate the display left or right, up
and down.

Table 3-2: Effect of rotating the waterfall diagram in three dimensions

Measurements and Result Displays

Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements

Rotation to the left > focus on
short-term deviation (within a
burst)

Rotation down > focus on pulse
stability parameter range

Rotation to the right > focus on
long-term deviation (throughout
capture)

Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,SWAT, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 350
Results:

TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 378

50User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

4 Measurement Basics

Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used in pulse measure­ments is provided here for a better understanding of the required configuration set­tings.

● Parameter Definitions..............................................................................................51

● Pulse Detection.......................................................................................................55

● Parameter Spectrum Calculation............................................................................ 57

● Segmented Data Capturing.....................................................................................60

● Time Sidelobe Analysis...........................................................................................63

● Pulse Stability Analysis........................................................................................... 69

● Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files........................................................................ 77

● Trace Evaluation..................................................................................................... 78

● Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode..................................................................... 84

4.1 Parameter Definitions

Measurement Basics

Parameter Definitions

The pulse parameters to be measured are based primarily on the IEEE 181 Standard
181-2003. For detailed descriptions refer to the standard documentation ("IEEE Stan­dard on Transitions, Pulses, and Related Waveforms", from the IEEE Instrumentation
and Measurement (I&M) Society, 7 July 2003).

The following definitions are used to determine the measured pulse power parameters:

Value Description

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

The magnitude in V corresponding to the pulse OFF level (base level)

0%

The magnitude in V corresponding to the pulse ON level (top level)

100%

The magnitude in V at the peak level occurring directly after the pulse rising edge (mid-level

Ov

crossing)

The magnitude in V of the reference model at the top of the rising edge (beginning of the pulse

rise

top)

The magnitude in V of the reference model at the top of the falling edge (end of the pulse top)

fall

The magnitude in V corresponding to the largest level above the reference model which occurs

rip+

within the ripple portion of the pulse top

The magnitude in V of the reference model at the point in time where L

top+

The magnitude in V corresponding to the lowest measured level below the reference model which

rip-

occurs within the ripple portion of the pulse top

is measured

rip+

L

The magnitude in V of the reference model at the point in time where L

top-

is measured

rip-

For definitions of pulse stability parameters, see Chapter 4.6, "Pulse Stability Analysis",
on page 69.

51User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

100 (%V) Droop

%0%100









LL

LL

fallrise

100 (%W) Droop

2

%0

2

%100

22









LL

LL

fallrise

















fall

rise

L

L

10

log20 (dB) Droop

● Amplitude Droop..................................................................................................... 52

● Ripple......................................................................................................................52

● Overshoot................................................................................................................54

4.1.1 Amplitude Droop

The amplitude droop is calculated as the difference between the power at the begin­ning of the pulse ON time and the power at the end of the pulse ON time, divided by
the pulse amplitude:

Measurement Basics

Parameter Definitions

Figure 4-1: Illustration of levels used to define the droop measurement

4.1.2 Ripple

The ripple is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum devia­tion from the pulse top reference, within a user specified interval.

52User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

100 (%V) Ripple

%0%100











LL

LLLL

riptoptoprip

100 (%W) Ripple

2

%0

2

%100

2222











LL

LLLL

riptoptoprip

























222

%100

222

%100

10

log10 (dB) Ripple

riptop

toprip

LLL

LLL

100 (%V) Ripple

%0%100











LL

LL

ripri p

100 (%W) Ripple

2

%0

2

%100

22











LL

LL

riprip

















rip

rip

L

L

10

log20 (dB) Ripple

The default behavior compensates for droop in the pulse top using the following formu­lae:

However, if Pulse Has Droop is set to "Off" or the 100 % Level Position is set to "Cen­ter", then the reference model has a flat pulse top and L

formulae are reduced to:

top+

Measurement Basics

Parameter Definitions

= L

top-

= L

. Thus, the

100%

The following illustration indicates the levels used for calculation.

53User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

100 (%V)Overshoot

%0%100

%100









LL

LL

Ov

100 (%W)Overshoot

2

%0

2

%100

2

%100

2









LL

LL

Ov

















%100

10

log20 (dB)Overshoot

L

L

Ov

Measurement Basics

Parameter Definitions

Figure 4-2: Illustration of levels used to define the ripple measurement.

4.1.3 Overshoot

The overshoot is defined as the height of the local maximum after a rising edge, divi­ded by the pulse amplitude:

54User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Measurement Basics

Pulse Detection

Figure 4-3: Illustration of levels used to define the overshoot measurement

4.2 Pulse Detection

A pulsed input signal is a signal whose carrier power is modulated by two states: ON
and OFF. Basically, a pulse is detected when the input signal power exceeds a thresh­old, then falls below that threshold, or vice versa. Pulses that rise to and then remain at
a peak (positive) power level for a certain duration, and then fall again are referred to
as positive pulses. The opposite - falling to and remaining at a minimum (negative)
power level, then rising - is referred to as a negative pulse. The "ON" power level is
referred to as the top or 100% level, whereas the "OFF" level is referred to as the
base or 0% level.

Top

Base

Base

Top

Positive

pulse

A hysteresis can refine the detection process and avoid falsely interpreting unstable
signals as additional pulses. Optionally, detection can be restricted to a maximum num­ber of pulses per capture process.

Negative

pulse

55User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

A top power level that is not constant is called an amplitude droop. Since the top level
is an important reference for several pulse parameters, take a droop into consideration
where possible. If a signal is known to have a droop, the reference level is not calcula­ted as an average or median value over the ON time. Instead, it is calculated sepa­rately for the rising and falling edges.

The time it takes the signal power to rise from the base level to the top is called the
rise time.

The duration the signal power remains at the top level is considered the ON time,
which also defines the pulse width.

The time it takes the signal power to fall from the top to the base level is called the fall
time.

The duration the signal power remains at the base level is called the OFF time.

The pulse repetition interval (also known as pulse period) is defined as the duration
of one complete cycle consisting of:

●

The rise time

●

The ON time

●

The fall time

●

The OFF time

Measurement Basics

Pulse Detection

To avoid taking noise, ripples, or other signal instabilities into consideration, the abso­lute peak or minimum power values are not used to calculate these characteristic val­ues. Instead, threshold values are defined.

See Chapter 3.1, "Pulse Parameters", on page 15 for more precise definitions and an
illustration of how these values are calculated.

Detection range

If the capture buffer contains a large number of pulses, it can be tedious to find a par­ticular pulse for analysis. In this case, you can enable the use of a detection range
instead of the entire capture buffer for analysis.

A detection range determines which part of the capture buffer is analyzed. It is defined
by the Detection Start and the Detection Length. If disabled (default), the entire capture
buffer is used as the detection range.

The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current detection
range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range. If you
change the position of the detection range within the capture buffer, pulse number 1
can be a different pulse. All pulse-based results are automatically updated, if neces­sary. To navigate to a particular pulse in the capture buffer, use the pulse timestamps,
which are relative to the start of the capture buffer.

An active detection range is indicated by vertical lines ("DR") in the Magnitude Capture
Buffer display. You can also change the detection range graphically by dragging the
vertical lines in the window.

56User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

4.3 Parameter Spectrum Calculation

When a signal is measured over time, it is possible to calculate the frequency spectrum
for the measured signal by performing an FFT on the measured data. Similarly, it is
possible to calculate a "spectrum" for a particular pulse parameter by performing an
FFT. This "spectrum" allows you to determine the frequency of periodicities in the pulse
parameters easily. For example, the Parameter Spectrum for "Pulse Top Power" can
display a peak at a particular frequency, indicating incidental amplitude modulation of
the amplifier output due to the power supply.

Basically, the parameter spectrum is calculated by taking the magnitude of the FFT of
the selected parameter and normalizing the result to the largest peak.

Frequency axis

When calculating a spectrum from a measured signal, the sample rate ensures a regu­lar distance between two frequencies. To calculate the frequency axis for a parameter
spectrum, the average PRI (pulse repetition interval) is taken to be the "sample rate"
for the FFT.

Measurement Basics

Parameter Spectrum Calculation

Interpolation

However, in cases where the signal has a non-uniform or staggered PRI the frequency
axis must be interpreted with caution. In cases where the pulses only occur in non-con­tiguous intervals, using the PRI no longer provides useful results. A good solution to
create equidistant samples for calculation is to "fill up" the intervals between pulses
with interpolated values. Based on the measured and interpolated values, the fre­quency axis can then be created.

The number of possible interpolation values is restricted to 100,000 by the Pulse appli­cation . Thus, the resulting spectrum is limited. By default, the frequency span for the
resulting spectrum is determined automatically. However, to improve the accuracy (and
performance) of the interpolation, the maximum required frequency span can be
restricted further manually.

Non-contiguous pulses - sections vs gaps

For the non-contiguous pulse measurements described above, interpolation in the long
intervals where no pulses occur distort the result. Therefore, time intervals without pul­ses are identified, referred to as gaps. The time intervals that contain pulses are also
identified, referred to as sections. Interpolation is then performed only on the sections,
whereas the gaps are ignored for the spectrum calculation.

A gap threshold ensures that pulses with large intervals are not split into multiple sec­tions. A section threshold ensures that singular pulses within a long gap are not inclu­ded in calculation.

57User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Example: Non-contiguous pulse measurement

A typical measurement setup that results in non-contiguous pulses is a rotating radar
antenna scanning the air. For most of the time required for a single rotation, no pulses
are received. However, when an object comes within the scan area, several pulses are
detected within a short duration in time (identified as a section). When the object
leaves the scan area again, the pulses will stop, defining a gap until the next object is
detected.

Blocks

Spectrum calculation is then performed for the individual sections only. However, the
Fourier transformation is not performed on the entire section in one step. Each section
is split into blocks, which can overlap. An FFT is performed on each block to calculate
an individual result. The smaller the block size, the more individual results are calcula­ted, and the more precise the final result. Thus, the block size determines the resolu­tion bandwidth in the final spectrum. Note that while the block size can be defined
manually, the RBW cannot.

Window functions

Measurement Basics

Parameter Spectrum Calculation

Each block with its measured and interpolated values is multiplied with a specific win­dow function. Windowing helps minimize the discontinuities at the end of the measured
signal interval and thus reduces the effect of spectral leakage, increasing the fre­quency resolution.

Various different window functions are provided in the Pulse application. Each of the
window functions has specific characteristics, including some advantages and some
trade-offs. Consider these characteristics carefully to find the optimum solution for the
measurement task.

Table 4-1: FFT window functions

Window type Function

Rectangular The rectangular window function is in effect not a function at all, it maintains the original

sampled data. This can be useful to minimize the required bandwidth; however, heavy
sidelobes can occur, which do not exist in the original signal.

Hamming

Hann

58User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P









































1length

n4

cos

2

alpha

1length

n2

cos5.0

2

1alpha

)n(w

blackman



1length

2

cos1

5.0

alpha









Window type Function

Blackman
(default)

Bartlett

Averaging and final spectrum

After windowing, an FFT is performed on each block, and the individual spectrum
results are then combined to a total result by averaging the traces. The complete proc­ess to calculate a parameter spectrum is shown in Figure 4-4.

Measurement Basics

Parameter Spectrum Calculation

59User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Measurement Basics

Segmented Data Capturing

Figure 4-4: Calculating a parameter spectrum for non-contiguous pulses

4.4 Segmented Data Capturing

As described above, measuring pulses with a varying repetition interval is a common
task in the Pulse application. Pulses to be measured can have a relatively short dura­tion compared to the repetition interval (low duty cycle). Performing a measurement
over a long time period can lead to large volumes of data with only minor parts of it
being relevant. Thus, a new segmented data capturing function has been introduced.
Using this function, the input signal is measured for the entire time span, which can be
very long; however, only user-defined segments of the data are actually stored on the
R&S FSWP. Thus, much less data, and only relevant data, needs to be analyzed. Ana­lyzing pulses becomes much quicker and more efficient.

Although segmented data capturing is similar to the common gated trigger method for
data acquisition, there is a significant difference: absolute timing information is provi­ded for the entire acquisition, in addition to the samples within the gating intervals. Fur-

60User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

thermore, pretrigger information for the pulses within a segment is available, as
opposed to gates that are triggered by a rising or falling edge, and do not provide pre­trigger data.

Trigger and trigger offset

A precondition for segmented data capturing is a trigger, as the segment definition is
based on the trigger event. A specified trigger offset is applied to each segment, thus
allowing for pretrigger data to be included in the segment. Furthermore, the length of
each segment (that is: the measurement time for an individual segment) must be
defined such that the longest expected pulse can be captured in one segment. Finally,
the number of trigger events for which data is to be captured can be defined.

Measurement time

If segmented capturing is active, the total measurement time is defined by the number
of trigger events and the segment length. Thus, the Measurement Time setting in the
"Data Acquisition" dialog box is not available.

A process indicator in the status bar shows the progress of the measurement if seg­mented capturing is used.

Measurement Basics

Segmented Data Capturing

Segmented Capture and Time Sidelobe Analysis

When using the new Time Sidelobe Analysis functions, set up the capture such that
there are enough pre/post samples to account for the entire reference I/Q waveform
length.

Recommended settings for a rising-edge trigger on the pulse are:

●

Trigger Offset = -1.5 * Reference I/Q Length

●

Segment Length = 4.0 * Reference I/Q Length

Alignment based on trigger event

Since segment definition is based on the trigger event, this event can also be used as
a reference point for the measurement point and result range definition (see Chap-

ter 5.10.2, "Measurement Point", on page 133 and "Alignment" on page 145).

To align the measurement point to a trigger event on a per-pulse basis, the Pulse appli­cation needs to associate one trigger event with each measured pulse. The following
rule applies to both power and external trigger sources:

●

Trigger source - rising slope: The pulse whose rising edge is closest to the trigger

event is associated

●

Trigger source - falling slope: The pulse whose falling edge is closest to the trigger

event is associated

61User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Measurement Basics

Segmented Data Capturing

Figure 4-5: Measurement point aligned to trigger on falling edge

Number of events vs number of segments

Generally, the number of trigger events corresponds to the number of captured seg­ments. However, sometimes, multiple trigger events can occur within a time interval
shorter than the specified segment length. Thus, the segments for the individual trigger
events overlap. In this case, the overlapping segments are merged together and the
number of segments is lower than the number of trigger events.

t1 t2 t3 t4

s1 s3s2

measurement time

Figure 4-6: Number of segments vs. number of trigger events

trigger events

captured

segments

62User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Result displays for segmented data

The Magnitude Capture display provides an overview of the entire measurement.
However, for segmented data, the time span can be very long, whereas the relevant
signal segments can be relatively short. Thus, to improve clarity, the display is com­pressed to eliminate the gaps between the captured segments. The segment ranges
are indicated by vertical lines. Between two segments, the gap can be compressed in
the display. The time span indicated for the x-axis in the diagram footer is only up-to­date when the measurement is completed. (See also "Magnitude Capture"
on page 35.)

Markers "jump" over the gaps, but indicate the correct absolute time within the seg­ments.

This compressed time-axis display is also used for the pulse-based results.

The result tables are identical for segmented or full data capture.

Timestamps vs. sample number

As mentioned above, timing information is available for the entire measurement span,
not only for the captured data segments. Thus, the absolute time that each segment
starts at is available as a timestamp. On the other hand, only the data samples within
the specified segments are actually stored. The samples are indexed. Thus, in addition
to the timestamps, the start of a segment can also be referenced by the index number
of the first sample in the segment. This is useful, for example, when retrieving the cap­tured segment data in remote operation. (See also TRACe<n>:IQ:SCAPture:

BOUNdary? on page 382.)

Measurement Basics

Time Sidelobe Analysis

The timing information for the captured segments is also stored when the I/Q data is
exported. It can then be retrieved when the I/Q data is used as an input source (see

Chapter 4.7, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files", on page 77) to reproduce results

that are consistent with the original measurement.

4.5 Time Sidelobe Analysis

The additional option R&S FSWP-K6S allows for time sidelobe (also known as range
sidelobe or pulse compression) analysis.

The purpose of pulse compression in a radar system is to reduce the effective width of
a pulse at the receiver end. A reduced pulse width allows the transmitted energy to be
distributed over a longer time interval, and thus reduces the peak transmitter power
requirements. At the same time, it maintains good resolution in the radar receiver.

Pulse compression can be achieved through correlation of a measured pulse with a
stored reference pulse waveform. The reference pulse is often an exact replica of the
transmitted pulse, but sometimes it is modified, e.g. via a windowing function, to
reduce sidelobes at the correlator output.

The Figure 4-7 shows the phase waveform of a BPSK pulse in red and the correspond­ing correlator output power of the compressed pulse in yellow. Note that the high

63User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

amplitude portion of the compressed pulse is significantly narrower than the duration of
the BPSK waveform.

Measurement Basics

Time Sidelobe Analysis

Figure 4-7: BPSK pulse (red) vs compressed pulse (yellow)

In theory, you must correlate the sent and the received pulses for this analysis. Where
both pulses are identical, strong power levels are measured; where they differ, smaller
levels are measured. By analyzing the correlator output, you can determine and quan­tify the gains and artifacts introduced by a device under test.

Since the R&S FSWP itself can measure only the received pulse, the sent pulse must
be configured as a reference pulse before the measurement.

The reference pulse can either be imported to the Pulse application from an I/Q wave­form file with measured data, or it can be calculated by the Pulse application according
to a specified pulse model. Various models and parameters are available to configure
the reference pulse according to your requirements (see Chapter 5.3, "Reference Sig-

nal Description", on page 91). In particular, a window function can be applied to the

reference pulse. This is useful, for example, if you use a waveform file with measured
data, without further editing.

The measured data is then correlated (or filtered) with the reference I/Q data. Further
details about the calculation of the correlator output are given in the following section.

I/Q data from Rohde & Schwarz signal generators

I/Q data for pulses created with Rohde & Schwarz signal generators (and stored in .wv
format) can now also be used as reference pulses in the Pulse application. For more
information see the Rohde & Schwarz application card: Simplify pulse and emitter gen-

eration for radar testing.

64User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

2

*

1

))(()()(

krefnk

N

k

meascorr

tIQtIQnP 







As a result of time sidelobe measurements, additional result displays are available,
including:

●

The correlated pulse magnitude for an individual pulse or the entire capture buffer

●

Frequency and phase errors for individual pulses

Furthermore, characteristic sidelobe parameters are added to the pulse result tables
(see Chapter 3.1.6, "Time Sidelobe Parameters", on page 29).

For more detailed information on Time Sidelobe Analysis, see the Rohde & Schwarz
application card Time sidelobe measurements optimize radar system performance.

● Keep-out Time.........................................................................................................65

● Pulse Compression Calculation.............................................................................. 65

● Reference Waveform.............................................................................................. 68

4.5.1 Keep-out Time

Measurement Basics

Time Sidelobe Analysis

Which part of the detected pulse is evaluated for time sidelobe results is also configu­rable, similarly to the result range for common pulse results. A keep-out time defines
an excluded area around the center, assuming this is the mainlobe, in which sidelobe
peaks are not included in the measured values.

4.5.2 Pulse Compression Calculation

Pulse compression is performed by correlating the measured data with a reference
waveform. Mathematically, this can be described as follows:

Equation 4-1: Power correlation

where "n" is a sample offset within the measured data at which the correlator output is
calculated.

65User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Since the data is processed digitally in the Pulse application, the measured and refer­ence waveform I/Q samples are denoted as:

IQ

t(n) for n=1,…,M

meas

and

IQ

t(k) for k=1,…,N

ref

Where:

●

M = samples in the measurement acquisition

●

N = samples of the reference waveform

●

Both measured and reference waveforms are sampled at the same sampling rate.

You can provide the reference waveform samples at a different sample rate to the one
used for data acquisition in the Pulse application. In this case, the reference waveform
is automatically resampled to match the current measurement sample rate. However,
consider that providing a reference waveform with a sample rate higher than the mea­surement sample rate causes the reference waveform to be downsampled. Downsam­pling can result in a loss of information through low-pass filtering.

Measurement Basics

Time Sidelobe Analysis

It can be shown that the correlator equation above is equivalent to a linear time-invari­ant filter operation. In this operation, the filter impulse response is given by a time­reversed and complex-conjugated version of the reference waveform. The implementa­tion of the correlator can therefore be efficiently calculated using fast Fourier transform
(FFT) operations according to the diagram in Pulse compression calculation in the

Pulse application.

The procedure is as follows:

1. Calculate an FFT from both the measured I/Q data and the reference I/Q data.

2. Convert one of the FFT results to the complex conjugate.

3. Multiply the FFT results.

4. Calculate the inverse FFT (IFFT).
The result is a correlated I/Q signal.

5. The magnitude squared value of the correlated I/Q signal is used for the Correlated
Pulse Magnitude and Correlated Magnitude Capture displays.

Measured I/Q

data

Reference

I/Q data

FFT

FFT ()*

X IFFT

|.|²

Time Sidelobe

Measurement

Figure 4-8: Pulse compression calculation in the Pulse application

66User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

noisetIQeeAtIQ

kref

tfi

i

nkmeas

k

peak





)()(

2



















N

k

kref

krefnk

N

k

meas

Int

tIQ

tIQtIQ

P

peak

1

2

2

*

1

)(

))(()(

















N

k

kref

krefnk

N

k

meas

Avg

tIQN

tIQtIQ

P

peak

1

2

2

*

1

)(

))(()(

Correlator output

At the mainlobe peak, the measured data is assumed to be a scaled version of the ref­erence I/Q data with a certain frequency and phase offset:

Equation 4-2: Measured I/Q waveform at the time offset corresponding to the peak correlator out-

put power

Measurement Basics

Time Sidelobe Analysis

Where n

is the sample offset within the measured data at which the peak correlator

peak

output occurs.

Mainlobe power (integrated)

Normalizing the peak correlator output power to the reference I/Q waveform power
gives the integrated mainlobe power:

Equation 4-3: Mainlobe power (integrated)

For perfectly correlated measured and reference waveforms, this value corresponds to
the integrated power of the measured waveform over the correlation interval.

Mainlobe power (average)

Normalizing the peak correlator output power to the reference waveform power and to
the correlation interval gives the average mainlobe power:

Equation 4-4: Mainlobe power (average)

For perfectly correlated measured and reference waveforms, this value corresponds to
the average power of the measured waveform over the correlation interval.

Note that the normalization used for P

is also applied to the correlator output

Avg

"traces" shown in the Pulse Magnitude and Correlated Magnitude Capture displays.

Peak correlation

Normalizing the peak correlator output power to both the measured and reference
waveform powers gives the peak correlation:

67User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P



















N

k

kref

N

k

nkmeas

krefnk

N

k

meas

Peak

tIQtIQ

tIQtIQ

P

peak

peak

1

2

2

1

2

*

1

)()(

))(()(

Equation 4-5: Peak correlation

The result is a value between 0 (completely uncorrelated) and 1 (perfectly correlated).

Mainlobe frequency and phase

The frequency and phase offset at the location of the mainlobe peak are estimated
using Equation 4-2, where θ is the mainlobe phase and f is the mainlobe frequency.

The phase is only meaningful relative to other pulses within the capture, not as an
absolute value.

Measurement Basics

Time Sidelobe Analysis

4.5.3 Reference Waveform

As described above, pulse compression can be achieved through correlation of a mea­sured pulse with a stored reference pulse waveform. The reference pulse is sometimes
modified, e.g. via a windowing function, to reduce sidelobes at the correlator output.

The Pulse application allows you to load a measured waveform which was stored to a
file, then apply an FFT window function without the need to change the measured data
itself.

The following table indicates some characteristics of the supported FFT window func­tions.

Table 4-2: Characteristics of typical FFT window functions

Window type Frequency

resolution

Rectangular Best Worst Worst No function applied.

Blackman-Harris
(default)

Gauss (Alpha =

0.4)

Good Good Good Harmonic detection and spurious

Good Good Good Weak signals and short duration

Magnitude
resolution

Sidelobe sup­pression

Measurement recommendation

Separation of two tones with almost
equal amplitudes and a small fre­quency distance

emission detection

Flattop Worst Best Good Accurate single tone measurements

Hamming
Hanning

Good Poor

Frequency response measurements,
sine waves, periodic signals and nar­row-band noise

68User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

4.6 Pulse Stability Analysis

Pulse stability refers to the variability of the pulse phase and amplitude over time, with
respect to a reference value.

Measurement Basics

Pulse Stability Analysis

Figure 4-9: Definition of pulse stability

Since the pulse phase and amplitude characterize the target in a radar measurement,
pulse stability plays an important role in radar measurements.

The R&S FSWP is ideal for measuring pulse stability very accurately, due to the follow­ing features:

●

The special phase noise digitizer allows for high sensitivity in measuring phase and
amplitude deviations

●

The internal signal source for measuring additive phase noise, also on pulsed sig­nals, allows for removing the effects of the signal source itself from the pulse mea­surement results

Pulse stability measurements require the following options on the R&S FSWP:

●

R&S FSWP-K6P Pulse Stability Measurements

●

R&S FSWP-K6 Pulse application

●

R&S FSWP-B60 or R&S FSWP-B61 Cross Correlation

●

R&S FSWP-B64 Additive Phase Noise

Wideband vs low noise measurement

The R&S FSWP provides two different digitizers, for different measurement require­ments.

●

For wideband measurements, the digital I/Q (B1) digitizer is provided.

●

For measurements on narrower signals, for which high sensitivity and thus low
noise is required, the phase noise (analog I/Q) digitizer is provided.

69User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Additive vs absolute measurement

The R&S FSWP supports two basic measurement setups:

●

The DUT is connected to the RF input of the analyzer, the input signal is provided
to the DUT by an external source

Figure 4-10: Absolute measurement setup

In this case, the measurement results contain effects from the DUT, the analyzer
itself, and the signal source. Measurements with this setup are referred to as
direct or absolute measurements. The wideband digitizer always performs abso­lute measurements.

●

The analyzer provides the signal source to the DUT, which in turn is connected to
the RF input of the analyzer

Measurement Basics

Pulse Stability Analysis

Figure 4-11: Additive measurement setup

This setup is only supported if the low noise digitizer is used. In this setup, the sig­nal source and the analyzer components of the measurement use the same oscil­lator. Therefore, the effects of the oscillator - and thus the analyzer and signal
source - can be determined and removed from the measurement results. Only the
effects of the DUT remain, which means the Pulse application measures the addi­tive contribution of pulse stability from the DUT. This setup is referred to as an
additive measurement.

You can also perform an additive measurement using an external signal source. An
external signal source requires the R&S FSWP-B64 option.

For details, see "The Additive Noise Measurement" in the R&S FSWP user manual.

Pulse vs burst

Pulses often occur in bursts, meaning several pulses are transmitted in quick succes­sion, followed by a longer interval with no pulses, before another burst with several pul­ses is transmitted. In measurement scenarios with bursted transmission, the individual

70User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

pulses within a burst can be of interest, indicating the effects within a single transmis­sion period.

On the other hand, you can analyze the effects of transmission over time by comparing
the results of one burst to another. Therefore, in addition to the consecutive numbering
of all pulses in the capture buffer, each pulse is also assigned a pulse number within
the burst. Furthermore, the bursts are also numbered in the capture buffer. Thus, you
can compare the first, last, or any other pulse in each burst with each other.

While the Pulse application does not determine the burst length automatically, you can
configure the pulse measurement such that a specific number of pulses is considered
to be one burst. Then the Pulse application associates the specified number of pulses
in the capture buffer to one burst, and the capture buffer can contain multiple bursts
(multiple mode). By default, the Pulse application assumes that all pulses in the cap­ture buffer belong to a single burst (single mode), which corresponds to the conven­tional pulse measurement.

Bursted internal signal source

The internal signal source can also be configured to output bursted signals for the
Pulse application. Thus, you can provide test burst signals to the DUT directly from the
R&S FSWP, which can then be analyzed. Using the internal signal source, you can
determine the additive noise or instability of the DUT. Using the internal source also
allows you to trigger on - and thus analyze - individual bursts or pulses. The following
graphic illustrates the possible trigger signal positions in relation to the bursted signal.

Measurement Basics

Pulse Stability Analysis

Bursted Signal

BURST 1 BURST 2

Each PULSE

Each BURST

Trigger Signal

Specific BURST_N (N=1)

Specific BURST_N (N=2)

SEQUENCE

Figure 4-12: Trigger modes for bursted internal signal source

●

"Each Pulse": Each pulse triggers the acquisition.

●

"Each Burst": Each burst triggers the acquisition.

●

"Specific Burst": A specific burst triggers the acquisition.

●

"Sequence": A trigger event occurs each time the entire burst sequence has fin­ished.

71User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Calculation of individual pulse stability values

A stability value for each individual pulse is calculated by comparing the phase or
amplitude of the pulse to the reference value. For the Pulse Results table and the

Pulse Stability Waterfall(+) display, these values are determined as follows:

1. Optionally perform Frequency Offset Compensation on the phase values.

2. Calculate the pulse phase or amplitude value at the Measurement Point in the
pulse.

3. Calculate the reference (phase or amplitude) value over a range of measured pul­ses.

4. Calculate the deviation of each individual pulse from the reference values (in dB).

Measurement Basics

Pulse Stability Analysis

Table 4-3: Step 1+2: Pulse phase or amplitude values (including frequency offset compensation, if enabled) at the measure-

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Pulse Phase If Frequency Offset Compensation is enabled, the phase values are compensated for a frequency offset

Pulse Amplitude Calculate An, the amplitude of pulse "n" at the

Indices "n" is the pulse number (1 .. N)

Table 4-4: Step 3: Reference (phase or amplitude) value over a range of measured pulses

ment point

Single Mode Multiple Mode

between the analyzer and the DUT.

Calculate θn, the phase of pulse "n" at the Mea-

surement Point in the pulse.

Measurement Point in the pulse.

"N" is the number of pulses in the capture buffer

The pulse number in the capture buffer can be obtained from the position in burst and burst number as
follows:

n = (b - 1) * B + p

Calculate θ
"p" in burst "b" at the Measurement Point in the

pulse.

Calculate A
tion "p" in burst "b" at the Measurement Point in

the pulse.

"p" is the position in burst (1 .. P)
"P" is the burst length
"b" is the burst number (1 .. B)
"B" is the number of bursts in the capture buffer

, the phase of the pulse at position

b,p

, the amplitude of the pulse at posi-

b,p

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Single Mode Multiple Mode

Phase Reference

Amplitude Reference

72User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Single Mode Multiple Mode

Averaging Range "r" indicates the user-definable Reference Start

By default, all measured pulses are used to determine the reference value (r=1).

Measurement Basics

Pulse Stability Analysis

Exclude "r" pulses at the start of an acquisition
from the reference value

Table 4-5: Step 4: Deviation of each individual pulse from the reference values

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Single Mode Multiple Mode

Pulse Phase Stability
[dB]

Pulse Amplitude Stabil­ity [dB]

Exclude "r" pulses at the start of each burst from
the reference value

Pulse stability trace result types

Depending on the characteristic of the pulse stability, different types of deviation can be
of interest:

●

At a particular position within a burst or capture over time (Selected pulse/ posi­tion in burst)

The stability for the selected pulse in each capture (or position in each burst) is cal­culated, in relation to the reference value. The result is one stability value per pulse
(position).

Pulse/ pos. 1

Pulse/ pos. 2

Pulse/ pos. n

Capture /

Pos. average

Stability value

●

Within an individual capture or burst (Capture/ Burst average)
The average stability for all pulses in each capture (or all positions in each burst) is
calculated, in relation to the reference value. The result is one stability value per
capture (or burst).

73User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Capture /

Pos. average

●

Between neighboring pulses/ positions (Pulse-pulse):
The deviation between two neighboring pulses (or positions) is calculated and
averaged over all pulses in the capture (or positions in the burst). The result is a
final pulse-pulse (pos.-pos.) stability value, averaged over the capture (burst).

Pulse/ pos. 1

Pulse/ pos. 2

Measurement Basics

Pulse Stability Analysis

Pulse/ pos. n

Stability value

Pulse/ pos. 2

Pulse/ pos. n-1

Pulse/ pos. n

Pulse/ pos. 1

Capture /

Pos. average

Stability value

P-P

deviation

When calculating the deviation between pulses, pulses number 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3
and 4 etc. are compared by default. However, you can define an offset between
pulses. For example, for a pulse-to-pulse offset of 2, the pulse numbers 1 and 3, 2
and 4, etc. are compared.

Calculation of pulse stability traces

The pulse stability trace is determined by calculating the stability value for each trace
point within the Result Range. These values are determined as follows:

1. Optionally perform Frequency Offset Compensation on the phase values.

2. Calculate the pulse phase or amplitude value for each sample in the Result Range
for all pulses.

3. Calculate the reference (phase or amplitude) value for each sample in the Result

Range.

4. For single mode: Calculate the deviation for each sample in the Result Range,
and for each pulse (Selected pulse).

5. For multiple mode: average the deviation for each pulse position over all bursts
(Position average).

74User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

This step suppresses variations which occur over multiple bursts, while increasing
the sensitivity of the measurement at a particular position in the burst.

Measurement Basics

Pulse Stability Analysis

Pos.1

Pos. 2

Pos. n

Burst 1

Burst 2

Burst n

Position
average

Figure 4-13: Pulse position average

6. Calculate the deviation for each sample in the Result Range, and for each burst
(Capture (Burst) Average)

7. Calculate the deviation between two neighboring pulses, for each pulse and each
burst (Pulse-to-Pulse (Position-Position) Average)

Table 4-6: Step 1+2: Pulse phase or amplitude values (including frequency offset compensation, if enabled) for each sample

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Pulse Phase If Frequency Offset Compensation is enabled, the phase values are compensated for a frequency offset between

Pulse Ampli­tude

in the result range

Single Mode Multiple Mode

the analyzer and the DUT.

Calculate θn[k], the phase of pulse "n" at sample "k" in
the Result Range.

Calculate An[k], the amplitude of pulse "n" at sample "k"
in the Result Range.

Calculate θ
burst "b" at sample "k" in the Result Range.

Calculate A
"p" in burst "b" at sample "k" in the Result Range.

[k], the phase of the pulse at position "p" in

b,k

[k], the amplitude of the pulse at position

b,k

75User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Single Mode Multiple Mode

Measurement Basics

Pulse Stability Analysis

Indices "n" is the pulse number (1 .. N)

"N" is the number of pulses in the capture buffer

"k" is the sample within the Result Range time interval
The pulse number in the capture buffer can be obtained from the position in burst and burst number as follows:

n = (b - 1) * B + p

Table 4-7: Step 3: Reference (phase or amplitude) value for each sample in the result range

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Single Mode Multiple Mode

Phase Refer­ence

Amplitude
Reference

Averaging
Range

Exclude "r" pulses at the start of an acquisition from the
reference value

"p" is the position in burst (1 .. P)
"P" is the burst length
"b" is the burst number (1 .. B)
"B" is the number of bursts in the capture buffer

Exclude "r" positions at the start of each burst from the
reference value

"r" indicates the user-definable Reference Start
By default, all measured pulses are used to determine the reference value (r=1).

Table 4-8: Step 4 (+5) Selected pulse (position average) deviation for each sample in the result range, and for each pulse

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Single Mode (Selected pulse) Multiple Mode (Position Average)

Phase Devia­tion

Amplitude
Deviation

Pulse Stability
Trace [dB]

76User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Measurement Basics

Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files

Table 4-9: Step 4 (+5) +6: Average capture (burst) deviation for each sample in the result range, and for each burst

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Single Mode (Capture average) Multiple Mode (Burst average)

Pulse Stabil­ity Trace
[dB]

Averaging
Range

Table 4-10: Step 4 (+5) +7: Average Pulse-to-Pulse (Position-Position) deviation for each sample in the result range, and for

Parameter Burst Statistics Mode

Pulse Stabil­ity Trace
[dB]

Averaging
Range

Exclude "a" pulses at the start of an acquisition from the
averaged value

"a" indicates the user-definable Analysis Start
By default, all measured pulses are used to determine the averaged value (a=1).

each pulse

Single Mode Multiple Mode

Pulse-pulse average (single mode)

Pulse-pulse average (multiple mode)

Exclude "a" pulses at the start of an acquisition from the
averaged value

"a" indicates the user-definable Analysis Start
By default, all measured pulses are used to determine the averaged value (a=1).
Δ indicates the user-definable Pulse-Pulse Offset.
By default, neighboring pulses are used to determine the deviation (Δ=1).

Exclude "a" positions at the start of each burst from the
averaged value

Exclude "a" positions at the start of each burst from the
averaged value

4.7 Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files

The I/Q data to be evaluated in a particular R&S FSWP application can not only be
captured by the application itself, it can also be loaded from a file, provided it has the
correct format. The file is then used as the input source for the application.

For example, you can capture I/Q data using the I/Q Analyzer application, store it to a
file, and then analyze the signal parameters for that data later using the Pulse applica­tion (if available).

77User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

An application note on converting Rohde & Schwarz I/Q data files is available from the
Rohde & Schwarz website:

1EF85: Converting R&S I/Q data files

As opposed to importing data from an I/Q data file using the import functions provided
by some R&S FSWP applications, the data is not only stored temporarily in the capture
buffer, where it overwrites the current measurement data and is in turn overwritten by a
new measurement. Instead, the stored I/Q data remains available as input for any
number of subsequent measurements. Furthermore, the (temporary) data import
requires the current measurement settings in the current application to match the set­tings that were applied when the measurement results were stored (possibly in a differ­ent application). When the data is used as an input source, however, the data acquisi­tion settings in the current application (attenuation, center frequency, measurement
bandwidth, sample rate) can be ignored. As a result, these settings cannot be changed
in the current application. Only the measurement time can be decreased, in order to
perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from the beginning of the
file) only.

Measurement Basics

Trace Evaluation

For I/Q data which was captured as segmented data (see Chapter 4.4, "Segmented

Data Capturing", on page 60), the timing information for the captured segments is also

stored during export. It can then be retrieved when the I/Q data file is used as an input
source in order to reproduce results that are consistent with the original measurement.

When using input from an I/Q data file, the [RUN SINGLE] function starts a single mea­surement (i.e. analysis) of the stored I/Q data, while the [RUN CONT] function repeat­edly analyzes the same data from the file.

Sample iq.tar files

If you have the optional R&S FSWP VSA application (R&S FSWP-K70), some sample
iq.tar files are provided in the C:/R_S/Instr/user/vsa/DemoSignals directory
on the R&S FSWP.

Pre-trigger and post-trigger samples

In applications that use pre-triggers or post-triggers, if no pre-trigger or post-trigger
samples are specified in the I/Q data file, or too few trigger samples are provided to
satisfy the requirements of the application, the missing pre- or post-trigger values are
filled up with zeros. Superfluous samples in the file are dropped, if necessary. For pre­trigger samples, values are filled up or omitted at the beginning of the capture buffer,
for post-trigger samples, values are filled up or omitted at the end of the capture buffer.

4.8 Trace Evaluation

Traces in graphical result displays based on the defined result range (see Chap-

ter 6.1.2, "Result Range", on page 144) can be configured. For example, you can per-

78User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

form statistical evaluations over a defined number of measurements, pulses, or sam­ples.

You can configure up to 6 individual traces for the following result displays (see Chap-

ter 6.1.2, "Result Range", on page 144):

●

"Pulse Frequency" on page 40

●

"Pulse Magnitude" on page 41

●

"Pulse Phase" on page 42

●

"Pulse Phase (Wrapped)" on page 42

●

"Correlated Magnitude Capture(*)" on page 46

●

"Correlated Pulse Magnitude(*)" on page 47

●

"Pulse Frequency Error(*)" on page 47

●

"Pulse Phase Error(*)" on page 48

●

"Pulse Stability Waterfall(+)" on page 49

(Result displays marked with an asterisk (*) require both the R&S FSWP-K6 and the
additional R&S FSWP-K6S option.)

Measurement Basics

Trace Evaluation

(Result displays marked with a cross (+) require both the R&S FSWP-K6 and the addi­tional R&S FSWP-K6P option.)

● Trace Statistics........................................................................................................79

● Normalizing Traces................................................................................................. 80

4.8.1 Trace Statistics

Each trace represents an analysis of the data measured in one result range. Statistical
evaluations can be performed over several traces, that is, result ranges. Which ranges
and how many are evaluated depends on the configuration settings.

Selected pulse vs all pulses

The "Sweep/Average Count" determines how many measurements are evaluated.

For each measurement, in turn, either the selected pulse only (that is: one result
range), or all detected pulses (that is: possibly several result ranges) can be included
in the statistical evaluation.

Thus, the overall number of averaging steps depends on the "Sweep/Average Count"
and the statistical evaluation mode.

79User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Figure 4-14: Trace statistics - number of averaging steps

Measurement Basics

Trace Evaluation

4.8.2 Normalizing Traces

For pulse results based on an individual pulse, sometimes, the absolute value is not of
interest. Instead, the relative offset of each point in the trace from a specific measure­ment point within the pulse, or from a reference pulse, is of interest.

Traces in the following result displays cannot be normalized:

●

"Correlated Magnitude Capture(*)" on page 46

●

"Correlated Pulse Magnitude(*)" on page 47

●

"Pulse Frequency Error(*)" on page 47

●

"Pulse Phase Error(*)" on page 48

Normalization based on a measurement point

In a standard trace for a pulse result display, the measured frequency, magnitude, or
phase value for each measurement point in the result range is displayed. If only the rel­ative deviations within that pulse are of interest, you can subtract a fixed value from
each trace point. The fixed value is the value measured at a specified point in the
pulse. Thus, the trace value at the specified measurement point is always 0. This hap­pens when a trace is normalized based on the measured pulse.

The measurement point used for normalization is the same point used to determine the
pulse parameter results, see Chapter 5.10.2, "Measurement Point", on page 133.

80User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Measurement Basics

Trace Evaluation

Figure 4-15: Normalization of the Pulse Phase trace based on the measured pulse

By default, the measurement point is the center of the pulse. However, this position
can be moved arbitrarily within the pulse by defining an offset.

If the measurement point is defined with an offset in time, the trace value does not
pass 0 at the measurement point. It passes 0 at the time of the measurement point +
the offset value.

Figure 4-16: Normalization of the Pulse Phase trace based on the measured pulse + 100

ns offset

81User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Normalization + averaging window

Together with an Averaging Window for the measurement point, normalization based
on the measured pulse can provide for a very stable pulse trace. However, the calcula­ted average value does not always coincide with the measured trace point value. So in
this case, the maxhold, minhold or average traces do not necessarily pass 0 at the
measurement point.

Measurement Basics

Trace Evaluation

Figure 4-17: Normalization based on the measured pulse with an average window

Normalization based on a reference pulse

Sometimes you are not interested in the deviations of the pulse results within a single
pulse, but rather in the deviations to a reference pulse. Then you can also base nor­malization on the measurement point of a specified reference pulse. In this case, the
trace value for the measurement point in the reference pulse is deducted from all trace
values in the measured pulse.

82User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Measurement Basics

Trace Evaluation

Figure 4-18: Normalization based on a reference pulse

Note that in this case, the value at the measurement point used to determine pulse
parameter results is also normalized. Thus, normalization based on a reference pulse
modifies the results in the Pulse Results and "Pulse Statistics" on page 45 tables! The
pulse parameter values in the pulse tables for the (normalized) reference pulse are
always 0.

However, as opposed to normalization based on a measured pulse, the pulse-to-pulse
deviations are maintained when normalized to a reference pulse.

The reference pulse can be defined as one of the following:

●

A fixed pulse number

●

The currently selected pulse

●

A previous (-n) or subsequent (+n) pulse, relative to the currently evaluated pulse

Normalization of pulse phase traces

Phase traces for an individual pulse can be normalized just like magnitude and fre­quency traces, as described above. However, you can also define a phase offset. In
this case, the pulses are not normalized to 0, but to the phase offset value. The phase
measured at a specified point in the reference or measured pulse, plus the phase off-
set, is subtracted from each trace point.

The phase offset for normalization is defined in the "Units" settings (see "Phase Nor-

malization" on page 161).

83User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

4.9 Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode

The Pulse application can also be used to analyze data in MSRA operating mode.

In MSRA operating mode, only the MSRA Master actually captures data; the MSRA
applications receive an extract of the captured data for analysis, referred to as the
application data. For the Pulse application in MSRA operating mode, the application
data range is defined by the same settings used to define the signal capture in Signal
and Spectrum Analyzer mode. In addition, a capture offset can be defined, i.e. an off­set from the start of the captured data to the start of the application data for pulse mea­surements. The "Capture Buffer" displays show the application data of the Pulse appli­cation in MSRA mode.

Data coverage for each active application

Generally, if a signal contains multiple data channels for multiple standards, separate
applications are used to analyze each data channel. Thus, it is of interest to know
which application is analyzing which data channel. The MSRA Master display indicates
the data covered by each application, restricted to the channel bandwidth used by the
corresponding standard, by vertical blue lines labeled with the application name.

Measurement Basics

Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode

Analysis interval

However, the individual result displays of the application need not analyze the com­plete data range. The data range that is actually analyzed by the individual result dis­play is referred to as the analysis interval.

In the Pulse application, the analysis interval is automatically determined according to
the result range settings, as in Signal and Spectrum Analyzer mode, for result displays
based on an individual pulse. For result displays based on the entire capture buffer, the
MSRA analysis interval corresponds to the measurement time. The currently used
analysis interval (in seconds, related to measurement start) is indicated in the window
header for each result display.

Analysis line

A frequent question when analyzing multi-standard signals is how each data channel is
correlated (in time) to others. Thus, an analysis line has been introduced. The analysis
line is a common time marker for all MSRA client applications. It can be positioned in
any MSRA client application or the MSRA Master and is then adjusted in all other client
applications. Thus, you can easily analyze the results at a specific time in the measure­ment in all client applications and determine correlations.

If the marked point in time is contained in the analysis interval of the client application,
the line is indicated in all time-based result displays, such as time, symbol, slot or bit
diagrams. By default, the analysis line is displayed, however, it can be hidden from
view manually. In all result displays, the "AL" label in the window title bar indicates
whether the analysis line lies within the analysis interval or not:

●

orange "AL": the line lies within the interval

●

white "AL": the line lies within the interval, but is not displayed (hidden)

●

no "AL": the line lies outside the interval

84User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Example:

Measurement Basics

Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode

In this example, a frequency hopping signal is captured with the MSRA master chan­nel. The pulse hopping characteristic is analyzed within the Pulse application (K6),
while the digital modulation used on a specific hopping frequency is simultaneously
analyzed in the VSA application (R&S FSWP-K70).

For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FSWP MSRA User Manual.

85User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

5 Configuration

Access: [MODE] > "Pulse"

Pulse measurements require a special application on the R&S FSWP.

When you activate the Pulse application the first time, a set of parameters is passed on
from the currently active application. After initial setup, the parameters for the mea­surement channel are stored upon exiting and restored upon re-entering the channel.
Thus, you can switch between applications quickly and easily.

When you activate the Pulse application, a pulse measurement for the input signal is
started automatically with the default configuration. The "Pulse" menu is displayed and
provides access to the most important configuration functions.

Automatic refresh of results after configuration changes

The R&S FSWP supports you in finding the correct measurement settings quickly and
easily - after each change in settings, the measurements are repeated and the result
displays are updated immediately and automatically to reflect the changes. You do not
need to refresh the display manually. Thus, you can see if the setting is appropriate or
not directly through the transparent dialog boxes.

Configuration

Configuration Overview

● Configuration Overview...........................................................................................86

● Signal Description................................................................................................... 88

● Reference Signal Description..................................................................................91

● Input and Output Settings....................................................................................... 97

● Frontend Settings..................................................................................................110

● Trigger Settings.....................................................................................................114

● Data Acquisition.................................................................................................... 122

● Sweep Settings..................................................................................................... 126

● Pulse Detection.....................................................................................................128

● Pulse Measurement Settings................................................................................ 130

● Automatic Settings................................................................................................ 142

5.1 Configuration Overview

Access: all menus

Throughout the measurement configuration, an overview of the most important cur­rently defined settings is provided in the "Overview".

86User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Configuration

Configuration Overview

In addition to the main measurement settings, the "Overview" provides quick access to
the main settings dialog boxes. Thus, you can easily configure an entire measurement
channel from input over processing to output and evaluation by stepping through the
dialog boxes as indicated in the "Overview".

In particular, the "Overview" provides quick access to the following configuration dialog
boxes (listed in the recommended order of processing):

1. Signal Description
See Chapter 5.2, "Signal Description", on page 88

2. Input and Frontend Settings
See Chapter 5.4, "Input and Output Settings", on page 97

3. (Optionally:) Trigger/Gate
See Chapter 5.6, "Trigger Settings", on page 114

4. Data Acquisition
See Chapter 5.7, "Data Acquisition", on page 122

5. Pulse Detection
See Chapter 5.9, "Pulse Detection", on page 128

6. Pulse Measurement
See Chapter 5.10, "Pulse Measurement Settings", on page 130

7. Result Configuration
See Chapter 6.1, "Result Configuration", on page 143

8. Display Configuration
See Chapter 6.2, "Display Configuration", on page 161

87User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

To configure settings

► Select any button in the "Overview" to open the corresponding dialog box.

Select a setting in the channel bar (at the top of the measurement channel tab) to
change a specific setting.

Preset Channel............................................................................................................. 88

Specific Settings for ..................................................................................................... 88

Preset Channel

Select the "Preset Channel" button in the lower left-hand corner of the "Overview" to
restore all measurement settings in the current channel to their default values.

Do not confuse the "Preset Channel" button with the [Preset] key, which restores the
entire instrument to its default values and thus closes all channels on the R&S FSWP
(except for the default channel)!

Remote command:

SYSTem:PRESet:CHANnel[:EXEC] on page 201

Configuration

Signal Description

Specific Settings for

The channel may contain several windows for different results. Thus, the settings indi­cated in the "Overview" and configured in the dialog boxes vary depending on the
selected window.

Select an active window from the "Specific Settings for" selection list that is displayed
in the "Overview" and in all window-specific configuration dialog boxes.

The "Overview" and dialog boxes are updated to indicate the settings for the selected
window.

5.2 Signal Description

Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description"

Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Signal Description"

The signal description provides information on the expected input signal, which optimi­zes pulse detection and measurement.

88User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Configuration

Signal Description

Pulse Period..................................................................................................................89

Pulse Has Droop...........................................................................................................89

Pulse Modulation...........................................................................................................90

Timing Auto Mode.........................................................................................................90

Minimum Pulse Width, Maximum Pulse Width..............................................................90

Min Pulse Off Time........................................................................................................90

Frequency Offset Auto Mode........................................................................................ 90

Frequency Offset Value.................................................................................................90

Chirp Rate Auto Mode...................................................................................................91

Chirp Rate.....................................................................................................................91

Pulse Period

Defines how a pulse is detected.
"High to Low"

"Low to High"

Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:PERiod on page 204

Pulse Has Droop

If enabled, a pulse can be modeled as having amplitude droop, i.e. the pulse top may
not be flat.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ADRoop on page 204

The pulse period begins with the falling edge of the preceding pulse
and ends with the falling edge of the current pulse.

The pulse period begins with the rising edge of the current pulse and
end with the rising edge of the succeeding pulse.

89User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Pulse Modulation

Defines the expected pulse modulation:
"Arbitrary"

"CW"

"Linear FM"

"Reference IQ"

Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:MODulation on page 204

Configuration

Signal Description

Modulation not considered (no phase error/frequency error results
available)

Continuous wave modulation, i.e. only the carrier power is modulated
(On/Off)
For CW modulation, additional parameters are available to define the
frequency offset.

Linear frequency modulation (FM) (The frequency changes linearly
over time within each pulse)
For linear pulse modulation, additional parameters are available to
define the chirp rate.

A reference pulse is configured (see Chapter 5.3, "Reference Signal

Description", on page 91).

Timing Auto Mode

If enabled, the timing parameters (minimum pulse width, maximum pulse width, mini­mum pulse off time) are determined automatically from the current capture settings.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:AUTO on page 202

Minimum Pulse Width, Maximum Pulse Width

Defines a minimum and maximum pulse width; pulses outside this range are not detec­ted. The available value range is restricted by the sample rate.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:MAX on page 202
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:MIN on page 202

Min Pulse Off Time

The minimum time the pulse is "off", i.e. the time between successive pulses. This
value is used to determine noise statistics and to reject short drops in amplitude during
pulse "on" time. The available value range is 50ns to 100s, but may be restricted fur­ther by the sample rate.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:OFF on page 202

Frequency Offset Auto Mode

If enabled, the frequency offset is estimated automatically for each individual pulse.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:OFFSet:AUTO on page 203

Frequency Offset Value

Defines a known frequency offset to be corrected in the pulse acquisition data.

90User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:OFFSet on page 203

Chirp Rate Auto Mode

If enabled, the chirp rate is estimated automatically for each individual pulse.
Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:RATE:AUTO on page 203

Chirp Rate

Defines a known frequency chirp rate (in Hz/μs) to be used to generate an ideal pulse
waveform for computing frequency and phase error parameters. This value is assumed
constant for all measured pulses.

Remote command:

[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:RATE on page 203

5.3 Reference Signal Description

Configuration

Reference Signal Description

Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description" > "Reference I/Q"

Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Signal Description" > "Reference I/Q"

The additional option R&S FSWP-K6S allows for time sidelobe analysis in which the
sent and the received pulses are correlated with one other (see also Chapter 4.5,

"Time Sidelobe Analysis", on page 63). Since the R&S FSWP itself can measure only

the received pulse, the sent pulse must be configured as a reference pulse before the
measurement.

The reference pulse can either be imported to the Pulse application from an I/Q wave­form file with measured data, or it can be calculated by the Pulse application according
to a specified pulse model.

The "Reference IQ" tab is only active if you select the Pulse Modulation: "Reference
IQ" in the Signal Description settings.

Depending on the selected Reference Type of the reference waveform, different set­tings are available.

● User-defined Reference File................................................................................... 91

● Polynomial FM Reference Waveform..................................................................... 94

● (Embedded) Barker Reference Waveform..............................................................96

5.3.1 User-defined Reference File

Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description" > "Reference I/Q"

Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Signal Description" > "Reference I/Q"

The reference pulse is imported to the Pulse application from an I/Q waveform file with
measured data.

91User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

A preview of the pulse in the specified file with the specified settings is displayed
directly in the dialog. Thus, you can determine whether the selected file and settings
are suitable.

Configuration

Reference Signal Description

Reference Type.............................................................................................................92

Input File Selection........................................................................................................92

Range Settings..............................................................................................................93

└ Offset.............................................................................................................. 93

└ Length.............................................................................................................93

Window Type.................................................................................................................93

Preview function............................................................................................................93

Reference Type

Defines how the reference waveform is defined.
"Custom IQ"
"Polynomial

FM"
"Barker"
"Embedded

Barker"
Remote command:

RIQ:SELect on page 208

Input File Selection

Opens a file selection dialog box to select the I/Q data file which contains the reference
waveform.

The file must be in iq.tar format as specified in Chapter A.3, "I/Q Data File Format

(iq-tar)", on page 473.

The selected file is loaded and some basic information from the file is displayed in the
dialog box.

A custom waveform is loaded from a file.
A polynomial is used to define the signal's phase.

A Barker waveform with a specified primary code is used.
A Barker waveform with a specified primary and secondary code is

used.

92User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:

RIQ:FIQ:PATH on page 206

Range Settings

If the waveform file contains more than one pulse, you can specify which range of the
data in the file is to be used as a reference pulse.

By default ("Auto" mode), the data from the entire file is used as the time sidelobe
range.

In "Manual" mode you can define the length and offset of the range.
Remote command:

RIQ:FIQ:RANGe:AUTO on page 206

Offset ← Range Settings

Defines the starting time of the reference pulse as an offset from the beginning of the
data file.

Remote command:

RIQ:FIQ:RANGe:OFFSet on page 207

Configuration

Reference Signal Description

Length ← Range Settings

Defines the length of the reference pulse in the data file in seconds.
Remote command:

RIQ:FIQ:RANGe:LENGth on page 206

Window Type

Defines the FFT window function to be applied to the reference I/Q data. By default, a
rectangular window function is applied (i.e. no windowing).

For details on the effects of FFT windowing functions see Table 4-2.
The following window types are available:

●

Rectangular (default)

●

Gauss

●

Chebyshev

●

Flattop

●

Blackman

●

Hamming

●

Hanning

Remote command:

RIQ:PFM:WINDow on page 208
RIQ:FIQ:WINDow on page 207

Preview function

Defines the type of evaluation to be applied to the reference data in the preview area of
the dialog box. The evaluation types correspond to the pulse result displays (however,
applied to the reference data rather than the measured data).

The preview allows you to determine whether the selected data and settings are suita­ble as a reference pulse for the measurements.

93User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Configuration

Reference Signal Description

"Magnitude"

"Frequency"
"Phase"
"Auto correla-

ted"

(Custom reference I/Q only:) Displays the magnitude vs. time trace of
the selected reference pulse

Displays the frequency vs. time trace of the selected reference pulse
Displays the phase vs. time trace of the selected reference pulse
Displays the magnitude of the correlator output for the selected refer-

ence pulse (see "Correlated Pulse Magnitude(*)" on page 47).

5.3.2 Polynomial FM Reference Waveform

A signal with a polynomial FM is calculated by the Pulse application.

Reference Type

Pulse Width...................................................................................................................95

Window Type.................................................................................................................95

Coefficient<x>............................................................................................................... 95

Preview function............................................................................................................95

Reference Type

Defines how the reference waveform is defined.
"Custom IQ"
"Polynomial

FM"
"Barker"
"Embedded

Barker"
Remote command:

RIQ:SELect on page 208

.............................................................................................................94

A custom waveform is loaded from a file.
A polynomial is used to define the signal's phase.

A Barker waveform with a specified primary code is used.
A Barker waveform with a specified primary and secondary code is

used.

94User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Pulse Width

Defines the width of the reference pulse.
Remote command:

Polynomial:

RIQ:PFM:WIDTh on page 208

Barker:

RIQ:BARKer:WIDTh on page 205

Window Type

Defines the FFT window function to be applied to the reference I/Q data. By default, a
rectangular window function is applied (i.e. no windowing).

For details on the effects of FFT windowing functions see Table 4-2.
The following window types are available:

●

Rectangular (default)

●

Gauss

●

Chebyshev

●

Flattop

●

Blackman

●

Hamming

●

Hanning

Remote command:

RIQ:PFM:WINDow on page 208
RIQ:FIQ:WINDow on page 207

Configuration

Reference Signal Description

Coefficient<x>

For a polynomial of order n, n+1 coefficients can be defined.
Remote command:

RIQ:PFM:COEFficients<c> on page 207

Preview function

Defines the type of evaluation to be applied to the reference data in the preview area of
the dialog box. The evaluation types correspond to the pulse result displays (however,
applied to the reference data rather than the measured data).

The preview allows you to determine whether the selected data and settings are suita­ble as a reference pulse for the measurements.

"Magnitude"

"Frequency"
"Phase"
"Auto correla-

ted"

(Custom reference I/Q only:) Displays the magnitude vs. time trace of
the selected reference pulse

Displays the frequency vs. time trace of the selected reference pulse
Displays the phase vs. time trace of the selected reference pulse
Displays the magnitude of the correlator output for the selected refer-

ence pulse (see "Correlated Pulse Magnitude(*)" on page 47).

95User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

5.3.3 (Embedded) Barker Reference Waveform

A Barker waveform is calculated by the Pulse application. A Barker code is a finite
sequence of N values of +1 and −1, with an ideal autocorrelation property. Seven dif­ferent Barker sequences, with a maximum length (order) N of 13, are available in the
Pulse application.

An embedded Barker code is a combination of two individual barker codes applied
sequentially.

The Barker and Embedded Barker waveforms differ only in the Secondary Code
parameter, which is only available for Embedded Barker.

Configuration

Reference Signal Description

Reference Type.............................................................................................................96

Pulse Width...................................................................................................................96

Primary Code................................................................................................................ 97

Secondary Code........................................................................................................... 97

Preview function............................................................................................................97

Reference Type

Defines how the reference waveform is defined.
"Custom IQ"
"Polynomial

FM"
"Barker"
"Embedded

Barker"
Remote command:

RIQ:SELect on page 208

Pulse Width

Defines the width of the reference pulse.

A custom waveform is loaded from a file.
A polynomial is used to define the signal's phase.

A Barker waveform with a specified primary code is used.
A Barker waveform with a specified primary and secondary code is

used.

96User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Remote command:
Polynomial:

RIQ:PFM:WIDTh on page 208

Barker:

RIQ:BARKer:WIDTh on page 205

Primary Code

Code length of (primary) Barker code.
Remote command:

RIQ:BARKer:CODE on page 205

Embedded Barker:

RIQ:EBARker:PCODe on page 205

Secondary Code

Code length of secondary Barker code used in an embedded barker code.
Remote command:

RIQ:EBARker:SCODe on page 206

Configuration

Input and Output Settings

Preview function

Defines the type of evaluation to be applied to the reference data in the preview area of
the dialog box. The evaluation types correspond to the pulse result displays (however,
applied to the reference data rather than the measured data).

The preview allows you to determine whether the selected data and settings are suita­ble as a reference pulse for the measurements.

"Magnitude"

"Frequency"
"Phase"
"Auto correla-

ted"

(Custom reference I/Q only:) Displays the magnitude vs. time trace of
the selected reference pulse

Displays the frequency vs. time trace of the selected reference pulse
Displays the phase vs. time trace of the selected reference pulse
Displays the magnitude of the correlator output for the selected refer-

ence pulse (see "Correlated Pulse Magnitude(*)" on page 47).

5.4 Input and Output Settings

The R&S FSWP can analyze signals from different input sources and provide various
types of output (such as noise or trigger signals). For a detailed description of all inputs
and outputs refer to the R&S FSWP User Manual.

● RF Input.................................................................................................................. 98

● Probes...................................................................................................................100

● External Mixers..................................................................................................... 100

● Baseband Input.....................................................................................................101

● Settings for Input from I/Q Data Files....................................................................101

● Configuring Additional Outputs............................................................................. 102

● DC Power Output..................................................................................................104

● Signal Source Configuration................................................................................. 104

97User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

5.4.1 RF Input

The default input source for the R&S FSWP is "Radio Frequency", i.e. the signal at the
[RF Input] connector on the front panel of the R&S FSWP.

The features for the RF input depend on the selected signal path.

The "Wideband" path supports the following settings:

●

Input Coupling

●

Impedance

●

High Pass Filter 1 to 3 GHz

●

YIG-Preselector

●

Input Connector

The "Low Noise" path supports the following settings:

●

Input Coupling

●

Local Oscillator

(only for low noise mode = "Additive)")

Configuration

Input and Output Settings

Input Coupling ..............................................................................................................98

Impedance ................................................................................................................... 99

YIG-Preselector ............................................................................................................99

High Pass Filter 1 to 3 GHz ..........................................................................................99

Input Connector ............................................................................................................99

Local Oscillator..............................................................................................................99

Input Coupling

The RF input of the R&S FSWP can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct
current (DC).

AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. This is the default setting to
prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal may be dis­torted.

However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the
instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data
sheet.

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:COUPling on page 210

98User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

Impedance

For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the
R&S FSWP can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.

Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a
75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impe­dance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/
50Ω).

This value also affects the unit conversion.
Remote command:

INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 211

YIG-Preselector

Enables or disables the YIG-preselector, if available on the R&S FSWP.
An internal YIG-preselector at the input of the R&S FSWP ensures that image frequen-

cies are rejected. However, this is only possible for a restricted bandwidth. To use the
maximum bandwidth for signal analysis you can disable the YIG-preselector at the
input of the R&S FSWP, which can lead to image-frequency display.

Configuration

Input and Output Settings

Note that the YIG-preselector is active only on frequencies greater than 8 GHz. There­fore, switching the YIG-preselector on or off has no effect if the frequency is below that
value.

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:FILTer:YIG[:STATe] on page 211

High Pass Filter 1 to 3 GHz

Activates an additional internal high-pass filter for RF input signals from 1 GHz to
3 GHz. This filter is used to remove the harmonics of the analyzer to measure the har­monics for a DUT, for example.

This function requires an additional hardware option.
(Note: for RF input signals outside the specified range, the high-pass filter has no

effect. For signals with a frequency of approximately 4 GHz upwards, the harmonics
are suppressed sufficiently by the YIG-preselector, if available.)

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:FILTer:HPASs[:STATe] on page 211

Input Connector

Determines which connector the input data for the measurement is taken from.
"RF"
"RF Probe"

Remote command:

INPut<ip>:CONNector on page 209

(Default:) the RF INPUT connector
The RF INPUT connector with an adapter for a modular probe

This setting is only available if a probe is connected to the RF INPUT
connector.

Local Oscillator

Selects the type of the local oscillator you are using for the measurement.

99User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06

R&S®FSWP-K6/-K6S/-K6P

●

Internal
Uses the local oscillator of the R&S FSWP.

●

External
Uses an external local oscillator, connected to the "LO AUX Input" (Ch1 and Ch2)
of the R&S FSWP.

Configuration

Input and Output Settings

R&S FSWP

External LO

For an external LO, specify whether the signal at the input has a low or high
"Level". A low level corresponds to signals with a level of approximately 0 dBm. A
high level corresponds to signals with a level between about +5 dBm and
+10 dBm.
The exact definitions of low and high depend on the signal frequency and are
specified in the data sheet.
Note that for low phase noise boards with material number 1331.6439.xx, the low /

high setting is not available.
Available for additive noise measurements.
Remote command:

INPut<1|2>:LOSCillator:SOURce on page 212
INPut<1|2>:LOSCillator:SOURce:EXTernal:LEVel on page 212

5.4.2 Probes

Access: "Overview" > "Input / Frontend" > "Probes"

The functionality to use probes (via the RF input) is the same as in the optional spec­trum application.

Splitter

LO AUX Ch1

LO AUX Ch1

For a comprehensive description, refer to the user manual of the optional R&S FSWP
spectrum application.

5.4.3 External Mixers

Access: "Overview" > "Input / Frontend" > "Input Source" > "External Mixer"

Input through external mixers is available with the optional external mixer control hard­ware.

The features for external mixers depend on the selected signal path.

●

For "Wideband" path, the external mixer settings are the same as in the spectrum

application. For a comprehensive description, refer to the user manual of the

R&S FSWP spectrum application.

●

For "Low Noise" path, the external mixer settings are the same as in the phase

noise application. For a comprehensive description, refer to the R&S FSWP user

manual.

100User Manual 1177.5662.02 ─ 06