Rohde&Schwarz FSQ-K100, FSQ-K102, FSQ-K104, FSV-K100, FSV-K102 User Manual

R&S®FS‑K100/102/104PC
R&S®FSV‑K100/102/104
R&S®FSQ‑K100/102/104

EUTRA / LTE Downlink PC Software

User Manual

(=8èMZ)

1308.9029.42 ─ 17

User Manual

Test & Measurement

This manual covers the following products.

●

R&S®FSQ-K100 (1308.9006.02)

●

R&S®FSQ-K102 (1309.9000.02)

●

R&S®FSQ-K104 (1309.9422.02)

●

R&S®FSV-K100 (1310.9051.02)

●

R&S®FSV-K102 (1310.9151.02)

●

R&S®FSV-K104 (1309.9774.02)

●

R&S®FS-K100PC (1309.9916.02)

●

R&S®FS-K102PC (1309.9939.02)

●

R&S®FS-K104PC (1309.9951.02)

The R&S®FS-K10xPC versions are available for the following spectrum and signal analyzers and oscillo­scopes

●

R&S®FSG

●

R&S®FSQ

●

R&S®FSV

●

R&S®FSVR

●

R&S®FSW

●

R&S®RTO

The contents of the manual correspond to version 3.40 or higher.

© 2014 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG

Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany

Phone: [phone] - 0

Fax: [phone]

E-mail: [e-mail]

Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com

Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.

R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.

Trade names are trademarks of the owners.

The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual: R&S®FS-K100/-K102/-K104 is abbreviated as R&S FS-K100/-K102/-

K104.

R&S®FS‑K100/102/104PC

Contents

1 Introduction............................................................................................ 7

1.1 Requirements for UMTS Long-Term Evolution.......................................................... 7

1.2 Long-Term Evolution Downlink Transmission Scheme............................................9

1.2.1 OFDMA........................................................................................................................... 9

1.2.2 OFDMA Parameterization............................................................................................. 10

1.2.3 Downlink Data Transmission.........................................................................................12

1.2.4 Downlink Reference Signal Structure and Cell Search.................................................12

1.2.5 Downlink Physical Layer Procedures............................................................................14

1.3 References...................................................................................................................14

2 Welcome............................................................................................... 16

Contents

2.1 Licensing the Software...............................................................................................16

2.2 Installing the Software................................................................................................19

2.3 Connecting the Computer to an Analyzer................................................................ 19

2.3.1 Instrument Configuration...............................................................................................19

2.3.2 Figuring Out IP Addresses............................................................................................ 22

2.4 Application Overview..................................................................................................25

2.5 Configuring the Software........................................................................................... 28

2.5.1 Configuring the Display................................................................................................. 28

2.5.2 Configuring the Software...............................................................................................29

3 Measurements and Result Displays...................................................31

3.1 Numerical Results.......................................................................................................32

3.2 Measuring the Power Over Time............................................................................... 34

3.3 Measuring the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)..........................................................40

3.4 Measuring the Spectrum............................................................................................ 45

3.4.1 Frequency Sweep Measurements................................................................................ 45

3.4.2 I/Q Measurements.........................................................................................................49

3.5 Measuring the Symbol Constellation........................................................................ 52

3.6 Measuring Statistics................................................................................................... 54

3.7 Measuring Beamforming............................................................................................ 60

3.8 3GPP Test Scenarios.................................................................................................. 66

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4 General Settings...................................................................................68

4.1 Configuring the Measurement................................................................................... 68

4.1.1 Defining General Signal Characteristics....................................................................... 68

4.1.2 Configuring the Input.....................................................................................................69

4.1.3 Configuring the Input Level........................................................................................... 70

4.1.4 Configuring the Data Capture....................................................................................... 72

4.1.5 Configuring Measurement Results................................................................................74

4.1.6 Configuring Time Alignment Measurements................................................................. 76

4.1.7 Configuring Transmit On/Off Power Measurements..................................................... 77

4.2 Configuring MIMO Measurement Setups..................................................................78

4.3 Triggering Measurements.......................................................................................... 81

4.4 Spectrum Settings...................................................................................................... 82

4.4.1 Configuring SEM and ACLR Measurements.................................................................82

Contents

4.5 Advanced Settings......................................................................................................84

4.5.1 Controlling I/Q Data.......................................................................................................84

4.5.2 Configuring the Baseband Input....................................................................................85

4.5.3 Using Advanced Input Settings..................................................................................... 86

4.5.4 Configuring the Digital I/Q Input.................................................................................... 86

4.5.5 Global Settings..............................................................................................................87

4.5.6 Mapping Antenna Ports.................................................................................................88

5 Demod Settings....................................................................................89

5.1 Configuring Downlink Signal Demodulation............................................................ 89

5.1.1 Selecting the Demodulation Method............................................................................. 89

5.1.2 Configuring Multicarrier Base Stations..........................................................................90

5.1.3 Configuring Parameter Estimation................................................................................ 91

5.1.4 Compensating Signal Errors......................................................................................... 91

5.1.5 Configuring EVM Measurements.................................................................................. 92

5.1.6 Processing Demodulated Data..................................................................................... 93

5.1.7 Configuring MIMO Setups.............................................................................................94

5.2 Defining Downlink Signal Characteristics................................................................ 95

5.2.1 Defining the Physical Signal Characteristics.................................................................95

5.2.2 Configuring the Physical Layer Cell Identity..................................................................97

5.2.3 Configuring MIMO Measurements................................................................................ 98

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5.2.4 Configuring PDSCH Subframes....................................................................................99

5.3 Defining Advanced Signal Characteristics.............................................................105

5.3.1 Configuring the Synchronization Signal...................................................................... 105

5.3.2 Configuring the Reference Signal............................................................................... 106

5.3.3 Configuring Positioning Reference Signals.................................................................106

5.3.4 Configuring Channel State Information Reference Signal.......................................... 108

5.3.5 Defining the PDSCH Resource Block Symbol Offset..................................................110

5.3.6 Configuring the Control Channels............................................................................... 110

5.3.7 Configuring the Shared Channel.................................................................................115

5.4 Defining MBSFN Characteristics............................................................................. 116

5.4.1 Configuring MBSFNs.................................................................................................. 116

5.4.2 Configuring MBSFN Subframes..................................................................................117

Contents

6 Analyzing Measurement Results...................................................... 119

7 Data Management.............................................................................. 122

7.1 Importing and Exporting I/Q Data............................................................................122

7.2 Managing Frame Data...............................................................................................123

7.3 Importing and Exporting Limits...............................................................................124

8 Measurement Basics......................................................................... 126

8.1 Symbols and Variables.............................................................................................126

8.2 Overview.................................................................................................................... 127

8.3 The LTE Downlink Analysis Measurement Application........................................ 127

8.3.1 Synchronization...........................................................................................................127

8.3.2 Channel Estimation and Equalizitaion.........................................................................129

8.3.3 Analysis.......................................................................................................................129

8.4 MIMO Measurement Guide....................................................................................... 130

8.4.1 MIMO Measurements with Signal Analyzers.............................................................. 131

8.4.2 MIMO Measurements with Oscilloscopes................................................................... 135

8.5 Calibrating Beamforming Measurements............................................................... 136

8.6 Performing Time Alignment Measurements...........................................................138

8.7 Performing Transmit On/Off Power Measurements...............................................140

9 Remote Commands........................................................................... 142

9.1 Overview of Remote Command Suffixes................................................................ 142

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9.2 Introduction............................................................................................................... 143

9.2.1 Long and Short Form.................................................................................................. 143

9.2.2 Numeric Suffixes......................................................................................................... 144

9.2.3 Optional Keywords...................................................................................................... 144

9.2.4 | (Vertical Stroke).........................................................................................................144

9.2.5 SCPI Parameters........................................................................................................ 145

9.3 Remote Commands to Select a Result Display......................................................147

9.4 Remote Commands to Perform Measurements..................................................... 148

9.5 Remote Commands to Read Numeric Results.......................................................151

9.6 Remote Commands to Read Trace Data.................................................................158

9.6.1 Using the TRACe[:DATA] Command.......................................................................... 158

9.6.2 Reading Out Limit Check Results............................................................................... 173

9.7 Remote Commands to Configure General Settings.............................................. 181

Contents

9.7.1 Remote Commands for General Settings................................................................... 181

9.7.2 Configuring MIMO Measurement Setups....................................................................190

9.7.3 Using a Trigger............................................................................................................192

9.7.4 Configuring Spectrum Measurements.........................................................................194

9.7.5 Remote Commands for Advanced Settings................................................................ 196

9.8 Remote Command to Configure the Demodulation...............................................199

9.8.1 Remote Commands for PDSCH Demodulation Settings............................................ 199

9.8.2 Remote Commands for DL Signal Characteristics......................................................204

9.8.3 Remote Commands for DL Advanced Signal Characteristics.....................................213

9.8.4 Remote Commands for MBSFN Settings................................................................... 223

9.9 Configuring the Software......................................................................................... 225

9.10 Managing Files.......................................................................................................... 226

List of Commands..............................................................................229

Index....................................................................................................234

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1 Introduction

Currently, UMTS networks worldwide are being upgraded to high speed downlink
packet access (HSDPA) in order to increase data rate and capacity for downlink packet
data. In the next step, high speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) will boost uplink per­formance in UMTS networks. While HSDPA was introduced as a 3GPP Release 5 fea­ture, HSUPA is an important feature of 3GPP Release 6. The combination of HSDPA
and HSUPA is often referred to as HSPA.

However, even with the introduction of HSPA, the evolution of UMTS has not reached
its end. HSPA+ will bring significant enhancements in 3GPP Release 7. The objective
is to enhance the performance of HSPA-based radio networks in terms of spectrum
efficiency, peak data rate and latency, and to exploit the full potential of WCDMAbased
5 MHz operation. Important features of HSPA+ are downlink multiple input multiple out­put (MIMO), higher order modulation for uplink and downlink, improvements of layer 2
protocols, and continuous packet connectivity.

In order to ensure the competitiveness of UMTS for the next 10 years and beyond,
concepts for UMTS long term evolution (LTE) have been investigated. The objective is
a high-data-rate, low-latency and packet-optimized radio access technology. There­fore, a study item was launched in 3GPP Release 7 on evolved UMTS terrestrial radio
access (EUTRA) and evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN). LTE/
EUTRA will then form part of 3GPP Release 8 core specifications.

Introduction

Requirements for UMTS Long-Term Evolution

This introduction focuses on LTE/EUTRA technology. In the following, the terms LTE
or EUTRA are used interchangeably.

In the context of the LTE study item, 3GPP work first focused on the definition of
requirements, e.g. targets for data rate, capacity, spectrum efficiency, and latency.
Also commercial aspects such as costs for installing and operating the network were
considered. Based on these requirements, technical concepts for the air interface
transmission schemes and protocols were studied. Notably, LTE uses new multiple
access schemes on the air interface: orthogonal frequency division multiple access
(OFDMA) in downlink and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA)
in uplink. Furthermore, MIMO antenna schemes form an essential part of LTE. In an
attempt to simplify protocol architecture, LTE brings some major changes to the exist­ing UMTS protocol concepts. Impact on the overall network architecture including the
core network is being investigated in the context of 3GPP system architecture evolu­tion (SAE).

● Requirements for UMTS Long-Term Evolution.........................................................7

● Long-Term Evolution Downlink Transmission Scheme.............................................9

● References..............................................................................................................14

1.1 Requirements for UMTS Long-Term Evolution

LTE is focusing on optimum support of packet switched (PS) services. Main require­ments for the design of an LTE system are documented in 3GPP TR 25.913 [1] and
can be summarized as follows:

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Data Rate: Peak data rates target 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink) for

●

20 MHz spectrum allocation, assuming two receive antennas and one transmit
antenna are at the terminal.

Throughput: The target for downlink average user throughput per MHz is three to

●

four times better than Release 6. The target for uplink average user throughput per
MHz is two to three times better than Release 6.

Spectrum efficiency: The downlink target is three to four times better than Release

●

6. The uplink target is two to three times better than Release 6.

Latency: The one-way transit time between a packet being available at the IP layer

●

in either the UE or radio access network and the availability of this packet at IP
layer in the radio access network/UE shall be less than 5 ms. Also C-plane latency
shall be reduced, e.g. to allow fast transition times of less than 100 ms from
camped state to active state.

Bandwidth: Scaleable bandwidths of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz shall

●

be supported. Also bandwidths smaller than 5 MHz shall be supported for more
flexibility.

Interworking: Interworking with existing UTRAN/GERAN systems and non-3GPP

●

systems shall be ensured. Multimode terminals shall support handover to and from
UTRAN and GERAN as well as inter-RAT measurements. Interruption time for
handover between EUTRAN and UTRAN/GERAN shall be less than 300 ms for
realtime services and less than 500 ms for non-realtime services.

Multimedia broadcast multicast services (MBMS): MBMS shall be further enhanced

●

and is then referred to as E-MBMS.

Costs: Reduced CAPEX and OPEX including backhaul shall be achieved. Costef-

●

fective migration from Release 6 UTRA radio interface and architecture shall be
possible. Reasonable system and terminal complexity, cost, and power consump­tion shall be ensured. All the interfaces specified shall be open for multivendor
equipment interoperability.

Mobility: The system should be optimized for low mobile speed (0 to 15 km/h), but

●

higher mobile speeds shall be supported as well, including high speed train envi­ronment as a special case.

Spectrum allocation: Operation in paired (frequency division duplex / FDD mode)

●

and unpaired spectrum (time division duplex / TDD mode) is possible.

Co-existence: Co-existence in the same geographical area and co-location with

●

GERAN/UTRAN shall be ensured. Also, co-existence between operators in adja­cent bands as well as cross-border co-existence is a requirement.

Quality of Service: End-to-end quality of service (QoS) shall be supported. VoIP

●

should be supported with at least as good radio and backhaul efficiency and
latency as voice traffic over the UMTS circuit switched networks.

Network synchronization: Time synchronization of different network sites shall not

●

be mandated.

Introduction

Requirements for UMTS Long-Term Evolution

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Introduction

Long-Term Evolution Downlink Transmission Scheme

1.2 Long-Term Evolution Downlink Transmission Scheme

1.2.1 OFDMA

The downlink transmission scheme for EUTRA FDD and TDD modes is based on con­ventional OFDM.

In an OFDM system, the available spectrum is divided into multiple carriers, called sub­carriers, which are orthogonal to each other. Each of these subcarriers is independ­ently modulated by a low rate data stream.

OFDM is used as well in WLAN, WiMAX and broadcast technologies like DVB. OFDM
has several benefits including its robustness against multipath fading and its efficient
receiver architecture.

figure 1-1 shows a representation of an OFDM signal taken from 3GPP TR 25.892 [2].

In this figure, a signal with 5 MHz bandwidth is shown, but the principle is of course the
same for the other EUTRA bandwidths. Data symbols are independently modulated
and transmitted over a high number of closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers. In
EUTRA, downlink modulation schemes QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM are available.

In the time domain, a guard interval may be added to each symbol to combat inter­OFDM-symbol-interference due to channel delay spread. In EUTRA, the guard interval
is a cyclic prefix which is inserted prior to each OFDM symbol.

Fig. 1-1: Frequency-Time Representation of an OFDM Signal

In practice, the OFDM signal can be generated using the inverse fast Fourier transform
(IFFT) digital signal processing. The IFFT converts a number N of complex data sym­bols used as frequency domain bins into the time domain signal. Such an N-point IFFT
is illustrated in figure 1-2, where a(mN+n) refers to the nth subchannel modulated data
symbol, during the time period mTu < t ≤ (m+1)Tu.

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Fig. 1-2: OFDM useful symbol generation using an IFFT

The vector sm is defined as the useful OFDM symbol. It is the time superposition of the
N narrowband modulated subcarriers. Therefore, from a parallel stream of N sources

of data, each one independently modulated, a waveform composed of N orthogonal
subcarriers is obtained, with each subcarrier having the shape of a frequency sinc
function (see figure 1-1).

Introduction

Long-Term Evolution Downlink Transmission Scheme

figure 1-3 illustrates the mapping from a serial stream of QAM symbols to N parallel

streams, used as frequency domain bins for the IFFT. The N-point time domain blocks
obtained from the IFFT are then serialized to create a time domain signal. Not shown
in figure 1-3 is the process of cyclic prefix insertion.

Fig. 1-3: OFDM Signal Generation Chain

In contrast to an OFDM transmission scheme, OFDMA allows the access of multiple
users on the available bandwidth. Each user is assigned a specific time-frequency
resource. As a fundamental principle of EUTRA, the data channels are shared chan­nels, i.e. for each transmission time interval of 1 ms, a new scheduling decision is
taken regarding which users are assigned to which time/frequency resources during
this transmission time interval.

1.2.2 OFDMA Parameterization

A generic frame structure is defined for both EUTRA FDD and TDD modes. Addition­ally, an alternative frame structure is defined for the TDD mode only. The EUTRA
frame structures are defined in 3GPP TS 36.211. For the generic frame structure, the
10 ms radio frame is divided into 20 equally sized slots of 0.5 ms. A subframe consists
of two consecutive slots, so one radio frame contains 10 subframes. This is illustrated
in figure 1-4 (Ts expresses the basic time unit corresponding to 30.72 MHz).

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Fig. 1-4: Generic Frame Structure in EUTRA Downlink

figure 1-5shows the structure of the downlink resource grid for the duration of one

downlink slot. The available downlink bandwidth consists of subcarriers with a
spacing of Δf = 15 kHz. In the case of multi-cell MBMS transmission, a subcarrier
spacing of Δf = 7.5 kHz is also possible. can vary in order to allow for scalable
bandwidth operation up to 20 MHz. Initially, the bandwidths for LTE were explicitly
defined within layer 1 specifications. Later on a bandwidth agnostic layer 1 was intro­duced, with for the different bandwidths to be specified by 3GPP RAN4 to meet
performance requirements, e.g. for out-of-band emission requirements and regulatory
emission limits.

Introduction

Long-Term Evolution Downlink Transmission Scheme

Fig. 1-5: Downlink Resource Grid

One downlink slot consists of OFDM symbols. To each symbol, a cyclic prefix
(CP) is appended as guard time, compare figure 1-1.

depends on the cyclic prefix
length. The generic frame structure with normal cyclic prefix length contains = 7
symbols. This translates into a cyclic prefix length of TCP≈5.2μs for the first symbol and

TCP≈4.7μs for the remaining 6 symbols. Additionally, an extended cyclic prefix is
defined in order to cover large cell scenarios with higher delay spread and MBMS
transmission. The generic frame structure with extended cyclic prefix of T

contains

= 6 OFDM symbols (subcarrier spacing 15 kHz). The generic frame

CP-E

≈16.7μs

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Introduction

Long-Term Evolution Downlink Transmission Scheme

structure with extended cyclic prefix of T
carrier spacing 7.5 kHz). table 1-1 gives an overview of the different parameters for the

generic frame structure.

Table 1-1: Parameters for Downlink Generic Frame Structure

Configuration Number of Symbols Cyclic Prefix

Normal cyclic prefix Δf=15 kHz

Extended cyclic prefix Δf=15 kHz

Extended cyclic prefix Δf=7.5 kHz

1.2.3 Downlink Data Transmission

7 160 for first symbol

6 512 16.7 µs

3 1024 33.3 µs

Data is allocated to the UEs in terms of resource blocks. A physical resource block
consists of 12 (24) consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain for the Δf=15 kHz
(Δf=7.5 kHz) case. In the time domain, a physical resource block consists of DL N

consecutive OFDM symbols, see figure 1-5.
bols in a slot. The resource block size is the same for all bandwidths, therefore the
number of available physical resource blocks depends on the bandwidth. Depending
on the required data rate, each UE can be assigned one or more resource blocks in
each transmission time interval of 1 ms. The scheduling decision is done in the base
station (eNodeB). The user data is carried on the physical downlink shared channel
(PDSCH). Downlink control signaling on the physical downlink control channel
(PDCCH) is used to convey the scheduling decisions to individual UEs. The PDCCH is
located in the first OFDM symbols of a slot.

≈33.3μs contains = 3 symbols (sub-

CP-E

Cyclic Prefix
Length in Sam­ples

144 for other sym­bols

Length in µs

5.2 µs for first sym-

bol

4.7 µs for other

symbols

is equal to the number of OFDM sym-

symb

1.2.4 Downlink Reference Signal Structure and Cell Search

The downlink reference signal structure is important for cell search, channel estimation
and neighbor cell monitoring. figure 1-6 shows the principle of the downlink reference
signal structure for one-antenna, two-antenna, and four-antenna transmission. Specific
predefined resource elements in the time-frequency domain carry the reference signal
sequence. Besides first reference symbols, there may be a need for second reference
symbols. The different colors in figure 1-6 represent the sequences transmitted from up
to four transmit antennas.

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Introduction

Long-Term Evolution Downlink Transmission Scheme

Fig. 1-6: Downlink Reference Signal Structure (Normal Cyclic Prefix)

The reference signal sequence carries the cell identity. Each reference signal
sequence is generated as a symbol-by-symbol product of an orthogonal sequence r
(three of them existing) and a pseudo-random sequence r

PRS

(170 of them existing).
Each cell identity corresponds to a unique combination of one orthogonal sequence r
and one pseudo-random sequence r

PRS

, allowing 510 different cell identities.

OS

OS

Frequency hopping can be applied to the downlink reference signals. The frequency
hopping pattern has a period of one frame (10 ms).

During cell search, different types of information need to be identified by the handset:
symbol and radio frame timing, frequency, cell identification, overall transmission band­width, antenna configuration, and cyclic prefix length.

Besides the reference symbols, synchronization signals are therefore needed during
cell search. EUTRA uses a hierarchical cell search scheme similar to WCDMA. This
means that the synchronization acquisition and the cell group identifier are obtained
from different synchronization signals. Thus, a primary synchronization signal (P­SYNC) and a secondary synchronization signal (S-SYNC) are assigned a predefined
structure. They are transmitted on the 72 center subcarriers (around the DC subcarrier)
within the same predefined slots (twice per 10 ms) on different resource elements, see

figure 1-7.

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Fig. 1-7: P-SYNC and S-SYNC Structure

As additional help during cell search, a common control physical channel (CCPCH) is
available which carries BCH type of information, e.g. system bandwidth. It is transmit­ted at predefined time instants on the 72 subcarriers centered around the DC subcar­rier.

In order to enable the UE to support this cell search concept, it was agreed to have a
minimum UE bandwidth reception capability of 20 MHz.

Introduction

References

1.2.5 Downlink Physical Layer Procedures

For EUTRA, the following downlink physical layer procedures are especially important:

Cell search and synchronization

●

See above.

Scheduling

●

Scheduling is done in the base station (eNodeB). The downlink control channel
PDCCH informs the users about their allocated time/frequency resources and the
transmission formats to use. The scheduler evaluates different types of informa­tion, e.g. quality of service parameters, measurements from the UE, UE capabili­ties, and buffer status.

Link adaptation

●

Link adaptation is already known from HSDPA as adaptive modulation and coding.
Also in EUTRA, modulation and coding for the shared data channel is not fixed, but
rather is adapted according to radio link quality. For this purpose, the UE regularly
reports channel quality indications (CQI) to the eNodeB.

Hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ)

●

Downlink hybrid ARQ is also known from HSDPA. It is a retransmission protocol.
The UE can request retransmissions of incorrectly received data packets.

1.3 References

[1] 3GPP TS 25.913: Requirements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN (Release 7)

[2] 3GPP TR 25.892: Feasibility Study for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) for UTRAN enhancement (Release 6)

[3] 3GPP TS 36.211 v8.3.0: Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8)

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[4] 3GPP TS 36.300: E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall Description; Stage 2 (Release 8)

[5] 3GPP TS 22.978: All-IP Network (AIPN) feasibility study (Release 7)

[6] 3GPP TS 25.213: Spreading and modulation (FDD)

[7] Speth, M., Fechtel, S., Fock, G., and Meyr, H.: Optimum Receiver Design for Wire­less Broad-Band Systems Using OFDM – Part I. IEEE Trans. on Commun. Vol. 47
(1999) No. 11, pp. 1668-1677.

[8] Speth, M., Fechtel, S., Fock, G., and Meyr, H.: Optimum Receiver Design for
OFDM-Based Broadband Transmission – Part II: A Case Study. IEEE Trans. on Com­mun. Vol. 49 (2001) No. 4, pp. 571-578.

Introduction

References

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2 Welcome

The EUTRA/LTE measurement software makes use of the I/Q capture functionality of
the following spectrum and signal analyzers to enable EUTRA/LTE TX measurements
conforming to the EUTRA specification.

R&S FSQ

●

R&S FSG

●

R&S FSV

●

R&S FSVR

●

R&S FSW

●

R&S RTO

●

This manual contains all information necessary to configure, perform and analyze such
measurements.

● Licensing the Software............................................................................................16

● Installing the Software.............................................................................................19

● Connecting the Computer to an Analyzer............................................................... 19

● Application Overview...............................................................................................25

● Configuring the Software.........................................................................................28

Welcome

Licensing the Software

2.1 Licensing the Software

The software provides the following general functionality.

● To capture and analyze I/Q data from an R&S®FSW, R&S®FSV, R&S®FSVR,

R&S®FSQ, R&S®FSG or R&S®RTO.

To read and analyze I/Q data from a file.

●

License type

You can purchase two different license types for the software.

● R&S®FS-K10xPC

This license supports software operation with and without an R&S instrument (ana­lyzer or oscilloscope).
The software works with a connection to an analyzer but also supports the analysis
of data stored in a file. This license type requires a smartcard reader (dongle).

● R&S®FSV/FSQ-K10x

This license requires a connection to an R&S®FSV, R&S®FSVR, R&S®FSQ or
R&S®FSG. The license must be installed on the analyzer.

Using the smartcard reader (dongle)

Before you can use the software, you have to load the license(s) on a smartcard (if you
already have one) or order a new smartcard (R&S FSPC). New license types are avail­able as registered licenses (see below).

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You can use the smart card together with the USB smart card reader (for SIM format)
supplied with the software. Alternatively, you can insert the smart card (full format) in a
reader that is connected to or built into your PC.

Note that support for problems with the smart card licensing can only be guaranteed if
the supplied USB smart card reader (for SIM format) is used.

1.

With the delivery of the R&S FSPC you got a smart card and a smart card reader.

2. Remove the smart card.

Welcome

Licensing the Software

3. Insert the smart card into the reader.

If the OMNIKEY label faces upward, the smart card has to be inserted with the chip
facedown and the angled corner facing away from the reader.

4. After pushing the smart card completely inside the USB smart card reader, you can

use it together with the software.

When you insert the USB Smartcard reader into the PC, the drivers will be loaded. If
your PC does not already have drivers installed for this reader, the hardware will not be
detected and the software will not work.

In this case, install the required driver manually. On the CD, it is in the folder
\Install\USB SmartCard Reader Driver Files, named according to the pro-

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cessor architecture (OMNIKEY3x21_x86... or OMNIKEY3x21_x64). Detailed informa­tion on the file content and the download location for updated drivers can be found in
the ReadMe.txt file in the same folder.

You may have problems locking a computer while the card is inserted, because MS
Windows tries to get log-in information from the card immediately after you have locked
the computer.

Solve this issue by changing a registry entry.

Either execute the registry file DisableCAD.reg in the same folder the USM Smartcard
reader installation files are located. Or manually change the entry.

Open the Windows Start Menu and select the "Run" item.

●

Enter "regedit" in the dialog to open the system reigistry.

●

Navigate to

●

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\
policies\system.

Set the value of DisableCAD to 0.

●

Welcome

Licensing the Software

Note that security policies may prevent you from editing the value. Contact your IT
administrator if you have problems with editing the value or installing the drivers.

Ordering licenses

In case of registered licenses, the license key code is based on the serial number of
the R&S FSPC smartcard. Thus, you need to know the serial number when you order
a new license.

1. Start the software (without a connected dongle).

2. Press the SETUP key.

3. Press the "Dongle License Info" softkey.

The software opens the "Rohde & Schwarz License Information" dialog box.

4. Connect the smartcard / dongle to the computer.

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5. Press the "Check Licenses" button.

The software shows all current licenses.
The serial number which is necessary to know if you need a license is shown in the
"Serial" column.
The "Device ID" also contains the serial number.

6. To enter a new license code, press the "Enter License Key Code" button.

Welcome

Installing the Software

2.2 Installing the Software

For information on the installation procedure see the release notes of the software.

2.3 Connecting the Computer to an Analyzer

In order to be able to communicate with an analyzer (R&S FSQ, R&S FSG, R&S FSV,
R&S FSVR or R&S FSW) or oscilloscope (R&S RTO family), you have to connect it to
a computer. You can use the IEEE bus (GPIB) or a local area network (LAN).

Requirements

To be able to capture I/Q data, you need one of the signal analyzers or oscilloscopes
mentioned above.

If you are using an R&S FSQ, you must

use firmware 3.65 or higher to be able to establish a connection via TCP/IP

●

or

install the RSIB passport driver on the computer.

●

The driver is available for download at http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/appnote/

1EF47

To establish a connection, you also have to determine the network address of the ana­lyzer and set it up in the LTE software.

2.3.1 Instrument Configuration

The functionality necessary to establish the connection to the test equipment is part of
the "Analyzer Config / MIMO Setup" tab of the "General Settings" dialog box.

The software supports simultaneous connections to several analyzers or oscilloscopes.
Using a combination of analyzers and oscilloscopes is also possible. The software
automatically detects if you have connected an analyzer or an oscilloscope. On the
whole, you can perform measurement on up to eight input channels. Each input chan­nel captures one I/Q data stream.

If you use a spectrum or signal analyzer, one input channel corresponds to one instru­ment's RF input. Thus, the required number of analyzers depends on the number of I/Q

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data streams you want to measure. The analyzers have to be connected to each other
with one analyzer controlling the other instruments by providing the trigger.

If you use an oscilloscope, the number of required instruments depends on the number
of channels available on the oscilloscope.

● General Instrument Configuration...........................................................................20

● Instrument Connection Configuration......................................................................21

Welcome

Connecting the Computer to an Analyzer

2.3.1.1 General Instrument Configuration

The general analyzer or oscilloscope configuration determines the general MIMO
setup. The purpose of the general MIMO setup is to assign an analyzer or oscilloscope
channel to a particular I/Q data stream.

For successful measurements, you have to configure each instrument individually in
the "Analyzer Configuration" table.

The number of table rows depends on the number of input channels you have
selected.

Input Channel

Shows the number of the analyzer in the test setup or the channel number of an oscil­loscope.

If you are using several instruments, the first input channel always represents the con­trolling (master) instrument.

VISA RSC

Opens a dialog box to configure the instrument connection in the network (see chap-

ter 2.3.1.2, "Instrument Connection Configuration", on page 21.

If you perform MIMO measurements with several instruments, you have to establish a
network connection for each instrument.

Number of Channels

Defines the number of channels of an oscilloscope that you want to use.

The number of instruments to configure is reduced if you use an instrument with more
than one channel. The software also adjusts the contents of the "Analyzer Input Chan­nel".

If you perform the measurement with one or more signal analyzers (for example
R&S FSW), the number of channels has to be "1".

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SCPI command:

CONFigure:ACONfig<instrument>:NCHannels on page 191

Analyzer Input Channel

Assigns one of the I/Q data streams (input channel) to a particular oscilloscope chan­nel.

The "Analyzer Input Channel" has no effect if you use only instruments that have a sin­gle input channel.

SCPI command:

CONFigure:ACONfig<instrument>:ICSequence on page 191

Welcome

Connecting the Computer to an Analyzer

2.3.1.2 Instrument Connection Configuration

The "Instrument Connection Configuration" dialog box contains functionality that is
necessary to successfully establish a connection in a network of analyzers. The dialog
box contains several elements.

Interface Type

Selects the type of interface you want to use. You have to connect the analyzer or
oscilloscope via LAN interface or the IEEE bus (GPIB).

Number

Selects the number of the interface if the PC has more than one interfaces (e.g. sev­eral LAN cards).

Address

Defines the address of the instrument. The type of content depends on the interface
type.

GPIB Address

●

Primary GPIB address of the analyzer. Possible values are in the range from 0 to

31. The default GPIB address for an R&S instruments is 20.
Available for IEEE bus systems using the IEEE 488 protocol. The interface type is
GPIB.

IP Address or Computer Name

●

Name or host address (TCP/IP) of the computer.

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Available for LAN bus systems using either the VXI-11 protocol or a
Rohde&Schwarz specific protocol (RSIB). The interface type is either LAN (VXI-11)
or LAN (RSIB).
Contact your local IT support for information on free IP addresses.
– The RSIB protocol is supported by all firmware version of the R&S analyzers

–

Complete VISA Resource String

●

Allows you to enter the complete VISA resource string manually. A VISA string is
made up out of the elements mentioned above, separated by double colons (::),
e.g. GPIB::20::INSTR.
Available for interface type "Free Entry".

Subsystem

Shows the subsystem in use. Typically you do not have to change the subsystem.

Welcome

Connecting the Computer to an Analyzer

and oscilloscopes.

The VXI-11 protocol is supported as of R&S FSQ firmware version 3.65 and by
all firmware version of the R&S FSV(R), R&S FSG and oscilloscopes.

VISA RSC

Shows or defines the complete VISA resource string.

SCPI command:

CONFigure:ACONfig<instrument>:ADDRess on page 190

Test Connection

Button that tests the connection.

If the connection has been established successfully, the software returns a PASSED
message. If not, it shows a FAILED message.

2.3.2 Figuring Out IP Addresses

Each of the supported instruments logs its network connection information in a different
place. Find instructions on how to find out the necessary information below.

2.3.2.1 Figuring Out the Address of an R&S FSQ or R&S FSG

Follow these steps to figure out GPIB or IP address of an R&S FSQ or R&S FSG.

Figuring Out the GPIB address

1. Press the SETUP key.

2. Press the "General Setup" softkey.

3. Press the "GPIB" softkey.

The R&S FSQ / FSG opens a dialog box that shows its current GPIB address.

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Figuring Out the IP address

1. Press the SETUP key.

2. Press the "General Setup" softkey.

3. Press the "Configure Network" softkey.

4. Press the "Configure Network" softkey.

The MS Windows "Network Connections" dialog box opens.

5. Select the "Local Area Connection" item.

The "Local Area Connection Status" dialog box opens.

6. Select the "Support" tab.

The "Support" tab shows the current TCP/IP information of the R&S FSQ.

Welcome

Connecting the Computer to an Analyzer

2.3.2.2 Figuring Out the Address of an R&S FSV or R&S FSVR

Follow these steps to figure out the GPIB or IP address of an R&S FSV or R&S FSVR.

Figuring Out the GPIB address

1. Press the SETUP key.

2. Press the "General Setup" softkey.

3. Press the "GPIB" softkey.

4. Press the "GPIB Address" softkey.

The R&S FSV(R) opens a dialog box that shows its current GPIB address.

Figuring Out the IP address

1. Press the SETUP key.

2. Press the "General Setup" softkey.

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3. Press the "Network Address" softkey.

4. Press the "IP Address" softkey.

The R&S FSV(R) opens a dialog box that contains information about the LAN con­nection.

Welcome

Connecting the Computer to an Analyzer

2.3.2.3 Figuring Out the Address of an R&S FSW

Follow these steps to figure out the GPIB or IP address of an R&S FSW.

Figuring Out the GPIB address

1. Press the SETUP key.

2. Press the "Network + Remote" softkey.

The R&S FSW opens the "Network & Remote" dialog box.

3. Select the "GPIB" tab.

The R&S FSW shows information about the GPIB connection, including the GPIB
address.

Figuring Out the IP address

1. Press the SETUP key.

2. Press the "Network + Remote" softkey.

The R&S FSW opens the "Network & Remote" dialog box and shows its current IP
address in the corresponding field.

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Welcome

Application Overview

2.3.2.4 Figuring Out the Address of an R&S RTO

Follow these steps to figure out the network address of an R&S RTO.

► Press the SETUP key.

The R&S RTO opens a dialog box that contains general information about the sys­tem.

2.4 Application Overview

Starting the application

To start the software, use either the shortcut on the computer desktop or the entry in
the Microsoft Windows Start menu.

If you run the software on an analyzer, access the software via the "Mode" menu.

► Press the MODE key and select "EUTRA/LTE".

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Presetting the software

When you first start the software, all settings are in their default state. After you have
changed any parameter, you can restore the default state with the PRESET key.

Note that using the preset function also presets an analyzer if one is connected and
you capture the data from the hardware.

CONFigure:PRESet on page 226

Using the preset if the software has been installed on an R&S FSQ, R&S FSG,
R&S FSV, R&S FSVR or R&S FSW presets the software and the analyzer and exits
the LTE software.

SCPI command:

*RST

Elements and layout of the user interface

The user interface of the LTE measurement application is made up of several ele­ments.

Welcome

Application Overview

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1 = Header table. The header table shows basic information like measurement frequency or sync state.
2 = Diagram area. The diagram area contains the measurement results. You can display it in full screen or

split screen mode. The result display is separated in a header that shows the title etc. and the diagram
area that show the actual results.

3 = Status bar. The status bar contains information about the current status of the measurement and the

software.
4 = Hotkeys. Hotkeys contain functionality to control the measurement process.
5 = Softkeys. Softkeys contain functionality to configure and select measurement functions.
6 = Hardkeys. Hardkeys open new softkey menus.

The status bar

The status bar is located at the bottom of the display. It shows the current measure­ment status and its progress in a running measurement. The status bar also shows
warning and error messages. Error messages are generally highlighted.

Display of measurement settings

The header table above the result displays shows information on hardware and mea­surement settings.

Welcome

Application Overview

The header table includes the following information

Freq

●

The analyzer RF frequency.

Mode

●

Link direction, duplexing, cyclic prefix and maximum number of physical resource
blocks (PRBs) / signal bandwidth.

CP/Cell Grp/ID

●

Shows the cell identity information.

Sync State

●

The following synchronization states may occur:
– OK The synchronization was successful.

– FAIL (C) The cyclic prefix correlation failed.

– FAIL (P) The P-SYNC correlation failed.

– FAIL (S) The S-SYNC correlation failed.

Any combination of C, P and S may occur.
SCPI Command:

[SENSe]:SYNC[:STATe]? on page 150

Master Ref Level

●

Shows the reference level of the master analyzer.

Capture Time/Frame

●

Shows the capture length in ms.

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Welcome

Configuring the Software

2.5 Configuring the Software

This chapter contains information about general software functionality.

2.5.1 Configuring the Display

The "Display" menu contains functionality to improve the display and documentation of
results.

► Press the DISP key.

The application features four screens (or result displays). Each of the screens may
contain a different result display. The number of visible screens depends on the screen
layout.

Full screen mode

In full screen mode, the application shows the contents a single screen.

► Press the "Full Screen" softkey.

If you have configured more than one result displays, these are still working in the
background.

Split screen mode

In split screen mode, the application shows the contents of two screens, either screen
A and screen B or screen C and screen D.

► Press the "Split Screen" softkey.

If you have configured more than two result displays, these are still working in the
background.

2x2 split screen mode

In 2x2 split screen mode, the application shows the contents of four screens.

► Press the "2x2 Split Screen" softkey.

Limitations

For the Spectrum Emission Mask, ACLR, Time Alignment and On/Off Power measure­ments, a maximum of two screens is possible.

By default, the software shows the results in all four screens. The screens are labeled
A to D to the right of the measurement diagrams. The label of the currently active
screen is highlighted green (

). The currently active screen is the one settings are

applied to.

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Switch between the screens with the "Screen A", "Screen B", "Screen C" and "Screen
D" hotkeys.

The background color of the software by default is black. Apply another color via the
"Color Selection" softkey and the corresponding dialog box.

For documentation purposes the software provides a hardcopy function that lets you
save the current results in one of the following formats.

bmp

●

gif

●

jpeg

●

png

●

tiff

●

Use the "Hardcopy to Clipboard" function to take a screenshot.

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:SELect on page 226

Welcome

Configuring the Software

2.5.2 Configuring the Software

The "Setup" menu contains various general software functions.

► Press the SETUP key to access the "Setup" menu.

Configure Analyzer Connection

Opens the "General Settings" dialog box.

For more information see "MIMO Analyzer Configuration" on page 81.

Data Source (Instr File)

Selects the general input source (an instrument or a file).

For more information see "Selecting the Input Source" on page 70.

Dongle License Info

Opens the "Rohde & Schwarz License Information" dialog box.

The dialog box contains functionality to add new (registered) licenses. For more infor­mation see chapter 2.1, "Licensing the Software", on page 16.

"Check Licen­ses"

Looks for all smartcards connected to the computer and returns their
characteristics like the serial number of the smartcard or its device ID.
Note that the smartcard has to be connected to figure out its proper­ties.

"Enter License
Key Code"

"Process
License File"

Opens an input field to manually enter a new license key code. A key
code consists of 30 digits.

Opens a dialog box to select a file (xml format) that contains a
license. Opening that file automatically adds a new license.

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Show Logging

Opens a dialog box that contains a log of all messages that the software has shown in
the status bar.

Use the message log for debugging purposes in case any errors occur. You can
refresh and clear the contents of the log or copy the contents of the system log to the
clipboard.

"Refresh"

"Clear All"

"Copy to Clip­board"

System Info

Opens a dialog box that contains information about the system like driver versions or
the utility software. You can use this information in case an analyzer does not work
properly.

Welcome

Configuring the Software

Updates the contents of the log.

Deletes all entries in the log.

Copies the contents of the log to the clipboard.

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3 Measurements and Result Displays

The LTE measurement software features several measurements to examine and ana­lyze different aspects of an LTE signal.

The source of the data that is processed is either a live signal or a previously recorded
signal whose characteristics have been saved to a file. For more information see

"Selecting the Input Source" on page 70.

In both cases, you can perform a continuous or a single measurement.

Continuous measurements capture and analyze the signal continuously and stop only
after you turn it off manually.

► Press the "Run Cont" softkey to start and stop continuous measurements.

Single measurements capture and analyze the signal over a particular time span or
number of frames. The measurement stops after the time has passed or the frames
have been captured.

Measurements and Result Displays

► Press the "Run Sgl" softkey to start a single measurement.

You can also repeat a measurement based on the data that has already been cap­tured, e.g. if you want to apply different demodulation settings to the same signal.

► Press the "Refresh" softkey to measure the signal again.

This chapter provides information on all types of measurements that the LTE measure­ment software supports.

Note that all measurements are based on the I/Q data that is captured except the
Spectrum Emission Mask and the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio. Those are based
on a frequency sweep the analyzer performs for the measurement.

SCPI command:

INITiate[:IMMediate] on page 149

INITiate:REFResh on page 149

● Numerical Results...................................................................................................32

● Measuring the Power Over Time............................................................................ 34

● Measuring the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)........................................................40

● Measuring the Spectrum.........................................................................................45

● Measuring the Symbol Constellation.......................................................................52

● Measuring Statistics................................................................................................54

● Measuring Beamforming.........................................................................................60

● 3GPP Test Scenarios..............................................................................................66

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Measurements and Result Displays

Numerical Results

3.1 Numerical Results

Result Summary

The Result Summary shows all relevant measurement results in numerical form, com­bined in one table.

▶ Press the "Display (List Graph)" softkey so that the "List" element turns green to view
the Result Summary.

Remote command:

DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TABLe on page 148

Contents of the result summary

The table is split in two parts. The first part shows results that refer to the complete
frame. For each result, the minimum, mean and maximum values are displayed. It also
indicates limit check results where available. The font of 'Pass' results is green and that
of 'Fail' results is red.

By default, the software checks the limits defined by the standard. You can also import
customized limits. In that case the software evaluates those limits instead of the prede­fined ones. For more information see chapter 7.3, "Importing and Exporting Limits",
on page 124.

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EVM PDSCH QPSK Shows the EVM for all QPSK-modulated resource elements of the PDSCH

EVM PDSCH 16QAM Shows the EVM for all 16QAM-modulated resource elements of the PDSCH

EVM PDSCH 64QAM Shows the EVM for all 64QAM-modulated resource elements of the PDSCH

By default, all EVM results are in %. To view the EVM results in dB, change the EVM

Unit.

The second part of the table shows results that refer to a specifc selection of the frame.

The statistic is always evaluated over the subframes.

The header row of the table contains information about the selection you have made
(like the subframe).

Measurements and Result Displays

Numerical Results

channel in the analyzed frame.

FETCh:SUMMary:EVM:DSQP[:AVERage]? on page 153

channel in the analyzed frame.

FETCh:SUMMary:EVM:DSST[:AVERage]? on page 153

channel in the analyzed frame.

FETCh:SUMMary:EVM:DSSF[:AVERage]? on page 153

EVM All Shows the EVM for all resource elements in the analyzed frame.

FETCh:SUMMary:EVM[:ALL][:AVERage]? on page 152

EVM Phys Channel Shows the EVM for all physical channel resource elements in the analyzed

frame.

A physical channel corresponds to a set of resource elements carrying infor­mation from higher layers. PDSCH, PBCH or PDCCH, for example, are physi­cal channels. For more information see 3GPP 36.211.

FETCh:SUMMary:EVM:PCHannel[:AVERage]? on page 154

EVM Phys Signal Shows the EVM for all physical signal resource elements in the analyzed

frame.

The reference signal, for example, is a physical signal. For more information
see 3GPP 36.211.

FETCh:SUMMary:EVM:PSIGnal[:AVERage]? on page 154

Frequency Error Shows the difference in the measured center frequency and the reference

center frequency.

FETCh:SUMMary:FERRor[:AVERage]? on page 154

Sampling Error Shows the difference in measured symbol clock and reference symbol clock

relative to the system sampling rate.

FETCh:SUMMary:SERRor[:AVERage]? on page 157

I/Q Offset Shows the power at spectral line 0 normalized to the total transmitted power.

FETCh:SUMMary:IQOFfset[:AVERage]? on page 155

I/Q Gain Imbalance Shows the logarithm of the gain ratio of the Q-channel to the I-channel.

FETCh:SUMMary:GIMBalance[:AVERage]? on page 155

I/Q Quadrature Error Shows the measure of the phase angle between Q-channel and I-channel

deviating from the ideal 90 degrees.

FETCh:SUMMary:QUADerror[:AVERage]? on page 156

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RSTP Shows the reference signal transmit power as defined in 3GPP TS 36.141. It

OSTP Shows the OFDM symbol transmit power as defined in 3GPP TS 36.141.

RSSI Shows the Received Signal Strength Indicator. The RSSI is the complete sig-

Power Shows the average time domain power of the analyzed signal.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Power Over Time

is required for the "DL RS Power" test.

It is an average power and accumulates the powers of the reference symbols
within a subframe divided by the number of reference symbols within a sub­frame.

FETCh:SUMMary:RSTP[:AVERage]? on page 157

It accumulates all subcarrier powers of the 4th OFDM symbol. The 4th (out of
14 OFDM symbols within a subframe (in case of frame type 1, normal CP
length)) contains exclusively PDSCH.

FETCh:SUMMary:OSTP[:AVERage]? on page 155

nal power of the channel that has been measured, regardless of the origin of
the signal.

FETCh:SUMMary:RSSI[:AVERage]? on page 157

FETCh:SUMMary:POWer[:AVERage]? on page 156

Crest Factor Shows the peak-to-average power ratio of captured signal.

FETCh:SUMMary:CRESt[:AVERage]? on page 152

3.2 Measuring the Power Over Time

This chapter contains information on all measurements that show the power of a signal
over time.

Capture Buffer...............................................................................................................34

On / Off Power.............................................................................................................. 36

Power vs Symbol x Carrier............................................................................................38

Time Alignment Error.................................................................................................... 39

Capture Buffer

The Capture Buffer result display shows the complete range of captured data for the
last data capture. The x-axis represents time. The maximum value of the x-axis is
equal to the Capture Time. The y-axis represents the amplitude of the captured I/Q
data in dBm (for RF input).

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Fig. 3-1: Capture buffer without zoom

The bar at the bottom of the diagram represents the frame that is currently analyzed.
Different colors indicate the OFDM symbol type.

●

Indicates the data stream.

●

Indicates the reference signal and data.

●

Indicates the P-SYNC and data.

●

Indicates the S-SYNC and data.

A blue vertical line at the beginning of the green bar in the Capture Buffer display rep­resents the subframe start. Additionally, the diagram contains the "Start Offset" value.
This value is the time difference between the subframe start and capture buffer start.

When you zoom into the diagram, you will see that the bar may be interrupted at cer­tain positions. Each small bar indicates the useful parts of the OFDM symbol.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Power Over Time

Fig. 3-2: Capture buffer after a zoom has been applied to a downlink signal

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'PVT:CBUF'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?
Querying the subframe start offset: FETCh:SUMMary:TFRame? on page 157

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On / Off Power

The On / Off Power measurement shows the characteristics of an LTE TDD signal over
time.

The transition from transmission to reception is an issue in TDD systems. Therefore,
the measurement is available for TDD signals.

The measurement is designed to verify if the signal intervals during which no downlink
signal is transmitted (reception or "off" periods) complies with the limits defined by
3GPP. Because the transition from transmission ("on" periods) to reception has to be
very fast in order to efficiently use the resources, 3GPP has also defined limits for the
transient periods. The limits for these are also verified by the measurement.

Note that the measurement works only if you are using the RF input. When you start
the measurement, the software records new I/Q data instead of using the data other
I/Q measurements are based on.

For more information on setting up the measurement see chapter 8.7, "Performing

Transmit On/Off Power Measurements", on page 140.

The result display for the On / Off Power measurement consists of numerical results
and the graphic display of the signal characteristics.

Numerical results

The upper part of the result display shows the results in numerical form.

Each line in the table shows the measurement results for one "off" period.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Power Over Time

Start OFF Period Limit

●

Shows the beginning of the "off" period relative to the frame start (0 seconds).
Stop OFF Period Limit

●

Shows the end of the "off" period relative to the frame start (0 seconds).
The time from the start to the stop of the "off" period is the period over which the
limits are checked. It corresponds to the yellow trace in the graphic result display.

● Time at Δ to Limit

Shows the trace point at which the lowest distance between trace and limit line has
been detected. The result is a time relative to the frame start.
OFF Power Abs [dBm]

●

Shows the absolute power of the signal at the trace point with the lowest distance
to the limit line.

● OFF Power Δ to Limit

Shows the distance between the trace and the limit line of the trace point with the
lowest distance to the limit line in dB.
Falling Transition Period

●

Shows the length of the falling transient.
Rising Transition Period

●

Shows the length of the rising transient.

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Note that the beginning and end of a transition period is determined based on the
"Off Power Density Limit". This limit is defined by 3GPP in TS 36.141 as the maxi­mum allowed mean power spectral density. The length of the transient from "on" to
"off" period is, for example, the distance from the detected end of the subframe to
the last time that the signal power is above the measured mean power spectral
density.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Power Over Time

Fig. 3-3: Power profile of an TD-LTE On-to-Off transition. The transition lasts from the end of the

1 = subframe ("on" power period)
2 = transient (transition length)
3 = "off" power density limit
4 = "off" power period

OFF period until the signal is completely below the Off Power Density limit.

The diagram contains an overall limit check result (Pass / Fail message). Only if all
"off" periods (including the transients) comply to the limits, the overall limit check will
pass.

Any results in the table that violate the limits defined by 3GPP are displayed in red.

Graphic results

The lower part of the result display shows a graphical representation of the analyzed
TDD frame(s).

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The diagram contains several elements.

Yellow trace

●

The yellow trace represents the signal power during the "off" periods. Filtering as
defined in 3GPP TS 36.141 is taken into account for the calculation of the trace.
Blue trace

●

The blue trace represents the transition periods (falling and rising).
Note that the blue trace might be visible only after zooming into the diagram
because of its steep flank and small horizontal dimensions.

Blue rectangles

●

The blue rectangles represent the "on" periods. Because of the overload during the
"on" periods, the actual signal power is only hinted at, not shown.
Red lines

●

Limits as defined by 3GPP.

In addition to these elements, the diagram also shows the overall limit check (see
above), the average count and the limit for the mean power spectral density ("Off
Power Density Limit").

Adjust Timing

If you are using an external trigger for the On / Off power measurement, you have to
determine the offset of the trigger time to the time the LTE frame starts. You can do
this with the "Adjust Timing" function. When the software has determined the offset, it
corrects the results of the On / Off Power measurement accordingly.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'PVT:OOP'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?
Querying limit check results:

CALCulate<n>:LIMit<k>:OOPower:OFFPower? on page 175
CALCulate<n>:LIMit<k>:OOPower:TRANsient? on page 176
[SENSe][:LTE]:OOPower:ATIMing on page 150

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Power Over Time

Power vs Symbol x Carrier

The Power vs Symbol x Carrier shows the power for each carrier in each symbol.

The horizontal axis represents the symbols. The vertical axis represents the carriers.
Different colors in the diagram area represent the power. The color map for the power
levels is provided above the diagram area.

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Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'SPEC:PVSC'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Time Alignment Error

Starts the Time Alignment Error result display.

The time alignment is an indicator of how well the transmission antennas in a MIMO
system are synchronized. The Time Alignment Error is the time delay between a refer­ence antenna (for example antenna 1) and another antenna. For more information see

chapter 8.6, "Performing Time Alignment Measurements", on page 138.

The software shows the results in a table.

Each row in the table represents one antenna. The reference antenna is not shown.

For each antenna the maximum, minimum and average time delay that has been mea­sured is shown. The minimum and maximum results are calculated only if the mea­surement covers more than one frame.

If you perform the measurement on a system with carrier aggregation, each row repre­sents one antenna. The number of lines increases because of multiple carriers. The
reference antenna of the main component carrier (CC1) is not shown. In case of carrier
aggregation, the result display also evaluates the frequency error of the component
carrier (CC2) relative to the main component carrier (CC1).

In any case, results are only displayed if the transmission power of both antennas is
within 15 dB of each other. Likewise, if only one antenna transmits a signal, results will
not be displayed (for example if the cabling on one antenna is faulty).

For more information on configuring this measurement see chapter 4.1.6, "Configuring

Time Alignment Measurements", on page 76.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Power Over Time

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You can select the reference antenna via "Antenna Selection" in the MIMO Configura-

tion.

When you perform a time alignment measurement, the software also displays the
Power Spectrum result display.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'PVT:TAER'
Querying results: FETCh:TAERror[:CC<cci>]:ANTenna<antenna>[:AVERage]?
on page 158
Selecting reference antenna: CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:MIMO:

ASELection on page 208

Querying the frequency error: FETCh[:CC<cci>]:SUMMary:RFERror[:AVERage]?
on page 156

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

3.3 Measuring the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

This chapter contains information on all measurements that show the error vector mag­nitude (EVM) of a signal.

The EVM is one of the most important indicators for the quality of a signal. For more
information on EVM calculation methods refer to chapter 8, "Measurement Basics",
on page 126.

EVM vs Carrier..............................................................................................................40

EVM vs Symbol.............................................................................................................41

EVM vs Sym x Carr.......................................................................................................42

EVM vs RB....................................................................................................................43

EVM vs Subframe......................................................................................................... 43

Frequency Error vs Symbol...........................................................................................44

EVM vs Carrier

Starts the EVM vs Carrier result display.

This result display shows the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) of the subcarriers. With
the help of a marker, you can use it as a debugging technique to identify any subcarri­ers whose EVM is too high.

The results are based on an average EVM that is calculated over the resource ele­ments for each subcarrier. This average subcarrier EVM is determined for each ana­lyzed subframe in the capture buffer.

If you analyze all subframes, the result display contains three traces.

Average EVM

●

This trace shows the subcarrier EVM averaged over all subframes.
Minimum EVM

●

This trace shows the lowest (average) subcarrier EVM that has been found over
the analyzed subframes.
Maximum EVM

●

This trace shows the highest (average) subcarrier EVM that has been found over
the analyzed subframes.

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If you select and analyze one subframe only, the result display contains one trace that
shows the subcarrier EVM for that subframe only. Average, minimum and maximum
values in that case are the same. For more information see "Subframe Selection"
on page 75

The x-axis represents the center frequencies of the subcarriers. On the y-axis, the
EVM is plotted either in % or in dB, depending on the EVM Unit.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'EVM:EVCA'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

EVM vs Symbol

Starts the EVM vs Symbol result display.

This result display shows the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) of the OFDM symbols.
You can use it as a debugging technique to identify any symbols whose EVM is too
high.

The results are based on an average EVM that is calculated over all subcarriers that
are part of a particular OFDM symbol. This average OFDM symbol EVM is determined
for all OFDM symbols in each analyzed subframe.

If you analyze all subframes, the result display contains three traces.

Average EVM

●

This trace shows the OFDM symbol EVM averaged over all subframes.
Minimum EVM

●

This trace shows the lowest (average) OFDM symbol EVM that has been found
over the analyzed subframes.
Maximum EVM

●

This trace shows the highest (average) OFDM symbol EVM that has been found
over the analyzed subframes.

If you select and analyze one subframe only, the result display contains one trace that
shows the OFDM symbol EVM for that subframe only. Average, minimum and maxi­mum values in that case are the same. For more information see "Subframe Selection"
on page 75

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The x-axis represents the OFDM symbols, with each symbol represented by a dot on
the line. The number of displayed symbols depends on the Subframe Selection and the
length of the cyclic prefix. Any missing connections from one dot to another mean that
the software could not determine the EVM for that symbol. In case of TDD signals, the
result display does not show OFDM symbols that are not part of the measured link
direction.

On the y-axis, the EVM is plotted either in % or in dB, depending on the EVM Unit.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'EVM:EVSY'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

EVM vs Sym x Carr

The EVM vs Symbol x Carrier shows the EVM for each carrier in each symbol.

The horizontal axis represents the symbols. The vertical axis represents the carriers.
Different colors in the diagram area represent the EVM. The color map for the power
levels is provided above the diagram area.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'EVM:EVSC'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

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EVM vs RB

Starts the EVM vs RB result display.

This result display shows the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) for all resource blocks that
can be occupied by the PDSCH.

The results are based on an average EVM that is calculated over all resource elements
in the resource block. This average resource block EVM is determined for each ana­lyzed subframe.

If you analyze all subframes, the result display contains three traces.

Average EVM

●

This trace shows the resource block EVM averaged over all subframes.
Minimum EVM

●

This trace shows the lowest (average) resource block EVM that has been found
over the analyzed subframes.
Maximum EVM

●

This trace shows the highest (average) resource block EVM that has been found
over the analyzed subframes.

If you select and analyze one subframe only, the result display contains one trace that
shows the resource block EVM for that subframe only. Average, minimum and maxi­mum values in that case are the same. For more information see "Subframe Selection"
on page 75

The x-axis represents the PDSCH resource blocks. On the y-axis, the EVM is plotted
either in % or in dB, depending on the EVM Unit.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'EVM:EVRP'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

EVM vs Subframe

Starts the EVM vs Subframe result display.

This result display shows the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) for each subframe. You
can use it as a debugging technique to identify a subframe whose EVM is too high.

The result is an average over all subcarriers and symbols of a specific subframe.

The x-axis represents the subframes, with the number of displayed subframes being

10.

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On the y-axis, the EVM is plotted either in % or in dB, depending on the EVM Unit.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'EVM:EVSU'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

Frequency Error vs Symbol

Starts the Frequency Error vs Symbol result display.

This result display shows the Frequency Error on symbol level. You can use it as a
debugging technique to identify any frequency errors within symbols.

The result is an average over all subcarriers.

The x-axis represents the OFDM symbols. The number of displayed symbols depends
on the Subframe Selection and the length of the cyclic prefix. On the y-axis, the fre­quency error is plotted in Hz.

Note that the variance of the measurement results in this result display may be much
higher compared to the frequency error display in the Result Summary, depending on
the PDSCH and control channel configuration. The potential difference is caused by
the number of available resource elements for the measurement on symbol level.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'EVM:FEVS'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

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Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Spectrum

3.4 Measuring the Spectrum

This chapter contains information on all measurements that show the power of a signal
in the frequency domain.

In addition to the I/Q measurements, spectrum measurements also include two fre­quency sweep measurements, the Spectrum Emission Mask and the Adjacent Chan­nel Leakage Ratio.

3.4.1 Frequency Sweep Measurements

The Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM) and Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR)
measurements are the only frequency sweep measurements available for the
EUTRA/LTE measurement software. They do not use the I/Q data all other measure­ments use. Instead those measurements sweep the frequency spectrum every time
you run a new measurement. Therefore it is not possible to to run an I/Q measurement
and then view the results in the frequency sweep measurements and vice-versa. Also
because each of the frequency sweep measurements uses different settings to obtain
signal data it is not possible to run a frequency sweep measurement and view the
results in another frequency sweep measurement.

Frequency sweep measurements are available if RF input is selected.

Note that unwanted emissions measurements (for example the ACLR) are not suppor­ted for measurements with an oscilloscope.

Spectrum Mask............................................................................................................. 45

ACLR.............................................................................................................................47

Spectrum Mask

Starts the Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM) result display.

The Spectrum Emission Mask measurement shows the quality of the measured signal
by comparing the power values in the frequency range near the carrier against a spec­tral mask that is defined by the 3GPP specifications. In this way, you can test the per­formance of the DUT and identify the emissions and their distance to the limit.

In the diagram, the SEM is represented by a red line. If any measured power levels are
above that limit line, the test fails. If all power levels are inside the specified limits, the
test is passed. The software labels the limit line to indicate whether the limit check has
passed or failed.

The x-axis represents the frequency with a frequency span that relates to the specified
EUTRA/LTE channel bandwidths. On the y-axis, the power is plotted in dBm.

The result display also contains some numerical results for the SEM measurement, for
example the total signal power or the limit check result.

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A table above the result display contains the numerical values for the limit check at
each check point:

Start / Stop Freq Rel

●

Shows the start and stop frequency of each section of the Spectrum Mask relative
to the center frequency.

RBW

●

Shows the resolution bandwidth of each section of the Spectrum Mask

● Freq at Δ to Limit

Shows the absolute frequency whose power measurement being closest to the
limit line for the corresponding frequency segment.

Power Abs

●

Shows the absolute measured power of the frequency whose power is closest to
the limit. The software evaluates this value for each frequency segment.

Power Rel

●

Shows the distance from the measured power to the limit line at the frequency
whose power is closest to the limit. The software evaluates this value for each fre­quency segment.

● Δ to Limit

Shows the minimal distance of the tolerance limit to the SEM trace for the corre­sponding frequency segment. Negative distances indicate the trace is below the
tolerance limit, positive distances indicate the trace is above the tolerance limit.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Spectrum

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'SPEC:SEM'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

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ACLR

Starts the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) measurement.

The ACLR measurement analyzes the power of the transmission (TX) channel and the
power of the two neighboring channels (adjacent channels) to the left and right of the
TX channel. Thus, the ACLR measurement provides information about the power in
the adjacent channels as well as the leakage into these adjacent channels.

The software shows two traces, a yellow one (T1) and a green one (T2). The yellow
trace is the representation of the signal data measured with a resolution bandwidth
(RBW) of 1 MHz. The green trace is the data measured with a RBW of 100 kHz.

The x-axis represents the frequency with a frequency span that relates to the specified
EUTRA/LTE channel and adjacent channel bandwidths. On the y-axis, the power is
plotted in dBm.

By default the ACLR settings are based on the selected LTE Channel Bandwidth. You
can change the assumed adjacent channel carrier type and the Noise Correction.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Spectrum

The software provides a relative and an absolute ACLR measurement mode that you
can select with the "ACLR (REL ABS)" softkey.

In case of the relative measurement mode, the power for the TX channel is an

●

absolute value in dBm. The power of the adjacent channels are values relative to
the power of the TX channel.
In case of the absolute measurement mode, the power for both TX and adjacent

●

channels are absolute values in dBm.

In addition, the ACLR measurement results are also tested against the limits defined
by 3GPP. In the diagram, the limits are represented by horizontal red lines.

The software performs two types of limit check.

The limit check for the limits defined for the channel power of each adjacent chan-

●

nel.
The channel power limit check is based on the green trace.
The minimum distance of the actual power to the limit line in each channel. In addi-

●

tion to the distance (in dB), the software also shows the frequency at which the
minimum distance has been measured in each channel.
The distance to the limit line is measured for the yellow trace.

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The limit check result evaluates both types of limit check. If one or both of the limit
checks in each channel has passed, the overall limit check for that channel also
passes. If both limit checks fail, the overall limit check for that channel also fails.

ACLR table

A table above the result display contains information about the measurement in numer­ical form:

Channel

●

Shows the channel type (TX, Adjacent or Alternate Channel).

Bandwidth

●

Shows the bandwidth of the channel.

Spacing

●

Shows the channel spacing.

Channel Power

●

Shows the absolute or relative power of the corresponding channel.

● Δ to Limit [dB]

Shows the minimum distance to the limit line in the corresponding channel.

● Frequency at Δ to Limit [GHz]

Shows the frequency of the trace point with the minimum distance to the limit line
in the corresponding channel.

Overall Limit Check

●

Shows the overall limit check results.
PASS indicates a positive result, FAIL a negative result.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Spectrum

Remote command:
Selecting the result display:

CALCulate<n>:FEED 'SPEC:ACP'

Querying results:

CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:FUNCtion:POWer:RESult[:CURRent]?

TRACe:DATA?

Querying limit check results:

CALCulate<n>:LIMit<k>:ACPower:ACHannel:RESult? on page 173
CALCulate<n>:LIMit<k>:ACPower:ALTernate:RESult? on page 174

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Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Spectrum

3.4.2 I/Q Measurements

Power Spectrum............................................................................................................49

Power vs Resource Block PDSCH................................................................................49

Power vs Resource Block RS....................................................................................... 50

Channel Flatness.......................................................................................................... 50

Channel Flatness Difference.........................................................................................51

Channel Group Delay....................................................................................................51

Power Spectrum

Starts the Power Spectrum result display.

This result display shows the power density of the complete capture buffer in dBm/Hz.
The displayed bandwidth depends on bandwidth or number of resource blocks you
have set.

For more information see "Channel Bandwidth / Number of Resource Blocks"
on page 95.

The x-axis represents the frequency. On the y-axis the power level is plotted.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'SPEC:PSPE'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Power vs Resource Block PDSCH

Starts the Power vs Resource Block PDSCH result display.

This result display shows the power of the physical downlink shared channel per
resource element averaged over one resource block.

By default, three traces are shown. One trace shows the average power. The second
and the third trace show the minimum and maximum powers respectively. You can
select to display the power for a specific subframe in the Subframe Selection dialog
box. In that case, the application shows the powers of that subframe only.

The x-axis represents the resource blocks. The displayed number of resource blocks
depends on the channel bandwidth or number of resource blocks you have set. On the
y-axis, the power is plotted in dBm.

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Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'SPEC:PVRP'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Power vs Resource Block RS

Starts the Power vs Resource Block RS result display.

This result display shows the power of the reference signal per resource element aver­aged over one resource block.

By default, three traces are shown. One trace shows the average power. The second
and the third trace show the minimum and maximum powers respectively. You can
select to display the power for a specific subframe in the Subframe Selection dialog
box. In that case, the application shows the power of that subframe only.

The x-axis represents the resource blocks. The displayed number of resource blocks
depends on the channel bandwidth or number of resource blocks you have set. On the
y-axis, the power is plotted in dBm.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Spectrum

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'SPEC:PVRR'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Channel Flatness

Starts the Channel Flatness result display.

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This result display shows the relative power offset caused by the transmit channel.

The currently selected subframe depends on your selection.

The x-axis represents the frequency. On the y-axis, the channel flatness is plotted in
dB.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Spectrum

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'SPEC:FLAT'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Channel Flatness Difference

Starts the Channel Flatness Difference result display.

This result display shows the level difference in the spectrum flatness result between
two adjacent physical subcarriers.

The currently selected subframe depends on your selection.

The x-axis represents the frequency. On the y-axis, the power is plotted in dB.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'SPEC:FDIF'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Channel Group Delay

Starts the Channel Group Delay result display.

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This result display shows the group delay of each subcarrier.

The currently selected subframe depends on your selection.

The x-axis represents the frequency. On the y-axis, the group delay is plotted in ns.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'SPEC:GDEL'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Symbol Constellation

3.5 Measuring the Symbol Constellation

This chapter contains information on all measurements that show the constellation of a
signal.

Constellation Diagram...................................................................................................52

Evaluation Range for the Constellation Diagram.......................................................... 53

Constellation Diagram

Starts the Constellation Diagram result display.

This result display shows the inphase and quadrature phase results and is an indicator
of the quality of the modulation of the signal.

In the default state, the result display evaluates the full range of the measured input
data. You can filter the results in the Constellation Selection dialog box.

The ideal points for the selected modulation scheme are displayed for reference purpo­ses.

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The constellation diagram also contains information about the current evaluation

range. In addition, it shows the number of points that are displayed in the diagram.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'CONS:CONS'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring the Symbol Constellation

Evaluation Range for the Constellation Diagram

The "Evaluation Range" dialog box defines the type of constellation points that are dis­played in the Constellation Diagram.

By default the software displays all constellation points of the data that have been eval­uated. However, you can filter the results by several aspects.

Fig. 3-4: Evaluation range for constellations before and after MIMO decoding

Modulation

●

Filters the results to include only the selected type of modulation.
Allocation

●

Filters the results to include only a particular type of allocation.
Symbol

●

Filters the results to include only a particular OFDM symbol.
Filtering by OFDM symbols is available for constellations created before MIMO
decoding.
Carrier

●

Filters the results to include only a particular subcarrier.
Filtering by carrier is available for constellations created before MIMO decoding.
Symbol

●

Filters the results to include only a particular codeword symbol.

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Filtering by codeword symbols is available for constellations created after MIMO
decoding.
Codeword

●

Filters the results to include only a particular codeword.
Filtering by codeword is available for constellations created after MIMO decoding.
Location

●

Selects the point in the signal processing at which the constellation diagram is cre­ated, before or after the MIMO encoding.
In case of spatial multiplexing, symbols of different encoding schemes are merged
in the MIMO encoder. Thus you get a mix of different modulation alphabets. When
you filter these symbols to show a modulation "MIXTURE", you get the mixed sym­bols only if you have selected the "Before MIMO/CDMA Decoder" option.
Note that the PHICH is CDMA encoded. Thus, the constellation points for the
PHICH are either created before or after CDMA encoding.
If you have selected "After MIMO/CDMA Decoder", filtering by "Symbol" and "Car­rier" is not available. Instead, you can filter by "Symbol" and "Codeword".

The result display is updated as soon as you make the changes.

Note that the constellation selection is applied to all windows in split screen mode if the
windows contain constellation diagrams.

Remote command:
Location: CONFigure[:LTE]:DL:CONS:LOCation on page 150

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Statistics

3.6 Measuring Statistics

This chapter contains information on all measurements that show the statistics of a sig­nal.

CCDF............................................................................................................................ 54

Signal Flow....................................................................................................................55

Allocation Summary...................................................................................................... 55

Bit Stream..................................................................................................................... 56

Allocation ID vs Symbol x Carrier..................................................................................57

Channel Decoder Results............................................................................................. 58

CCDF

Starts the Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) result display.

This result display shows the probability of an amplitude exceeding the mean power.
For the measurement, the complete capture buffer is used.

The x-axis represents the power relative to the measured mean power. On the y-axis,
the probability is plotted in %.

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Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'STAT:CCDF'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Signal Flow

Starts the Signal Flow result display.

This result display shows the synchronization status of the current measurement. It
also shows the location of the synchronization error in the signal processing.

For each synchronization block, a bar is shown giving information about the reliability
of the synchronization result. If the level in the bar falls below the threshold indicated
by the horizontal line, the synchronization is marked as failed and the color of the bar
changes from green to red. When the synchronization of the block fails, the complete
block changes its color to red and all succeeding arrows change their color to red, too.

For more information see chapter 8, "Measurement Basics", on page 126.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Statistics

Remote command:

CALCulate<n>:FEED 'STAT:SFLO'

Allocation Summary

Starts the Allocation Summary result display.

This result display shows the results of the measured allocations in tabular form.

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The rows in the table represent the allocations, with allocation ALL being a special allo­cation that summarizes all allocations that are part of the subframe. A set of allocations
form a subframe. The subframes are separated by a dashed line. The columns of the
table contain the following information:

Subframe

●

Shows the subframe number.

Allocation ID

●

Shows the type / ID of the allocation.

Number of RB

●

Shows the number of resource blocks assigned to the current PDSCH allocation.

Rel. Power/dB

●

Shows the relative power of the allocation.
Note that no power is calculated for the PHICH if Boosting Estimation has been
turned on. For more information see PHICH Rel Power.

Modulation

●

Shows the modulation type.

Power per RE [dBm]

●

Shows the power of each resource element in dBm.

EVM

●

Shows the EVM of the allocation. The unit depends on your selection.

Note: PDSCH allocation with beamforming

The allocation summary shows two entries for a PDSCH allocation that uses "Beam­forming (UE spec. RS)" as the precoding method.

The second entry shows the measurement results of the UE specific reference signal.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'STAT:ASUM'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Statistics

Bit Stream

Starts the Bit Stream result display.

This result display shows the demodulated data stream for each data allocation.
Depending on the Bit Stream Format, the numbers represent either bits (bit order) or
symbols (symbol order).

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Selecting symbol format shows the bit stream as symbols. In that case the bits belong­ing to one symbol are shown as hexadecimal numbers with two digits. In the case of bit
format, each number represents one raw bit.

Symbols or bits that are not transmitted are represented by a "-".

If a symbol could not be decoded because the number of layers exceeds the number
of receive antennas, the application shows a "#" sign.

This is also the case, if PDSCH resource elements are overwritten for any reason. For
more information see Overwrite PDSCH and Enhanced Settings.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Statistics

The table contains the following information:

Subframe

●

Number of the subframe the bits belong to.

Allocation ID

●

Channel the bits belong to.

Codeword

●

Code word of the allocation.

Modulation

●

Modulation type of the channels.
Symbol Index or Bit Index

●

Shows the position of the table row's first bit or symbol within the complete stream.

Bit Stream

●

The actual bit stream.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'STAT:BSTR'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Allocation ID vs Symbol x Carrier

The Allocation ID vs. Symbol X Carrier display shows the allocation ID of each carrier
in each symbol of the received signal.

Each type of allocation is represented by a different color. Use a marker to get more
information about the type of allocation.

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Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<n>:FEED 'STAT:AISC'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Channel Decoder Results

The Channel Decoder result display is a numerical result display that shows the char­acteristics of various channels for a particular subframe.

Protocol information of the PBCH, PCFICH and PHICH.

●

Information about the DCIs in the PDCCH.

●

Decoded bitstream for each PDCCH.

●

Decoded bitstream for each PDSCH.

●

The size of the table thus depends on the number of subframes in the signal.

Note that a complete set of results for the control channels is available only under cer­tain circumstances.

The corresponding control channel has to be present and enabled (see chap-

●

ter 5.3.6, "Configuring the Control Channels", on page 110).

Each channel must have a certain configuration (see list below).

●

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Statistics

For each channel, the table shows a different set of values.

PBCH

●

For the PBCH, the Channel Decoder provides the following results.

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– the MIMO configuration of the DUT (1, 2 or 4 TX antennas)
– the Transmission bandwidth
– the Duration of the PHICH (normal or extended)
– the PHICH resource which is the same as PHICH Ng (1/6, 1/2, 1 or 2)

– System frame number

If the CRC is not valid, a corresponding message is shown instead of the results.
Results for the PBCH can only be determined if the PHICH Duration or the PHICH

N_g are automatically determined ("Auto") or if automatic decoding of all control
channels is turned on.

PCFICH

●

For the PCFICH, the Channel Decoder provides the number of OFDM symbols that
are used for PDCCH at the beginning of a subframe.
PHICH

●

The PHICH carries the hybrid-ARQ ACK/NACK. Multiple PHICHs mapped to the
same set of resource elements are a PHICH group. The PHICHs within one group
are separated by different orthogonal sequences.
For the PHICH, the Channel Decoder provides the ACK/NACK pattern for the
PHICH group and the relative power for each PHICH in the PHICH group. Each
line in the result table represents one PHICH group. The columns on the left show
the ACK/NACK pattern of the PHICH group. The columns on the right show the rel­ative powers for each PHICH.
If a PHICH is not transmitted, the table contains a "-" sign. Otherwise, the ACK/
NACK pattern is either a "1" (acknowledgement) or a "0" (not acknowledged). The
relative power is a numeric value in dB.
PDCCH

●

For each PDCCH that has been detected, the Channel Decoder shows several
results. Each line in the table represents one PDCCH.
– RNTI
– DCI Format

– PDCCH format used to transmit the DCI
– CCE Offset

– Rel. Power

Results for the PDCCH can only be determined if the PDSCH subframe configura-

tion is detected by the "PDCCH Protocol" or if automatic decoding of all control
channels is turned on.

PDSCH

●

For each decoded PDSCH allocation there is a PDCCH DCI. The DCI contains
parameters that are required for the decoding process. If the channel could be
decoded successfully, the result display shows the bit stream for each codeword.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Statistics

Shows the Downlink Control Information (DCI) format. The DCI contains infor­mation about the resource assignment for the UEs.
The following DCI formats are supported: 0, 1, 1A, 1B, 1C, 2, 2A, 2C, 2D, 3,
3A.
The DCI format is determined by the length of the DCI. Because they have the
same length, the Channel Decoder is not able to distinguish formats 0, 3 and
3A. Note that a DCI that consist of only zero bits cannot be decoded.

The CCE Offset represents the position of the current DCI in the PDCCH bit
stream.

Relative power ofthe corresponding PDCCH.

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If the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) fails, the result display shows an error mes­sage instead.
Results for the PDSCH can only be determined if the PDSCH subframe configura-

tion is detected by the "PDCCH Protocol" or if automatic decoding of all control
channels is turned on.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'STAT:CDR'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Beamforming

3.7 Measuring Beamforming

This chapter contains information on all measurements that show the quality of the
beamforming.

For more information on beamforming phase measurements see chapter 8.5, "Calibrat-

ing Beamforming Measurements", on page 136.

UE RS Weights (Magnitude)......................................................................................... 60

UE RS Weights (Phase)................................................................................................61

UE RS Weights Difference (Phase).............................................................................. 62

UE RS Weights Difference (Magnitude)........................................................................62

Beamform Allocation Summary.....................................................................................63

Cell RS Weights (Phase).............................................................................................. 64

Cell RS Weights Difference (Phase)............................................................................. 64

CSI RS Weights (Magnitude)........................................................................................ 65

CSI RS Weights (Phase)...............................................................................................66

Beamforming Selection................................................................................................. 66

UE RS Weights (Magnitude)

Starts the UE RS Weights Magnitude result display.

This result display shows the magnitude of the measured weights of the UE specific
reference signal carriers. You can use it to calculate the magnitude difference between
different antenna ports.

The x-axis represents the frequency, with the unit depending on your selection. The y­axis shows the amplitude of each reference signal in dB.

The results correspond to the data of one subframe. Thus, the result display shows
results if you have selected a particular subframe (➙ Subframe Selection).

You can select the antenna port to be measured via the Beamforming Selection soft­key. Note that you can select the antenna port only if the UE RS weights phase mea­surement is selected.

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Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'BEAM:URWM'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

UE RS Weights (Phase)

Starts the UE RS Weights Phase result display.

This result display shows the phase of the measured weights of the UE specific refer­ence signal carriers. You can use it to calculate the phase difference between different
antenna ports.

The x-axis represents the frequency, with the unit depending on your selection. The y­axis shows the phase of each reference signal in degree.

The results correspond to the data of one subframe. Thus, the result display shows
results if you have selected a particular subframe (➙ Subframe Selection).

You can select the antenna port to be measured via the Beamforming Selection soft­key. Note that you can select the antenna port only if the UE RS weights phase mea­surement is selected.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Beamforming

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'BEAM:URWP'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

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UE RS Weights Difference (Phase)

Starts the UE RS Weights Difference Phase result display.

This result display shows the phase difference of the measured weights of the UE spe­cific reference signals between multiple antenna ports. The reference antenna for this
measurement is always antenna one.

The x-axis represents the frequency, with the unit depending on your selection. The y­axis shows the phase difference of each reference signal in degree.

The results correspond to the data of one subframe. Thus, the result display shows
results if you have selected a particular subframe (➙ Subframe Selection).

You can select the antenna port to be measured via the Beamforming Selection soft­key. Note that you can select the antenna port only if the UE RS weights phase mea­surement is selected.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Beamforming

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'BEAM:URPD'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

UE RS Weights Difference (Magnitude)

Starts the UE RS Weights Difference Magnitude result display.

This result display shows the amplitude difference of the measured weights of the UE
specific reference signals between multiple antenna ports. The reference antenna for
this measurement is always antenna one.

The x-axis represents the frequency, with the unit depending on your selection. The y­axis shows the amplitude of each reference signal in dB.

The results correspond to the data of one subframe. Thus, the result display shows
results if you have selected a particular subframe (➙ Subframe Selection).

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Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'BEAM:URMD'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Beamform Allocation Summary

Starts the Beamform Allocation Summary result display.

The result display shows the phase characteristics for each PDSCH and (if available)
EPDCCH allocation used by the UE specific reference signals in numerical form.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Beamforming

The rows in the table represent the allocations. A set of allocations form a subframe.
The subframes are separated by a dashed line. The columns of the table contain the
follwing information:

Subframe

●

Shows the subframe number.

Allocation ID

●

Shows the type / ID of the allocation.

Phase

●

Shows the phase of the allocation.

Phase Diff(erence)

●

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Shows the phase difference of the allocation relative to the first antenna.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'BEAM:URWA'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Cell RS Weights (Phase)

Starts the Cell RS Weights Phase result display.

This result display shows the phase of the measured weights of the reference signal
(RS) carriers specific to the cell. This measurement enables phase measurements on
antenna port 0 using, for example, the enhanced test models like E-TM 1.1.

You can use the result display to calculate the phase difference between different
antenna ports.

The x-axis represents the frequency, with the unit depending on your selection. The y­axis shows the phase of each reference signal in degree.

The results correspond to the data of one subframe. Thus, the result display shows
results if you have selected a particular subframe (➙ Subframe Selection).

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Beamforming

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'BEAM:CRWP'
Querying results: chapter 9.6.1.8, "Cell RS Weights Phase (Difference)", on page 162

Cell RS Weights Difference (Phase)

Starts the Cell RS Weights Phase result display.

This result display shows the phase difference of the measured weights of the refer­ence signal (RS) carriers specific to the cell. This measurement enables phase meas­urements on antenna port 0 using, for example, the enhanced test models like E-TM

1.1.

The reference antenna for this measurement is always antenna one.

The x-axis represents the frequency, with the unit depending on your selection. The y­axis shows the phase of each reference signal in degree.

The results correspond to the data of one subframe. Thus, the result display shows
results if you have selected a particular subframe (➙ Subframe Selection).

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Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'BEAM:CRPD'
Querying results: chapter 9.6.1.8, "Cell RS Weights Phase (Difference)", on page 162

CSI RS Weights (Magnitude)

Starts the CSI RS Weights Magnitude result display.

This result display shows the magnitude of the measured weights of the CSI specific
reference signal carriers. You can use it to calculate the magnitude difference between
different antenna ports.

The x-axis represents the frequency, with the unit depending on your selection. The y­axis shows the amplitude of each reference signal in dB.

The results correspond to the data of one subframe. Thus, the result display shows
results if you have selected a particular subframe (➙ Subframe Selection).

You can select the antenna port to be measured via the Beamforming Selection soft­key. Note that you can select the antenna port only if the UE RS weights magnitude
measurement is selected.

Measurements and Result Displays

Measuring Beamforming

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'BEAM:IRWM'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

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CSI RS Weights (Phase)

Starts the CSI RS Weights Phase result display.

This result display shows the phase of the measured weights of the CSI specific refer­ence signal carriers. You can use it to calculate the phase difference between different
antenna ports.

The x-axis represents the frequency, with the unit depending on your selection. The y­axis shows the phase of each reference signal in degree.

The results correspond to the data of one subframe. Thus, the result display shows
results if you have selected a particular subframe (➙ Subframe Selection).

You can select the antenna port to be measured via the Beamforming Selection soft­key. Note that you can select the antenna port only if the CSI RS weights phase mea­surement is selected.

Remote command:
Selecting the result display: CALCulate<screenid>:FEED 'BEAM:IRWP'
Querying results: TRACe:DATA?

Beamforming Selection

Filters the displayed results to include only certain antenna port(s).

The availability of antenna ports depends on the number of transmission antennas and
the number of beamforming layers you are testing.

Measurements and Result Displays

3GPP Test Scenarios

Remote command:

CONFigure[:LTE]:DL:BF:AP on page 150

3.8 3GPP Test Scenarios

3GPP defines several test scenarios for measuring base stations. These test scenarios
are described in detail in 3GPP TS 36.141.

The following table provides an overview which measurements available in the LTE
software are suited to use for the test scenarios in the 3GPP documents.

Table 3-1: Test scenarios for E-TMs as defined by 3GPP (3GPP TS 36.141)

Test Model Test scenario Test described in Measurement

E-TM1.1 Base station output power chapter 6.2

Transmit On/Off power chapter 6.4 On/Off Power

DL RS power chapter 6.5.4

Time alignment chapter 6.5.3 Time Alignment Error

Transmitter intermodulation chapter 6.7 ACLR

Occupied bandwidth chapter 6.6.1

Power (➙ Result Summary)

RSTP (➙ Result Summary)

Occupied Bandwidth

1

ACLR chapter 6.6.2 ACLR

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Test Model Test scenario Test described in Measurement

Measurements and Result Displays

3GPP Test Scenarios

E-TM1.2 ACLR chapter 6.6.2 ACLR

E-TM2 RE power control dynamic

E-TM3.1 RE power control dynamic

Operating band unwanted
emissions

Transmitter spurious emis­sions

Operating band unwanted
emissions

range

Frequency error chapter 6.5.1

Total power dynamic range chapter 6.3.2

Error Vector Magnitude chapter 6.5.2 EVM results

range

Total power dynamic range chapter 6.3.2

Frequency error chapter 6.5.1

Error Vector Magnitude chapter 6.5.2 EVM results

chapter 6.6.3 Spectrum Emission Mask

chapter 6.6.4

chapter 6.6.2 Spectrum Emission Mask

chapter 6.3.1 Power results

chapter 6.3.1 Power results

Spurious Emissions

Frequency Error (➙ Result
Summary)

OSTP (➙ Result Summary)

OSTP (➙ Result Summary)

Frequency Error (➙ Result
Summary)

1

E-TM3.2 RE power control dynamic

range

E-TM3.3 RE power control dynamic

1

these measurements are available in the Spectrum application of the Rohde & Schwarz signal and spec-

trum analyzers (for example the R&S FSW)

Frequency error chapter 6.5.1

Error Vector Magnitude chapter 6.5.2 EVM results

range

Frequency error chapter 6.5.1

Error Vector Magnitude chapter 6.5.2 EVM results

chapter 6.3.1 Power results

Frequency Error (➙ Result
Summary)

chapter 6.3.1 Power results

Frequency Error (➙ Result
Summary)

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4 General Settings

The following chapter contains all settings that are available in the "General Settings"
dialog box.

● Configuring the Measurement.................................................................................68

● Configuring MIMO Measurement Setups................................................................78

● Triggering Measurements....................................................................................... 81

● Spectrum Settings...................................................................................................82

● Advanced Settings.................................................................................................. 84

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

4.1 Configuring the Measurement

The general settings contain various settings that configure the general measurement
setup.

You can find the signal characteristics in the "General Settings" dialog box.

● Defining General Signal Characteristics................................................................. 68

● Configuring the Input...............................................................................................69

● Configuring the Input Level..................................................................................... 70

● Configuring the Data Capture................................................................................. 72

● Configuring Measurement Results..........................................................................74

● Configuring Time Alignment Measurements...........................................................76

● Configuring Transmit On/Off Power Measurements............................................... 77

4.1.1 Defining General Signal Characteristics

The general signal characteristics contain settings to describe the general physical
attributes of the signal.

The signal characteristics are part of the "General Settings" tab of the "General Set­tings" dialog box.

Selecting the LTE Mode................................................................................................68

Defining the Signal Frequency...................................................................................... 69

Selecting the LTE Mode

The LTE mode is a combination of the "Standard" (always 3GPP LTE), the "Duplexing"
mode and the "Link Direction".

The choices you have depend on the set of options you have installed.

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option FSx-K100(PC) enables testing of 3GPP LTE FDD signals on the downlink

●

option FSx-K101(PC) enables testing of 3GPP LTE FDD signals on the uplink

●

option FSx-K102(PC) enables testing of 3GPP LTE MIMO signals on the downlink

●

option FSx-K103(PC) enables testing of 3GPP MIMO signals on the uplink

●

option FSx-K104(PC) enables testing of 3GPP LTE TDD signals on the downlink

●

option FSx-K105(PC) enables testing of 3GPP LTE TDD signals on the uplink

●

FDD and TDD are duplexing methods.

FDD mode uses different frequencies for the uplink and the downlink.

●

TDD mode uses the same frequency for the uplink and the downlink.

●

Downlink (DL) and Uplink (UL) describe the transmission path.

Downlink is the transmission path from the base station to the user equipment. The

●

physical layer mode for the downlink is always OFDMA.
Uplink is the transmission path from the user equipment to the base station. The

●

physical layer mode for the uplink is always SC-FDMA.

The software shows the currently selected LTE mode (including the bandwidth) in the
header table.

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

Remote command:
Link direction: CONFigure[:LTE]:LDIRection on page 182
Duplexing mode: CONFigure[:LTE]:DUPLexing on page 182

Defining the Signal Frequency

For measurements with an RF input source, you have to match the center frequency
of the analyzer to the frequency of the signal.

The software shows the current center frequency in the header table.

The available frequency range depends on the hardware configuration of the analyzer
you are using.

Remote command:
Center frequency: [SENSe]:FREQuency:CENTer[:CC<cci>] on page 182

4.1.2 Configuring the Input

The input settings control the basic configuration of the input.

The input source selection is part of the "General Settings" tab of the "General Set­tings" dialog box.

For more information on advanced input configuration see chapter 4.5, "Advanced Set-

tings", on page 84.

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Selecting the Input Source............................................................................................ 70

Selecting the Input Source

The input source selects the source of the data you'd like to analyze. You can either
analyze a live signal or a signal that has been recorded previously and whose charac­teristics have been saved to a file.

You can select the input source from the "Source" dropdown menu.

RF

●

Captures and analyzes the data from the RF input of the spectrum analyzer in use.
Baseband (BB)

●

Captures and analyzes the data from the baseband input of the spectrum analyzer
in use.
Note that you have to use an analyzer that supports analog baseband input if you
select that input source.
Digital I/Q

●

Captures and analyzes the data from the digital baseband input of the spectrum
analyzer in use.
Note that you have to use an analyzer that supports digital baseband input if you
select that input source.
File

●

Analyzes data that has been recorded already and has been saved to a file.
If selected, the software asks you to select a file from a dialog box after you have
initiated a measurement. If the file contents are not valid or the file could not be
found, the software shows an error message.
A connection to an analyzer or a dongle is required to successfully load a file.
For more information see chapter 7.1, "Importing and Exporting I/Q Data",
on page 122.

Remote command:
Input source selection: SENSe:INPut on page 183
Loading I/Q data from file: MMEMory:LOAD:IQ:STATe on page 227

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

4.1.3 Configuring the Input Level

The level settings contain settings that control the input level of any analyzer in the
measurement setup.

You can control the input level for any of the input channels you are using separately
from the dropdown menu next to the "Level Settings" label.

The level settings are part of the "General Settings" tab of the "General Settings" dia­log box.

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Defining a Reference Level...........................................................................................71

Attenuating the Signal................................................................................................... 72

Defining a Reference Level

The reference level is the power level the analyzer expects at the RF input. Keep in
mind that the power level at the RF input is the peak envelope power in case of signals
with a high crest factor like LTE.

To get the best dynamic range, you have to set the reference level as low as possible.
At the same time, make sure that the maximum signal level does not exceed the refer­ence level. If it does, it will overload the A/D converter, regardless of the signal power.
Measurement results may deteriorate (e.g. EVM). This applies especially for measure­ments with more than one active channel near the one you are trying to measure (± 6
MHz).

Note that the signal level at the A/D converter may be stronger than the level the appli­cation displays, depending on the current resolution bandwidth. This is because the
resolution bandwidths are implemented digitally after the A/D converter.

You can either specify the RF Reference Level (in dBm) or Baseband Reference
Level (in V), depending on the input source.

You can also use automatic detection of the reference level with the "Auto Level"
function.

If active, the software measures and sets the reference level to its ideal value before
each sweep. This process slightly increases the measurement time. You can define
the measurement time of that measurement with the Auto Level Track Time (➙
"Advanced" tab).

Automatic level detection also optimizes RF attenuation.

Automatic level detection is available for an RF input source.

The software shows the current reference level of the first input channel (including RF
and external attenuation) in the header table.

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

Remote command:
Manual (RF): CONFigure:POWer:EXPected:RF<instrument> on page 184
Manual (BB): CONFigure:POWer:EXPected:IQ<instrument> on page 184
Automatic: [SENSe]:POWer:AUTO<instrument>[:STATe] on page 183
Auto Level Track Time: [SENSe]:POWer:AUTO<instrument>:TIME on page 197

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Attenuating the Signal

Attenuation of the signal may become necessary if you have to reduce the power of
the signal that you have applied. Power reduction is necessary, for example, to prevent
an overload of the input mixer.

You can attenuate the signal at the RF input of one of the analyzers in the measure­ment setup (mechanical or RF attenuation) or attenuate the signal externally (exter-
nal attenuation).

If you attenuate or amplify the signal either way, the software adjusts the numeric and
graphical results accordingly. In case of graphical power result displays, it moves the
trace(s) vertically by the specified value.

Positive values correspond to an attenuation and negative values correspond to an
amplification.

The range of the RF attenuation depends on the hardware you are using in the mea­surement setup. For details refer to its data sheet. If the attenuation you have set is not
supported by the hardware, the software corrects the attenuation and shows a corre­sponding message.

The software shows the RF and external attenuation level in the header table next to
the reference level.

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

Remote command:
RF attenuation: INPut<n>:ATTenuation<instrument> on page 184
External attenuation: DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel:

OFFSet on page 185

4.1.4 Configuring the Data Capture

The data capture settings contain settings that control the amount of data and the way
that the software records the LTE signal.

The data capture settings are part of the "General Settings" tab of the "General Set­tings" dialog box.

Capture Time................................................................................................................ 73

Overall Frame Count.....................................................................................................73

Number of Frames to Analyze...................................................................................... 73

Auto According to Standard.......................................................................................... 73

Maximum Number of Subframes per Frame to Analyze............................................... 74

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Capture Time

Defines the capture time.

The capture time corresponds to the time of one sweep. Hence, it defines the amount
of data the software captures during one sweep.

By default, the software captures 20.1 ms of data to make sure that at least one com­plete LTE frame is captured in one sweep.

The software shows the current capture time (including the frame number) in the
header table.

Remote command:

[SENSe]:SWEep:TIME on page 185

Overall Frame Count

Turns the manual selection of the number of frames to capture (and analyze) on and
off.

If the overall frame count is active, you can define a particular number of frames to
capture and analyze. The measurement runs until all required frames have been ana­lyzed, even if it takes more than one sweep. The results are an average of the cap­tured frames.

If the overall frame count is inactive, the software analyzes all complete LTE frames
currently in the capture buffer.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:FRAMe:COUNt:STATe on page 185

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

Number of Frames to Analyze

Sets the number of frames that you want to capture and analyze.

If the number of frames you have set last longer than a single sweep, the software con­tinues the measurement until all frames have been captured.

The parameter is read only if

the overall frame count is inactive,

●

the data is captured according to the standard.

●

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:FRAMe:COUNt on page 185

Auto According to Standard

Turns automatic selection of the number of frames to capture and analyze on and off.

If active, the software evaluates the number of frames as defined for EVM tests in the
LTE standard.

If inactive, you can set the number of frames you want to analyze.

This parameter is not available if the overall frame count is inactive.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:FRAMe:COUNt:AUTO on page 186

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Maximum Number of Subframes per Frame to Analyze

Selects the maximum number of subframes that the software analyzes and therefore
improves measurement speed.

Reducing the number of analyzed subframes may become necessary if you define a
capture time of less than 20.1 ms. For successful synchronization, all subframes that
you want to analyze must be in the capture buffer. You can make sure that this is the
case by using, for example, an external frame trigger signal.

For maximum measurement speed turn off Auto According to Standard and set the

Number of Frames to Analyze to 1. These settings prevent the software from capturing

more than once for a single run measurement.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:FRAMe:SCOunt on page 186

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

4.1.5 Configuring Measurement Results

The measurement result settings contain settings that define certain aspects of the
results that are displayed.

The result settings are part of the "General Settings" tab of the "General Settings" dia­log box.

EVM Unit....................................................................................................................... 74

Bit Stream Format......................................................................................................... 74

Carrier Axes.................................................................................................................. 75

Subframe Selection.......................................................................................................75

Antenna Selection......................................................................................................... 76

EVM Unit

Selects the unit for graphic and numerical EVM measurement results.

Possible units are dB and %.

Remote command:

UNIT:EVM on page 187

Bit Stream Format

Selects the way the bit stream is displayed.

The bit stream is either a stream of raw bits or of symbols. In case of the symbol for­mat, the bits that belong to a symbol are shown as hexadecimal numbers with two dig­its.

Examples:

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Fig. 4-1: Bit stream display in downlink application if the bit stream format is set to "symbols"

Fig. 4-2: Bit stream display in downlink application if the bit stream format is set to "bits"

Remote command:

UNIT:BSTR on page 187

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

Carrier Axes

Selects the scale of the x-axis for result displays that show results of OFDM subcarri­ers.

X-axis shows the frequency of the subcarrier

●

X-axis shows the number of the subcarrier

●

Remote command:

UNIT:CAXes on page 187

Subframe Selection

Selects a particular subframe whose results the software displays.

You can select a particular subframe for the following measurements.

Result Summary, EVM vs. Carrier, EVM vs. Symbol, EVM vs. Symbol x Carrier, Chan­nel Flatness, Channel Group Delay, Channel Flatness Difference, Power vs Symbol x
Carrier, Constellation Diagram, Allocation Summary, Bit Stream and Time Alignment. If

---All--- is selected, either the results from all subframes are displayed at once or a sta­tistic is calculated over all analyzed subframes.

Selecting "All" either displays the results over all subframes or calculates a statistic
over all subframes that have been analyzed.

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Example: Subframe selection

If you select all subframes ("All"), the software shows three traces. One trace shows
the subframe with the minimum level characteristics, the second trace shows the sub­frame with the maximum level characteristics and the third subframe shows the aver­aged level characteristics of all subframes.

PK: peak value

●

AV: average value

●

MI: minimum value

●

If you select a specific subframe, the software shows one trace. This trace contains the
results for that subframe only.

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:SUBFrame:SELect on page 188

Antenna Selection

Selects the antenna you want to display the results for.

For more information see "MIMO Configuration" on page 79.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:ANTenna:SELect on page 187
[SENSe][:LTE]:SOURce:SELect on page 188

4.1.6 Configuring Time Alignment Measurements

The Time Alignment measurement settings contain settings that define certain aspects
of this measurement.

The Time Alignment measurement settings are part of the "General Settings" tab of the
"General Settings" dialog box.

Carrier Aggregation.......................................................................................................77

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Carrier Aggregation

The software supports Time Alignment Error measurements with carrier aggregation.

Select the number of carriers from the "Number of Component Carriers" dropdown
menu.

If you select more than one carrier, define the frequency of the other carrier in the
"CC2 Frequency" field.

The "CC2 Demod Settings" button opens a dialog box to configure the signal charac­teristics of the second carrier. This dialog contains a selection of the demodulation set­tings.

For more information see chapter 5, "Demod Settings", on page 89.

Note that the software shows measurement results for the second component carrier
even if only one antenna of the second component carrier is attached (i.e. no combiner
is used).

Remote command:

CONFigure:NOCC on page 189
[SENSe]:FREQuency:CENTer[:CC<cci>] on page 182

CC2 Demod settings: see chapter 9.8, "Remote Command to Configure the Demodula-

tion", on page 199

General Settings

Configuring the Measurement

4.1.7 Configuring Transmit On/Off Power Measurements

The On/Off Power measurement settings contain settings that define certain aspects of
those measurements.

The On/Off Power measurement settings are part of the "General Settings" tab of the
"General Settings" dialog box.

Number of Frames........................................................................................................ 77

Noise Correction........................................................................................................... 78

Carrier Aggregation.......................................................................................................78

Number of Frames

Defines the number of frames that are averaged to calculate a reliable power trace for
On/Off Power measurements.

Remote command:

CONFigure[:LTE]:OOPower:NFRames on page 190

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Noise Correction

Turns noise correction for On/Off Power measurements on and off.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:OOPower:NCORrection on page 190

Carrier Aggregation

The software supports Transmit On/Off Power measurements with carrier aggregation.

To turn on measurements on more than one carrier, check the "Carrier Aggregation"
parameter. If on, the "Frequency Lower Edge" and "Frequency Higher Edge" field
become available.

When defining the lower and higher frequency, make sure to that the values are valid.

● The center frequency of the master component carrier (➙ Defining the Signal Fre-

quency) has to be within the bandwidth defined by the lower and higher edge fre-

quencies.
The bandwidth defined by the lower and higher edge frequencies must not be too

●

large.

If one of these conditions is not met, the fields turn red or the software shows an error
message.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:OOPower:CAGGregation on page 189
[SENSe][:LTE]:OOPower:FREQuency:LOWer on page 190
[SENSe][:LTE]:OOPower:FREQuency:HIGHer on page 189

General Settings

Configuring MIMO Measurement Setups

4.2 Configuring MIMO Measurement Setups

The MIMO settings contain settings to configure a MIMO test setup and control the
instruments in that test setup.

The MIMO settings are part of the "Analyzer Config / MIMO Setup" tab of the "General
Settings" dialog box.

MIMO Configuration...................................................................................................... 79

MIMO Analyzer Configuration....................................................................................... 81

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MIMO Configuration

The software supports measurements on DUTs with up to 8 antennas and is thus able
to capture up to 8 I/Q data streams. You can select the number of antennas that trans­mit cell-specific reference signals (antenna ports AP 0 to 3) from the "DUT MIMO Con-
figuration" dropdown menu.

The "Tx Antenna Selection" dropdown menu selects a particular antenna for evalua­tion. The number of items depends on the number of antennas you have selected in
the "DUT MIMO Configuration" dropdown menu.

"Antenna 1" corresponds to AP0

●

"Antenna 2" corresponds to AP1

●

"Antenna 3" corresponds to AP2

●

"Antenna 4" corresponds to AP3

●

If you select the "Auto" menu item, the software identifies which antennas transmit

●

the cell-specific reference signals and selects them for the measurement.

The antenna you have selected is also the reference antenna for Time Alignment
measurements.

Note that the "DUT MIMO Configuration" and the "Tx Antenna Selection" are the same
as in the "Downlink Signal Characteristics" tab (➙ "Demod Settings") - if you change
them in one place, they are also changed in the other.

For more information on MIMO measurements see chapter 8.4, "MIMO Measurement

Guide", on page 130.

The "Num of Input Channels" defines the number of I/Q streams to capture. The soft­ware allows you to record up to 8 I/Q data streams. You can capture the data from
oscilloscope(s) or spectrum analyzer(s), or a combination of both. Depending on the
number of input channels you have selected, the software adjusts the size of the "Ana-

lyzer Configuration" table.

General Settings

Configuring MIMO Measurement Setups

Note: Time Alignment measurements with more than one carrier (➙ Carrier Aggrega-

tion) also expand the size of the table, because more than one input channel is neces-

sary for this task.

The number of input channels you have selected also affects the contents of the
"Antenna Selection" dropdown menu (➙ "General Settings" tab). A description is pro-
vided below ("Antenna (Port) Selection").

Selecting the "From Antenna Selection" menu item has the following effects.

● The number of used input channels depends on the number of antennas (➙

"MIMO Configuration") and the "Tx Antenna Selection".
The contents of the "Tx Antenna Selection" dropdown menu change. In addition to

●

selecting a particular antenna, you can let the software decide which antenna(s) to
test and in which order (➙ "Auto 1 Antenna" etc.).
In case of automatic detection the software analyzes the reference signal(s) to
select the antenna(s).

Displayed results for MIMO measurements

In the default state, each active result display shows the result for each input channel.
Thus, the number of results corresponds to the "Number of Input Channels" you
have selected. For example, if you have selected 4 input channels, the software would
show 4 Constellation Diagrams.

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Because this screen layout may make it difficult to read individual results, you have
several options to increase the comfort of evaluating the results.

● Display one result display only (➙ Full screen mode)

● Open each result display in a separate window (➙ "Open in Separate Window")

● Display the results for a particular stream of I/Q data only (➙ Antenna Selection, ➙

"General" tab)
Note that a particular I/Q data stream may still contain information on several
antenna ports.

Antenna (Port) Selection

In the Antenna Selection dropdown menu (➙ "General" tab), the software allows you to
select the antenna ports whose results are shown. Antenna port selection is possible
only after the I/Q data has been already captured.

The contents of the dropdown menu depend on several parameters.

the MIMO configuration (1, 2 or 4 antenna)

●

the antenna selected for analysis

●

the number of input channels

●

the state of the CSI reference signal

●

the state of the positioning reference signal

●

the PDSCH MIMO precoding

●

The mapping of antenna ports to antenna is done by the software. Antennas that trans­mit a cell-specific reference signal (AP0 - AP3) are labeled "Tx1" to "Tx4". All other
antennas are labeled "Tx BF" (beamforming).

Each menu item covers one or more antenna ports. The antenna ports are added and
removed by the following rules.

Antenna Port 0 - 3 (AP0 - AP3)

●

Available for analysis of antennas 1 to 4.
Antenna Port 4 (AP4)

●

Analysis currently not supported.
Antenna Port 5 (AP5)

●

Available for analysis of the UE specific reference signals.
Antenna Port 6 (AP6)

●

Available for analysis if the Positioning Reference Signal is present.
Antenna Port 7 - 14 (AP7 - AP14)

●

Available for analysis of UE-specific references.
Antenna Port 15 - 22 (AP15 - AP22)

●

Available for analysis if the CSI Reference Signal is present.

Remote command:
DUT MIMO configuration:

CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:MIMO:CONFig on page 208

TX antenna selection:

CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:MIMO:ASELection on page 208

Number of input channels:

CONFigure[:LTE]:NSOurces on page 191

I/Q data stream selection:

[SENSe][:LTE]:SOURce:SELect on page 188

General Settings

Configuring MIMO Measurement Setups

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MIMO Analyzer Configuration

For a comprehensive description see chapter 2.3, "Connecting the Computer to an

Analyzer", on page 19.

General Settings

Triggering Measurements

4.3 Triggering Measurements

The trigger settings contain settings that control triggered measurements.

You can select a trigger for any of the four possible analyzers in the measurement
setup separately by selecting one of the analyzers from the dropdown menu next to the
"Trigger Settings" label.

The trigger settings are part of the "General Settings" tab of the "General Settings" dia­log box.

Configuring the Trigger

A trigger allows you to capture those parts of the signal that you are really interested
in.

While the software runs freely and analyzes all signal data in its default state, no mat­ter if the signal contains information or not, a trigger initiates a measurement only
under certain circumstances (the trigger event).

The software supports several trigger modes or sources.

Free Run

●

Starts the measurement immediately and measures continuously.
External

●

The trigger event is the level of an external trigger signal. The measurement starts
when this signal meets or exceeds a specified trigger level at the "Ext Trigger/
Gate" input.
Some measurement devices have several trigger ports. When you use one of
these, you can additionally select the trigger port (1 to 3) you want to use.
IF Power

●

The trigger event is the IF power level. The measurement starts when the IF power
meets or exceeds a specified power trigger level.
Trigger Unit FS-Z11

●

The R&S FS-Z11 is a trigger unit designed to control triggers in MIMO measure­ment setups.
Note that the trigger unit is not compatible with oscilloscope measurements.
For more information see "Measurements with the R&S FS-Z11 trigger unit"
on page 134 and the documentation of the R&S FS-Z11.

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You can define a power level for an external and an IF power trigger.

For most trigger sources you can select the trigger slope. The trigger slope defines
whether triggering occurs when the signal rises to the trigger level or falls down to it.

The measurement starts as soon as the trigger event happens. It may become neces­sary to start the measurement some time after the trigger event. In that case, define a
trigger offset (or trigger delay). The trigger offset is the time that should pass between
the trigger event and the start of the measurement.

The trigger offset may be a negative time. The trigger offset is then called a pretrigger.

The trigger offset is available for all trigger modes, except free run.

Remote command:
For a comprehensive list of commands to define trigger characteristics see chap-

ter 9.7.3, "Using a Trigger", on page 192.

General Settings

Spectrum Settings

4.4 Spectrum Settings

The spectrum settings contain settings to configure frequency sweep measurements
(ACLR and SEM).

You can find the spectrum settings in the "General Settings" dialog box.

4.4.1 Configuring SEM and ACLR Measurements

The SEM (Spectrum Emission Mask) and ACLR (Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio)
settings contain settings that define aspects of those measurements.

The SEM and ACLR settings are part of the "Spectrum" tab of the "General Settings"
dialog box.

Category........................................................................................................................82

Aggregated Maximum Power Of All TX Ports (P)......................................................... 83

TX Power...................................................................................................................... 83

Assumed Adjacent Channel Carrier..............................................................................83

Noise Correction........................................................................................................... 84

Auto Gating................................................................................................................... 84

Category

Selects the type, category and option of the limit defintions for SEM measurements.

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The software supports limit defintions for the following types of base stations:

Wide areas base stations (Category A and B)

●

Local Area base stations

●

Home base stations

●

Medium Range base stations

●

Category A and B are defined in ITU-R recommendation SM.329. For Category B
operating band unwanted emissions, there are two options for the limits that may be
applied regionally (Opt1 and Opt2).

The type and category you should use for the measurement depends on the category
and option that the base station you are testing supports.

For Home Area base stations, you can define an additional Aggregated Maximum

Power Of All TX Ports (P) for all antenna ports of a home area base station. The

aggregated maximum power is the aggregated power of all antenna ports and has an
effect on the shape of the SEM.

For Medium Range base station, you can automatically measure or manually enter the
power of the carrier TX Power.

Remote command:

[SENSe]:POWer:SEM:CATegory on page 194

Home BS power: [SENSe]:POWer:SEM:CHBS:AMPower on page 198
Medium BS power mode: [SENSe]:POWer:SEM:CHBS:AMPower:AUTO
on page 194
Medium BS power value: [SENSe]:POWer:SEM:CHBS:AMPower on page 198

General Settings

Spectrum Settings

Aggregated Maximum Power Of All TX Ports (P)

Defines the aggregated maximum power of all TX ports of home base stations. The
aggregate maximum power is required to calculate limit line values for SEM measure­ments on home base stations.

The parameter is available only if you have selected SEM Category "Home".

Remote command:

[SENSe]:POWer:SEM:CHBS:AMPower on page 198

TX Power

Turns automatic detection of the TX channel power for Medium Range base stations
on and off.

When you turn this feature off, you can manually define the power of the transmission
channel.

When you turn automatic detection of the power on, the software measures the power
of the transmission channel.

The parameter is available only if you have selected SEM Category "Medium Range".

Remote command:
State: [SENSe]:POWer:SEM:CHBS:AMPower:AUTO on page 194
Power: [SENSe]:POWer:SEM:CHBS:AMPower on page 198

Assumed Adjacent Channel Carrier

Selects the assumed adjacent channel carrier for the ACLR measurement.

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The supported types are EUTRA of same bandwidth, 1.28 Mcps UTRA, 3.84 Mcps
UTRA and 7.68 Mcps UTRA.

Note that not all combinations of LTE Channel Bandwidth settings and Assumed Adj.
Channel Carrier settings are defined in the 3GPP standard.

Remote command:

[SENSe]:POWer:ACHannel:AACHannel on page 195

Noise Correction

Turns noise correction on and off.

Note that the input attenuator makes a clicking noise after each sweep if you are using
the noise correction in combination with the auto leveling process.

Remote command:

[SENSe]:POWer:NCORrection on page 195

Auto Gating

Turns gating for SEM and ACLR measurements on and off.

If on, the software evaluates the on-periods of an LTE TDD signal only. The software
determines the location and length of the on-period from the "TDD UL/DL Allocations"
and the "Configuration of the Special Subframe".

Note that the automatic cyclic prefix mode detection is not supported if you have turned
on Auto Gating. In that case, you have to select the cyclic prefix mode manually.

Auto gating is available for TDD measurements in combination with an external or IF
power trigger.

If you are using an external trigger, the DUT has to send an LTE frame trigger.

Remote command:

[SENSe]:SWEep:EGATe:AUTO on page 195

General Settings

Advanced Settings

4.5 Advanced Settings

The advanced settings contain settings to configure the signal input and some global
measurement analysis settings.

You can find the advanced settings in the "General Settings" dialog box.

● Controlling I/Q Data.................................................................................................84

● Configuring the Baseband Input..............................................................................85

● Using Advanced Input Settings...............................................................................86

● Configuring the Digital I/Q Input..............................................................................86

● Global Settings........................................................................................................87

● Mapping Antenna Ports...........................................................................................88

4.5.1 Controlling I/Q Data

The I/Q settings contain settings that control the I/Q data flow.

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The I/Q settings are part of the "Advanced" tab of the "General Settings" dialog box.

Swap I/Q....................................................................................................................... 85

File Source Offset......................................................................................................... 85

Swap I/Q

Swaps the real (I branch) and the imaginary (Q branch) parts of the signal.

Remote command:

[SENSe]:SWAPiq on page 196

File Source Offset

Defines the location in an I/Q data file where the analysis starts.

Remote command:

INPut:IQ:FSOFfset on page 196

General Settings

Advanced Settings

4.5.2 Configuring the Baseband Input

The baseband settings contain settings that configure the baseband input.

The baseband settings are part of the "Advanced" tab of the "General Settings" dialog
box.

High Impedance............................................................................................................ 85

Balanced....................................................................................................................... 86

Low Pass.......................................................................................................................86

Dither.............................................................................................................................86

High Impedance

Selects the impedance of the baseband input.

By default (high impedance is off), the impedance is 50 Ω.

If you turn the high impedance on, the impedance changes to 1 kΩ or 1 MΩ, depend­ing on the configuration of the analyzer.

High impedance is available for a baseband input source.

Remote command:

INPut:IQ:IMPedance on page 196

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Balanced

Turns symmetric (or balanced) input on and off.

If active, a ground connection is not necessary. If you are using an assymetrical
(unbalanced) setup, the ground connection runs through the shield of the coaxial cable
that is used to connect the DUT

Balancing is available for a baseband input source.

Remote command:

INPut:IQ:BALanced[:STATe] on page 197

Low Pass

Turns an anti-aliasing low pass filter on and off.

The filter has a cut-off frequency of 36 MHz and prevents frequencies above from
being mixed into the usable frequency range. Note that if you turn the filter off, harmon­ics or spurious emissions of the DUT might be in the frequency range above 36 MHz
and might be missed.

You can turn it off for measurement bandwidths greater than 30 MHz.

The low pass filter is available for a baseband input source.

Remote command:

[SENSe]:IQ:LPASs[:STATe] on page 197

General Settings

Advanced Settings

Dither

Adds a noise signal into the signal path of the baseband input.

Dithering improves the linearity of the A/D converter at low signal levels or low modula­tion. Improving the linearity also improves the accuracy of the displayed signal levels.

The signal has a bandwidth of 2 MHz with a center frequency of 38.93 MHz.

Dithering is available for a baseband input source.

Remote command:

[SENSe]:IQ:DITHer[:STATe] on page 197

4.5.3 Using Advanced Input Settings

The advanced input settings contain settings that configure the RF input.

The advanced input settings are part of the "Advanced" tab of the "General Settings"
dialog box.

For more information see "Defining a Reference Level" on page 71.

4.5.4 Configuring the Digital I/Q Input

The digital I/Q settings contain settings that configure the digital I/Q input.

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The digital I/Q settings are part of the "Advanced" tab of the "General Settings" dialog
box.

Sampling Rate (Input Data Rate).................................................................................. 87

Full Scale Level.............................................................................................................87

Sampling Rate (Input Data Rate)

Defines the data sample rate at the digital baseband input.

The sample rate is available for a digital baseband input source.

Remote command:

INPut<n>:DIQ:SRATe on page 198

Full Scale Level

Defines the voltage corresponding to the maximum input value of the digital baseband
input.

Remote command:

INPut<n>:DIQ:RANGe[:UPPer] on page 198

General Settings

Advanced Settings

4.5.5 Global Settings

The global settings contain settings that are independent of other settings.

The global settings are part of the "Advanced" tab of the "General Settings" dialog box.

Couple Screens.............................................................................................................87

Stop Run Continuous On Limit Check Fail....................................................................87

Couple Screens

Couples and decouples markers that have the same x-axis unit in the top and bottom
result displays (e.g. both result displays have a frequency axis).

In case of the constellation diagram, the constellation selection is also coupled to the
marker.

Stop Run Continuous On Limit Check Fail

Stops a continuous measurement if the signal fails any limit check in the currently
active result display.

For example, the measurement would stop on an EVM PDSCH QPSK limit check fail if
the result summary is active.

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R&S®FS‑K100/102/104PC

General Settings

Advanced Settings

4.5.6 Mapping Antenna Ports

The antenna port mapping settings contain settings that map antenna ports to a spe­cific input channel.

The antenna port mapping settings are part of the "Advanced" tab of the "General Set­tings" dialog box.

Input Channel 1 UE/CSI-RS Antenna Port....................................................................88

Input Channel 1 UE/CSI-RS Antenna Port

Selects the (beamforming) antenna port that is measured on the first I/Q data stream.
The first I/Q data stream corresponds to input channel 1.

By default, the software automatically assigns the antenna port to the input channel. To
assign a specific antenna port to the first input channel, select the required antenna
port from the dropdown menu.

Assigning the antenna port to the input channel is necessary to measure the EVM for
all available UE / CSI-RS antenna ports. When you perform a measurement on a
MIMO signal with more than one I/Q streams, the remaining antenna ports are
assigned in ascending order to the inputs.

Remote command:

CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:MIMO:SUAP on page 199

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5 Demod Settings

The following chapter contains all settings that are available in the "Demodulation Set­tings" dialog box.

● Configuring Downlink Signal Demodulation............................................................89

● Defining Downlink Signal Characteristics................................................................95

● Defining Advanced Signal Characteristics............................................................ 105

● Defining MBSFN Characteristics...........................................................................116

Demod Settings

Configuring Downlink Signal Demodulation

5.1 Configuring Downlink Signal Demodulation

The downlink demodulation settings contain settings that describe the signal process­ing and the way the signal is measured.

You can find the demodulation settings in the "Demod Settings" dialog box.

● Selecting the Demodulation Method....................................................................... 89

● Configuring Multicarrier Base Stations....................................................................90

● Configuring Parameter Estimation.......................................................................... 91

● Compensating Signal Errors................................................................................... 91

● Configuring EVM Measurements............................................................................ 92

● Processing Demodulated Data............................................................................... 93

● Configuring MIMO Setups.......................................................................................94

5.1.1 Selecting the Demodulation Method

The PDSCH demodulation settings contain settings that describe the way the PDSCH
is demodulated during measurements.

The demodulation settings are part of the "Downlink Demodulation Settings" tab of the
"Demodulation Settings" dialog box.

Auto PDSCH Demodulation.......................................................................................... 89

PDSCH Subframe Configuration Detection.................................................................. 90

Auto PDSCH Demodulation

Turns automatic demodulation of the PDSCH on and off.

When you turn this feature on, the software automatically detects the PDSCH resource
allocation. This is possible by analyzing the protocol information in the PDCCH or by
analyzing the physical signal. The software then writes the results into the PDSCH

Configuration Table.

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You can set the way the software identifies the PDSCH resource allocation with

"PDSCH Subframe Configuration Detection" on page 90.

When you turn off automatic demodulation of the PDSCH, you have to configure the
PDSCH manually. In that case, the software compares the demodulated LTE frame to
the customized configuration. If the PDSCH Subframe Configuration Detection is not
turned off, the software analyzes the frame only if both configurations are the same.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:DEMod:AUTO on page 200

PDSCH Subframe Configuration Detection

Selects the method of identifying the PDSCH resource allocation.

Off

●

Uses the user configuration to demodulate the PDSCH subframe. If the user con­figuration does not match the frame that was measured, a bad EVM will result.
PDCCH protocol

●

Sets the PDSCH configuration according to the data in the protocol of the PDCCH
DCIs.
When you use this method, the software measures the boosting for each PDCCH it
has detected. The result is displayed in the Channel Decoder Results.
Physical detection

●

The physical detection is based on power and modulation detection.
Physical detection makes measurements on TDD E-TMs without a 20 ms trigger
signal possible.
For more information on automatic demodulation see "Auto PDSCH Demodulation"
on page 89.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:FORMat:PSCD on page 200

Demod Settings

Configuring Downlink Signal Demodulation

5.1.2 Configuring Multicarrier Base Stations

The multicarrier base station settings contain settings to configure measurements on
multicarrier base stations.

The multicarrier base station settings are part of the "Downlink Demodulation Settings"
tab of the "Demodulation Settings" dialog box.

Multicarrier Filter........................................................................................................... 90

Multicarrier Filter

Turns the suppression of interference of neighboring carriers for tests on multiradio
base stations on and off (e.g. LTE, WCDMA, GSM etc).

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:DEMod:MCFilter on page 201

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Demod Settings

Configuring Downlink Signal Demodulation

5.1.3 Configuring Parameter Estimation

The parameter estimation settings contain settings that estimate various parameters
during the measurement.

The parameter estimation settings are part of the "Downlink Demodulation Settings"
tab of the "Demodulation Settings" dialog box.

Boosting Estimation...................................................................................................... 91

Channel Estimation....................................................................................................... 91

Boosting Estimation

Turns boosting estimation on and off.

When you turn this eature on, the software automatically sets the relative power set­tings of all physical channels and the P-/S-SYNC by analyzing the signal.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:DEMod:BESTimation on page 201

Channel Estimation

Selects the method of channel estimation.

EVM 3GPP Definition

●

Channel estimation according to 3GPP TS 36.141. This method is based on aver­aging in frequency direction and linear interpolation. Examines the reference signal
only.

Optimal, Pilot only

●

Optimal channel estimation method. Examines the reference signal only.

Optimal, Pilot and Payload

●

Optimal channel estimation method. Examines both the reference signal and the
payload resource elements.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:DEMod:CESTimation on page 201

5.1.4 Compensating Signal Errors

The tracking settings contain settings that compensate for various common signal
errors that may occur.

The tracking settings are part of the "Downlink Demodulation Settings" tab of the
"Demodulation Settings" dialog box.

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Phase............................................................................................................................ 92

Timing........................................................................................................................... 92

Phase

Specifies whether or not the measurement results should be compensated for common
phase error. When phase compensation is used, the measurement results will be com­pensated for phase error on a per-symbol basis.

"Off"

"Pilot Only"

"Pilot and Pay­load"

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:TRACking:PHASe on page 202

Demod Settings

Configuring Downlink Signal Demodulation

Phase tracking is not applied.

Only the reference signal is used for the estimation of the phase
error.

Both reference signal and payload resource elements are used for
the estimation of the phase error.

Timing

Specifies whether or not the measurement results should be compensated for timing
error. When timing compensation is used, the measurement results will be compensa­ted for timing error on a per-symbol basis.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:TRACking:TIME on page 202

5.1.5 Configuring EVM Measurements

The demodulation EVM settings contain settings that control the way the software cal­culates EVM results.

The demodulation EVM settings are part of the "Downlink Demodulation Settings" tab
of the "Demodulation Settings" dialog box.

EVM Calculation Method...............................................................................................92

PDSCH Reference Data............................................................................................... 93

EVM Calculation Method

Selects the method to calculate the EVM.

EVM 3GPP Definition

●

Calculation of the EVM according to 3GPP TS 36.141. Evaluates the EVM at two
trial timing positions and then uses the maximum EVM of the two.

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At Optimal Timing Position

●

Calculates the EVM using the optimal timing position.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:DEMod:EVMCalc on page 202

PDSCH Reference Data

Selects the type of reference data to calculate the EVM for the PDSCH.

Auto detect

●

Automatically identifies the reference data for the PDSCH by analyzing the signal.
All 0 (E-TM)

●

Sets the PDSCH reference data to a fixed value of 0. This value is according to the
test model definition.
To get valid results, you have to use a DUT that transmits an all-zero data vector.
This setting is a good way if you are expecting signals with a high EVM because
the automatic detection will not be reliable in that case.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:DEMod:PRData on page 202

Demod Settings

Configuring Downlink Signal Demodulation

5.1.6 Processing Demodulated Data

The demodulated data settings contain settings that control the way the software han­dles demodulated data.

The demodulated data settings are part of the "Downlink Demodulation Settings" tab of
the "Demodulation Settings" dialog box.

Scrambling of Coded Bits..............................................................................................93

Decode All Channels.....................................................................................................94

Scrambling of Coded Bits

Turns the scrambling of coded bits for all physical channels like PDSCH or PHICH on
and off.

The scrambling of coded bits affects the bitstream results.

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Fig. 5-1: Source for bitstream results if scrambling for coded bits is on and off

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:DEMod:CBSCrambling on page 203

Decode All Channels

Turns the decoding of all physical channels on and off.

When you turn this feature on, the software shows the decoding results in the "Channel
Decoder Results" result display.

In addition, the software only measures the EPDCCH resource block that are actually
used.

When you turn the feature off,

the PBCH is decoded only if the PHICH Duration or the PHICH N_g are automati-

●

cally determined
the PDCCH is decoded only if the PDSCH Subframe Configuration Detection is set

●

to PDCCH protocol.

If decoding of all control channels is off, measurement speed will increase.

Remote command:

[SENSe][:LTE]:DL:DEMod:DACHannels on page 203

Demod Settings

Configuring Downlink Signal Demodulation

5.1.7 Configuring MIMO Setups

The MIMO settings contain settings that configure MIMO measurement setups.

The MIMO settings are part of the "Downlink Demodulation Settings" tab of the
"Demodulation Settings" dialog box.

Compensate Crosstalk..................................................................................................95

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Compensate Crosstalk

Turns compensation of crosstalk produced by one of the components in the test setup
on and off.

Turn this feature on, if you expect crosstalk from the DUT or another component in the
test setup. This may be necessary, for example, for over-the-air measurements.

If you connect the DUT to the analyzer by cable, turn off crosstalk compensation. In
that case, the only crosstalk results from the DUT itself and contributes as distortion to
the measurement results.

Remote command:

CONFigure[:LTE]:DL:MIMO:CROSstalk on page 203

Demod Settings

Defining Downlink Signal Characteristics

5.2 Defining Downlink Signal Characteristics

The downlink signal characteristics contain settings to describe the physical attributes
and structure of a downlink LTE signal.

You can find the signal characteristics in the "Demod Settings" dialog box.

For more information on the "MIMO Configuration" see "MIMO Configuration"
on page 79.

● Defining the Physical Signal Characteristics...........................................................95

● Configuring the Physical Layer Cell Identity............................................................97

● Configuring MIMO Measurements.......................................................................... 98

● Configuring PDSCH Subframes..............................................................................99

5.2.1 Defining the Physical Signal Characteristics

The physical signal characteristics contain settings to describe the physical attributes
of a downlink LTE signal.

The physical settings are part of the "Downlink Signal Characteristics" tab of the
"Demodulation Settings" dialog box.

Channel Bandwidth / Number of Resource Blocks

Specifies the channel bandwidth and number of resource blocks (RB).

The channel bandwidth and number of resource blocks (RB) are interdependent. Cur­rently, the LTE standard recommends six bandwidths (see table below).

The software also calculates the FFT size, sampling rate, occupied bandwidth and
occupied carriers from the channel bandwidth. Those are read only.

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Channel Bandwidth [MHz] 1.4 20151053

Number of Resource Blocks 6 10075502515

Sample Rate [MHz] 1.92 30.7230.7215.367.683.84

The software shows the currently selected LTE mode (including the bandwidth) in the
header table.

Remote command:

CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:BW on page 204

Cyclic Prefix

The cyclic prefix serves as a guard interval between OFDM symbols to avoid interfer­ences. The standard specifies two cyclic prefix modes with a different length each.

The cyclic prefix mode defines the number of OFDM symbols in a slot.

Normal

●

A slot contains 7 OFDM symbols.
Extended

●

A slot contains 6 OFDM symbols.
The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with higher delay
spread of the radio channel.
Auto

●

The application automatically detects the cyclic prefix mode in use.

The software shows the currently selected cyclic prefix in the header table.

Demod Settings

Defining Downlink Signal Characteristics

FFT Size 128 204820481024512256

Remote command:

CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:CYCPrefix on page 204

Configuring TDD Frames

TDD frames contain both uplink and downlink information separated in time with every
subframe being responsible for either uplink or downlink transmission. The standard
specifies several subframe configurations or resource allocations for TDD systems.

TDD UL/DL Allocations

Selects the configuration of the subframes in a radio frame in TDD systems.

The UL/DL configuration (or allocation) defines the way each subframe is used: for
uplink, downlink or if it is a special subframe. The standard specifies seven different
configurations.

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Demod Settings

Defining Downlink Signal Characteristics

Configuration

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

U = uplink
D = downlink
S = special subframe

0 987654321

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Subframe Number and Usage

U

U

U

U

U

D

U

D

D

U

U

U

U

U

D

U

D

D

U

U

U

D

S

U

U

U

D

S

U

U

D

D

S

U

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

S

U

U

D

Conf. of Special Subframe

In combination with the cyclic prefix, the special subframes serve as guard periods for
switches from uplink to downlink. They contain three parts or fields.

DwPTS

●

The DwPTS is the downlink part of the special subframe. It is used to transmit
downlink data.
GP

●

The guard period makes sure that there are no overlaps of up- and downlink sig­nals during a switch.
UpPTS

●

The UpPTS is the uplink part of the special subframe. It is used to transmit uplink
data.

The length of the three fields is variable. This results in several possible configurations
of the special subframe. The LTE standard defines 10 different configurations for the
special subframe. However, configurations 8 and 9 only work for a normal cyclic prefix.

If you select configurations 8 or 9 using an extended cyclic prefix or automatic detec­tion of the cyclic prefix, the software will show an error message.

Remote command:
Subframe: CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:TDD:UDConf on page 205
Special subframe: CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:TDD:SPSC on page 205

5.2.2 Configuring the Physical Layer Cell Identity

The physical signal characteristics contain settings to describe the physical attributes
of a downlink LTE signal.

The physical settings are part of the "Downlink Signal Characteristics" tab of the
"Demodulation Settings" dialog box.

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)2()1(

3

IDID

cell
ID

NNN 

Configuring the Physical Layer Cell Identity

The cell ID, cell identity group and physical layer identity are interdependent parame­ters. In combination they are responsible for synchronization between network and
user equipment.

The physical layer cell ID identifies a particular radio cell in the LTE network. The cell
identities are divided into 168 unique cell identity groups. Each group consists of 3
physical layer identities. According to

(1)

= cell identity group, {0...167}

N

(2)

= physical layer identity, {0...2}

N

there is a total of 504 different cell IDs.

If you change one of these three parameters, the software automatically updates the
other two.

For automatic detection of the cell ID, turn the "Auto" function on.

Before it can establish a connection, the user equipment must synchronize to the radio
cell it is in. For this purpose, two synchronization signals are transmitted on the down­link. These two signals are reference signals whose content is defined by the "Physical
Layer Identity" and the "Cell Identity Group".

The first signal is one of 3 possible Zadoff-Chu sequences. The sequence that is used
is defined by the physical layer identity. It is part of the P-SYNC.

The second signal is one of 168 unique sequences. The sequence is defined by the
cell identity group. This sequence is part of the S-SYNC.

In addition to the synchronization information, the cell ID also determines

the cyclic shifts for PCFICH, PHICH and PDCCH mapping,

●

the frequency shifts of the reference signal.

●

The software shows the currently selected cell ID in the header table.

Demod Settings

Defining Downlink Signal Characteristics

Remote command:
Cell ID: CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:PLC:CID on page 206
Cell Identity Group (setting): CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:PLC:CIDGroup
on page 207
Cell Identity Group (query): FETCh[:CC<cci>]:PLC:CIDGroup? on page 207
Identity (setting): CONFigure[:LTE]:DL[:CC<cci>]:PLC:PLID on page 207
Identity (query): FETCh[:CC<cci>]:PLC:PLID? on page 208

5.2.3 Configuring MIMO Measurements

The "DUT MIMO Configuration" and the "Tx Antenna Selection" are the same as in the
"Analyzer Config / MIMO Setup" tab (➙ "General Settings") - if you change them in one
place, they are also changed in the other.

For more information see "MIMO Configuration" on page 79.

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Demod Settings

Defining Downlink Signal Characteristics

5.2.4 Configuring PDSCH Subframes

The software allows you to configure individual subframes that are used to carry the
information of the PDSCH. The PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) primarily
carries all general user data. It therefore takes up most of the space in a radio frame.

When you turn "Auto Demodulation" on, the software automatically determines the
subframe configuration for the PDSCH. In the default state, automatic configuration is
on (see "Auto PDSCH Demodulation" on page 89).

Every LTE frame (FDD and TDD) contains 10 subframes. (In TDD systems, some sub­frames are used by the uplink, however.) Each downlink subframe consists of one or
more (resource) allocations. The software shows the contents for each subframe in the
configuration table. In the configuration table, each row corresponds to one allocation.

Subframe configuration errors

If there are any errors or conflicts between allocations in one or more subframes, the
software shows a icon in the column at the left of the table.

When you move the mouse over the icon, the software shows the kind of error.

Before you start to work on the contents of each subframe, you should define the num­ber of subframes you want to customize with the "Configurable Subframes" parameter.
The software supports the configuration of up to 40 subframes.

Then you can select a particular subframe that you want to customize in the "Selected
Subframe" field. Enter the number of the subframe (starting with 0). The software
updates the contents of the configuration table to the selected subframe.

Remote command:

Number of subframes: CONFigure[:LTE]:DL:CSUBframes on page 209

Number of allocations: CONFigure[:LTE]:DL:SUBFrame<subframe>:ALCount
on page 209

● PDSCH Allocations............................................................................................... 100

● Enhanced Settings................................................................................................102

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Demod Settings

Defining Downlink Signal Characteristics

5.2.4.1 PDSCH Allocations

In the default state, each subframe contains one allocation. Add allocations with the
"Used Allocations" parameter. The software expands the configuration table accord­ingly with one row representing one allocation. You can define a different number of
allocations for each subframe you want to configure and configure up to 110 alloca­tions in every subframe.

The configuration table contains the settings to configure the allocations.

ID/N_RNTI...................................................................................................................100

Code Word.................................................................................................................. 100

Modulation...................................................................................................................100

Enhanced Settings...................................................................................................... 101

VRB Gap..................................................................................................................... 101

Number of RB............................................................................................................. 101

Offset RB.....................................................................................................................101

Power.......................................................................................................................... 102

Conflict........................................................................................................................ 102

ID/N_RNTI

Selects the allocation's ID. The ID corresponds to the N_RNTI.

By default, the software assigns consecutive numbers starting with 0.

The ID, or N_RNTI, is the user equipment identifier for the corresponding allocation
and is a number in the range from 0 to 65535. The order of the numbers is irrelevant.
You can combine allocations by assigning the same number more than once. Combin­ing allocations assigns those allocations to the same user. Allocations with the same
N_RNTI share the same modulation scheme and power settings.

Remote command:

CONFigure[:LTE]:DL:SUBFrame<subframe>:ALLoc<allocation>:UEID

on page 210

Code Word

Shows the code word of the allocation.

The code word is made up out of two numbers. The first number is the number of the
code word in the allocation. The second number is the total number of code words that
the allocation contains. Thus, a table entry of "1/2" would mean that the row corre­sponds to code word 1 out of 2 code words in the allocation.

Usually one allocation corresponds to one code word. In case of measurements on a
MIMO system (2 or 4 antennas) in combination with the "Spatial Multiplexing" precod­ing value, however, you can change the number of layers. Selecting 2 or more layers
assigns two code words to the allocation. This results in an expansion of the configura­tion table. The allocation with the spatial multiplexing then comprises two rows instead
of only one. Except for the modulation of the code word, which can be different, the
contents of the second code word (row) are the same as the contents of the first code
word.

Modulation

Selects the modulation scheme for the corresponding allocation.

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