Rohde&Schwarz FSC3, FSC6, FSC13, FSC16 Operating Manual

R&S®FSC

Spectrum Analyzer

1173.0966.12 – 07

Test & Measurement

Operating Manual

Operating Manual

The Operating Manual describes the following models and options:

®

● R&S

● R&S

● R&S

● R&S

FSC3 (1314.3006K03)

®

FSC6 (1314.3006K06)

®

FSC13 (1314.3006K13)

®

FSC16 (1314.3006K16)

© 2014 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG

Muehldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich. Germany

Phone: [phone]

Fax: [phone]

E-mail: [e-mail]

Internet: http://www.rohde-schwarz.com

81671 Munich, Germany

Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.

®

R&S

is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.

Trade names are trademarks of the owners.

The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual:

®

R&S

FSC is abbreviated as R&S FSC

®

FSCView is abbreviated as R&SFSCView

R&S

Basic Safety Instructions

Always read through and comply with the following safety instructions!

All plants and locations of the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies make every effort to keep the safety
standards of our products up to date and to offer our customers the highest possible degree of safety. Our
products and the auxiliary equipment they require are designed, built and tested in accordance with the
safety standards that apply in each case. Compliance with these standards is continuously monitored by
our quality assurance system. The product described here has been designed, built and tested in
accordance with the EC Certificate of Conformity and has left the manufacturer’s plant in a condition fully
complying with safety standards. To maintain this condition and to ensure safe operation, you must
observe all instructions and warnings provided in this manual. If you have any questions regarding these
safety instructions, the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies will be happy to answer them.

Furthermore, it is your responsibility to use the product in an appropriate manner. This product is designed
for use solely in industrial and laboratory environments or, if expressly permitted, also in the field and must
not be used in any way that may cause personal injury or property damage. You are responsible if the
product is used for any purpose other than its designated purpose or in disregard of the manufacturer's
instructions. The manufacturer shall assume no responsibility for such use of the product.

The product is used for its designated purpose if it is used in accordance with its product documentation
and within its performance limits (see data sheet, documentation, the following safety instructions). Using
the product requires technical skills and, in some cases, a basic knowledge of English. It is therefore
essential that only skilled and specialized staff or thoroughly trained personnel with the required skills be
allowed to use the product. If personal safety gear is required for using Rohde & Schwarz products, this
will be indicated at the appropriate place in the product documentation. Keep the basic safety instructions
and the product documentation in a safe place and pass them on to the subsequent users.

Observing the safety instructions will help prevent personal injury or damage of any kind caused by
dangerous situations. Therefore, carefully read through and adhere to the following safety instructions
before and when using the product. It is also absolutely essential to observe the additional safety
instructions on personal safety, for example, that appear in relevant parts of the product documentation. In
these safety instructions, the word "product" refers to all merchandise sold and distributed by the Rohde &
Schwarz group of companies, including instruments, systems and all accessories. For product-specific
information, see the data sheet and the product documentation.

Safety labels on products

The following safety labels are used on products to warn against risks and dangers.

Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning

Notice, general danger location

Observe product documentation

Caution when handling heavy equipment Standby indication

Danger of electric shock Direct current (DC)

ON/OFF supply voltage

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Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning

Warning! Hot surface Alternating current (AC)

Protective conductor terminal Direct/alternating current (DC/AC)

Ground Device fully protected by double (reinforced)

insulation

Ground terminal EU labeling for batteries and accumulators

For additional information, see section "Waste
disposal/Environmental protection", item 1.

Be careful when handling electrostatic sensitive
devices

Warning! Laser radiation

For additional information, see section
"Operation", item 7.

EU labeling for separate collection of electrical
and electronic devices

For additonal information, see section "Waste
disposal/Environmental protection", item 2.

Signal words and their meaning

The following signal words are used in the product documentation in order to warn the reader about risks
and dangers.

Indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or
serious injury.

Indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious injury.

Indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in minor or
moderate injury.

Indicates information considered important, but not hazard-related, e.g.
messages relating to property damage.
In the product documentation, the word ATTENTION is used synonymously.

These signal words are in accordance with the standard definition for civil applications in the European
Economic Area. Definitions that deviate from the standard definition may also exist in other economic
areas or military applications. It is therefore essential to make sure that the signal words described here
are always used only in connection with the related product documentation and the related product. The
use of signal words in connection with unrelated products or documentation can result in misinterpretation
and in personal injury or material damage.

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Operating states and operating positions

The product may be operated only under the operating conditions and in the positions specified by the
manufacturer, without the product's ventilation being obstructed. If the manufacturer's specifications are
not observed, this can result in electric shock, fire and/or serious personal injury or death. Applicable local
or national safety regulations and rules for the prevention of accidents must be observed in all work
performed.

1. Unless otherwise specified, the following requirements apply to Rohde & Schwarz products:
predefined operating position is always with the housing floor facing down, IP protection 2X, use only
indoors, max. operating altitude 2000 m above sea level, max. transport altitude 4500 m above sea
level. A tolerance of ±10 % shall apply to the nominal voltage and ±5 % to the nominal frequency,
overvoltage category 2, pollution severity 2.

2. Do not place the product on surfaces, vehicles, cabinets or tables that for reasons of weight or stability
are unsuitable for this purpose. Always follow the manufacturer's installation instructions when
installing the product and fastening it to objects or structures (e.g. walls and shelves). An installation
that is not carried out as described in the product documentation could result in personal injury or
even death.

3. Do not place the product on heat-generating devices such as radiators or fan heaters. The ambient
temperature must not exceed the maximum temperature specified in the product documentation or in
the data sheet. Product overheating can cause electric shock, fire and/or serious personal injury or
even death.

Electrical safety

If the information on electrical safety is not observed either at all or to the extent necessary, electric shock,
fire and/or serious personal injury or death may occur.

1. Prior to switching on the product, always ensure that the nominal voltage setting on the product
matches the nominal voltage of the AC supply network. If a different voltage is to be set, the power
fuse of the product may have to be changed accordingly.

2. In the case of products of safety class I with movable power cord and connector, operation is
permitted only on sockets with a protective conductor contact and protective conductor.

3. Intentionally breaking the protective conductor either in the feed line or in the product itself is not
permitted. Doing so can result in the danger of an electric shock from the product. If extension cords
or connector strips are implemented, they must be checked on a regular basis to ensure that they are
safe to use.

4. If there is no power switch for disconnecting the product from the AC supply network, or if the power
switch is not suitable for this purpose, use the plug of the connecting cable to disconnect the product
from the AC supply network. In such cases, always ensure that the power plug is easily reachable and
accessible at all times. For example, if the power plug is the disconnecting device, the length of the
connecting cable must not exceed 3 m. Functional or electronic switches are not suitable for providing
disconnection from the AC supply network. If products without power switches are integrated into
racks or systems, the disconnecting device must be provided at the system level.

5. Never use the product if the power cable is damaged. Check the power cables on a regular basis to
ensure that they are in proper operating condition. By taking appropriate safety measures and
carefully laying the power cable, ensure that the cable cannot be damaged and that no one can be
hurt by, for example, tripping over the cable or suffering an electric shock.

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6. The product may be operated only from TN/TT supply networks fuse-protected with max. 16 A (higher
fuse only after consulting with the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies).

7. Do not insert the plug into sockets that are dusty or dirty. Insert the plug firmly and all the way into the
socket provided for this purpose. Otherwise, sparks that result in fire and/or injuries may occur.

8. Do not overload any sockets, extension cords or connector strips; doing so can cause fire or electric

hocks.

s

9. For measurements in circuits with voltages V

> 30 V, suitable measures (e.g. appropriate

rms

measuring equipment, fuse protection, current limiting, electrical separation, insulation) should be
taken to avoid any hazards.

10. Ensure that the connections with information technology equipment, e.g. PCs or other industrial
computers, comply with the IEC60950-1/EN60950-1 or IEC61010-1/EN 61010-1 standards that apply
in each case.

11. Unless expressly permitted, never remove the cover or any part of the housing while the product is in
operation. Doing so will expose circuits and components and can lead to injuries, fire or damage to the
product.

12. If a product is to be permanently installed, the connection between the protective conductor terminal
on site and the product's protective conductor must be made first before any other connection is
made. The product may be installed and connected only by a licensed electrician.

13. For permanently installed equipment without built-in fuses, circuit breakers or similar protective
devices, the supply circuit must be fuse-protected in such a way that anyone who has access to the
product, as well as the product itself, is adequately protected from injury or damage.

14. Use suitable overvoltage protection to ensure that no overvoltage (such as that caused by a bolt of
lightning) can reach the product. Otherwise, the person operating the product will be exposed to the
danger of an electric shock.

15. Any object that is not designed to be placed in the openings of the housing must not be used for this
purpose. Doing so can cause short circuits inside the product and/or electric shocks, fire or injuries.

16. Unless specified otherwise, products are not liquid-proof (see also section "Operating states and
operating positions", item 1). Therefore, the equipment must be protected against penetration by
liquids. If the necessary precautions are not taken, the user may suffer electric shock or the product
itself may be damaged, which can also lead to personal injury.

17. Never use the product under conditions in which condensation has formed or can form in or on the
product, e.g. if the product has been moved from a cold to a warm environment. Penetration by water
increases the risk of electric shock.

18. Prior to cleaning the product, disconnect it completely from the power supply (e.g. AC supply network
or battery). Use a soft, non-linting cloth to clean the product. Never use chemical cleaning agents such
as alcohol, acetone or diluents for cellulose lacquers.

Operation

1. Operating the products requires special training and intense concentration. Make sure that persons
who use the products are physically, mentally and emotionally fit enough to do so; otherwise, injuries
or material damage may occur. It is the responsibility of the employer/operator to select suitable
personnel for operating the products.

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Basic Safety Instructions

2. Before you move or transport the product, read and observe the section titled "Transport".

3. As with all industrially manufactured goods, the use of substances that induce an allergic reaction
(allergens) such as nickel cannot be generally excluded. If you develop an allergic reaction (such as a
skin rash, frequent sneezing, red eyes or respiratory difficulties) when using a Rohde & Schwarz
product, consult a physician immediately to determine the cause and to prevent health problems or
stress.

4. Before you start processing the product mechanically and/or thermally, or before you take it apart, be
sure to read and pay special attention to the section titled "Waste disposal/Environmental protection",
item 1.

5. Depending on the function, certain products such as RF radio equipment can produce an elevated
level of electromagnetic radiation. Considering that unborn babies require increased protection,
pregnant women must be protected by appropriate measures. Persons with pacemakers may also be
exposed to risks from electromagnetic radiation. The employer/operator must evaluate workplaces
where there is a special risk of exposure to radiation and, if necessary, take measures to avert the
potential danger.

6. Should a fire occur, the product may release hazardous substances (gases, fluids, etc.) that can
cause health problems. Therefore, suitable measures must be taken, e.g. protective masks and
protective clothing must be worn.

7. Laser products are given warning labels that are standardized according to their laser class. Lasers
can cause biological harm due to the properties of their radiation and due to their extremely
concentrated electromagnetic power. If a laser product (e.g. a CD/DVD drive) is integrated into a
Rohde & Schwarz product, absolutely no other settings or functions may be used as described in the
product documentation. The objective is to prevent personal injury (e.g. due to laser beams).

8. EMC classes (in line with EN 55011/CISPR 11,
EN 55032/CISPR 32)
 Class A equipment:

Equipment suitable for use in all environments except residential environments and environments
that are directly connected to a low-voltage supply network that supplies residential buildings
Note: Class A equipment is intended for use in an industrial environment. This equipment may
cause radio disturbances in residential environments, due to possible conducted as well as
radiated disturbances. In this case, the operator may be required to take appropriate measures to
eliminate these disturbances.

 Class B equipment:

Equipment suitable for use in residential environments and environments that are directly
connected to a low-voltage supply network that supplies residential buildings

Repair and service

1. The product may be opened only by authorized, specially trained personnel. Before any work is
performed on the product or before the product is opened, it must be disconnected from the AC supply
network. Otherwise, personnel will be exposed to the risk of an electric shock.

and analogously with EN 55022/CISPR 22,

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2. Adjustments, replacement of parts, maintenance and repair may be performed only by electrical
experts authorized by Rohde & Schwarz. Only original parts may be used for replacing parts relevant
to safety (e.g. power switches, power transformers, fuses). A safety test must always be performed
after parts relevant to safety have been replaced (visual inspection, protective conductor test,
insulation resistance measurement, leakage current measurement, functional test). This helps ensure
the continued safety of the product.

Batteries and rechargeable batteries/cells

If the information regarding batteries and rechargeable batteries/cells is not observed either at all or to the
extent necessary, product users may be exposed to the risk of explosions, fire and/or serious personal
injury, and, in some cases, death. Batteries and rechargeable batteries with alkaline electrolytes (e.g.
lithium cells) must be handled in accordance with the EN 62133 standard.

1. Cells must not be taken apart or crushed.

2. Cells or batteries must not be exposed to heat or fire. Storage in direct sunlight must be avoided.
Keep cells and batteries clean and dry. Clean soiled connectors using a dry, clean cloth.

3. Cells or batteries must not be short-circuited. Cells or batteries must not be stored in a box or in a
drawer where they can short-circuit each other, or where they can be short-circuited by other
conductive materials. Cells and batteries must not be removed from their original packaging until they
are ready to be used.

4. Cells and batteries must not be exposed to any mechanical shocks that are stronger than permitted.

5. If a cell develops a leak, the fluid must not be allowed to come into contact with the skin or eyes. If
contact occurs, wash the affected area with plenty of water and seek medical aid.

6. Improperly replacing or charging cells or batteries that contain alkaline electrolytes (e.g. lithium cells)
can cause explosions. Replace cells or batteries only with the matching Rohde & Schwarz type (see
parts list) in order to ensure the safety of the product.

7. Cells and batteries must be recycled and kept separate from residual waste. Rechargeable batteries
and normal batteries that contain lead, mercury or cadmium are hazardous waste. Observe the
national regulations regarding waste disposal and recycling.

Transport

1. The product may be very heavy. Therefore, the product must be handled with care. In some cases,
the user may require a suitable means of lifting or moving the product (e.g. with a lift-truck) to avoid
back or other physical injuries.

2. Handles on the products are designed exclusively to enable personnel to transport the product. It is
therefore not permissible to use handles to fasten the product to or on transport equipment such as
cranes, fork lifts, wagons, etc. The user is responsible for securely fastening the products to or on the
means of transport or lifting. Observe the safety regulations of the manufacturer of the means of
transport or lifting. Noncompliance can result in personal injury or material damage.

3. If you use the product in a vehicle, it is the sole responsibility of the driver to drive the vehicle safely
and properly. The manufacturer assumes no responsibility for accidents or collisions. Never use the
product in a moving vehicle if doing so could distract the driver of the vehicle. Adequately secure the
product in the vehicle to prevent injuries or other damage in the event of an accident.

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Waste disposal/Environmental protection

1. Specially marked equipment has a battery or accumulator that must not be disposed of with unsorted
municipal waste, but must be collected separately. It may only be disposed of at a suitable collection
point or via a Rohde & Schwarz customer service center.

2. Waste electrical and electronic equipment must not be disposed of with unsorted municipal waste, but

ust be collected separately.

m
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG has developed a disposal concept and takes full responsibility for
take-back obligations and disposal obligations for manufacturers within the EU. Contact your
Rohde & Schwarz customer service center for environmentally responsible disposal of the product.

3. If products or their components are mechanically and/or thermally processed in a manner that goes
beyond their intended use, hazardous substances (heavy-metal dust such as lead, beryllium, nickel)
may be released. For this reason, the product may only be disassembled by specially trained
personnel. Improper disassembly may be hazardous to your health. National waste disposal
regulations must be observed.

4. If handling the product releases hazardous substances or fuels that must be disposed of in a special
way, e.g. coolants or engine oils that must be replenished regularly, the safety instructions of the
manufacturer of the hazardous substances or fuels and the applicable regional waste disposal
regulations must be observed. Also observe the relevant safety instructions in the product
documentation. The improper disposal of hazardous substances or fuels can cause health problems
and lead to environmental damage.

For additional information about environmental protection, visit the Rohde & Schwarz website.

Instrucciones de seguridad elementales

¡Es imprescindible leer y cumplir las siguientes instrucciones e informaciones de seguridad!

El principio del grupo de empresas Rohde & Schwarz consiste en tener nuestros productos siempre al día
con los estándares de seguridad y de ofrecer a nuestros clientes el máximo grado de seguridad. Nuestros
productos y todos los equipos adicionales son siempre fabricados y examinados según las normas de
seguridad vigentes. Nuestro sistema de garantía de calidad controla constantemente que sean cumplidas
estas normas. El presente producto ha sido fabricado y examinado según el certificado de conformidad
de la UE y ha salido de nuestra planta en estado impecable según los estándares técnicos de seguridad.
Para poder preservar este estado y garantizar un funcionamiento libre de peligros, el usuario deberá
atenerse a todas las indicaciones, informaciones de seguridad y notas de alerta. El grupo de empresas
Rohde & Schwarz está siempre a su disposición en caso de que tengan preguntas referentes a estas
informaciones de seguridad.

Además queda en la responsabilidad del usuario utilizar el producto en la forma debida. Este producto
está destinado exclusivamente al uso en la industria y el laboratorio o, si ha sido expresamente
autorizado, para aplicaciones de campo y de ninguna manera deberá ser utilizado de modo que alguna
persona/cosa pueda sufrir daño. El uso del producto fuera de sus fines definidos o sin tener en cuenta las
instrucciones del fabricante queda en la responsabilidad del usuario. El fabricante no se hace en ninguna
forma responsable de consecuencias a causa del mal uso del producto.

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Se parte del uso correcto del producto para los fines definidos si el producto es utilizado conforme a las
indicaciones de la correspondiente documentación del producto y dentro del margen de rendimiento
definido (ver hoja de datos, documentación, informaciones de seguridad que siguen). El uso del producto
hace necesarios conocimientos técnicos y ciertos conocimientos del idioma inglés. Por eso se debe tener
en cuenta que el producto solo pueda ser operado por personal especializado o personas instruidas en
profundidad con las capacidades correspondientes. Si fuera necesaria indumentaria de seguridad para el

so de productos de Rohde & Schwarz, encontraría la información debida en la documentación del

u
producto en el capítulo correspondiente. Guarde bien las informaciones de seguridad elementales, así
como la documentación del producto, y entréguelas a usuarios posteriores.

Tener en cuenta las informaciones de seguridad sirve para evitar en lo posible lesiones o daños por
peligros de toda clase. Por eso es imprescindible leer detalladamente y comprender por completo las
siguientes informaciones de seguridad antes de usar el producto, y respetarlas durante el uso del
producto. Deberán tenerse en cuenta todas las demás informaciones de seguridad, como p. ej. las
referentes a la protección de personas, que encontrarán en el capítulo correspondiente de la
documentación del producto y que también son de obligado cumplimiento. En las presentes
informaciones de seguridad se recogen todos los objetos que distribuye el grupo de empresas
Rohde & Schwarz bajo la denominación de "producto", entre ellos también aparatos, instalaciones así
como toda clase de accesorios. Los datos específicos del producto figuran en la hoja de datos y en la
documentación del producto.

Señalización de seguridad de los productos

Las siguientes señales de seguridad se utilizan en los productos para advertir sobre riesgos y peligros.

Símbolo Significado Símbolo Significado

Aviso: punto de peligro general

Observar la documentación del producto

Atención en el manejo de dispositivos de peso
elevado

Peligro de choque eléctrico Corriente continua (DC)

Advertencia: superficie caliente Corriente alterna (AC)

Conexión a conductor de protección Corriente continua / Corriente alterna (DC/AC)

Conexión a tierra El aparato está protegido en su totalidad por un

Tensión de alimentación de PUESTA EN
MARCHA / PARADA

Indicación de estado de espera (standby)

aislamiento doble (reforzado)

Conexión a masa Distintivo de la UE para baterías y

acumuladores

Más información en la sección
"Eliminación/protección del medio ambiente",
punto 1.

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Símbolo Significado Símbolo Significado

Aviso: Cuidado en el manejo de dispositivos
sensibles a la electrostática (ESD)

Advertencia: rayo láser

Más información en la sección
"Funcionamiento", punto 7.

Distintivo de la UE para la eliminación por
separado de dispositivos eléctricos y
electrónicos

Más información en la sección
"Eliminación/protección del medio ambiente",
punto 2.

Palabras de señal y su significado

En la documentación del producto se utilizan las siguientes palabras de señal con el fin de advertir contra
riesgos y peligros.

Indica una situación de peligro que, si no se evita, causa lesiones
graves o incluso la muerte.

Indica una situación de peligro que, si no se evita, puede causar
lesiones graves o incluso la muerte.

Indica una situación de peligro que, si no se evita, puede causar
lesiones leves o moderadas.

Indica información que se considera importante, pero no en relación
con situaciones de peligro; p. ej., avisos sobre posibles daños
materiales.
En la documentación del producto se emplea de forma sinónima el
término CUIDADO.

Las palabras de señal corresponden a la definición habitual para aplicaciones civiles en el área
económica europea. Pueden existir definiciones diferentes a esta definición en otras áreas económicas o
en aplicaciones militares. Por eso se deberá tener en cuenta que las palabras de señal aquí descritas
sean utilizadas siempre solamente en combinación con la correspondiente documentación del producto y
solamente en combinación con el producto correspondiente. La utilización de las palabras de señal en
combinación con productos o documentaciones que no les correspondan puede llevar a interpretaciones
equivocadas y tener por consecuencia daños en personas u objetos.

Estados operativos y posiciones de funcionamiento

El producto solamente debe ser utilizado según lo indicado por el fabricante respecto a los estados
operativos y posiciones de funcionamiento sin que se obstruya la ventilación. Si no se siguen las
indicaciones del fabricante, pueden producirse choques eléctricos, incendios y/o lesiones graves con
posible consecuencia de muerte. En todos los trabajos deberán ser tenidas en cuenta las normas
nacionales y locales de seguridad del trabajo y de prevención de accidentes.

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1. Si no se convino de otra manera, es para los productos Rohde & Schwarz válido lo que sigue:
como posición de funcionamiento se define por principio la posición con el suelo de la caja para
abajo, modo de protección IP 2X, uso solamente en estancias interiores, utilización hasta 2000 m
sobre el nivel del mar, transporte hasta 4500 m sobre el nivel del mar. Se aplicará una tolerancia de
±10 % sobre el voltaje nominal y de ±5 % sobre la frecuencia nominal. Categoría de sobrecarga
eléctrica 2, índice de suciedad 2.

2. No sitúe el producto encima de superficies, vehículos, estantes o mesas, que por sus características
de peso o de estabilidad no sean aptos para él. Siga siempre las instrucciones de instalación del
fabricante cuando instale y asegure el producto en objetos o estructuras (p. ej. paredes y estantes). Si
se realiza la instalación de modo distinto al indicado en la documentación del producto, se pueden
causar lesiones o, en determinadas circunstancias, incluso la muerte.

3. No ponga el producto sobre aparatos que generen calor (p. ej. radiadores o calefactores). La
temperatura ambiente no debe superar la temperatura máxima especificada en la documentación del
producto o en la hoja de datos. En caso de sobrecalentamiento del producto, pueden producirse
choques eléctricos, incendios y/o lesiones graves con posible consecuencia de muerte.

Seguridad eléctrica

Si no se siguen (o se siguen de modo insuficiente) las indicaciones del fabricante en cuanto a seguridad
eléctrica, pueden producirse choques eléctricos, incendios y/o lesiones graves con posible consecuencia
de muerte.

1. Antes de la puesta en marcha del producto se deberá comprobar siempre que la tensión
preseleccionada en el producto coincida con la de la red de alimentación eléctrica. Si es necesario
modificar el ajuste de tensión, también se deberán cambiar en caso dado los fusibles
correspondientes del producto.

2. Los productos de la clase de protección I con alimentación móvil y enchufe individual solamente
podrán enchufarse a tomas de corriente con contacto de seguridad y con conductor de protección
conectado.

3. Queda prohibida la interrupción intencionada del conductor de protección, tanto en la toma de
corriente como en el mismo producto. La interrupción puede tener como consecuencia el riesgo de
que el producto sea fuente de choques eléctricos. Si se utilizan cables alargadores o regletas de
enchufe, deberá garantizarse la realización de un examen regular de los mismos en cuanto a su
estado técnico de seguridad.

4. Si el producto no está equipado con un interruptor para desconectarlo de la red, o bien si el
interruptor existente no resulta apropiado para la desconexión de la red, el enchufe del cable de
conexión se deberá considerar como un dispositivo de desconexión.
El dispositivo de desconexión se debe poder alcanzar fácilmente y debe estar siempre bien accesible.
Si, p. ej., el enchufe de conexión a la red es el dispositivo de desconexión, la longitud del cable de
conexión no debe superar 3 m).
Los interruptores selectores o electrónicos no son aptos para el corte de la red eléctrica. Si se
integran productos sin interruptor en bastidores o instalaciones, se deberá colocar el interruptor en el
nivel de la instalación.

5. No utilice nunca el producto si está dañado el cable de conexión a red. Compruebe regularmente el
correcto estado de los cables de conexión a red. Asegúrese, mediante las medidas de protección y
de instalación adecuadas, de que el cable de conexión a red no pueda ser dañado o de que nadie
pueda ser dañado por él, p. ej. al tropezar o por un choque eléctrico.

1171.0000.42 - 07 Page 10

nstrucciones de seguridad elementales

I

6. Solamente está permitido el funcionamiento en redes de alimentación TN/TT aseguradas con fusibles
de 16 A como máximo (utilización de fusibles de mayor amperaje solo previa consulta con el grupo de
empresas Rohde & Schwarz).

7. Nunca conecte el enchufe en tomas de corriente sucias o llenas de polvo. Introduzca el enchufe por
completo y fuertemente en la toma de corriente. La no observación de estas medidas puede provocar
chispas, fuego y/o lesiones.

8. No sobrecargue las tomas de corriente, los cables alargadores o las regletas de enchufe ya que esto
podría causar fuego o choques eléctricos.

9. En las mediciones en circuitos de corriente con una tensión U

> 30 V se deberán tomar las medidas

eff

apropiadas para impedir cualquier peligro (p. ej. medios de medición adecuados, seguros, limitación
de tensión, corte protector, aislamiento etc.).

10. Para la conexión con dispositivos informáticos como un PC o un ordenador industrial, debe
comprobarse que éstos cumplan los estándares IEC60950-1/EN60950-1 o IEC61010-1/EN 61010-1
válidos en cada caso.

11. A menos que esté permitido expresamente, no retire nunca la tapa ni componentes de la carcasa
mientras el producto esté en servicio. Esto pone a descubierto los cables y componentes eléctricos y
puede causar lesiones, fuego o daños en el producto.

12. Si un producto se instala en un lugar fijo, se deberá primero conectar el conductor de protección fijo
con el conductor de protección del producto antes de hacer cualquier otra conexión. La instalación y
la conexión deberán ser efectuadas por un electricista especializado.

13. En el caso de dispositivos fijos que no estén provistos de fusibles, interruptor automático ni otros
mecanismos de seguridad similares, el circuito de alimentación debe estar protegido de modo que
todas las personas que puedan acceder al producto, así como el producto mismo, estén a salvo de
posibles daños.

14. Todo producto debe estar protegido contra sobretensión (debida p. ej. a una caída del rayo) mediante
los correspondientes sistemas de protección. Si no, el personal que lo utilice quedará expuesto al
peligro de choque eléctrico.

15. No debe introducirse en los orificios de la caja del aparato ningún objeto que no esté destinado a ello.
Esto puede producir cortocircuitos en el producto y/o puede causar choques eléctricos, fuego o
lesiones.

16. Salvo indicación contraria, los productos no están impermeabilizados (ver también el capítulo
"Estados operativos y posiciones de funcionamiento", punto 1). Por eso es necesario tomar las
medidas necesarias para evitar la entrada de líquidos. En caso contrario, existe peligro de choque
eléctrico para el usuario o de daños en el producto, que también pueden redundar en peligro para las
personas.

17. No utilice el producto en condiciones en las que pueda producirse o ya se hayan producido
condensaciones sobre el producto o en el interior de éste, como p. ej. al desplazarlo de un lugar frío a
otro caliente. La entrada de agua aumenta el riesgo de choque eléctrico.

18. Antes de la limpieza, desconecte por completo el producto de la alimentación de tensión (p. ej. red de
alimentación o batería). Realice la limpieza de los aparatos con un paño suave, que no se deshilache.
No utilice bajo ningún concepto productos de limpieza químicos como alcohol, acetona o diluyentes
para lacas nitrocelulósicas.

1171.0000.42 - 07 Page 11

nstrucciones de seguridad elementales

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Funcionamiento

1. El uso del producto requiere instrucciones especiales y una alta concentración durante el manejo.
Debe asegurarse que las personas que manejen el producto estén a la altura de los requerimientos
necesarios en cuanto a aptitudes físicas, psíquicas y emocionales, ya que de otra manera no se
pueden excluir lesiones o daños de objetos. El empresario u operador es responsable de seleccionar
el personal usuario apto para el manejo del producto.

2. Antes de desplazar o transportar el producto, lea y tenga en cuenta el capítulo "Transporte".

3. Como con todo producto de fabricación industrial no puede quedar excluida en general la posibilidad
de que se produzcan alergias provocadas por algunos materiales empleados Slos llamados
alérgenos (p. ej. el níquel)S. Si durante el manejo de productos Rohde & Schwarz se producen
reacciones alérgicas, como p. ej. irritaciones cutáneas, estornudos continuos, enrojecimiento de la
conjuntiva o dificultades respiratorias, debe avisarse inmediatamente a un médico para investigar las
causas y evitar cualquier molestia o daño a la salud.

4. Antes de la manipulación mecánica y/o térmica o el desmontaje del producto, debe tenerse en cuenta
imprescindiblemente el capítulo "Eliminación/protección del medio ambiente", punto 1.

5. Ciertos productos, como p. ej. las instalaciones de radiocomunicación RF, pueden a causa de su
función natural, emitir una radiación electromagnética aumentada. Deben tomarse todas las medidas
necesarias para la protección de las mujeres embarazadas. También las personas con marcapasos
pueden correr peligro a causa de la radiación electromagnética. El empresario/operador tiene la
obligación de evaluar y señalizar las áreas de trabajo en las que exista un riesgo elevado de
exposición a radiaciones.

6. Tenga en cuenta que en caso de incendio pueden desprenderse del producto sustancias tóxicas
(gases, líquidos etc.) que pueden generar daños a la salud. Por eso, en caso de incendio deben
usarse medidas adecuadas, como p. ej. máscaras antigás e indumentaria de protección.

7. Los productos con láser están provistos de indicaciones de advertencia normalizadas en función de la
clase de láser del que se trate. Los rayos láser pueden provocar daños de tipo biológico a causa de
las propiedades de su radiación y debido a su concentración extrema de potencia electromagnética.
En caso de que un producto Rohde & Schwarz contenga un producto láser (p. ej. un lector de
CD/DVD), no debe usarse ninguna otra configuración o función aparte de las descritas en la
documentación del producto, a fin de evitar lesiones (p. ej. debidas a irradiación láser).

8. Clases de compatibilidad electromagnética (conforme a EN 55011 / CISPR 11; y en analogía con EN
55022 / CISPR 22, EN 55032 / CISPR 32)
 Aparato de clase A:

Aparato adecuado para su uso en todos los entornos excepto en los residenciales y en aquellos
conectados directamente a una red de distribución de baja tensión que suministra corriente a
edificios residenciales.
Nota: Los aparatos de clase A están destinados al uso en entornos industriales. Estos aparatos
pueden causar perturbaciones radioeléctricas en entornos residenciales debido a posibles
perturbaciones guiadas o radiadas. En este caso, se le podrá solicitar al operador que tome las
medidas adecuadas para eliminar estas perturbaciones.

 Aparato de clase B:

Aparato adecuado para su uso en entornos residenciales, así como en aquellos conectados
directamente a una red de distribución de baja tensión que suministra corriente a edificios
residenciales.

1171.0000.42 - 07 Page 12

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Reparación y mantenimiento

1. El producto solamente debe ser abierto por personal especializado con autorización para ello. Antes
de manipular el producto o abrirlo, es obligatorio desconectarlo de la tensión de alimentación, para
evitar toda posibilidad de choque eléctrico.

2. El ajuste, el cambio de partes, el mantenimiento y la reparación deberán ser efectuadas solamente

or electricistas autorizados por Rohde & Schwarz. Si se reponen partes con importancia para los

p
aspectos de seguridad (p. ej. el enchufe, los transformadores o los fusibles), solamente podrán ser
sustituidos por partes originales. Después de cada cambio de partes relevantes para la seguridad
deberá realizarse un control de seguridad (control a primera vista, control del conductor de
protección, medición de resistencia de aislamiento, medición de la corriente de fuga, control de
funcionamiento). Con esto queda garantizada la seguridad del producto.

Baterías y acumuladores o celdas

Si no se siguen (o se siguen de modo insuficiente) las indicaciones en cuanto a las baterías y
acumuladores o celdas, pueden producirse explosiones, incendios y/o lesiones graves con posible
consecuencia de muerte. El manejo de baterías y acumuladores con electrolitos alcalinos (p. ej. celdas de
litio) debe seguir el estándar EN 62133.

1. No deben desmontarse, abrirse ni triturarse las celdas.

2. Las celdas o baterías no deben someterse a calor ni fuego. Debe evitarse el almacenamiento a la luz
directa del sol. Las celdas y baterías deben mantenerse limpias y secas. Limpiar las conexiones
sucias con un paño seco y limpio.

3. Las celdas o baterías no deben cortocircuitarse. Es peligroso almacenar las celdas o baterías en
estuches o cajones en cuyo interior puedan cortocircuitarse por contacto recíproco o por contacto con
otros materiales conductores. No deben extraerse las celdas o baterías de sus embalajes originales
hasta el momento en que vayan a utilizarse.

4. Las celdas o baterías no deben someterse a impactos mecánicos fuertes indebidos.

5. En caso de falta de estanqueidad de una celda, el líquido vertido no debe entrar en contacto con la
piel ni los ojos. Si se produce contacto, lavar con agua abundante la zona afectada y avisar a un
médico.

6. En caso de cambio o recarga inadecuados, las celdas o baterías que contienen electrolitos alcalinos
(p. ej. las celdas de litio) pueden explotar. Para garantizar la seguridad del producto, las celdas o
baterías solo deben ser sustituidas por el tipo Rohde & Schwarz correspondiente (ver lista de
recambios).

7. Las baterías y celdas deben reciclarse y no deben tirarse a la basura doméstica. Las baterías o
acumuladores que contienen plomo, mercurio o cadmio deben tratarse como residuos especiales.
Respete en esta relación las normas nacionales de eliminación y reciclaje.

Transporte

1. El producto puede tener un peso elevado. Por eso es necesario desplazarlo o transportarlo con
precaución y, si es necesario, usando un sistema de elevación adecuado (p. ej. una carretilla
elevadora), a fin de evitar lesiones en la espalda u otros daños personales.

1171.0000.42 - 07 Page 13

nstrucciones de seguridad elementales

I

2. Las asas instaladas en los productos sirven solamente de ayuda para el transporte del producto por
personas. Por eso no está permitido utilizar las asas para la sujeción en o sobre medios de transporte
como p. ej. grúas, carretillas elevadoras de horquilla, carros etc. Es responsabilidad suya fijar los
productos de manera segura a los medios de transporte o elevación. Para evitar daños personales o
daños en el producto, siga las instrucciones de seguridad del fabricante del medio de transporte o
elevación utilizado.

3. Si se utiliza el producto dentro de un vehículo, recae de manera exclusiva en el conductor la
responsabilidad de conducir el vehículo de manera segura y adecuada. El fabricante no asumirá
ninguna responsabilidad por accidentes o colisiones. No utilice nunca el producto dentro de un
vehículo en movimiento si esto pudiera distraer al conductor. Asegure el producto dentro del vehículo
debidamente para evitar, en caso de un accidente, lesiones u otra clase de daños.

Eliminación/protección del medio ambiente

1. Los dispositivos marcados contienen una batería o un acumulador que no se debe desechar con los
residuos domésticos sin clasificar, sino que debe ser recogido por separado. La eliminación se debe
efectuar exclusivamente a través de un punto de recogida apropiado o del servicio de atención al
cliente de Rohde & Schwarz.

2. Los dispositivos eléctricos usados no se deben desechar con los residuos domésticos sin clasificar,
sino que deben ser recogidos por separado.
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co.KG ha elaborado un concepto de eliminación de residuos y asume
plenamente los deberes de recogida y eliminación para los fabricantes dentro de la UE. Para
desechar el producto de manera respetuosa con el medio ambiente, diríjase a su servicio de atención
al cliente de Rohde & Schwarz.

3. Si se trabaja de manera mecánica y/o térmica cualquier producto o componente más allá del
funcionamiento previsto, pueden liberarse sustancias peligrosas (polvos con contenido de metales
pesados como p. ej. plomo, berilio o níquel). Por eso el producto solo debe ser desmontado por
personal especializado con formación adecuada. Un desmontaje inadecuado puede ocasionar daños
para la salud. Se deben tener en cuenta las directivas nacionales referentes a la eliminación de
residuos.

4. En caso de que durante el trato del producto se formen sustancias peligrosas o combustibles que
deban tratarse como residuos especiales (p. ej. refrigerantes o aceites de motor con intervalos de
cambio definidos), deben tenerse en cuenta las indicaciones de seguridad del fabricante de dichas
sustancias y las normas regionales de eliminación de residuos. Tenga en cuenta también en caso
necesario las indicaciones de seguridad especiales contenidas en la documentación del producto. La
eliminación incorrecta de sustancias peligrosas o combustibles puede causar daños a la salud o
daños al medio ambiente.

Se puede encontrar más información sobre la protección del medio ambiente en la página web de
Rohde & Schwarz.

1171.0000.42 - 07 Page 14

Customer Support

Technical support – where and when you need it

For quick, expert help with any Rohde & Schwarz equipment, contact one of our Customer Support
Centers. A team of highly qualified engineers provides telephone support and will work with you to find a
solution to your query on any aspect of the operation, programming or applications of Rohde & Schwarz
equipment.

Up-to-date information and upgrades

To keep your instrument up-to-date and to be informed about new application notes related to your
instrument, please send an e-mail to the Customer Support Center stating your instrument and your wish.
We will take care that you will get the right information.

Europe, Africa, Middle East

North America

Latin America

Asia/Pacific

China

Phone [phone]

[e-mail]

Phone 1-888-TEST-RSA (1-888-837-8772)

[e-mail]

Phone [phone]

[e-mail]

Phone [phone]

[e-mail]

Phone [phone] /
[phone]

[e-mail]

1171.0200.22-06.00

R&S FSC Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Documentation Overview ................................................................... 6

1.2.1 Using the Alphanumeric Keys ........................................................................................ 9

1.2.2 Confirming and Cancelling Entries ..............................................................................10

1.2.3 Using the Rotary Knob .................................................................................................10

1.2.4 Using the Cursor Keys .................................................................................................11

1.2.5 Remote Operation........................................................................................................11

1.7.1 Saving Datasets ...........................................................................................................15

Conventions Used in the Documentation ......................................... 7

1 Operating the R&S FSC ...................................................................... 8

1.1 Screen Layout and Elements ...................................................................................... 8

1.2 Means of Input .............................................................................................................. 9

1.3 Presetting the R&S FSC ............................................................................................12

1.4 Configuring Measurements ......................................................................................12

1.5 Configuring the Instrument ......................................................................................12

1.6 Taking Screenshots ...................................................................................................13

1.7 Managing Datasets ....................................................................................................14

1.7.2 Restoring Datasets ......................................................................................................19

1.7.3 Deleting Datasets.........................................................................................................20

1.8 Updating the Firmware ..............................................................................................21

2 Spectrum Analyzer Mode ................................................................. 22

2.1 Performing Spectrum Measurements ......................................................................22

2.1.1 Measuring the Channel Power of Continuously Modulated Signals ............................22

2.1.2 Measuring the Occupied Bandwidth ............................................................................26

2.1.3 Power Measurements on TDMA Signals .....................................................................30

2.1.4 Measuring the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) ...........................................33

2.1.5 Measuring the Spectrum Emission Mask ....................................................................41

2.1.6 Measuring the Harmonic Distortion .............................................................................44

2.1.7 Measuring the AM Modulation Depth ..........................................................................46

2.2 Configuring Spectrum Measurements ....................................................................48

Operating Manual 1173.0966.12 - 07 1

R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.2.1 Configuring the Horizontal Axis ...................................................................................48

2.2.2 Configuring the Vertical Axis ........................................................................................51

2.2.3 Setting Bandwidths ......................................................................................................55

2.2.4 Configuring and Triggering the Sweep ........................................................................58

2.2.5 Working with Traces ....................................................................................................63

2.2.6 Using Markers ..............................................................................................................68

2.2.7 Using Display Lines .....................................................................................................76

2.2.8 Using Limit Lines..........................................................................................................77

2.3 Working with Channel Tables ...................................................................................80

2.4 Using Transducer Factors ........................................................................................81

2.4.1 Unit for Measurements with Transducers ....................................................................82

2.4.2 Setting the Reference Level ........................................................................................82

2.4.3 Frequency Range of Transducer .................................................................................83

2.4.4 Data Sets Containing Transducer Factors ..................................................................83

3 Power Sensors .................................................................................. 84

3.1 Using a Power Sensor ...............................................................................................84

3.1.1 Connecting a Power Sensor ........................................................................................85

3.1.2 Performing and Configuring Measurements ................................................................86

4 Network Analyzer Mode ................................................................... 89

4.1 Calibrating Measurements ........................................................................................90

4.2 Performing Scalar Measurements ............................................................................93

4.2.1 Measuring the Transmission ....................................................................................93

4.3 Evaluating the Results ..............................................................................................94

4.3.1 Configuring the Vertical Axis ........................................................................................94

4.3.2 Using Markers ..............................................................................................................96

4.3.3 Working with Channel Tables ......................................................................................96

4.3.4 Using Limit Lines..........................................................................................................97

4.3.5 Using Trace Mathematics ............................................................................................97

5 Menu and Softkey Overview ............................................................ 98

5.1 General Functions .....................................................................................................98

5.1.1 General R&S FSC Setup .............................................................................................98

Operating Manual 1173.0966.12 - 07 2

5.1.2 File Management .........................................................................................................99

R&S FSC Table of Contents

5.1.3 Operating Mode Selection ...........................................................................................99

5.2 Functions of the Spectrum Analyzer .....................................................................100

5.2.1 Measurement Selection .............................................................................................100

5.2.2 Frequency Parameters ..............................................................................................102

5.2.3 Span Selection ...........................................................................................................102

5.2.4 Amplitude Parameters ...............................................................................................102

5.2.5 Sweep Configuration .................................................................................................103

5.2.6 Bandwidth Selection ..................................................................................................103

5.2.7 Trace Functionality.....................................................................................................103

5.2.8 Display and Limit Lines ..............................................................................................103

5.2.9 Markers ......................................................................................................................104

5.3 Functions of the Network Analyzer ........................................................................105

5.3.1 Measurement Configuration ......................................................................................105

5.3.2 Frequency Parameters ..............................................................................................105

5.3.3 Span Selection ...........................................................................................................105

5.3.4 Amplitude Parameters ...............................................................................................106

5.3.5 Sweep Configuration .................................................................................................106

5.3.6 Bandwidth Selection ..................................................................................................106

5.3.7 Trace Functionality.....................................................................................................106

5.3.8 Limit Lines ..................................................................................................................107

5.3.9 Markers ......................................................................................................................107

5.4 Functions of the Power Meter ................................................................................108

5.4.1 Power Meter Measurements ......................................................................................108

5.4.2 Frequency Parameters ..............................................................................................108

5.4.3 Amplitude Parameters ...............................................................................................108

6 How a Spectrum Analyzer Works .................................................. 109

7 Remote Control ............................................................................... 114

7.1 Interfaces and Protocols .........................................................................................114

7.1.1 LAN Interface .............................................................................................................115

7.1.2 USB Interface .............................................................................................................115

7.1.3 Protocols ....................................................................................................................115

7.2 Setting Up the Remote Control Connection .........................................................117

Operating Manual 1173.0966.12 - 07 3

7.2.1 Preparing for Remote Control ....................................................................................117

R&S FSC Table of Contents

7.3 Instrument Model and Command Processing ......................................................118

7.3.1 Input Unit ....................................................................................................................118

7.3.2 Command Recognition ..............................................................................................119

7.3.3 Data Base and Instrument Hardware ........................................................................119

7.3.4 Status Reporting System ...........................................................................................119

7.3.5 Output Unit .................................................................................................................120

7.4 SCPI Command Structure and Syntax ..................................................................120

7.4.1 Structure of a Command ............................................................................................120

7.4.2 Parameters ................................................................................................................125

7.4.3 Structure of a Program Message ...............................................................................128

7.4.4 Responses to Queries ...............................................................................................129

7.5 Command Sequence and Command Synchronization ........................................130

8 Remote Control – Commands ....................................................... 131

8.1 Common Commands ...............................................................................................132

8.2 Remote Commands of the Spectrum Analyzer ....................................................135

8.2.1 Configuring the Horizontal Axis .................................................................................135

8.2.2 Configuring the Vertical Axis ......................................................................................140

8.2.3 Setting the Bandwidths ..............................................................................................146

8.2.4 Performing and Triggering Measurements ................................................................148

8.2.5 Working with Traces ..................................................................................................154

8.2.6 Using Markers ............................................................................................................159

8.2.7 Using Display Lines and Limit Lines ..........................................................................174

8.2.8 Configuring and Using Measurement Functions .......................................................180

8.3 Remote Commands of the Network Analyzer Mode ............................................206

8.3.1 Configuring the Horizontal Axis .................................................................................206

8.3.2 Configuring the Vertical Axis ......................................................................................206

8.3.3 Setting the Bandwidths ..............................................................................................209

8.3.4 Performing and Triggering the Measurement ............................................................209

8.3.5 Working with Traces ..................................................................................................209

8.3.6 Using Markers and Deltamarkers ..............................................................................210

8.3.7 Configuring the Measurement ...................................................................................214

8.4 Remote Commands of the Power Meter ................................................................216

Operating Manual 1173.0966.12 - 07 4

8.4.1 Setting the Frequency ................................................................................................216

R&S FSC Table of Contents

8.4.2 Configuring Power Level Readout .............................................................................216

8.4.3 Performing Measurements with the Power Sensor ...................................................218

8.5 File Management ......................................................................................................220

8.6 Making and Storing Screenshots ...........................................................................227

8.7 Configuring Data Capture .......................................................................................228

8.8 Configuring the Instrument ....................................................................................230

8.8.1 Mode Selection ..........................................................................................................230

8.8.2 Display Configuration .................................................................................................231

8.8.3 Audio Settings ............................................................................................................232

8.8.4 Setting up a Network Connection ..............................................................................233

8.8.5 System Settings .........................................................................................................236

8.9 Status Reporting System ........................................................................................245

8.9.1 Structure of an SCPI Status Register ........................................................................245

8.9.2 Overview of the Status Register ................................................................................247

8.9.3 Status Byte (STB) & Service Request Enable Register (SRE) .................................248

8.9.4 Event Status Register (ESR) and Event Status Enable Register (ESE) ...................249

8.9.5 Application of the Status Reporting Systems ............................................................252

8.9.6 Reset Values of the Status Reporting System ..........................................................254

8.9.7 Remote Commands of the Status Reporting System ................................................255

Alphabetical List of Remote Commands ...................................... 260

Index ................................................................................................ 267

Operating Manual 1173.0966.12 - 07 5

R&S FSC Documentation Overview

Documentation Overview

The user documentation for the R&S FSC is divided as follows:

Quick Start Guide

The Quick Start Guide provides basic information on the instrument's functions.

It covers the following topics:

● overview of all elements of the front and rear panels

● basic information on how to set up the R&S FSC

● information on how to operate the R&S FSC in a network

● instructions on how to perform measurements

Operating Manual

The Operating Manual provides a detailed description on the instrument's functions

It covers the following topics:

● instructions on how to set up and operate the R&S FSC in its various operating
modes

● instructions on how to perform measurements with the R&S FSC

● instructions on how to work with the available software options and applications

Service Manual

The Service Manual provides information on maintenance.

It covers the following topics:

● instructions on how to perform a performance test

● instructions on how to repair the R&S FSC including a spare parts list

● mechanical drawings

Release Notes

The release notes describe the installation of the firmware, new and modified
functions, eliminated problems, and last minute changes to the documentation. The
corresponding firmware version is indicated on the title page of the release notes. The
current release notes are provided on the internet.

Internet Site

The internet site at: http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/fsc.html provides the most
up to date information on the R&S FSC. The most recent manuals are available as
printable PDF files in the download area.

Also provided for download are firmware updates including the corresponding release
notes, instrument drivers, current data sheets, application notes and image versions.

Operating Manual 1173.0966.12 - 07 6

program code

R&S FSC Conventions Used in the Documentation

Conventions Used in the Documentation

The following conventions are used throughout the R&S R&S FSC Operating Manual:

Typographical conventions

Convention Description

“Graphical user interface elements” All names of graphical user interface elements both on the screen

and on the front and rear panels, such as dialog boxes, softkeys,
menus, options, buttons etc., are enclosed by quotation marks.

“KEYS” Key names are written in capital letters and enclosed by quotation

marks.

Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.

File names, commands,

"Links" Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.

"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by

File names, commands, coding samples and screen output are
distinguished by their font.

quotation marks.

Other conventions

● Remote commands: Remote commands may include abbreviations to simplify
input. In the description of such commands, all parts that have to be entered are
written in capital letters. Additional text in lower-case characters is for information
only.

Operating Manual 1173.0966.12 - 07 7

R&S FSC Table of Contents

1 Operating the R&S FSC

This chapter provides information about basic functionality and about the user interface
of the R&S FSC.

1.1 Screen Layout and Elements

The following figure shows the screen layout in cable and antenna test operating
mode. It shows all elements that are the same for all operating modes of the R&S FSC.
Screen layouts that show specifics for each operating mode or measurement are
provided in the corresponding sections of this manual.

1 Measurement information 11 Active menu item

2 Date and time 12 Unavailable menu item

3 Hardware settings 13 Selectable menu item

4 Marker information 14 Currently selected menu item

5 Reference position 15 Input field

6 Invalid trace indicator and

overload information

7 Diagram 17 Selectable softkey

8 Marker 18 Active softkey function

9 Trace 19 Unavailable softkey

10 Horizontal axis labeling 20 Currently selected softkey

16 Vertical axis labeling

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1.2 Means of Input

The user interface of the R&S FSC provides several elements for you to input data.

1 Alphanumeric keys
2 Unit keys
3 Enter key
4 Cancel key
5 Back key

1.2.1 Using the Alphanumeric Keys

Using the alphanumeric keys, you can enter numeric values or characters. The
alphanumeric keys include the numbers from 0 to 9, the alphabet, a minus sign and
dot.

If you have to enter a numeric value, press the corresponding key. In case of numeric
values, each key covers just the number that's printed on it.

You can enter negative values with the minus sign key and enter values that contain
decimal places with the dot key.

If the R&S FSC asks you to enter a character or you need to enter a character (e.g. file
names), the key assignment changes. Each key covers one number and more than
one character with the first choice being a character. If you need to enter a character,
press the key several times until the character you require is selected. The following
table shows an overview of character assignment.

You can correct entries with the BACK key. The BACK key moves the cursor one
position backwards and deletes the character that was in that place.

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1.2.2 Confirming and Cancelling Entries

Depending on the input you have made, there are several ways to confirm entries.

● Values without unit or values that have a fixed unit that you enter in an input field
can be confirmed with the ENTER key or by pressing the center of the rotary knob.

Alternatively, you can confirm such an entry by pressing the softkey that has
opened the input field in question.

● Values that have flexible units, like frequency or time, can be confirmed with one of
the unit keys.

If you confirm a such a value with the ENTER key, the R&S FSC always uses the
smallest possible unit (e.g. Hz).

● If you have opened a submenu or input field by accident, you can close it without
making any changes with the CANC E L k e y.

1.2.3 Using the Rotary Knob

Using the rotary knob, you can do several things.

● The rotary knob works like a cursor key in dialog boxes or softkey submenus. In
that case you can navigate to one of the items with the rotary knob. If the dialog
box covers more than one screen page, it also scrolls through the dialog box.

Turning it to the right corresponds to a downward movement. Moving it to the left to
an upward movement.

● The rotary knob increases or decreases any kind of numeric value if an input field
is active.

Turning it to the right corresponds to an increase, turning it to the left to a decrease
of a numeric value.

In most cases, the rotary knob changes numeric values with a fixed step size.

● The rotary knob moves markers around.

Again the step size is fixed.

● Pressing the rotary knob has the same effect as pressing the ENTER key as it
confirms an entry or selection.

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1.2.4 Using the Cursor Keys

Using the cursor keys, you can do several things.

● The cursor keys navigate through dialog boxes or softkey submenus.

● The up and down keys increase or decrease any kind of numeric value if an input

field is active.

The cursor keys change numeric values with a fixed step size.

● The up and down keys move markers around.

The step size is fixed.

● The left and right keys move the cursor in an input field in the corresponding
direction.

1.2.5 Remote Operation

Remote operation is a way to control the R&S FSC from another device like a PC. To
use the R&S FSC this way, you have to establish a connection between both devices
via the LAN or USB interfaces of the R&S FSC.

The product range of the R&S FSC provides several tools for remote operation.

Remote control

The R&S FSC-K40 is a firmware option to control the R&S FSC with remote control
commands that are compatible to the SCPI standard.

You can download the user manual for the R&S FSC-K40 from the R&S website.

Remote desktop with R&S FSCView

The remote desktop is an application provided by the R&S FSCView software. You can
use it to access and control the R&S FSC in the R&S FSCView environment.

While the R&S FSC is running and connected to the control computer, the screen
contents and control elements (keys, softkeys etc.) are displayed. Thus, you can
operate the R&S FSC just like the hardware itself.

► Connect the R&S FSC to the control computer.

► Start the R&S FSCView software.

► Press the "Remote Display" button (

The software opens the remote display to operate the R&S FSC remotely.

) in the user interface.

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1.3 Presetting the R&S FSC

Before you prepare a measurement, it is recommended to preset the R&S FSC. During
a preset, the R&S FSC resets all settings to their default state. Restoring the default
configuration has the advantage that old settings do not affect measurements.

The default setup is specific to the operating mode.

► Press the PRESET key.

The R&S FSC restores its default setup.

You can also define your own default settings via a dataset. These are then loaded
after pressing the PRESET key instead of the factory default.

► Press the SETUP key.

► Press the "User Preferences" softkey.

► Select the "Preset Dataset" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select the dataset that contains the settings
you would like to have as the preset settings.

► Select the dataset with the settings you want.

► Select the "Preset Mode" menu item in the "User Preferences" dialog box.

► Select the "User Defined" item from the dropdown menu.

The R&S FSC now loads the settings of the dataset after you press PRESET.

1.4 Configuring Measurements

The "Measurement Setup" dialog box provides an overview of the current configuration
of the R&S FSC. In addition, you can also change the configuration in this dialog box.

► Press the SETUP key.

► Press the "Measurement Setup" softkey.

► Select one of the menu items and change the settings as you like.

Note that the contents of the "Measurement Setup" dialog box are customized for each
operating mode of the R&S FSC. Therefore, the order and number of displayed
settings is different in each mode.

1.5 Configuring the Instrument

The "Instrument Setup" dialog box contains functionality that is independent of the
operating mode.

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Saving screenshot and dataset at the same time

Depe
the

For more information see "

1.6 Taking Screenshots

You can take and store a screenshot of the current screen anytime with the HCOPY
key.

► Press the HCOPY key.

The R&S FSC takes a screenshot.

If available, the R&S FSC stores the screenshot on an external storage device (USB
memory stick or SD card). If both are connected, the R&S FSC uses the SD card.

If no external device is available, the R&S FSC stores the screenshot in its internal
memory (if there is enough left). In that case you can transfer the pictures with the
R&S FSCView software to your computer.

nding on the "Capture" settings available in the "User Preference" menu, using

HCOPY key also saves a dataset in addition to the screenshot.

Managing Datasets" on page 14.

Screenshot file name

All screenshots get a default file name "Screenshot####". The files also get numbers
(####) in ascending order, beginning with 0000. You can select a default file name and
start number in the "User Preference" menu.

► Press the SETUP key.

► Press the "User Preference" softkey.

► Select the "Default Filename" and "File Name Counter Starts At" items and assign

a file name and number as you wish.

Screenshot file format

The file format of screenshots is either *.png or *.jpg, depending on your configuration
in the "User Preference" menu.

► Press the SETUP key.

► Press the "User Preference" softkey.

► Select the "Capture Screen Format" item to select the screenshot file format.

Previewing screenshots

If you want to make sure if a screenshot you took contains the wanted information, you
can preview screenshots on the R&S FSC.

► Press the SAVE/RECALL key.

► Press the "Recall Screenshot" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select a screenshot for the preview.

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1.7 Managing Datasets

The R&S FSC provides functionality to manage (save, restore etc.) datasets available
in its internal memory or an external storage device.

Datasets

Basically, the R&S FSC supports various types of datasets. The instructions below
primarily describe managing datasets that you create on the R&S FSC during
measurements, for example measurement results and configurations. Note that these
datasets have the file extension .set.

Datasets with the file extension .set are an image of measurement results and
configurations. Thus, you can subsequently reproduce the context of the
measurement.

You can use datasets for documentation, for example, or use them for a more detailed
analysis later on (for example with the R&S FSCView software). Note that datasets
also contain calibration data if calibration has been performed.

Templates

The R&S FSC also supports various other types of datasets (or templates). Such
templates mainly contain additional requirements for a particular measurement, like
limit lines or channel tables.

Creating and editing these templates is only possible with the functionality provided by
the R&S FSCView software package. Note that the file extension depends on the
application of the template. For example, a template containing a channel table has the
extension .chntab.

For more information on working with templates refer to the documentation of the
R&S FSCView software package.

Data synchronization

The R&S FSCView features a data synchronization that matches the data available on
the R&S FSC and that on the computer with the R&S FSCView installation.

► Press the "Synchronization Control" (

The software opens another dialog box to control synchronization.

By default, the software synchronizes a selected set of data, depending on the
synchronization direction.

● Synchronization from PC to R&S FSC:

) button.

button

Updates all files on the R&S FSC that have been created or edited with the
R&S FSCView software package (cable models, limit lines, transducers, channel
tables etc.).

● Synchronization from R&S FSC to PC:

Updates all files on the PC that have been created on the R&S FSC (datasets,
screenshots and wizard results).

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Removing outdated files

When you turn on "Remove Orphans", the so
R&S

Alternatively, you can synchronize all files at the same time

ftware removes all files from the

FSC that it cannot find on the PC.

(templates and datasets) in one direction (PC to R&S FSC
or R&S FSC to PC), regardless of the file type.

► Turn on "Synchronize All".

► Press either the "FSH ← PC" button to update all files on the R&S FSC based on

the data available on the PC or the "FSH → PC" button to update the files on the
PC based on the data available on the R&S FSC.

1.7.1 Saving Datasets

The R&S FSC allows you to save the data that is currently analyzed at any time.

► Press the SAVE/RECALL key.

The R&S FSC opens the file manager.

► Press the "Save" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens the "Save Dataset" dialog box.

1 Available datasets and folder structure
2 Dataset name input field
3 Remaining memory on selected data storage device
4 File manager softkey menu

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The folder structure shows all available data storage devices. Possible storage devices
are the internal memory of the R&S FSC or a memory stick.

The default storage device depends on which devices are connected to the R&S FSC.

● If a memory stick is connected, datasets are always stored there first.

● The internal memory is used only if no memory stick is connected.

The internal memory provides approximately 20 MB of data, therefore the number of
datasets you save on the R&S FSC is limited. Each dataset needs about 100 kB of
memory, but this value can vary.

If you are using an external storage device, the number of datasets you can save is
limited only by the size of the storage device.

The R&S FSC shows the remaining memory on the storage device in the dialog box.

► Select the storage device you want to save the data to.

► Select the folder you want to save the data to.

► Enter a file name in the corresponding input field.

The default file name for datasets is "Dataset###.set" with a new number in
ascending order for each new dataset. The file extension for datasets is .set.

If you enter another name, the R&S FSC uses that name and assigns a new
number to the file name if you save the data set the next time. This function allows
you to assign consecutive dataset file names without entering a new name every
time you want to save a dataset.

You can enter the file name with the alphanumeric keypad. Each key covers more
than one character. To get the character you want, press the key in question the
appropiate number of times.

► Press the "Save" softkey.

The R&S FSC saves the dataset.

1.7.1.1 Alternative Ways to Save Datasets

The R&S FSC provides alternative and more comfortable ways to save datasets.

Using the HCOPY key

You can configure the HCOPY key to take a screenshot as well as saving a dataset.

► Press the SETUP key.

► Press the "User Preference" softkey.

► Select the "Capture Mode" item.

● Select "Screen" to capture only the screenshot.

● Select "Dataset" to capture only the dataset.

● Select "Screen + Dataset" to capture both screenshot and dataset.

Pressing the HCOPY key saves the selected data of the current measurement.

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► Press ENTER to add the term to

1.7.1.2 Renaming File Names

If necessary, you can rename files or file directories directly on the R&S FSC.

► Enter the "File Manager".

► Select the file or directory you want to rename.

► Press the "Select Action" softkey.

► Select the "Rename" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to change the name of the file.

1.7.1.3 Quick Naming of Datasets

The R&S FSC provides a quick naming feature that speeds up the process of naming
a file.

Putting together a file name

Basically, using the quick naming feature is a way of compiling a file name by putting
one or more predefined text modules or terms together in a logical way.

The various terms are combined in a table, each cell of which contains one term. The
table consists of 120 cells. You can define the contents of each cell freely.

► Press the SAVE/RECALL key.

► Press the "Save" softkey.

► Press the "Quick Naming" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box that contains the terms.

► Select the term you want to add with the cursor keys.

the file name.

The current file name is displayed
in the line above the table.

So, if you perform, for example, an
ACLR measurement of an uplink
LTE signal at a certain location,
you might want that information in
the file name:

► Press the "OK" softkey to exit the quick naming table.

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'Site_LTE_UL_ACLR'

After you have exited the table, the file name appears in the "Save as:" field in the
"Save Dataset" dialog box. If necessary, you can then add additional characters.

R&S FSC Table of Contents

Note that by default, the R&S FSC adds a term without separators between each term.
If you need a separator between the term, you can add a blank space or an
underscore.

► After having added a term, press the "_" softkey or the "Space" softkey.

Or to add a separator automatically upon adding a term.

► Press the "Auto Insert" softkey.

► Select the "Off" menu item to add no separator, the "_" menu item to add an

underscore or the "Space" menu item to add a blank space.

Designing a quick naming table

The firmware of the R&S FSC already has some basic mobile communication terms in
the table. However, you can add up to 120 terms to the table.

► Press the SAVE/RECALL key.

► Press the "Save" softkey.

► Press the "Quick Naming" softkey.

► Select one of the table cells with the cursor keys.

► Press the "Change Table Item" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define a term for the cell.

► Define a term with the number keys and confirm the term with ENTER.

The R&S FSC adds the term to the table.

You can create and edit quick naming tables with the R&S FSCView software package
and then transfer them into the internal memory of the R&S FSC.

► In the "Quick Naming" softkey menu, press the "Import" softkey.

► Select the "Import Quick Naming Table" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select a file to import.

The same way, you can also export a quick naming table.

► In the "Quick Naming" softkey menu, press the "Export" softkey.

► Select the "Export Quick Naming Table" menu item.

1.7.1.4 Converting Dataset File Types

The functionality of the R&S FSCView software allows you to convert a dataset of the
file type *.set into the *.csv format.

The conversion is possible with a command line option for the FSCView.exe file.

The general syntax you have to use is:

FSCView.exe -csv "<InputDataset.set>" "<DestinationFile.csv>"

Note that you have to use quotation marks for the file name if it contains blank spaces.

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Environment variables

The command line option only works if you execute the command from the installation
folder of

Otherwise, you have
location of the .exe file.

You can access the environment variable via the MS Windows control panel.

►

The default installation path is

●

●

If necessary, change the path as required.

Example:

FSCView.exe -csv 'Dataset.set' 'Dataset.csv'

Renames the file Datset.set into Dataset.csv.

R&S FSCView software.

to set a "Path" environment variable to the destination of the

"Start Menu"  "Control Panel"  "System"  "Advanced System Settings"

 "Advanced" tab

 "Environment Variables" button  "System Variables"  "Path"

Add a new variable with the installation path of the software.

C:\Program Files\Rohde-Schwarz\FSC View\ (for Windows XP, Vista and 7 (32-bit)

C:\Program Files (x86)\Rohde-Schwarz\FSC View\ (for Windows 7 64-bit)

1.7.2 Restoring Datasets

You can preview and load previously saved measurement results with the recall
function of the R&S FSC. This function also provides easy access to previous
measurement settings so that you do not have to set up the R&S FSC again.

► Press the SAVE/RECALL key.

The R&S FSC opens the file manager.

► Select the dataset you want to use.

The R&S FSC restores the configuration that the dataset contains.

1.7.2.1 Previewing a Dataset

By default, the most recently saved dataset is highlighted. If you need another dataset,
navigate to the folder or storage device that contains the dataset you need.

The R&S FSC provides a preview of datasets. The preview is like a screenshot and
lets you take a quick look at that measurement and its settings. The R&S FSC does
not yet activate the measurement settings of that dataset.

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► Browse through the available datasets and select the one you want.

► Press the "Recall" softkey.

The R&S FSC shows a preview of the measurement contained in the selected
dataset. The preview shows the measurement results as well as the measurement
settings.

► Use the rotary knob to browse the previews of all datasets available in the selected

folder.

► Press the "Exit" softkey to return to the "Recall Dataset" dialog box.

1.7.2.2 Loading a Dataset

If you find a dataset whose settings you need for your current measurement task, you
can load it.

► Press the "Activate" softkey.

The R&S FSC loads the dataset in question and adjusts its measurement settings
to those of the dataset.

1.7.3 Deleting Datasets

If you have to delete a dataset, you can do so with the file manager.

► Press the SAVE/RECALL key.

► Press the "File Manager" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens the file manager.

► In order to delete a single dataset, press the "Select Action" softkey. Select

"Delete" and the dataset currently selected is deleted after your confirmation.

In order to delete multiple data sets, the respective datasets have to be marked first.

► Press the "Mark" softkey to mark files for deletion

► Select the dataset you'd like to delete.

► Mark the data sets with the ENTER key.

The selected data sets should be checked in the "Status" column.

Repeat the selection by moving the cursor with the rotary knob or the cursor key
and marking more data sets with the ENTER key.

► Press the "Select Action" softkey.

► Select the "Delete" menu item and confirm with the ENTER key or the "Select

Action" softkey.

Before deleting the data set, the R&S FSC shows a warning message that you
need to confirm. After confirming the deletion process the R&S FSC deletes the
selected data sets from its memory.

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1.8 Updating the Firmware

You can download new firmware versions from the R&S FSC website.

http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/fsc.html

The website also provides release notes for each new firmware version. The release
notes include instructions on how to perform a firmware update.

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2 Spectrum Analyzer Mode

The default operating mode of the R&S FSC is the spectrum analyzer. The spectrum
analyzer provides the functionality to perform measurements in the frequency domain,
e.g. to identify the power of signals.

2.1 Performing Spectrum Measurements

In addition to basic spectrum measurements, the R&S FSC provides several specific
measurements. These measurements, also in combination with one of the available
accessories, allow you to perform advanced and more complex measurement tasks.

2.1.1 Measuring the Channel Power of Continuously Modulated Signals

The channel power measurement selectively measures the power of modulated
signals. Unlike a power meter that performs measurements over its entire frequency
range, the channel power measurement measures the power of a specific transmission
channel. Other signals in the frequency spectrum don't show in the results.

When measuring the spectrum within a channel, the R&S FSC uses a resolution
bandwidth that is small compared to the channel bandwidth. It then determines the
total power of the channel by integrating the results on the trace. The R&S FSC takes
the following parameters into account:

● display mode (absolute or relative)

● detector

● resolution bandwidth

That means that you can compare the result to the result that would have been
obtained from a thermal power meter. The small resolution bandwidth acts like a
narrow channel filter and so prevents out-of-channel emissions from affecting the
result.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Meas Mode" softkey.

► Select the "Channel Power" menu item.

The R&S FSC starts to measure the channel power.

By default, the 3GPP WCDMA standard is active. Two vertical lines show the
channel bandwidth.

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Screen layout for channel power measurements

1 Standard
2 Channel bandwidth
3 Channel power numerical
4 Channel bandwidth graphical (blue lines)
5 Channel power measurement softkey menu

2.1.1.1 Selecting the Standard

If you need to perform measurements that are conform to a telecommunications
standard, you can activate one of the predefined standards that are already stored in
the R&S FSC memory. However, you can create new configurations to perform
measurements on other standards as well.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Standard" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select the standard.

► Select one of the available standards.

► Confirm the selection with the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSC loads the configuration of the selected standard. It automatically
sets the optimal span, resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, sweep time and
detector for the standard.

If the measurement is not according to the selected standard anymore (e.g. if you
make changes to a parameter), the R&S FSC puts a red dot in front of the
standard display (

You can create and edit standards with the R&S FSCView software and transfer them
to the R&S FSC via the USB or the LAN interface. The number of standards the
R&S FSC can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets stored on
the R&S FSC.

).

For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 14.

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The R&S FSC performs a

2.1.1.2 Setting the Reference Level

The reference level is the power level that the R&S FSC expects at the RF input. When
selecting the reference level, make sure that you do not overload the R&S FSC by
applying a signal whose power exeeds the maximum reference level.

As the power is measured with a small resolution bandwidth compared to the signal
bandwidth, it is still possible to overload the R&S FSC, even if the trace is within the
measurement diagram. To prevent an overload, perform the measurement with the
largest resolution bandwidth possible using the peak detector. If you set these
parameters, it is not possible for the trace to exceed the reference level.

To simplify operation and to prevent incorrect measurements, the R&S FSC has an
automatic routine for setting the reference level.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Level Adjust" softkey.

measurement to determine the
optimal reference level.

It uses a resolution bandwidth of 1 MHz, a video bandwidth of 1 MHz and the peak
detector. After finishing the automatic measurement, the R&S FSC sets the optimal
reference level.

2.1.1.3 Setting the Channel Bandwidth

The channel bandwidth specifies the frequency range around the center frequency,
over which the R&S FSC performs the power measurement.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Chan BW " softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to specify the channel bandwidth.

► Enter the channel bandwidth you need.

The R&S FSC sets the appropriate span for the channel bandwidth that you have
entered (span = 1.2 x channel bandwidth). This ensures that no incorrect channel
power measurements are made.

The minimum channel bandwidth that you can set is 833 Hz at a span of 1 kHz.

2.1.1.4 Changing the Span

Usually, the span the R&S FSC sets yields optimal results. But sometimes you also
need to see the spectrum outside the current span to detect other signal components
that you need to include in the measurement. Therefore, you can adjust the span to up
to ten times the channel bandwidth and hence still be able to see the spectrum outside
the measurement channel.

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► Press the SPAN key.

In the default configuration, "Auto Span" is active. The R&S FSC automatically sets
the optimal span for the channel power measurement.

► Press the "Manual Span" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the span manually.

► Enter the span you need.

The largest possible span for the channel power measurement is ten times the
channel bandwidth. At larger spans, the result of the channel power measurement
would be increasingly imprecise, because too few points of the trace would be in
the channel you are measuring.

► Press the "Auto Span" softkey.

The R&S FSC again calculates the span automatically.

2.1.1.5 Measuring the Maximum Channel Power

If signal levels fluctuate significantly, you can define the maximum channel power with
the Max Hold function.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Power Display" softkey.

► Select the "Max Hold" menu item.

The power display switches from "Power" to "Max Power".

If you want to deactivate the Max Hold function and return to the normal power display,
activate Clear/Write.

► To deactivate the Max Hold function, press the "Power Display" softkey.

► Select the "Clear/Write" menu item.

The power display returns to "Power" display.

2.1.1.6 Unit for Power Display

The R&S FSC can apply different units to the power output. The default unit is dBm.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Power Unit" softkey.

► Select the unit you want from the submenu.

The R&S FSC displays the power level in the selected unit.

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2.1.2 Measuring the Occupied Bandwidth

The proper operation of a transmission network requires that all transmitters adhere to
the bandwidths assigned to them. The occupied bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth
that contains a specified percentage of the entire power of the transmitter.

Numerous standards require a occupied bandwidth of 99 %. Therefore this is the
default setting. If you need another percentage for the occupied bandwidth you can set
values from 10 % to 99.9 %.

After entering the channel bandwidth, the R&S FSC automatically selects the
measurement parameters so that you can attain the best result.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Meas Mode" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens the measurement menu.

► Select the "Occupied BW" menu item.

The R&S FSC starts to measure the occupied bandwidth.

Two vertical lines show the occupied bandwidth.

Screen layout for the occupied bandwidth

1 Standard
2 Occupied bandwidth numerical
3 Channel bandwidth
4 Power percentage
5 Occupied bandwidth graphical (blue lines)
5 Occupied bandwidth measurement softkey menu

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.1.2.1 Selecting a Standard

If you need to perform measurements that are conform to a telecommunications
standard, you can activate one of the predefined standards that are already stored in
the R&S FSC memory. However, you can create new configurations to perform
measurements on other standards as well.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Standard" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select the standard.

► Select one of the available standards.

► Confirm the selection with the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSC loads the configuration of the selected standard. It automatically
sets the optimal span, resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, sweep time and
detector for the standard.

You can create and edit standards with the R&S FSCView software and transfer them
to the R&S FSC via the USB or the LAN interface. The number of standards the
R&S FSC can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets stored on
the R&S FSC.

For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 14.

If you make changes to the settings or create datasets, note that

● the span is always coupled to the channel bandwidth. Changes to either of those
automatically adjust the other (= 5 x channel bandwidth).

● the resolution bandwidth should be between 1 % and 4 % of the channel
bandwidth. This ensures that the occupied bandwidth is measured with high
accuracy.

● the video bandwidth must be at least three times the resolution bandwidth. This
prevents incorrect results due to the compression of signal peaks by the video
filter.

● you use the RMS detector if possible. This ensures that the power measurement is
always correct irrespective of the waveform being investigated.

● the sweep time must be set so that the result is stable. If you increase the sweep
time, the R&S FSC also increases the integration time for the RMS detector and
thus ensures more stable measured values.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.1.2.2 Setting the Reference Level

The reference level is the power level that the R&S FSC expects at the RF input. When
selecting the reference level, make sure that you do not overload the R&S FSC by
applying a signal whose power exeeds the maximum reference level.

As the power is measured with a small resolution bandwidth compared to the signal
bandwidth, it is still possible to overload the R&S FSC, even if the trace is within the
measurement diagram.

To prevent an overload, perform the measurement with the largest resolution
bandwidth possible using the peak detector. If you set these parameters, it is not
possible for the trace to exceed the reference level.

To simplify operation and to prevent incorrect measurements, the R&S FSC has an
automatic routine for setting the reference level.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Level Adjust" softkey.

The R&S FSC performs a measurement to determine the ideal reference level.

It uses a resolution bandwidth of 1 MHz, a video bandwidth of 1 MHz and the peak
detector. After finishing the automatic measurement, the R&S FSC sets the ideal
reference level.

2.1.2.3 Setting the Channel Bandwidth

The channel bandwidth specifies the frequency range around the center frequency,
over which the R&S FSC performs the power measurement.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Chan BW" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to specify the channel bandwidth.

► Enter the channel bandwidth you need.

The R&S FSC sets the appropriate span for the channel bandwidth that you have
entered (span = 5 x channel bandwidth). This ensures that no incorrect channel
power measurements are made.

The minimum channel bandwidth that you can set is 2 kHz at a span of 1 kHz.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.1.2.4 Defining the Percentage of Occupied Bandwidth

By default, the power percentage inside the occupied bandwidth is 99 %, a number
most standards require. If you measure standards that specify another power
percentage you can change that value.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "% Power BW" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the power percentage.

► Enter the power percentage you need.

The value you enter here is the power percentage that has to be inside the channel
bandwidth relative to the power over the total span (the percentage of the total
power).

The R&S FSC now displays the occupied bandwidth graphically in the trace
window and numerically above the trace window.

2.1.2.5 Changing the Span

Usually, the span the R&S FSC sets yields optimal results. But sometimes you also
need to see the spectrum outside the current span to detect other signal components
that you need to include in the measurement. Therefore, you can adjust the span to up
to ten times the channel bandwidth and still be able to see the spectrum outside the
measurement channel.

► Press the SPAN key.

In the default configuration, "Auto Span" is active. The R&S FSC automatically sets
the optimal span for the channel power measurement.

► Press the "Manual Span" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the span manually.

► Enter the span you need.

The largest possible span for the channel power measurement is ten times the
channel bandwidth. At larger spans, the result of the channel power measurement
would be increasingly imprecise, because too few points of the trace occur in the
channel to be measured.

► Press the "Auto Span" softkey.

The R&S FSC again calculates the span automatically.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.1.3 Power Measurements on TDMA Signals

When TDMA (time division multiple access) methods are used, e.g. for GSM, several
users share a channel. Each user is assigned a period of time or timeslot. With the
TDMA power measurement, you can determine the power over one of the timeslots.

The TDMA power measurement is a measurement in the time domain (span = 0 Hz).
You can start it on an external or video trigger and specify the power measurement
time.

To prevent incorrect power measurements in the time domain, make sure that the
whole signal is within the selected resolution bandwidth. If the resolution bandwidth is
too small, the displayed power will be lower than the actual power.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Meas Mode" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens the measurement menu.

► Select the "TDMA Power" menu item.

The R&S FSC starts to measure the TDMA power.

Two vertical lines define the measurement range.

Screen layout for TDMA power measurements

1 Standard
2 TDMA power
3 Measurement limits
4 Trigger delay
5 Trigger level
6 Measurement time
7 TDMA power measurement softkey menu

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.1.3.1 Selecting a Standard

If you need to perform measurements that are conform to a telecommunications
standard, you can activate one of the predefined standards that are already stored in
the R&S FSC memory. When starting the measurement in the default configuration,
the R&S FSC automatically activates the GSM/EDGE standard. However, you can
create new configurations to perform measurements on other standards as well.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Standard" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select the standard.

► Select one of the available standards.

► Confirm the selection with the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSC loads the configuration of the selected standard. It automatically
sets the optimal settings for the selected standard.

You can create and edit standards with the R&S FSCView software and transfer them
to the R&S FSC via the USB or the LAN interface. The number of standards the
R&S FSC can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets stored on
the R&S FSC. For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 14.

2.1.3.2 Setting the Burst Length

The burst length is the measurement time that the R&S FSC performs measurements
with. The burst length can be equal or less than the sweep time.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Burst Length" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the burst length.

► Enter the length of the burst you need.

The R&S FSC performs the measurement over the time you have entered.

If the measurement time you have entered was greater than the sweep time, the
R&S FSC sets a burst length equal to the sweep time. To work with a greater burst
length, you have to increase the sweep time first.

The minimum burst length is the time corresponding to one trace pixel (= sweep
time / 631).

2.1.3.3 Setting the Reference Level

The reference level is the power level that the R&S FSC expects at the RF input. When
selecting the reference level, make sure that you do not overload the R&S FSC by
applying a signal whose power exeeds the maximum reference level.

Because the resolution bandwidths of the R&S FSC are implemented digitally after the
A/D converter, the signal level at the A/D converter can be higher than the level
indicated by the trace, depending on the selected resolution bandwidth.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

To prevent the A/D converter from being overloaded, the signal must be measured at
the widest resolution bandwidth and video bandwidth with the peak detector. The trace
maximum then determines the best reference level.

To simplify operation and to prevent incorrect measurements, the R&S FSC has an
automatic routine for setting the reference level.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Level Adjust" softkey.

The R&S FSC performs a measurement to determine the ideal reference level.

It uses a resolution bandwidth of 3 MHz, a video bandwidth of 3 MHz and the peak
detector. After finishing the automatic measurement, the R&S FSC sets the ideal
reference level.

2.1.3.4 Using a Trigger

Usually you will apply a trigger when measuring bursts.

If a trigger is active, the R&S FSC uses the video trigger for TDMA measurements by
default. The video trigger level is at 50 % of the range of the vertical axis but is
variable. This means, the R&S FSC triggers a measurement if the rising edge of the
burst exceeds this 50 % line.

If the DUT features some sort of trigger equipment, you can also use an external
trigger to trigger measurements.

► Connect the DUT trigger output to the R&S FSC trigger input.

► Press the SWEEP key.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey.

► Select either the "External Rise" or "External Fall" menu item (rising or falling

edge).

The R&S FSC activates the trigger and shows the results of the measurement.

It may be that the burst is not completely visible on the display. To correct that and
make the whole burst visible, you can set a trigger delay.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey.

► Select the "Trigger Delay" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the trigger delay.

► Adjust the trigger delay until the burst is visible inside the vertical lines that show

the measurement range.

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2.1.4 Measuring the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR)

The Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) measurement is a method to measure
the power over more than one transmission channel and also evaluate the power of
the adjacent (or alternate) channels of the transmission channel. The ACLR performs
measurements according to a specific channel configuration, e.g. a particular radio
communications standard.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Meas Mode" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens the measurement menu.

► Select the "ACLR" menu item.

The R&S FSC starts to measure the adjacent channel leakage ratio.

In principle, the ACLR measurement works like the channel power measurement in
that it determines the spectrum within the channel using a resolution bandwidth that is
small compared to the channel bandwidth. In addition to the channel bandwidth, the
ACLR measurement is also defined by the channel spacing, the bandwidth of adjacent
channels and the adjacent channel spacing. The R&S FSC supports measurements on
up to 12 carrier channels and 12 adjacent channels to either side of the carrier. When
measuring more than one carrier or adjacent channels, the R&S FSC shows the
powers of each channel in a list below the marker list. The channel itself is marked by
red (transmission channels) or green (adjacent channels) vertical lines.

Screen Layout for ACLR measurements

1 Standard
2 Marker information
3 Limit check information
4 Channel information
5 TX channel (red line)
6 Adjacent channel (green line)
7 Alternate channels (green lines)
8 Marker (blue line)
9 ACLR softkey menu

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

Selecting the frequency span

If the frequency span is too large in comparison to the channel bandwidth (or the
adjacent
available per channel. This reduces the accuracy of th
channel filter used, which has a negative effect on the measurement accuracy. It is
therefore strongly recommended that the formulas mentioned be taken into
consideration when selecting the frequency span.

The predefined standards are the same as for channel power measurements (3GPP
WCDMA, cdmaOne and CDMA2000 1x systems). However, you can also customize
the settings to set up the R&S FSC for other radio communication standards. You can
define the settings directly on the R&S FSC or define and manage them using the
R&S FSCView software.

When customizing settings, make sure to consider the following points to get valid and
accurate measurement results:

● Reference level

Make sure not to overload the R&S FSC as the power is measured with a
resolution bandwidth that is small in comparison with the signal bandwidth. As with
Channel Power measurements, automatically set the reference to an optimal level
with the "Level Adjust" softkey.

● Setting the span

The frequency span must at least cover the carriers and the adjacent channels
plus a measurement margin of about 10 % to get valid results.

If the span is automatically calculated by the R&S FSC with the "Auto Span"
function, the span is calculated as follows:

(No. of transmission channels - 1) x transmission channel spacing +
2 x transmission channel bandwidth + measurement margin

with the measurement margin being approx. 10 % of the value obtained by adding
the channel spacing and the channel bandwidth.

-channel bandwidths) being examined, only a few points on the trace are
e waveform calculation for the

● Setting the resolution bandwidth:

The RBW should not be too high or too small to get both an acceptable
measurement speed and a suppression of spectral components outside the
channels. As a rule of thumb, it is recommended to set it to about 1 % to 4 % of the
channel bandwidth.

You can select a larger resolution bandwidth if the spectrum within the channel to
be measured and around it has a flat characteristic. In the standard setting, e.g. for
standard cdmaOne at an adjacent channel bandwidth of 30 kHz, a resolution
bandwidth of 30 kHz is used. This yields correct results since the spectrum in the
neighborhood of the adjacent channels normally has a constant level.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

∑

=

⋅

=

N

i

iRMS

s

N

P

1

2

1

For standard NADC/IS136 this would not be not possible, for example, since the
spectrum of the transmit signal penetrates into the adjacent channels and a too
large resolution bandwidth causes a too low selection of the channel filter. The
adjacent-channel power would thus be measured too high.

If the RBW is automatically calculated by the R&S FSC with the "Auto RBW"
function, the RBW is calculated as follows:

RBW ≤ 1/40 of channel bandwidth

The R&S FSC then selects the maximum possible resolution bandwidth resulting
from the available RBW steps (1, 3).

● Setting the video bandwidth

To obtain correct power measurements, the video signal must not be limited in
bandwidth. A restricted bandwidth of the logarithmic video signal would cause
signal averaging and thus result in a too low indication of the power (-2.51 dB at
very low video bandwidths). Therefore, the VBW should be at least three times the
resolution bandwidth.

If the VBW is automatically calculated by the R&S FSC with the "Auto VBW"
function, the VBW is calculated as follows:

VBW ≥ 3 x RBW

The R&S FSC then selects the smallest possible VBW with regard to the available
step size.

● Selecting the detector:

It is best to use the RMS detector. This detector correctly indicates the power
irrespective of the characteristics of the signal to be measured. The whole IF
envelope is used to calculate the power for each measurement point. The IF
envelope is digitized using a sampling frequency which is at least five times the
resolution bandwidth which has been selected. Based on the sample values, the
power is calculated for each measurement point using the following formula:

with

= linear digitized video voltage at the output of the A/D converter

s

i

N = number of A/D converter values per measurement point
P

= power represented by a measurement point

RMS

When the power has been calculated, the power units are converted into decibels
and the value is displayed as a measurement point.

In principle, the sample detector would be possible as well. Due to the limited
number of measurement points used to calculate the power in the channel, the
sample detector would yield less stable results.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.1.4.1 Selecting a Standard

If you need to perform measurements that are conform to a telecommunications
standard, you can activate one of the predefined standards that are already stored in
the R&S FSC memory. Those predefined standards have already been set up to yield
the best results. However, the R&S FSC provides functionality to create new
configurations to perform measurements on other test setups as well.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Standard" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select the standard.

► Select one of the available standards.

► Confirm the selection with the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSC loads the configuration of the selected standard. It automatically
sets the optimal span, resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, sweep time and
detector for the standard.

You can create and edit standards with the R&S FSCView software and transfer them
to the R&S FSC via the USB or the LAN interface. The number of standards the
R&S FSC can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets stored on
the R&S FSC. For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 14.

2.1.4.2 Configuring the Measurement

In addition to creating and editing standards with the R&S FSCView software, the
R&S FSC also provides functionality to set up a measurement configuration.

Setting the number of transmission channels

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Channel Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Tx Channels" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the number of transmission channels.

► Enter the number of transmission channels you need for the measurement.

Setting the number of adjacent channels

► Press the "Channel Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Adj Channels" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the number of adjacent channels.

► Enter the number of adjacent / alternate channels you need for the measurement.

The borders of Tx channels are displayed red in the trace diagram, the borders of
adjacent and alternate channels are displayed green.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

► Press the MEAS key.

Specific channel spacing definitions

Note that some some radio communication standards, e.g. CDMA2000 DS / MC1 /
MC3 and IS95 B / C, IS97 B / C, IS98 B / C, define the channel spa
namely the distance from the center of the transmission channel to the closest border
of the adjacent channel. The
regards the channel spaci
center of its neighboring channel.

Setting the channel bandwidth

The channel bandwidth specifies the frequency range around the center frequency,
over which the R&S FSC performs the power measurement.

► Press the "Channel BW" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box
to specify the channel bandwidth
for all channels.

► Select the channel you want to

change the bandwidth for.

► Activate the input by pressing the

ENTER key.

► Enter the channel bandwidth you need.

The R&S FSC sets the appropriate span for the channel bandwidth that you have
entered according to the criteria desribed above. This ensures that no incorrect
channel power measurements are made.

The minimum channel bandwidth that you can set is 833 Hz at a span of 1 kHz.

Setting the channel spacing

In case of the R&S FSC, the channel spacing is defined as the distance between the
center frequency of the transmission channel and the center frequency to the next
transmission channel or the distance between the center frequency of the transmission
channel and the center frequency of the adjacent channel.

cing differently,

R&S FSC does not consider these specifics. It always

ng as the distance between the center of a channel and the

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Channel Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Channel Spacing" menu item.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box

to define the spacings for all
transmission channels and
adjacent / alternate channels.

► Select the channel you want to

change the spacing for.

► Activate the input by pressing the

ENTER key.

► Enter the channel spacing you

need.

The R&S FSC now takes the new values into account for future measurements.

When performing measurements on multi-carrier signals, you can define the spacing of
the transmission (Tx) channels to one another. By default, the R&S FSC assumes
equal spacing between all Tx channels in the system. Therefore, the spacing you enter
for the first two Tx channels is automatically applied to all other Tx channels.

If you do measurements on systems with a different channel spacing for each Tx
channel, you can also set the channel spacing for each Tx channel separately by
entering the respective number in the fields.

If the spacings are not equal, the channel distribution according to the center frequency
is as follows:

● Odd number of TX channels

The middle TX channel is centered to center frequency.

● Even number of TX channels

The two TX channels in the middle are used to calculate the frequency between
those two channels. This frequency is aligned to the center frequency.

Adjacent or alternate channel spacing is also available for single-carrier
measurements. The R&S FSC can perform measurements on up to 12 adjacent
channels. Usually the first adjacent channel to the Tx channel is referred to as the
Adjacent Channel (ADJ). All others are called Alternate Channels (ALT1 to ALT11).

By default, the R&S FSC assumes that the distance of the adjacent channels to each
other is the same. In that case, you only have to enter the first spacing value. The
R&S FSC then calculates all higher adjacent channels from that value. If you change
the spacing of one of the higher channels, the R&S FSC only updates the channel
spacings above the one you have changed, but not those below.

So, for example, if you set the first adjacent channel spacing (ADJ) to 20 kHz, the
following spacings are 40 kHz (ALT1), 60 kHz (ALT2), 80 kHz (ALT3), 100 kHz (ALT4),
120 kHz (ALT5) and so on.

If you then change the spacing of the third alternate channel (ALT3) to 100 kHz, the

Operating Manual 1173.0966.12 - 07 38

R&S FSC adjusts the alternate channels above the third one accordingly: 125 kHz
(ALT4), 150 kHz (ALT5) and so on.

R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.1.4.3 Normalization of Measurement Results

By default, the power of the channels and adjacent channels is displayed in the unit
dBm. It is also possible to display the power density of the signal to, for example,
measure the signal/noise power density or obtain the signal to noise ratio.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Channel Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Channel Pwr/Hz" menu item.

The R&S FSC activates normalization and switches the unit from dBm to dBm/Hz.

The channel power density in dBm/Hz corresponds to the power inside a
bandwidth of 1 Hz and is calculated as follows:

channel power density = channel power - log10(channel bandwidth)

2.1.4.4 Displaying Absolute and Relative Results

You can set up the result display to either show the absolute power of the adjacent
channels or the power relative to one of the transmission channels.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Power Display" softkey.

► Select either the "Absolute" menu item to display the absolute results or the

"Relative" menu item to display the power relative to one of the transmission
channels.

2.1.4.5 Selecting the Reference Channel

When determining relative power values for the adjacent channels, you can set a
specific transmission channel as the reference channel.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Channel Settings" softkey.

► Select the "ACLR Ref Setting" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens a another submenu to select the reference channel.

► Select the method of determining the reference channel.

The following methods are available:

- Tx Channel

Select a specific transmission channel by entering its number as the reference.

- Min Power Tx Channel

The channel with the lowest power level is the reference channel.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

► Press the MEAS key.

- Max Power Tx Channel

The channel with the highest power level is the reference channel.

- Lowest Highest Channel

The outer left-hand transmission channel is the reference channel for the lower
adjacent channels. The outer right-hand transmission channel is the reference
channel for the upper adjacent channels.

2.1.4.6 Setting and Checking the Limits

Limit checks in ACLR measurement mode are independent of limit line handling. You
can define a limit for each of the adjacent channels. Limits for adjacent channels can
be set either in absolute or relative terms.

Defining relative limits

► Press the "Channel Settings"

softkey.

► Select the "Channel Limit Relative"

menu item.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box
to define the relative limits for each
adjacent channel.

► Select the channel you want to

define a limit for.

► Activate the input by pressing the "Select" softkey.

The channel turns green and the check box in the first column is marked.

► Enter the limit value you need.

The R&S FSC automatically activates the check flag, so that the limit is included in
future limit checks.

► To deactivate the limit check for a specific channel, move the cursor to the channel

in question with the rotary knob or the cursor keys and deselect it with the "Select"
softkey.

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Defining absolute limits

► Press the "Channel Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Channel Limit Absolute" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to define the absolute limits for each adjacent
channel.

► The procedure of defining absolute limits is analogous to that of defining relative

limits.

Performing a limit check

► Press the "Channel Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Check Channel Limits" menu item.

The R&S FSC automatically
performs limit checks.

The results of the limit check are displayed in the table above the trace. If a result
fails the limit check, it turns red and has a star (*) in front of its power level.

2.1.5 Measuring the Spectrum Emission Mask

The Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM) measurement is a method to detect spurious
emissions or intermodulation products of a signal. When performing a SEM
measurement, the R&S FSC checks the signal against a spectral mask to see whether
the signal complies with a specific standard or not. Therefore, the R&S FSC provides
predefined spectrum emission masks for various telecomunications standards.

However, you can define your own spectral masks with the R&S FSCView software to
perform measurements in frequency ranges other than the predefined ones. To learn
how to define Spectrum Emission Masks, refer to the R&S FSCView manual.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Meas Mode" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens the measurement menu.

► Select the "Spectrum Emission Mask" menu item.

The R&S FSC starts to measure the spectrum emission mask.

Note that the frequency range of the actual measurement depends on the start and
stop frequency you have set on the R&S FSC. Correct measurement results are
therefore only possible if the frequency ranges of the SEM are inside the current span
of the R&S FSC.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

Screen Layout for the SEM measurement

1 Standard
2 Marker information
3 SEM list
4 Limit check result
5 Spectrum emission mask (red line)
6 Trace (yellow line)
7 Marker (blue line)
8 SEM softkey menu

2.1.5.1 Selecting a Standard

If you need to perform measurements that are conform to a telecommunications
standard, you can activate one of the predefined standards that are already stored in
the R&S FSC memory. However, you can create new configurations to perform
measurements on other standards as well.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Standard" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select the standard.

► Select one of the available standards.

► Confirm the selection with the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSC loads the configuration of the selected standard. It automatically
sets the optimal span, resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, sweep time and
detector for the standard.

You can create and edit standards with the R&S FSCView software and transfer them
to the R&S FSC via the USB or the LAN interface. The number of standards the
R&S FSC can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets stored on
the R&S FSC. For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 14.

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► Press the "View List" softkey.

2.1.5.2 Optimizing Measurement Settings

After selecting the standard and applying the signal to the R&S FSC, you can optimize
measurement settings to avoid overloading the R&S FSC.

► Press the "Adjust Settings" softkey.

The R&S FSC performs a measurement to determine the ideal reference level ans
span..

2.1.5.3 Viewing the Results in a Table

You can add a table to the display that shows the measurement results in numerical
form.

► Press the MEAS key.

The R&S FSC shows a list above
the trace diagram.

If the list contains more than four entries, you can scroll through the list with the
rotary knob or the cursor keys to see the other results. Note that scrolling works
only if there is no active input field.

The list contains the following information:

● Tx Power

Power level of the transmission channel.

● Tx Bandwidth

Bandwidth of the transmission channel.

● PASS / FAIL information

If the signal is within the limits of the spectral mask, the R&S FSC shows
if not it shows

● Range [Hz]

Frequency range. The first number is the start frequency, the second number the
stop frequency of each defined frequency range. The character following the
number indicates the unit (k = kHz, M = MHz, G = GHz)

● RBW [Hz]

.

,

● Freq [Hz]

● Power Abs

● Power Rel

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Resolution bandwidth the corresponding frequency range is measured with.

Absolute peak power in the corresponding frequency range.

Relative peak power in relation to the channel power of the reference channel.

R&S FSC Table of Contents

● Δ Limit

Minimum distance from the limit line to the trace in the corresponding frequency
range. Negative values or a zero indicate a passed SEM limit check, positive
values indicate a violation of the limit check.

2.1.6 Measuring the Harmonic Distortion

The Harmonic Distortion measurement is an easy way to identify the harmonics of a
DUT. In addition to the graphic display of the harmonics, this measurement mode also
calculates the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and shows the results.

You can perform a Harmonic Distortion measurement in frequency sweep (span > 0)
and zero span mode (span = 0). When starting the measurement, the R&S FSC looks
for the first harmonic of the signal (= the highest signal) in the defined frequency range.
It then adjusts the frequency axis so that all harmonics are visible. In zero span mode,
the center frequency remains the same.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Meas Mode" softkey.

► Select the "Harmonic Distortion" menu item.

The R&S FSC starts to measure the harmonic distortion.

The search for harmonics starts as soon as you enter the Harmonic Distortion
measurement. Upon entering the measurement, the R&S FSC automatically adjusts
the settings in order to display the selected number of harmonics (default = 2) on the
screen.

Screen layout for the harmonic distortion measurement

1 Harmonics list
2 Total harmonic distortion in %
3 Total harmonic distortion in dB
4 Trace
5 Markers indicating harmonics (blue lines)
6 Harmonic distortion softkey menu

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.1.6.1 Defining the Number of Harmonics

By default, the R&S FSC shows the signal and its first harmonic. Each harmonic is
indicated by a marker that the R&S FSC places on the harmonic (here M1 and M2).
Note that all of the markers that have been set are normal markers that show the
absolute frequency of the harmonic.

At the same time, the R&S FSC also calculates the values for the total harmonic
distortion (THD) and shows the results in a box above the trace diagram. The values
are output in % as well as dB.

If you want to see more than one harmonic, the R&S FSC can show up to six
harmonics.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Harmonics" softkey.

► Enter the number of harmonics you'd like to see.

2.1.6.2 Optimizing the Display of Harmonics

The R&S FSC places the markers on the other harmonics even if they are outside of
the display range.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Adjust Settings" softkey.

The R&S FSC performs a measurement to determine the ideal reference level,
frequency and span in order to display all harmonics.

2.1.6.3 Activating the Harmonics List

To see the exact frequency of the harmonic, you can activate the marker list that
shows the value for each harmonic or marker.

► Press the MKR key.

► Press the "View List" softkey.

The R&S FSC displays the marker list that contains the values for each harmonic.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.1.7 Measuring the AM Modulation Depth

The AM Modulation Depth measurement analyzes AM modulated signals and
calculates the modulation depth of the signal using the measurement results. Note that
the measurement works properly only if you apply an AM modulated signal.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Meas Mode" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens the measurement menu.

► Select the "AM Modulation Depth" menu item.

The R&S FSC starts to measure the AM modulation depth.

After you have started the measurement, the R&S FSC places three markers on the
trace. The first marker is placed on the peak power level. The R&S FSC assumes that
position as the level of the carrier. The second and third markers are delta markers.
These are placed symmetrically on the adjacent peak values to the left and right of the
carrier.

By default, delta marker 2 is active for editing. If you move the delta marker to another
position, the other delta marker will be moved by the same distance relative to the
normal marker. Note that this happens only if you move delta marker 2 (D2). When
moving delta marker 3 (D3), only this marker is repositioned.

From the values of the markers, the R&S FSC then calculates the AM modulation
depth. The AM modulation depth is the ratio between the power values at the
reference marker and at the delta markers. When the powers of the two AM side bands
are not the same, the R&S FSC uses the mean value of the two sideband values.

If the R&S FSC is unable to find any AM modulated a carriers, it shows the message

.

Screen layout for the AM modulation depth measurement

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

1 Marker list
2 Modulation depth
3 Trace
4 Threshold line
5 Markers (blue lines)
6 AM modulation depth softkey menu

2.1.7.1 Setting a Threshold

You can set a threshold that defines the minimum power level the signal must have. If
the power of the signal is below the threshold, the R&S FSC will not set the markers
and therefore will not calculate the modulation depth.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Threshold" softkey

The R&S FSC opens an input field to set the threshold.

► Enter the threshold value you need.

The threshold is represented as a horizontal blue line in the diagram area.

2.1.7.2 Optimizing the Settings

In order to get the best results, you can use the automatic adjustment routine that the
R&S FSC offers.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Adjust Settings" softkey.

The R&S FSC performs a sweep and repeats the peak search sequence for the
three markers.

2.1.7.3 Activating the Marker List

To see the exact frequency of the carrier and its sidebands, you can activate the
marker list that shows the value for each marker.

► Press the MKR key.

► Press the "View List" softkey.

The R&S FSC displays the marker list that contains the values for carrier and
sideband.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.2 Configuring Spectrum Measurements

2.2.1 Configuring the Horizontal Axis

The FREQ key contains all necessary functions to configure the horizontal axis for
spectrum measurements.

The contents of the menu depend on the currently selected measurement.

Usually, the horizontal axis contains frequency information in spectrum mode. You can
specify the frequency in terms of the center frequency or by defining a start and stop
frequency for a particular span.

If you know the frequency of the signal you are measuring, it is best to match the
center frequency to the signal's frequency. If you are investigating signals, e.g.
harmonics, that are within a particular frequency range, the best option is to enter a
start and stop frequency to define the span.

2.2.1.1 Defining the Center Frequency

The center frequency represents the frequency at the center of the horizontal axis in
the diagram area.

► Press the FREQ key.

The R&S FSC opens the frequency menu.

When you press the FREQ key, the R&S FSC automatically opens an input field to
define the center frequency. If the input field is inactive, you can open it with the
"Center Freq" softkey.

► Enter the center frequency you need.

The frequency you have entered becomes the new center frequency.

While adjusting the center frequency, you may obtain a value that is outside the
R&S FSC maximum span. If this happens, the R&S FSC automatically reduces the
span.

2.2.1.2 Defining a Frequency Step Size

If you set the center frequency with the rotary knob or the cursor keys, the distance of
each step that you take depends on the span. With the rotary knob, the smallest
possible step is a pixel. As the trace consists of 631 pixels, each step is equal to 1/630
of the span. With the cursor keys, the step is 10% of the span or one division of the
grid.

You can set another step size.

► Press the FREQ key.

► Press the "CF Step Size" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a submenu that contains possible step sizes.

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- 0.1 x Span

The step size equals 10% of the span or 1 division of the horizontal axis.

- =Center

The step size equals the center frequency.

This step size is ideal for measurements on harmonics. When you increase or
decrease the center frequency, the center frequency automatically moves to
the next harmonic.

- Manual…

Define any step size you want.

This step size makes it easy to investigate a spectrum with frequencies at
constant intervals.

► Select the step size you need from the menu.

The R&S FSC adjusts the step size accordingly.

If you set the step size to 10% of the span or to the center frequency, the R&S FSC
sets the step size internally. Manually defining the step size opens an input field to
define the step size.

2.2.1.3 Setting a Frequency Offset

For measurements on frequency converters such as satellite downconverters, it is
often convenient to reference the results to the frequency prior to conversion. For this
purpose, the R&S FSC offers a frequency offset that arithmetically shifts the center
frequency to higher or lower frequencies. Thus, the R&S FSC displays the input
frequency of the DUT.

Positive frequency offset is possible in the range from 1 Hz to 100 GHz, in steps of
1 Hz. The maximum negative frequency offset depends on the start frequency you
have set. The start frequency, taking into account the frequency offset, is always

≥ 0 Hz.

► Press the FREQ key.

► Press the "Freq Offset" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to set the frequency offset.

► Enter the frequency offset you need.

The R&S FSC adds the frequency offset to the center frequency you have set. A
red dot at the center frequency display indicates that a frequency offset has been
set.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.2.1.4 Defining a Start and Stop Frequency

Defining a start an stop frequency is best suited for example for measurements on
harmonics or signals whose exact frequency is unknown.

► Press the FREQ key.

► Press the "Start Freq" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the start frequency.

► Enter the start frequency you need.

► Set a stop frequency with the "Stop Freq" softkey.

The R&S FSC adjusts the horizontal axis according to your input, beginning with
the start frequency and ending with the stop frequency.

If you have entered a stop frequency that is outside the maximum frequency range,
the R&S FSC sets the stop frequency to the possible maximum.

The label of the horizontal axis changes from "Center" and "Span" to "Start" and
"Stop".

2.2.1.5 Setting the Span

The span is the frequency range around the center frequency that a spectrum analyzer
displays on the screen. The span you should select depends on the signal and the
measurement that you are performing. A rule of thumb is that it should be at least twice
the bandwidth occupied by the signal.

The available span for frequency domain measurements depends on the instrument
model.

● R&S FSC4: 100 Hz to 3.6 GHz

● R&S FSC6: 100 Hz to 6 GHz

If you set a span of 0 Hz (zero span), the R&S FSC performs measurements in the
time domain.

► Press the SPAN key.

When you press the SPAN key, the R&S FSC automatically opens an input field to
define the span. If the input field is inactive, you can open it with the "Manual
Span" softkey.

► Enter the span you need.

The R&S FSC adjusts the span of the horizontal axis.

If you have to switch between full span and a smaller span, you can do so without
having to enter the numeric values.

► Press the SPAN key.

► Press the "Full Span" softkey.

The R&S FSC displays the spectrum over its entire frequency range.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

► Press the "Last Span" softkey.

The R&S FSC restores the span that you have set just before displaying the entire
frequency range.

Time domain measurements

You can also activate time domain measurements without having to enter the value
manually. When measuring in the time domain, the span is 0 Hz. In that state, the
R&S FSC measures the signal at the current center frequency only. Instead of
displaying the spectrum, the R&S FSC shows the signal power over a certain time
period. The horizontal axis becomes the time axis. The display always starts at 0 s and
stops after the currently set sweep time.

► Press the SPAN key.

► Press the "Zero Span" softkey.

The R&S FSC sets a span of 0 Hz and performs the measurement in the time
domain.

2.2.2 Configuring the Vertical Axis

All relevant settings to configure the vertical axis are available in the amplitude menu.
You can access it via the AMPT key.

2.2.2.1 Setting the Reference Level

The reference level is represented graphically by the grid line at the top of the diagram.

The reference level sets the input signal gain up to the display stage. If the reference
level is low, the gain is high. That means that even weak signals are displayed clearly.

If you are measuring strong signals, you have to set a high reference level in order to
prevent an overload of the signal path of the analyzer and to keep the signal within the
display range. If you are measuring the spectrum of a composite signal, make sure that
the reference level is high enough to cover all signals and that all signals are within the
measurement diagram.

► Press the AMPT key.

When you press the AMPT key, the R&S FSC automatically opens an input field to
define the center frequency. If the input field is inactive, you can open it with the
"Ref Level" softkey.

► Enter the reference level you require.

If you change the reference level, the R&S FSC adjusts the position of the trace as
you make the changes.

By default, the reference level corresponds to the grid line at the top of the diagram.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

You can also change the position of the reference level to another grid line if you have
a signal that would otherwise overlap with the top of the diagram area. The R&S FSC
indicates the current reference level position with a triangle at the corresponding grid
line on the vertical axis (

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Range / Ref Pos" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a submenu.

► Select the "Ref Position 10…" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the reference position.

► Enter the number of the grid line you want the reference level at.

The range is from 0 to 10. "0" corresponds to the lowest grid line, "10" corresponds
to highest grid line.

2.2.2.2 Setting a Display Range

).

The display range determines the scaling or resolution of the vertical axis. In the
default state, the display range is a logarithmic scaling over a 100 dB. This
corresponds to 10 dB per grid division. The R&S FSC provides other display ranges
that either increase or decrease the resolution of the vertical axis.

However, increasing resolution does not increase the accuracy of, for example, the
marker level readout, but only makes it easier to read values off the trace.

You can also select a linear scale for the vertical axis. In that case, the power levels
are expressed as a percentage of the reference level. Linear scaling is useful to
display AM modulated carriers in the time domain, for example.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Range / Ref Pos" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a submenu to select the display range.

► Select the display range you need.

The R&S FSC adjusts the vertical axis accordingly.

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R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.2.2.3 Selecting the Display Unit

By default, the vertical axis (and therefore the reference level) is scaled in dBm.
However, the units dBmV, dBµV, Watt and Volt are also available. Selecting the right
unit is relevant for the marker level display because the unit of the marker level is the
same as that of the reference level.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Unit" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a submenu to select the display unit.

► Select one of the available units.

The R&S FSC adjusts the labels of the vertical axis accordingly.

2.2.2.4 Setting a Reference Offset

You can define a reference offset for the reference level. With a reference offset, you
can increase the reference level by a certain amount. This is useful, for example, if an
attenuator or amplifier has been inserted before the RF input. The R&S FSC
automatically takes the loss or gain into account when the level is displayed and no
manual calculations are necessary. A loss introduced at the RF input must be entered
as a positive number and a gain as a negative number.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Ref Offset" softkey.

The R&S FSC open an input field to

► Enter the offset you need.

The R&S FSC includes the offset in the measurement.

To indicate an offset other than 0, the R&S FSC puts a red dot at the "Ref:"
hardware setting (

2.2.2.5 Setting the RF Attenuation

RF attenuation adjusts the input range inside the analyzer. It is coupled directly to the
reference level. If you have set a high reference level, RF attenuation is turned on in
10 dB steps according to the table below so that the input mixer always remains in the
linear range.

The R&S FSC provides three attenuation modes.

● Auto Low Distortion

If this mode is active, the R&S FSC sets the RF attenuation 10 dB higher
according to the table below, making the stress of the input mixer 10 dB less at the
specified reference level. If the spectrum is densely occupied with signals, e.g. in a
television cable network, the input mixer reduces the R&S FSC inherent spurious
products. However, the inherent noise display of the R&S FSC increases due to
the increased attenuation in front of the input mixer.

).

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● Auto Low Noise

If this mode is active, the R&S FSC sets the RF attenuation 10 dB lower. This
increases the sensitivity of the R&S FSC, which means that the inherent noise
display decreases due to the lower attenuation in front of the input mixer.

● Manual

Manual selection of the attenuation.

You can check the status of the RF attenuation and the preamplifier in the
measurement setup dialog and the hardware settings area of the display.

Preamplifier OFF Preamplifier ON

Reference Level

≤-30 dBm 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB

-29 to -25 dBm 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 5 dB

-24 to -20 dBm 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 10 dB

-19 to -15 dBm 0 dB 5 dB 5 dB 15 dB

-14 to -10 dBm 0 dB 10 dB 10 dB 20 dB

-9 to -5 dBm 5 dB 15 dB 15 dB 25 dB

-4 to 0 dBm 10 dB 20 dB 20 dB 30 dB

1 to 5 dBm 15 dB 25 dB 25 dB 35 dB

6 to 10 dBm 20 dB 30 dB 30 dB 40 dB

11 to 15 dBm 25 dB 35 dB 35 dB 40 dB

16 to 20 dBm 30 dB 40 dB 40 dB 40 dB

21 to 25 dBm 35 dB 40 dB 40 dB 40 dB

26 to 30 dBm 40 dB 40 dB 40 dB 40 dB

RF Attenuation RF Attenuation

Low Noise Low Distortion Low Noise Low Distortion

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "RF Att / Amp / Imp" softkey.

► Select either the "Auto Low Distortion" or the "Auto Low Noise" menu item.

The R&S FSC sets the attenuation according to the table above.

► Select the "Manual: 0 dB" menu item for manual selection of the RF attenuation.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to set the RF attenuation. You can set the
attenuation from 0 dB to 40 dB in 5 dB steps.

To indicate a manual attenuation, the R&S FSC puts a red dot at the "Att:"
hardware setting (

).

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2.2.2.6 Using the Preamplifier

To increase the input sensitivity, the R&S FSC provides an integrated 20 dB
preamplifier after the input mixer.

In the default state of the R&S FSC, the preamplifer is turned off. If you want to
measure signals with low powers, you can turn it on.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "RF Att / Amp / Imp" softkey.

► Select either the "Preamp On" or "Preamp Off" menu item.

The R&S FSC turns the preamplifier on and off.

2.2.2.7 Setting the Input Impedance

In the default state, the input impedance is 50 Ω.

The R&S FSC can also handle 75 Ω systems. The R&S FSC does not select a 75 Ω
RF input per se. Instead it selects a 75 Ω matching pad connected at the RF input. The
50/75 Ω matching pad R&S RAZ is recommended for 75 Ω matching (see
recommended accessories). The R&S FSC automatically considers the conversion
factor when a value of 75 Ω is set.

Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "RF Att / Amp / Imp" softkey.

► Select the impedance you need.

You can also use other matching pads (e.g. R&S RAM or R&S FSH-Z38) by
activating transducer factors.

2.2.2.8 Using Transducer Factors

For more information see "Using Transducer Factors".

2.2.3 Setting Bandwidths

The bandwidth menu contains all settings to set up filter bandwidths available in the
R&S FSC. You can access it with the BW key.

2.2.3.1 Setting the Resolution Bandwidth

The resolution bandwidth in a spectrum analyzer determines the frequency resolution
for frequency domain measurements and therefore determines how well it can
separate adjacent frequencies. The results as you see them on the display depend on
the passband of a resolution filter.

The resolution bandwidth (RBW) has several effects on measurements.

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Setting the 200 kHz resolution bandwidth

The 200
automatic selection of the RBW

In fact, you have to enter the 200

When using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, the 200 kHz bandwidth will be skipped.

● To be able to display two or more signals whose frequencies are close together
separately, you need a (resolution) filter whose bandwidth is small enough. The
frequency difference between two sinusoidal carriers can not be less than the
selected resolution bandwidth if the carriers are to be resolved, for example.

● The bandwidth of the resolution filter also affects the noise that is displayed by the
R&S FSC. The smaller the bandwidth, the less noisy the results are. The rule is,
that if you increase or decrease the bandwidth by a factor of 3, the noise goes
down or up by 5 dB. If you change the bandwidth by a factor of 10, the displayed
noise changes by 10 dB.

● The resolution bandwidth affects the speed of the measurement. If you want to
display the true spectrum, the resolution filters have to settle at all frequencies that
are of interest. Narrow bandfilters have a longer settling time compared to wide
ones. Therefore the sweep time increases the smaller the resolution bandwidth
gets. The rule is, that if you reduce the bandwidth by a factor of 3, the sweep time
goes up by a factor of 9. If you reduce the bandwidth by a factor of 10, the sweep
time goes up by a factor of 100.

The R&S FSC has resolution bandwidths from 1 Hz to 3 MHz in a 1-3-10 sequence.
Additionally, the R&S FSC provides a 200 kHz resolution bandwidth that you have to
select and enter manually.

kHz bandwidth is not coupled to the span, so it will not be selected if

is on.

kHz resolution bandwidth with the number keys.

In the R&S FSC's default state, the resolution bandwidth is coupled to the span, i.e. if
you change the span, the R&S FSC adjusts the resolution bandwidth. Therefore, you
do not have to set the resolution bandwidth manually in many cases, because the
R&S FSC automatically sets the resolution bandwidth if you change the span.

► Press the BW key.

By default, the resolution bandwidth is coupled to the span.

► Press the "Manual RBW" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the resolution bandwidth.

► Enter the resolution bandwidth you need.

The R&S FSC uses the resolution bandwidth you have entered for the
measurement.

If the resolution bandwidth is no longer coupled to the span, the R&S FSC puts a
red dot at the "RBW" hardware setting (

).

► Press the "Auto RBW" softkey to again couple the resolution bandwidth to the

span.

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Automatic adjustment of the sweep time

In its default mode, the
change the resolution bandwidth. This is to make sure that the settling time required for
the selected resolution filter is properly taken into account.The maximum allowed
sweep time is 1000
large spans. In order to avoid this, the
soon as the maximum sweep time is reached.

R&S FSC automatically adjusts the sweep time as soon as you

s. For narrow resolution filters this value would be exceeded for

R&S FSC adjusts the span automatically as

2.2.3.2 Setting the Video Bandwidth

The video bandwidth (VBW) basically smoothes the trace by reducing the noise and
therefore making power levels easier to see.

The noise reduction is a result of the video filter. This lowpass filter defines the video
bandwidth and filters the higher frequency parts of the voltage from the signal. Video
voltage is the (DC) voltage that results from the IF signal passing through the envelope
detector which removes the IF components and outputs the envelope only. This output
is also known as the video signal.

The figure below shows that process on an AM modulated signal in the time domain.

In case of an AM modulated signal, the envelope (or video) signal contains a DC
component that corresponds to the level of the carrier. The video signal also contains
an AC component whose frequency is the same as the AM frequency.

If the bandwidth of the video filter is less than the frequency of the AC component, it is
suppressed depending on its maximum frequency. If the AM component should be
displayed truly, the cutoff frequency of the filter has to be greater than the modulation
frequency.

If there is noise on the sine signal, the modulation signal can be thought of as noise. If
the video bandwidth is reduced, the high-frequency noise components above the cutoff
frequency of the video filter will be rejected. The smaller the video bandwidth, the
smaller the noise amplitude at the video filter output.

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The R&S FSC provides video bandwidths from 1 Hz to 3 MHz in a 1-3-10 sequence. In
its default state, the video bandwidth is coupled to the resolution bandwidth and is the
same as the resolution bandwidth. If you change the resolution bandwidth, the
R&S FSC adjusts the video bandwidth accordingly.

The effects of the video bandwidth on measurements are as follows.

● if you are performing measurements on modulated signals, the video bandwidth
must be sufficiently large so that significant modulation components are not
rejected (≥ RBW)

● if you want to keep signals free of noise, you should select the smallest video
bandwidth possible (≤ 0.1 x RBW)

● if you are performing measurements on pulsed signals, the video bandwidth should
be at least three times greater than the resolution bandwidth so that the pulse
edges are not distorted

Like the resolution bandwidth, the video bandwidth has an effect on sweep speed.
Before each measurement, the video filter has to settle.

► Press the BW key.

► Press the "Manual VBW" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the video bandwidth.

► Enter the video bandwidth you need.

The R&S FSC uses the video bandwidth you have entered for the measurement.

If the video bandwidth is no longer coupled to the resolution bandwidth, the
R&S FSC puts a red dot at the "VBW" hardware setting (

► Press the "Auto VBW" softkey to again couple the video bandwidth to the RBW.

2.2.4 Configuring and Triggering the Sweep

You can find all necessary settings to configure the sweep itself in the sweep menu. To
access it, press the SWEEP key.

2.2.4.1 Setting the Sweep Time

The sweep time is the time it takes the R&S FSC to get the results that are contained
in one trace.

In the frequency domain (span > 0), the sweep time is the time it takes the R&S FSC to
measure the spectrum in the specified span. To avoid the display of spurs in the
spectrum, the sweep time has to meet some conditions.

).

● The sweep time depends on the resolution bandwidth. If the sweep time is too
short, the resolution filter has no time to settle. In that case, the displayed levels
will be too low. For more information see "Setting the Resolution Bandwidth".

● The sweep depends on the span. If you increase the span, you also have to
increase the sweep time.

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In its default state, the R&S FSC couples the sweep time to the span and the
resolution bandwidth to avoid invalid settings. If the coupling is active, the R&S FSC
always sets the shortest possible sweep time to make sure that the display of the
spectrum is correct and valid.

The R&S FSC requires a minimum sweep time of 20 ms for every 600 MHz of span. If
you increase the span, the R&S FSC will also increase the sweep time.

In the time domain (span = 0), the R&S FSC shows the video voltage over time. The
horizontal axis becomes a time axis that starts at 0 s and ends at the sweep time that
you selected. The range of the sweep time in the time domain is from 200 µs to 1000 s.

► Press the SWEEP key.

In the default state, "Auto SWP Time" is active.

► Press the "Manual SWP Time" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to set the sweep time.

► Enter the sweep time you need.

If the video bandwidth is no longer coupled to the span or the resolution bandwidth,
the R&S FSC puts a red dot at the "SWT" hardware setting (

).

2.2.4.2 Selecting the Sweep Mode

The sweep mode is the way the R&S FSC performs the measurement.

In its default state, the R&S FSC measures continuously. In this mode, the R&S FSC
automatically repeats the sweep in the defined range of the horizontal axis (frequency
or time) and updates the trace accordingly after it has finished with one sweep.

In some cases it may be sufficient to get the results over a single sweep only, e.g. if a
particular trigger condition is met. In single sweep mode, the R&S FSC performs the
sweep a certain number of times (depending on the number of averages you have set)
over the defined range of the horizontal axis (frequency or time) and then stops
measuring. It performs another sweep only after you tell it to. For more information on
setting the number of sweeps included in a single sweep see "Selecting the Trace

Mode (Average)".

► Press the SWEEP key.

► Press the "Single Sweep" softkey.

The R&S FSC activates single sweep mode.

► Press the "Cont Sweep" softkey.

The R&S FSC again starts to measure continuously.

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2.2.4.3 Working with Trigger Functionality

If you have to perform measurements according to certain signal conditions, you can
use a trigger. A trigger responds to certain events. If a trigger is active, the R&S FSC
starts to measure if the trigger conditions are met. The trigger can be generated either
externally or internally.

The R&S FSC provides the following trigger functions.

● Free Run

A new sweep starts on completion of the previous sweep. This is the default state
of the R&S FSC.

● Video Trigger

A sweep starts when the video voltage exceeds a particular level. The video trigger
is available only in the time domain (span = 0).

In the frequency domain, the R&S FSC would never start a measurement with the
video trigger because there is no guarantee that there is a signal that generates
video voltage present at the start frequency.

● External Trigger (rising or falling slope)

A sweep starts on the rising edge (RISE) or on the falling edge (FALL) of an
external trigger signal. The external trigger signal is fed in via the BNC connector
"Ext Trigger". The switching threshold is 1.4 V, i.e. a TTL signal level.

● Gated Trigger

When the gated trigger is active, a gate signal that is applied to the R&S FSC
trigger input controls the sweep. The R&S FSC starts measuring when the applied
gate signal becomes active and the set gate delay has expired, and it interrupts the
measurement as soon as the defined gate length is reached. With the gate signal
becoming active the next time the measurement is resumed etc.

Pulsed signals can be measured by this method, if the gate delay and gate length
are selected in a way that the measurement is only performed while the pulse is
active. Gated measurements are possible in the frequency domain (span > 0) and
the time domain (span = 0), but it is available only in combination with an external
gate signal.

► Press the SWEEP key.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a submenu to select the trigger source.

► Select the trigger source you need.

The R&S FSC activates the trigger.

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Including a Delay Time

When you are using a video trigger in the time domain or an external trigger, you can
delay the start of the measurement with respect to the trigger event by entering a delay
time. In this way, you can include time differences between the trigger event and the
measurement.

The range of the trigger delay is from 0 µs to 100 s. The resolution depends on the
subrange.

Trigger delay Resolution

0 to 1 ms 10 µs

1 ms to 10 ms 100 µs

10 ms to 100 ms 1 ms

100 ms to 1 s 10 ms

1 s to 10 s 100 ms

10 s to 100 s 1 s

► Press the SWEEP key.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey.

► Select the "Trigger Delay…" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the trigger delay.

► Enter the delay time you need.

Defining the Trigger Level

When you are using the video trigger, you have to define a trigger level. The trigger
level is a percentage of the reference level. A trigger level of 100 % is the same as the
reference level. A trigger level of, e.g. 50% corresponds to the middle of the vertical
axis. The R&S FSC indicates the video trigger level with a triangle.

► Press the SWEEP key.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey.

► Select the "Trace Video" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the trigger level.

► Enter the trigger level.

The R&S FSC shows the trigger level by adding a horizontal line to the diagram
area.

Performing Gated Sweeps

When the external trigger is active, it is possible to perform a gated sweep.

► Press the SWEEP key.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey.

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► Activate an external trigger.

Now that the external trigger is active, the "Gated Trigger" menu item becomes
available.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey again.

► Select the "Gated Trigger" menu item.

In order to get appropriate results, you have to set the gate delay and gate length in a
way that the measurement is active during the interesting part of the signal. You can
also modify the sweep time in order to match the horizontal axis to the length of the
signal and thus set the gate delay and gate length parameters more accurately.

The gate delay parameter defines the time between the trigger event and the
beginning of the actual measurement. The gate length defines the duration of the
measurement, before it is interrupted and the next gate signal is anticipated to resume
the measurement.

► Press the SWEEP key.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey.

► Select the "Gate Settings" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens a softkey submenu to control the gate settings. At the same time,
the R&S FSC switches into time domain, as indicated in the display.

► Press the "Manual SWP Time" softkey and set the sweep time in a way that the

portion of interest of the signal is visible on the screen.

► Press the "Gate Delay" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the trigger delay.

► Enter the delay time you need.

The measurement now starts after the delay time has passed.

► Press the "Gate Length" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the gate length.

► Enter the length of the gate.

The R&S FSC now measures over the period of the gate length. After the gate has
closed, the R&S FSC waits with the measurement until the next gate signal
happens.

The delay time and gate length are represented by vertical red lines in the diagram
area.

► After setting the gate delay and gate length, exit the gate settings menu with the

"Exit" softkey.

The R&S FSC returns to the frequency domain provided it was active before
setting up the gated trigger. The original span is restored. The R&S FSC is ready
to perform measurements with an accurately set gate.

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2.2.5 Working with Traces

The trace menu contains all functions available to customize the trace display.

2.2.5.1 Selecting the Trace Mode

The R&S FSC provides several trace modes. The trace mode defines the way the
R&S FSC writes the trace.

● Clear/Write

In its default state, the R&S FSC overwrites the trace after each sweep.

You can apply all detectors in this mode.

● Average

The trace is the result of the moving average over several sweeps.

The R&S FSC calculates the (moving) average of the power levels for each pixel
over a particular number of sweeps in the range from 2 to 999.

Averaging reduces the effects of noise, but has no effects on sine signals. Using
the trace averaging therefore is a good way to detect signals in the vicinity of
noise.

You can apply all detectors in this mode.

● Max Hold

The trace shows the maximum power levels that have been measured at each
pixel.

To overwrite a max hold trace, change a parameter in a way that the results can
not be compared any more, e.g. the span. Using the max hold trace mode is a
good way to detect intermittent signals or the maximum values of fluctuating
signals, for example.

Using the max hold trace mode automatically activates the max peak detector.

● Min Hold

The trace shows the minimum power levels that have been measured at each
pixel.

To overwrite a min hold trace, change a parameter in a way that the results can not
be compared any more, e.g. the span. Using the min hold trace mode is a good
way to highlight signals within noise or suppress intermittent signals.

Using the min hold trace mode automatically activates the min peak detector.

● View

The view trace mode freezes the current trace and aborts the measurement.

Using the view trace mode is a good way to evaluate the trace, for example with
markers.

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► Press the TRACE key.

► Press the "Trace Mode" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a submenu to select the trace mode.

► Select the trace mode you want to work with.

If you have selected the average trace mode ("Average: 10" menu item), the
R&S FSC opens an input field to set the number of sweeps the R&S FSC includes
in the averaging.

► Enter the number of sweeps to include in the averaging.

In continuous sweep mode, the R&S FSC now calculates the moving average over
the number of sweeps you have specified. In single sweep mode, it stops the
measurement after finishing the sweeps and averages the traces.

2.2.5.2 Selecting the Detector

The number of measurement results collected in a single sweep usually is very high,
especially if the span is large. However, the display of the R&S FSC can display only
631 results in horizontal direction, as it is limited by the number of pixels that are
available on the display. Therefore, it has to combine measurement results to fit them
on the display. In that case, one pixel represents a frequency range = span/631.

The detector determines the way the R&S FSC combines and displays the results for
one pixel. The data base is the video voltage of the analyzer.

The R&S FSC provides several types of detectors.

● Auto Peak

If the auto peak detector is active, the R&S FSC displays both the maximum and
the minimum power levels that were measured in the frequency range covered by
a pixel.

Therefore, the auto peak detector loses no information. If a signal power level
fluctuates (e.g. noise), the width of the trace depends on the magnitude of the
signal fluctuation.

The auto peak detector is the default detector.

● Max Peak

If the max peak detector is active, the R&S FSC displays only the maximum power
levels that were measured in the frequency range covered by a pixel.

The max peak detector is useful for measurements on pulse or FM signals, for
example.

● Min Peak

If the max peak detector is active, the R&S FSC displays only the minimum power
level that were measured in the frequency range covered by a pixel.

The min peak detector displays sine signals with the correct level and suppresses
noise. Therefore it is useful to find sine signals in the vicinity of noise.

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● Sample

If the sample detector is active, the R&S FSC shows one random power level that
was measured in the frequency range covered by a pixel.

The sample detector is useful for measurements in the time domain (span = 0 Hz)
as it provides the only way to represent the timing of the video signal correctly.

In the frequency domain, the sample detector is a good way to measure noise
power because noise usually has a uniform spectrum with a normal amplitude
distribution.

Signals may get lost if you are using the sample detector for measurements with a
span that is greater than "RBW*631".

● RMS

If the RMS detector is active, the R&S FSC measures the spectral power over one
pixel. In case of power measurements, the RMS detector always shows the true
power of a signal, regardless of the shape of the signal.

The RMS detector is best for measurements on digitally modulated signals
because it provides stable and true power readings. In combination with a high
sweep time you can increase the display stability even more because the
measurement time for each pixel increases.

Noise measurements also provide stable results if you apply the RMS detector in
combination with a high sweep time.

However, the bandwidth occupied by the signal to be measured should at least
equal the frequency covered by a trace pixel or the selected resolution bandwidth
(whichever is larger). Otherwise, the power the R&S FSC shows is too low
because there are spectral components within the frequency range covered by the
pixel that do not originate from the signal you want to observe (e.g. noise).

To get the true power, the video bandwidth (VBW) should also be greater than the
resolution bandwidth (RBW). Otherwise, an averaging effect caused by video
bandlimiting comes into play before the RMS value is calculated.

The R&S FSC provides automatic selection of the detector. In that case, the R&S FSC
selects the detector that is most suitable for the current trace mode.

Trace mode Detector

Clear/Write Auto Peak

Average Sample

Max Hold Max Peak

Min Hold Min Peak

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If you select the detector manually, the detector is independent of the trace mode and
will not change.

► Press the TRACE key.

► Press the "Detector" softkey.

► Select the detector you want to use.

If you automatic detector selection is active, the corresponding menu item is
marked by an [X].

2.2.5.3 Working with a Second Trace

In spectrum mode, you can use two traces. Both traces are based on the same
settings, except the trace settings like the trace mode or the detector. You can use the
second trace to compare, for example, two different detector settings.

In the default state, only trace 1 is active.

► Press the TRACE key.

► Press the "Show" softkey.

► Select the "Trace 2" menu item.

The R&S FSC shows the second
trace. The second trace is in a
different color. To show that the
second trace is active, the
R&S FSC labels the "Trace 2"
menu item with an [X].

After you have activated the
second trace, this is also the
active one. All actions (like
changing the detector or trace
mathematics) apply to the active
trace.

The trace indicator shows the currently active trace with a white background.

► Press the "Select Trace" softkey.

Trace 1 becomes the active trace.

You can put both traces into the internal memory of the R&S FSC and restore them
later. Note that the memory trace 1 and memory trace 2 have the same color (i.e.
white).

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Measurement settings

Because the memory trace is just a bitmap, any modifications to measurement settings
like

► Select the trace you want to store

► Press the TRACE key.

2.2.5.4 Working with Memory Traces

You can save the image of both traces to the memory of the R&S FSC and later
restore it and compare it to a live trace. The memory trace is always colored white to
distinguish it from the live trace.

span or reference level are nor reflected in the memory trace.

When you save a data set, the R&S FSC also stores the associated trace in the trace
memory. If you restore it at a later time, you can display the memory trace as if it is a
normal memory trace.

► Press the TRACE key.

in the trace memory with the
"Select Trace" softkey.

► Press the "TraceMemory"

softkey.

The R&S FSC saves the active
trace.

► Press the "Show" softkey.

► Select the "Memory <x>" menu

item.

The R&S FSC shows the corresponding memory trace. If active, it labels the
"Memory <x>" menu item with an [X].

2.2.5.5 Using Trace Mathematics

Trace mathematics substract the memory trace from the live trace and vice versa and
then display the results.

► Press the "TraceMemory"

softkey.

► Press the "Show" softkey.

► Press the "Trace Math" softkey.

► Select the "Trace-Memory" or

"Memory-Trace" menu item.

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The R&S FSC calculates and
shows the resulting trace.

► To turn off trace mathematics, select the "Off" menu item.

R&S FSC Table of Contents

2.2.6 Using Markers

The spectrum analyzer mode provides marker and deltamarker functionality. In
addition, you can use several marker functions.

2.2.6.1 Using Markers and Deltamarkers

The R&S FSC has six markers, five of which can be used as either markers or delta
markers.

The markers cannot leave the trace and indicate the horizontal and vertical coordinates
of the point they are positioned on. The horizontal position of a marker is shown by a
vertical line which extends from the top to the bottom of the measurement diagram.
The marker list above the diagram area shows the exact coordinates of all markers in
use.

The position of a delta marker is indicated by a dashed line to distinguish it from a
normal marker. The delta marker level is always a relative to the main marker level and
so the delta marker level unit is always dB. The delta marker frequency is always
relative to the main marker – in other words, the delta marker frequency is the
frequency difference between the frequency at the point marked by the main marker
and the frequency at the point marked by the delta marker.

To measure complex signals, you can activate up to six markers. Marker 1 is always a
normal marker and the reference of all delta markers. Markers 2 to 6 are either
markers or delta markers depending on your set up.

Screen Layout with Active Markers

1 Marker list
2 Marker label: M(x)
3 Delta marker label: D(x)
4 Active marker label (red label)
5 Delta marker (blue dotted line)
6 Marker (blue line)
7 Marker input field
8 Marker menu

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2.2.6.2 Positioning Markers

► Press the MARKER key.

The marker menu opens.

If, as yet, no marker has been activated, the R&S FSC automatically activates the
main marker and positions it on the maximum level that has been measured. In
addition, the marker frequency input field opens.

You can perform the following actions:

● Position the marker with the cursor keys.

When positioning the marker with the cursor keys, the step size is 10% of the
span.

● Position the marker with the rotary knob

When positioning the marker with the rotary knob, the step size is one pixel.

● Enter a marker position with the number keys and confirm the entry with one of the
unit keys.

► Confirm the marker position with the ENTER key.

The marker input field closes.

By default, the marker list above the diagram area is active. The marker list shows
the horizontal position of all markers and the corresponding vertical value. If
inactive, the list shows only the coordinates of markers 1 and 2.

You can turn it off and on again whenever you like.

► Press the "View List" softkey.

The marker list turns off or on, depending on its original state.

2.2.6.3 Positioning a Delta Marker

When a normal marker is already in use, you can add delta markers.

► Press the MARKER key.

► Press the "New Marker" softkey.

The R&S FSC activates a delta marker and positions it on the next maximum level
that has been measured. In addition, the delta marker input field opens.

The R&S FSC adds the delta marker to the marker list and shows the marker
position relative to the normal marker (M1).

You can perform the following actions:

● Enter a delta marker position with the number keys and confirm the entry with one
of the unit keys.

● Change the delta marker position with the rotary knob or the cursor keys.

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► Confirm the delta marker position with the ENTER key.

The delta marker input field closes.

► To add more markers, press the "New Marker" softkey several times until you have

the number of markers you want in the display.

2.2.6.4 Selecting the Marker Type

When you add new markers, they will be delta markers by default. Their coordinates
are relative to the first marker (M1). You can turn delta markers into normal markers if
you need absolute information about the marker position.

► Press the MARKER key.

► Select the delta marker you want to convert with the "Select Marker" softkey.

The corresponding marker symbol turns red and the marker input field opens.

► Press the "Marker Type" softkey.

The delta marker turns into a normal marker. Its label changes accordingly (e.g. D2
to M2) and its coordinates are now absolute values.

2.2.6.5 Automatic Positioning of Markers

The R&S FSC offers functions that make setting the markers easier or allow to make
instrument settings on the basis of the current marker position:

● "Set to Peak"

The Peak function places the active marker or the delta marker on the highest level
value of the trace.

● "Set to Next Peak"

The Next Peak function places the active marker or delta marker on the next
highest level value of the trace, relative to its current position.

● "Set to Minimum"

The Minimum function places the active marker or delta marker on the lowest
value of the trace.

► Press the MKR key.

► Press the "Set to Peak", "Set to Next Peak" or "Set to Minimum" softkey.

The R&S FSC positions the marker accordingly.

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Deactivating markers

If you delete marker 1 (M1), all delta markers that are relative to that marker are also
deleted.

2.2.6.6 Removing Markers

Remove markers any time you want.

Removing selected markers

► Select the marker you want to delete with the "Select Marker" softkey.

The corresponding marker symbol turns red and the marker input field opens.

► Press the MARKER key.

► Press the "Delete Marker" softkey.

► Select the "Delete Selected" menu item.

► Confirm the selection with the ENTER key.

The R&S FSC deletes the marker.

Removing delta markers only

► Press the MARKER key.

► Press the "Delete Marker" softkey.

► Select the "Delete All Delta" menu item.

► Confirm the selection with the ENTER key.

The R&S FSC deletes all delta markers.

Removing all markers at the same time.

► Press the MARKER key.

► Press the "Delete Marker" softkey.

► Select the "Delete All" menu item.

► Confirm the selection with the ENTER key.

The R&S FSC deletes all markers and delta markers.

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2.2.6.7 Using Marker Search Limits

The R&S FSC allows you to use only a limited section of the trace for the "Set to
Peak", "Set to Next Peak" and "Minimum" functions.

► Press the MKR key.

► Press the "Search Limits" softkey.

► Select the "Search Limits On/Off" menu item.

► Confirm the selection with the ENTER key.

The R&S FSC activates the marker search limits.

An [X] indicates an active search limit. Two vertical red lines show the lower and upper
limits in the diagram.

By default, the search limit range is over the whole span.

► Press the "Search Limits" softkey

► Select the "Lower Limit" menu item.

► Confirm the selection with the ENTER key.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the lower limit of the search range.

► Enter the lower limit.

► Confirm the entry with one of the unit keys.

If the span is wide enough, the R&S FSC displays a red vertical line to indicate the
lower limit.

► Define the upper search limit the same way.

Deactivating marker search limits

► Press the "Search Limits" softkey.

► Select the "Search Limits On/Off" menu item.

► Confirm the selection.

The "Search Limits" softkey turns grey again and in the "Search Limits" menu, the
[X] is no longer displayed.

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Deactivating marker functions

Selecting a marker function again while it is still active turns that marker function off.

► Press the MARKER key.

2.2.6.8 Using Marker Functions

In addition to the frequency and level readout, the R&S FSC provides several, more
complex, marker functions in spectrum analyzer mode.

Measuring the Noise Power Density

The marker noise function calculates the noise power density at the marker position in
dBm/Hz. The R&S FSC includes several variables in the calculation of the noise power
density, including the trace pixel values, the resolution bandwidth, the detector and the
level display mode (absolute or relative). To stabilize the noise power display, the
R&S FSC uses the pixel the marker is on and four pixels to the right and four pixels to
the left of the marker pixel.

Noise power density can provide useful information when you are measuring noise or
digitally modulated signals. However, you will get valid results only if the spectrum in
the vicinity of the marker has a flat frequency response. When measuring the noise
power density on discrete signals, results are not valid.

► Press the "Marker Function"

softkey.

► Select the "Noise" menu item.

The R&S FSC shows the level at
the marker frequency in dBm/Hz. If
you are using a delta marker for
the measurement, the results have
the unit dBc/Hz with marker 1
being the reference.

Measuring the Frequency

The R&S FSC provides a frequency counter. The frequency counter accurately
measures the frequency at the marker position.

When calculating the horizontal position of the marker, the R&S FSC includes the
current span, center frequency and the frequency of the pixel the marker is on. As the
trace only has 631 pixels, the marker position is just an approximation, especially if the
span is very wide.

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With the frequency counter, however, you can get a more accurate result of the
horizontal marker position. If the frequency counter is active, the R&S FSC stops the
measurement at the marker position for a short time and measures the frequency
using the internal reference frequency.

R&S FSC Table of Contents

► Press the MARKER key.

► Press the MARKER key.

The accuracy of the results therefore depends only on the accuracy of the internal
reference frequency (TCXO). The frequency counter has a resolution of 0.1 Hz and
therefore provides far more accurate results. Despite the accuracy, the measurement
is still fast (because of a special algorithm for the I/Q baseband signal).

The frequency counter only gives completely accurate readings for sine signals that
are at least 20 dB above the noise floor. If the S/N ratio is less, noise affects the
results.

► Press the "Marker Function"

softkey.

► Select the "Frequency Count"

menu item

The R&S FSC displays the
counted marker frequency with a
resolution of 1 Hz. If the frequency
counter is on, the marker symbol
changes from M1 to C.

Measuring the Signal Bandwidth

The "n dB Down" marker function places two temporary markers to the left and to the
right of the reference marker and measures the bandwidth between the two temporary
markers. The function therefore is a good way to measure the bandwidth of a signal or
the bandwidth of a filter, for example. The temporary markers are represented as two
vertical lines.

The distance to the reference marker is by default 3 dB below the reference marker.
You can also adjust this value manually. Entering a positive value sets the temporary
markers below the reference marker. If it is, for any reason, not possible to calculate
the frequency spacing, dashes are displayed instead of a value.

Upon entering a negative value, the function turns into a n dB up function. You can use
a n dB up function, for example, for measurements on notch filters.

► Press the "Marker Function"

softkey.

► Select the "n dB Down" menu item

The R&S FSC displays two
temporary markers on the left and
on the right of the reference
marker M1. It also shows the
bandwidth between the n dB down
markers.

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Demodulating signals

If you turn
or the frequency counter.

You can then adjust the distance of the temporary markers.

► Press the "Marker Function" softkey.

► Select the "n dB Down" menu item

The R&S FSC opens an input field

► Enter a different distance (in this case 6 dB).

The R&S FSC again shows the temporary markers, this time with a broader bandwidth.

Demodulating Signals

The R&S FSC features an AM and FM demodulator to demodulate and monitor audio
signals. It demodulates the signal at the marker frequency.

You can listen to the demodulated signal with the internal speaker or headphones that
you can connect to the 3.5 mm headphone jack on the top of the R&S FSC.

When demodulating an AM modulated signal, the R&S FSC turns the video voltage
into an audible sound. You should therefore set the reference level to about the level of
the signal that you are demodulating.

If you perform measurements in the time domain, the R&S FSC demodulates
continuously. In the frequency domain, you can define a time period the R&S FSC
demodulates the signal at the marker frequency. The frequency sweep then stops at
the marker frequency for that time before finishing the sweep.

► Press the MARKER key.

► Press the "Marker Function" softkey.

► Select the demodulation scheme you require from the menu.

The R&S FSC starts to demodulate the signal.

on the demodulator, the R&S FSC automatically turns off the noise marker

Defining the demodulation time period

► Press the MARKER key.

► Press the "Marker Function" softkey.

► Select the "Time…" menu item.

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The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the demodulation time.

► Enter the demodulation time you need.

The range is from 100 ms to 500 s. In time domain the R&S FSC demodulates
continuously, i.e. the demodulation time is not relevant.

R&S FSC Table of Contents

Controlling the volume

► Press the MARKER key.

► Press the "Marker Function" softkey.

► Select the "Volume…" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to define the demodulation volume.

► Enter the volume you are comfortable with.

The demodulation volume is a percentage (0 % to 100 %) with 100 % being full
volume.

For more information on general volume control see the Quick Start Guide.

2.2.7 Using Display Lines

Like markers, display lines help you to determine the level of the signal.

A display line is a straight line that runs horizontally and corresponds to a certain level
value. You can move the display line to each pixel in the display. This means that the
accuracy and exact vertical position of the display line depends on the resolution of the
vertical axis. With a display range of 100 dB, for example, each pixel corresponds to

0.3 dB. In that case, the accuracy of the display line is 0.3 dB. If you enter a value with

a higher resolution, the R&S FSC rounds that value.

You can also move the display line with the rotary knob or the cursor keys. The step
size for movement with the rotary knob is one pixel. The step size for the cursor keys is
10 % of the display range.

► Press the LINES key.

► Press the "Display Line" softkey.

The R&S FSC displays the display line as a blue horizontal line. It shows the
vertical position of the line in a table above the diagram area.

When you activate the display line, the R&S FSC also opens an input field to
define the vertical position of the line.

► Enter the level value you need.

The R&S FSC positions the display line accordingly.

Alternatively you can also move the display line with the rotary knob or the cursor
keys.

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2.2.8 Using Limit Lines

Limit lines help you to identify if a signal complies with certain level characteristics.

A limit line is made up out of two or more points that are connected to a line. Each of
the points that define the shape of the limit line consists of two coordinates. One
coordinate defines the horizontal position (e.g. frequency), the other one the vertical
position. With the R&S FSC you can build limit lines that consist of up to 1000 points.

Values that define the horizontal characteristics of the limit line can be either absolute
values (e.g. frequency in MHz) or relative values whose reference is the center of the
measurement trace (e.g. the center frequency). Relative values are of advantage if
you, for example, measure modulated output signals and you change the center
frequency but need the limit line to remain the same. Absolute limit lines have the file
extension ".abslim" while relative limit lines have the file extension ".rellim"

Values that define the vertical characteristsics are always level values in dB. If the
scaling of the vertical axis is currently a linear one (units V or W), the R&S FSC
automatically switches to a logarithmic scaling after you turn on the limit line.

After turning on a limit line, the R&S FSC checks if the signal violates the shape of the
limit line. If one or more signal levels violate the limits, the R&S FSC features several
indicators that the limit check has failed.

● A general message in the diagram header that indicates if the signal violates the
limit line, including the trace that violates the limit:

● An audio signal that sounds every time a limit is violated

● The trace color turns red in areas of the spectrum that violate a limit

You can create and edit limit lines with the R&S FSCView software package and then
transfer them into the internal memory of the R&S FSC. The number of limit lines you
can store in the memory depends on other datasets available on the R&S FSC or, if
you are using an external storage device (e.g. memory stick), the size of it.

For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 14.

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Threshold line and display line

Like the display line, a threshold line is a straight horizontal line. The difference is that
the

A failed limit check may be an issue if you want to create a measurement report,
because measurements with failed limits are not included in this report.

Usin
the same time, regardless if any limits have been violated or not.

2.2.8.1 Selecting a Limit Line

Before selecting a limit line, you need to decide if you want to use it as an upper or
lower limit line. In case of upper limit lines, the R&S FSC checks if the signal is above
the limit line. In case of lower limit lines, the R&S FSC checks if the signal is below the
limit line.

You also have to make sure that the limit line is compatible to the scale of the
horizontal axis.

► Press the LINES key.

► Depending on the application, press the "Upper Limit" or "Lower Limit" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select the limit line.

► Select the "Load From File…" menu item.

► Press the "Sort/Show" softkey.

► Select the "Show Compatible" menu item.

The R&S FSC shows all limit lines that are compatible to the current settings.

► Select one of the available limit lines.

► Press the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSC activates the limit line. In the diagram, the limit line is displayed as a
red line.

If you have already selected a limit line, you can turn the limit line on and off with
the "Limits On/Off" softkey.

Alternatively, you can define a threshold that works like a limit line. A threshold is a
simple horizontal limit line.

► Press the "Upper Limit" or "Lower Limit" softkey.

► Select the "Threshold" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens a input field to define the threshold.

► Enter the threshold you need.

The R&S FSC displays the line and performs a limit check for that threshold.

R&S FSC performs a limit check for threshold lines, but not for display lines.

g a display line, you can use a line and are able to create a measurement report at

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Limit violation

Note that

If the signal level is the same as the limit value, the limit check passes.

The process of turning off a limit line completely is similar to that of selecting a line.

► Press the "Upper Limit" or "Lower Limit" softkey

► Select the "Unselect Limit" menu item.

The R&S FSC deactivates the limit line.

2.2.8.2 Performing Limit Checks

If limit lines are active, the R&S FSC automatically checks the trace for limit violations
after each frequency sweep. As long as the signal does not violate the limit line, the
R&S FSC shows a "Pass" message in the measurement diagram. As soon as one
single value (i.e. one pixel) is outside of the limits, the R&S FSC displays a "Fail"
message in the diagram area and, in addition, sounds a beep.

A limit checks relates only to the frequency range defined by the limit line, not the
span.

Audio signal

You can turn the acoustic signal that sounds in case of a limit violation on and off.

► Press the "Options" softkey.

► Select the "Audio Beep" menu item.

An [X] in front of the "Audio Beep" menu item indicates that the beeper is active. If
the audio beep is active, the R&S FSC beeps each time a limit is violated.

a limit check fails only if the signal exceeds the limit line.

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2.3 Working with Channel Tables

Almost all transmission systems divide their assigned frequency ranges into channels.
Each channel corresponds to a specific frequency. To keep the handling of such
systems simple, you can use channel tables instead of entering frequencies manually.

The R&S FSC already comes with an assortment of channel tables that you can use
without doing anything. If you want to test transmission standards that are not listed,
you can also build channel tables manually with the "Channel Table Editor" of the
R&S FSCView software package that is delivered with the R&S FSC. To use one of
those, you just have to copy the channel table to the R&S FSC.

For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 14.

Selecting a channel table

► Press the FREQ key.

► Press the "Frequency Mode" softkey.

► Select the "Channel" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select a channel table.

► Select one of the available channel tables.

After activating the channel table, the R&S FSC is set up according to the
information contained in the channel table. Instead of a center frequency, the
R&S FSC shows the currently active channel number including the name of the
channel. The center frequency of a channel is defined in the channel table and is
the frequency corresponding to the selected channel.

Selecting a channel

Entering a center, start or stop frequency is not possible anymore. Instead you select a
channel. The R&S FSC then adjusts the center, start and stop frequency according to
the channel table.

► Press the FREQ key.

► Press the "Center Frequency" softkey.

The R&S FSC opens an input field to select the channel.

► Enter the channel you want to perform measurements on.

The R&S FSC changes the channel according to the channel table.

Channel numbers are assigned to frequencies as follows:

- The first channel is assigned a channel number and a frequency.

- All subsequent channels have ascending numbers.

- The frequency spacing between channels is fixed. It can also be negative, i.e.

the center frequency of the R&S FSC decreases with ascending channel
number.

- In transmission systems containing gaps in the frequency range (as in the case

of television, for example), a channel table can comprise multiple ranges.

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Transducer factor availability

Transducer factors are not available for measurements with the tracking generator or
the Power Sensors. The

2.4 Using Transducer Factors

The frequency-dependent transducer factor of transducers and antennas can be
directly considered in the measurement result. A transducer factor consists of a
numeric value and a unit. The R&S FSC corrects the level values of the trace by the
values of the transducer. At the same time, the unit of the transducer is assigned to the
level axis. When field-strength measurements are performed with the aid of antennas,
for instance, the electrical field strength is directly indicated in dBµV/m on the
R&S FSC. A transducer factor can also be used to correct a frequency-dependent
attenuation, e.g. of a cable between DUT and RF input of the R&S FSC.

You can create and edit transducer factor with the R&S FSCView software package
and then transfer them into the internal memory of the R&S FSC. Each transducer
factor may consist of up to 1000 reference values.

For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 14.

Interpolation between the values is performed with the aid of a modified spline
algorithm. Even if only relatively few values such as maxima, minima and turning
points are available, this algorithm can easily simulate the correction factors of
common transducers. Two transducers can be switched on at a time. The second
transducer must be assigned the unit dB. The R&S FSC adds the two transducers to a
total transducer.

Units supported for transducer factors:

● dB

● dBµV/m

● dBµA/m

● W/m2

The unit dB does not change the unit set on the R&S FSC. It can be used, for instance,
to compensate for frequency-dependent loss and gain at the input of the R&S FSC.
The units dBµV/m and dBµA/m convert the output power of an antenna into electric or
magnetic field strength. The unit W/m2 is used to calculate and display the power flux
density.

For example, to compensate for the cable loss between the transducer and the RF
input, the R&S FSC can use two transducers at the same time. One of them must have
the unit dB, however, i.e. it must correspond to one loss or gain value.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Transducer" softkey.

"Transducer" softkey is therefore inactive.

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You can select two transducer factors, a primary transducer and a secondary
transducer. If a transducer factor is active, the menu item has an [X] in front of it.

► Select the "Select Primary Transducer" menu item.

The R&S FSC opens a dialog box to select the transducer factor.

► Select the transducer factor you need.

► Confirm the selection with the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSC shows the name of the active transducer on the display.

An example would be the transducer factor of the R&S HL223 antenna that is defined
between 200 MHz and 1300 MHz. The R&S FSC therefore displays the noise in this
frequency range as a function of frequency incremented by the transducer factor.
Outside the transducer range, the R&S FSC sets the transducer factor at zero, i.e.
measurements in this range do not yield conclusive results.

You can select a second transducer factor with the "Select Secondary Transducer"
menu item. The secondary transducer factor in that case is added to the first. The unit
of the second transducer factor must always be the relative unit dB as otherwise an
addition would not be useful. When you select a secondary transducer factor, the
dialog box shows only those transducer factors that have dB as their unit.

2.4.1 Unit for Measurements with Transducers

If the unit of the transducer is dB, the units dBm, dBmV or dBµV remain unchanged.
The linear units Volt and Watt are not permissible. They are deactivated in the units
menu.

If the unit of the transducer is dBµV/m or dBµA/m, this unit is also used for the
R&S FSC level display. This means that both the level axis of the diagram and the
level at the marker position are assigned the unit of the transducer. If dBµV/m is
selected as the transducer unit, a switch to absolute level indication in V/m is possible.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Unit" softkey.

► Select the V(olt) menu item.

If you are using a transducer with the unit dBµA/m, it is not possible to select another
unit. Level indication is entirely in dBµA/m.

2.4.2 Setting the Reference Level

The transducer shifts the trace by its value as a function of frequency. Positive
transducer values increase the level, negative values reduce it. To ensure that the
trace is always within the diagram, the R&S FSC adjusts the reference level
accordingly. The reference level is shifted by the maximum transducer value in the
positive or negative direction.

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2.4.3 Frequency Range of Transducer

If the set frequency range is wider than the span in which a transducer is defined, the
R&S FSC assumes the transducer values outside the defined range to be zero.

2.4.4 Data Sets Containing Transducer Factors

The R&S FSC stores data sets together with any transducer factors that may have
been active for the measurement in question. When such a dataset is recalled, the
associated transducer factor(s) are switched on as well. Transducer factors recalled as
part of a data set do however not appear in the list of transducer factors.

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