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R&S®FPS-K6
Pulse Measurement Option
User Manual
(;ÛÈé2)
1177589102
Version 03
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This manual applies to the following R&S®FPS models with firmware version 1.70 and higher:
●
R&S®FPS4 (1319.2008K04)
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R&S®FPS7 (1319.2008K07)
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R&S®FPS13 (1319.2008K13)
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R&S®FPS30 (1319.2008K30)
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R&S®FPS40 (1319.2008K40)
The following firmware options are described:
●
R&S FPS-K6 (1331.3169.02)
© 2021 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 München, Germany
Phone: +49 89 41 29 - 0
Email: info@rohde-schwarz.com
Internet: www.rohde-schwarz.com
Subject to change – data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
1177.5891.02 | Version 03 | R&S®FPS-K6
The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual: R&S®FPS is abbreviated as R&S FPS.
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R&S®FPS-K6
Contents
Contents
1 Preface.................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Typographical Conventions......................................................................................... 7
2 Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application............................. 8
2.1 Starting the Pulse Application..................................................................................... 8
2.2 Understanding the Display Information......................................................................9
3 Measurements and Result Displays...................................................12
3.1 Pulse Parameters........................................................................................................ 12
3.2 Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements..........................................................26
4 Measurement Basics........................................................................... 38
4.1 Parameter Definitions................................................................................................. 38
4.2 Pulse Detection........................................................................................................... 41
4.3 Parameter Spectrum Calculation...............................................................................43
4.4 Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files...........................................................................46
4.5 Trace Evaluation..........................................................................................................47
4.6 Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode........................................................................ 52
5 Configuration........................................................................................54
5.1 Configuration Overview..............................................................................................54
5.2 Signal Description.......................................................................................................56
5.3 Input and Output Settings.......................................................................................... 59
5.4 Frontend Settings....................................................................................................... 62
5.5 Trigger Settings...........................................................................................................66
5.6 Data Acquisition..........................................................................................................72
5.7 Sweep Settings............................................................................................................75
5.8 Pulse Detection........................................................................................................... 77
5.9 Pulse Measurement Settings..................................................................................... 79
5.10 Automatic Settings..................................................................................................... 86
6 Analysis................................................................................................ 87
6.1 Result Configuration...................................................................................................87
6.2 Display Configuration...............................................................................................103
6.3 Markers...................................................................................................................... 104
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Contents
6.4 Trace Configuration.................................................................................................. 112
6.5 Trace / Data Export Configuration........................................................................... 116
6.6 Export Functions.......................................................................................................118
6.7 Analysis in MSRA Mode........................................................................................... 120
7 How to Perform Measurements in the Pulse Application.............. 122
7.1 How to Perform a Standard Pulse Measurement................................................... 122
7.2 How to Configure a Limit Check for a Pulse Measurement.................................. 123
7.3 How to Export Table Data......................................................................................... 124
8 Remote Commands for Pulse Measurements.................................126
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 126
8.2 Common Suffixes......................................................................................................131
8.3 Activating Pulse Measurements.............................................................................. 132
8.4 Signal Description.....................................................................................................135
8.5 Input/Output Settings................................................................................................138
8.6 Frontend Configuration............................................................................................ 142
8.7 Triggering Measurements........................................................................................ 148
8.8 Data Acquisition........................................................................................................155
8.9 Pulse Detection......................................................................................................... 157
8.10 Configuring the Pulse Measurement.......................................................................160
8.11 Configuring and Performing Sweeps......................................................................167
8.12 Configuring the Results........................................................................................... 172
8.13 Configuring the Result Display................................................................................236
8.14 Configuring Standard Traces...................................................................................244
8.15 Working with Markers...............................................................................................250
8.16 Configuring an Analysis Interval and Line (MSRA mode only)............................ 262
8.17 Retrieving Results.....................................................................................................263
8.18 Retrieving Marker Results........................................................................................330
8.19 Deprecated Commands............................................................................................ 331
8.20 Programming Example: Pulse Measurement......................................................... 333
Annex.................................................................................................. 339
A Annex: Reference...............................................................................339
A.1 Reference: ASCII File Export Format...................................................................... 339
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A.2 Effects of Large Gauss Filters................................................................................. 340
A.3 I/Q Data File Format (iq-tar)......................................................................................342
Contents
List of Remote Commands (Pulse)...................................................351
Index....................................................................................................369
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1.1 Typographical Conventions
Preface
Typographical Conventions
1 Preface
The following text markers are used throughout this documentation:
Convention Description
"Graphical user interface elements"
[Keys] Key and knob names are enclosed by square brackets.
Filenames, commands,
program code
Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.
Links Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.
"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by quota-
All names of graphical user interface elements on the screen, such as
dialog boxes, menus, options, buttons, and softkeys are enclosed by
quotation marks.
Filenames, commands, coding samples and screen output are distinguished by their font.
tion marks.
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R&S®FPS-K6
Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application
Starting the Pulse Application
2 Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Appli-
cation
The R&S FPS Pulse application is a firmware application that adds functionality to perform measurements on pulsed signals to the R&S FPS.
The R&S FPS Pulse application provides measurement and analysis functions for
pulse signals frequently used in radar applications, for example.
The R&S FPS Pulse application (R&S FPS-K6) features:
●
Automated measurement of many pulse parameters including timing, amplitude,
frequency and phase parameters
●
Statistical analysis of pulse parameters
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Analysis of parameter trends over time and frequency
●
Visualization of the dependency between parameters
●
Display of amplitude, frequency, phase and power spectrum measurement traces
for individual pulses
This user manual contains a description of the functionality that the application provides, including remote control operation.
Functions that are not discussed in this manual are the same as in the Spectrum application and are described in the R&S FPS User Manual. The latest version is available
for download at the product homepage:
http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/FPS.html)
Installation
You can find detailed installation instructions in the R&S FPS Getting Started manual
or in the Release Notes.
2.1 Starting the Pulse Application
Pulse measurements require a separate application on the R&S FPS.
To activate the R&S FPS Pulse application
1. Press the [MODE] key on the front panel of the R&S FPS.
A dialog box opens that contains all operating modes and applications currently
available on your R&S FPS.
2. Select the "Pulse" item.
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R&S®FPS-K6
Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application
Understanding the Display Information
The R&S FPS opens a new measurement channel for the R&S FPS Pulse application.
The measurement is started immediately with the default settings. It can be configured
in the Pulse "Overview" dialog box, which is displayed when you select the "Overview"
softkey from any menu (see Chapter 5.1, "Configuration Overview", on page 54).
Multiple Measurement Channels and Sequencer Function
When you activate an application, a new measurement channel is created which determines the measurement settings for that application. The same application can be activated with different measurement settings by creating several channels for the same
application.
The number of channels that can be configured at the same time depends on the available memory on the instrument.
Only one measurement can be performed at any time, namely the one in the currently
active channel. However, in order to perform the configured measurements consecutively, a Sequencer function is provided.
If activated, the measurements configured in the currently active channels are performed one after the other in the order of the tabs. The currently active measurement is
indicated by a
are updated in the tabs (including the "MultiView") as the measurements are performed. Sequential operation itself is independent of the currently displayed tab.
For details on the Sequencer function see the R&S FPS User Manual.
symbol in the tab label. The result displays of the individual channels
2.2 Understanding the Display Information
The following figure shows a measurement diagram during analyzer operation. All different information areas are labeled. They are explained in more detail in the following
sections.
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Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application
Understanding the Display Information
1 = Channel bar for firmware and measurement settings
2+3 = Window title bar with diagram-specific (trace) information
4 = Diagram area
5 = Diagram footer with diagram-specific information, depending on measurement
6 = Instrument status bar with error messages, progress bar and date/time display
MSRA operating mode
In MSRA operating mode, additional tabs and elements are available. A colored background of the screen behind the measurement channel tabs indicates that you are in
MSRA operating mode.
For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FPS MSRA User Manual.
For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FPS MSRA User Manual.
Channel bar information
In the R&S FPS Pulse application, the R&S FPS shows the following settings:
Table 2-1: Information displayed in the channel bar in the R&S FPS Pulse application
Ref Level Reference level
Att *) RF attenuation
Freq *) Center frequency for the RF signal
Meas Time Measurement time (data acquisition time)
Meas BW *) Measurement bandwidth
*) If the input source is an I/Q data file, most measurement settings related to data acquisition are not
known and thus not displayed. For details see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files",
on page 46.
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Welcome to the Pulse Measurements Application
Understanding the Display Information
SRate Sample rate
SGL The sweep is set to single sweep mode.
*) If the input source is an I/Q data file, most measurement settings related to data acquisition are not
known and thus not displayed. For details see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files",
on page 46.
In addition, the channel bar also displays information on instrument settings that affect
the measurement results even though this is not immediately apparent from the display
of the measured values (e.g. transducer or trigger settings). This information is displayed only when applicable for the current measurement. For details see the
R&S FPS Getting Started manual.
Window title bar information
For each diagram, the header provides the following information:
Figure 2-1: Window title bar information in the R&S FPS Pulse application
1 = Window number
2 = Window type
3 = Trace color
4 = Trace number
6 = Trace mode
Diagram footer information
The diagram footer (beneath the diagram) contains the start and stop values for the
displayed time range.
Status bar information
Global instrument settings, the instrument status and any irregularities are indicated in
the status bar beneath the diagram. Furthermore, the progress of the current operation
is displayed in the status bar.
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Measurements and Result Displays
Pulse Parameters
3 Measurements and Result Displays
During a pulse measurement, I/Q data from the input signal is captured for a specified
time or for a specified record length. Pulses are detected from the signal according to
specified thresholds and user-defined criteria. The measured signal is then compared
with the ideal signal described by the user and any deviations are recorded. The
defined range of measured data is then evaluated to determine characteristic pulse
parameters. These parameters can either be displayed as traces, in a table, or be evaluated statistically over a series of measurements.
Measurement range vs. result range vs. detection range
The measurement range defines which part of an individual pulse is measured (for
example for frequency deviation), whereas the result range determines which data is
displayed on the screen in the form of amplitude, frequency or phase vs. time traces.
The detection range (if enabled) determines which part of the capture buffer is analyzed. The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current
detection range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range in
the capture buffer. If disabled (default), the entire capture buffer is used as the detection range. See also "Detection range" on page 43.
Exporting Table Results to an ASCII File
Measurement result tables can be exported to an ASCII file for further evaluation in
other (external) applications.
For step-by-step instructions on how to export a table, see Chapter 7.3, "How to Export
Table Data", on page 124.
● Pulse Parameters....................................................................................................12
● Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements.........................................................26
3.1 Pulse Parameters
The pulse parameters to be measured are based primarily on the IEEE 181 Standard
181-2003. For detailed descriptions refer to the standard documentation ("IEEE Standard on Transitions, Pulses, and Related Waveforms", from the IEEE Instrumentation
and Measurement (I&M) Society, 7 July 2003).
The following graphic illustrates the main pulse parameters and characteristic values.
(For a definition of the values used to determine the measured pulse parameters see
Chapter 4.1, "Parameter Definitions", on page 38.)
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Measurements and Result Displays
Pulse Parameters
Figure 3-1: Definition of the main pulse parameters and characteristic values
In order to obtain these results, select the corresponding parameter in the result configuration (see Chapter 6.1, "Result Configuration", on page 87) or apply the required
SCPI parameter to the remote command (see Chapter 8.12, "Configuring the Results",
on page 172 and Chapter 8.17, "Retrieving Results", on page 263).
● Timing Parameters..................................................................................................13
● Power/Amplitude Parameters................................................................................. 16
● Frequency Parameters............................................................................................20
● Phase Parameters.................................................................................................. 21
● Envelope Model (Cardinal Data Points) Parameters.............................................. 22
3.1.1 Timing Parameters
The following timing parameters can be determined by the R&S FPS Pulse application.
Timestamp.....................................................................................................................14
Settling Time................................................................................................................. 14
Rise Time......................................................................................................................14
Fall Time........................................................................................................................14
Pulse Width (ON Time)................................................................................................. 15
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Pulse Parameters
Off Time.........................................................................................................................15
Duty Ratio..................................................................................................................... 15
Duty Cycle (%).............................................................................................................. 15
Pulse Repetition Interval............................................................................................... 15
Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz).................................................................................. 16
Timestamp
The time stamp uniquely identifies each pulse in the capture buffer. It is defined as the
time from the capture start point to the beginning of the pulse period of the current
pulse. (As opposed to the pulse number, which is always relative to the start of the
detection range, see also "Detection range" on page 43).
Depending on the user-specified definition of the pulse period, the period begins with
the mid-level crossing of the current pulse's rising edge (period: high-to-low) or the
mid-level crossing of the previous pulse's falling edge (period low-to-high). See also
"Pulse Period" on page 57.
Note: For external triggers, the trigger point within the sample (TPIS) is considered in
the timestamp (see TRACe:IQ:TPISample? on page 272).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:TSTamp? on page 299
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:TSTamp on page 228
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:TSTamp:LIMit? on page 325
Settling Time
The difference between the time at which the pulse exceeds the mid threshold on the
rising edge to the point where the pulse waveform remains within the pulse boundary
(ON Inner/ ON Outer)
See Figure 3-1
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:SETTling? on page 298
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:SETTling on page 228
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:SETTling:LIMit? on page 325
Rise Time
The time required for the pulse to transition from the base to the top level. This is the
difference between the time at which the pulse exceeds the lower and upper thresholds.
See Figure 3-1
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:RISE? on page 297
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:RISE on page 228
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:RISE:LIMit? on page 324
Fall Time
The time required for the pulse to transition from the top to the base level. This is the
difference between the time at which the pulse drops below the upper and lower
thresholds.
See Figure 3-1
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Pulse Parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:FALL? on page 293
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:FALL on page 227
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:FALL:LIMit? on page 324
Pulse Width (ON Time)
The time that the pulse remains at the top level ("ON"). This is the time between the
first positive edge and the subsequent negative edge of the pulse in seconds, where
the edges occur at crossings of the mid threshold.
See Figure 3-1
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PWIDth? on page 296
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PWIDth on page 228
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PWIDth:LIMit? on page 324
Off Time
The time that the pulse remains at the base level ("OFF"). This is the time between the
first negative edge and the subsequent positive edge of the pulse in seconds, where
the edges occur at crossings of the mid threshold.
See Figure 3-1
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:OFF? on page 294
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:OFF on page 227
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:OFF:LIMit? on page 324
Duty Ratio
The ratio of the "Pulse Width" to "Pulse Repetition Interval" expressed as a value
between 0 and 1 (requires at least two measured pulses)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DRATio? on page 293
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:DRATio on page 226
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DRATio:LIMit? on page 324
Duty Cycle (%)
The ratio of the "Pulse Width" to "Pulse Repetition Interval" expressed as a percentage
(requires at least two measured pulses)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DCYCle? on page 292
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:DCYCle on page 226
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:DCYCle:LIMit? on page 324
Pulse Repetition Interval
The time between two consecutive edges of the same polarity in seconds (requires at
least two measured pulses). The user-specified definition of the pulse period
(see"Pulse Period" on page 57) determines whether this value is calculated from
consecutive rising or falling edges.
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3.1.2 Power/Amplitude Parameters
Measurements and Result Displays
Pulse Parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRI? on page 296
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PRI on page 227
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRI:LIMit? on page 324
Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz)
The frequency of occurrence of pulses, i.e. inverse of the "Pulse Repetition Interval"
(requires at least two measured pulses)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRF? on page 295
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:TIMing:PRF on page 227
[SENSe:]PULSe:TIMing:PRF:LIMit? on page 324
The following power/amplitude parameters can be determined by the R&S FPS Pulse
application.
Top Power..................................................................................................................... 16
Base Power...................................................................................................................16
Pulse Amplitude............................................................................................................ 17
In-Phase Amplitude/Quadrature Amplitude...................................................................17
Average ON Power....................................................................................................... 17
Average Tx Power.........................................................................................................17
Minimum Power............................................................................................................ 17
Peak Power...................................................................................................................18
Peak-to-Avg ON Power Ratio........................................................................................18
Peak-to-Average Tx Power Ratio..................................................................................18
Peak-to-Min Power Ratio.............................................................................................. 18
Droop............................................................................................................................ 18
Ripple............................................................................................................................19
Overshoot......................................................................................................................19
Power (at Point)............................................................................................................ 19
Pulse-to-Pulse Power Ratio.......................................................................................... 19
Top Power
The median pulse ON power. The value of this parameter is used as a reference
(100%) to determine other parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds. Various algorithms are provided to determine the top power (see "Measurement Algo-
rithm" on page 81).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:TOP? on page 290
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:TOP on page 226
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:TOP:LIMit? on page 324
Base Power
The median pulse OFF power. The value of this parameter is used as a reference (0%)
to determine other parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds.
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Pulse Parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:BASE? on page 280
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:BASE on page 222
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:BASE:LIMit? on page 324
Pulse Amplitude
The difference between the "Top Power" and the "Base Power", calculated in linear
power units (W). This value determines the 100% power range (amplitude). This value
is converted to dBm for the Pulse Results table.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude? on page 277
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude on page 221
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:LIMit? on page 324
In-Phase Amplitude/Quadrature Amplitude
The pulse in-phase or quadrature amplitude as a voltage, measured at the measurement point of the pulse (see Chapter 5.9.2, "Measurement Point", on page 82). Values range from -10 mV to +10 mV.
Remote command:
Querying results:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I? on page 278
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q? on page 278
Including results in result summary table:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude:I on page 221
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q on page 222
Querying limit check results:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I:LIMit? on page 324
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q:LIMit? on page 324
Average ON Power
The average power during the pulse ON time
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ON? on page 282
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ON on page 223
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ON:LIMit? on page 324
Average Tx Power
The average transmission power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AVG? on page 279
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:AVG on page 222
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AVG:LIMit? on page 324
Minimum Power
The minimum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
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Pulse Parameters
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MIN? on page 281
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:MIN on page 223
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MIN:LIMit? on page 324
Peak Power
The maximum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MAX? on page 281
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:MAX on page 222
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:MAX:LIMit? on page 324
Peak-to-Avg ON Power Ratio
The ratio of maximum to average power over the pulse ON time (also known as crest
factor)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PON? on page 287
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PON on page 224
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PON:LIMit? on page 324
Peak-to-Average Tx Power Ratio
The ratio of maximum to average power over the entire pulse ON + OFF interval.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PAVG? on page 285
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PAVG on page 224
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PAVG:LIMit? on page 324
Peak-to-Min Power Ratio
The ratio of maximum to minimum power over the entire pulse ON + OFF time
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PMIN? on page 285
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PMIN on page 224
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PMIN:LIMit? on page 324
Droop
The rate at which the pulse top level decays, calculated as the difference between the
power at the beginning of the pulse ON time and the power at the end of the pulse ON
time, divided by the pulse amplitude.
Droop values are only calculated if Pulse Has Droop is set to "On" (default ).
For more information see Chapter 4.1.1, "Amplitude Droop", on page 39
Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is
defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 81), otherwise in %W.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop:DB? on page 275
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent]? on page 276
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ADRoop:DB on page 220
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Pulse Parameters
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent] on page 221
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop:DB:LIMit? on page 324
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:ADRoop[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 324
Ripple
The ripple is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum deviation from the pulse top reference, within a user specified interval.
For more information see Chapter 4.1.2, "Ripple", on page 39
Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is
defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 81), otherwise in %W.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle:DB? on page 288
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent]? on page 289
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:RIPPle:DB on page 225
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent] on page 225
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle:DB:LIMit? on page 324
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:RIPPle[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 324
Overshoot
The height of the local maximum after a rising edge, divided by the pulse amplitude.
For more information see Chapter 4.1.3, "Overshoot", on page 41.
Note: The percentage ratio values are calculated in %V if the "Measurement Level" is
defined in V (see "Reference Level Unit" on page 81), otherwise in %W.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB? on page 283
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent]? on page 284
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB on page 223
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent] on page 223
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot:DB:LIMit? on page 324
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:OVERshoot[:PERCent]:LIMit? on page 324
Power (at Point)
The power measured at the pulse "measurement point" specified by the Measurement
Point Reference and the "Offset" on page 84
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:POINt? on page 286
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:POINt on page 224
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:POINt:LIMit? on page 324
Pulse-to-Pulse Power Ratio
The ratio of the "Power" values from the first measured pulse to the current pulse.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PPRatio? on page 288
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:POWer:PPRatio on page 225
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:PPRatio:LIMit? on page 324
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3.1.3 Frequency Parameters
Measurements and Result Displays
Pulse Parameters
The following frequency parameters can be determined by the R&S FPS Pulse application.
Frequency..................................................................................................................... 20
Pulse-Pulse Frequency Difference................................................................................20
Frequency Error (RMS).................................................................................................20
Frequency Error (Peak).................................................................................................20
Frequency Deviation..................................................................................................... 21
Chirp Rate.....................................................................................................................21
Frequency
Frequency of the pulse measured at the defined Measurement Point
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:POINt? on page 302
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:POINt on page 218
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:POINt:LIMit? on page 324
Pulse-Pulse Frequency Difference
Difference in frequency between the first measured pulse and the currently measured
pulse
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PPFRequency? on page 303
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:PPFRequency on page 218
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PPFRequency:LIMit? on page 324
Frequency Error (RMS)
The RMS frequency error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for modulation type "Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement Range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:RERRor? on page 304
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:RERRor on page 218
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:RERRor:LIMit? on page 324
Frequency Error (Peak)
The peak frequency error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for modulation type "Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement Range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PERRor? on page 302
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:PERRor on page 218
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:PERRor:LIMit? on page 324
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Pulse Parameters
Frequency Deviation
The frequency deviation of the currently measured pulse. The deviation is calculated
as the absolute difference between the maximum and minimum frequency values
within the Measurement Range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:DEViation? on page 301
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:DEViation on page 217
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:DEViation:LIMit? on page 324
Chirp Rate
A known frequency chirp rate (per μs) to be used for generating an ideal pulse waveform.
Note: a chirp rate is only available for the Pulse Modulation type "Linear FM".
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:CRATe? on page 300
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:FREQuency:CRATe on page 217
[SENSe:]PULSe:FREQuency:CRATe:LIMit? on page 324
3.1.4 Phase Parameters
The following phase parameters can be determined by the R&S FPS Pulse application.
Phase............................................................................................................................21
Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference.......................................................................................21
Phase Error (RMS)........................................................................................................21
Phase Error (Peak)....................................................................................................... 22
Phase Deviation............................................................................................................22
Phase
Phase of the pulse measured at the defined Measurement Point
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:POINt? on page 307
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:POINt on page 219
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:POINt:LIMit? on page 324
Pulse-Pulse Phase Difference
Difference in phase between the first measured pulse and the currently measured
pulse
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PPPHase? on page 308
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:PPPHase on page 220
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PPPHase:LIMit? on page 324
Phase Error (RMS)
The RMS phase error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative
to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for the Pulse Modulation type
"Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement Range.
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Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:RERRor? on page 308
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:RERRor on page 220
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:RERRor:LIMit? on page 324
Phase Error (Peak)
The peak phase error of the currently measured pulse. The error is calculated relative
to the given pulse modulation. It is not calculated at all for the Pulse Modulation type
"Arbitrary". The error is calculated over the Measurement Range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PERRor? on page 306
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:PERRor on page 219
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:PERRor:LIMit? on page 324
Phase Deviation
The phase deviation of the currently measured pulse. The deviation is calculated as
the absolute difference between the maximum and minimum phase values within the
Measurement Range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:DEViation? on page 305
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:PHASe:DEViation on page 219
[SENSe:]PULSe:PHASe:DEViation:LIMit? on page 324
3.1.5 Envelope Model (Cardinal Data Points) Parameters
The pulse envelope model has the shape of a trapezoid of amplitude (V) versus time
(s) values. This model allows for a finite rise and fall time, as well as an amplitude
droop across the top of the pulse. During measurement of each pulse, the points of this
trapezoidal model are determined as the basis for further measurements. For example,
the rise and fall time amplitude thresholds or the "pulse top" duration are determined
from the parameters of the envelope model.
Figure 3-2: Envelope model parameters
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Pulse Parameters
Each of these parameters has a time and an amplitude value. The time values are relative to the pulse timestamp and displayed in seconds. The amplitude values are displayed as power in dBm units.
You configure the desired high, mid and low thresholds for the rise and fall slopes relative to the base (0%) and top (100%) levels. See Chapter 5.9.1, "Measurement Lev-
els", on page 79.
The power value of the rise base point and the fall base point is assumed to be equal
and is defined by the "Base Power" parameter found in the "Amplitude Parameters"
group of the table configuration (see "Base Power" on page 16).
Rise Base Point Time....................................................................................................23
Rise Low Point Time..................................................................................................... 23
Rise Mid Point Time......................................................................................................23
Rise High Point Time.....................................................................................................24
Rise Top Point Time......................................................................................................24
Rise Low Point Level.....................................................................................................24
Rise Mid Point Level..................................................................................................... 24
Rise High Point Level....................................................................................................24
Rise Top Point Level..................................................................................................... 24
Fall Base Point Time.....................................................................................................25
Fall Low Point Time.......................................................................................................25
Fall Mid Point Time........................................................................................................25
Fall High Point Time......................................................................................................25
Fall Top Point Time........................................................................................................25
Fall Low Point Level......................................................................................................25
Fall Mid Point Level.......................................................................................................25
Fall High Point Level..................................................................................................... 26
Fall Top Point Level.......................................................................................................26
Rise Base Point Time
The time the amplitude starts rising above 0 %.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RBPTime? on page 317
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RBPTime on page 214
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RBPTime:LIMit? on page 323
Rise Low Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPTime? on page 320
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RLPTime on page 215
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPTime:LIMit? on page 324
Rise Mid Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the rising edge.
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Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPTime? on page 321
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RMPTime on page 216
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPTime:LIMit? on page 324
Rise High Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the High (Distal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPTime? on page 319
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RHPTime on page 215
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPTime:LIMit? on page 324
Rise Top Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the 100 % level in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPTime? on page 323
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RTPTime on page 217
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPTime:LIMit? on page 324
Rise Low Point Level
The amplitude of the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPLevel? on page 319
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RLPLevel on page 215
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RLPLevel:LIMit? on page 324
Rise Mid Point Level
The amplitude of the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPLevel? on page 321
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RMPLevel on page 216
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RMPLevel:LIMit? on page 324
Rise High Point Level
The amplitude of the High (Distal) Threshold in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPLevel? on page 318
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RHPLevel on page 215
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RHPLevel:LIMit? on page 323
Rise Top Point Level
The amplitude at 100 % in the rising edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPLevel? on page 322
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:RTPLevel on page 216
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:RTPLevel:LIMit? on page 324
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Fall Base Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches 0 % on the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FBPTime? on page 311
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FBPTime on page 212
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FBPTime:LIMit? on page 323
Fall Low Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPTime? on page 314
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FLPTime on page 213
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPTime:LIMit? on page 323
Fall Mid Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPTime? on page 315
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FMPTime on page 214
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPTime:LIMit? on page 323
Fall High Point Time
The time the amplitude reaches the High (Distal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPTime? on page 313
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FHPTime on page 213
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPTime:LIMit? on page 323
Fall Top Point Time
The time the amplitude falls below the 100 % level in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPTime? on page 317
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FTPTime on page 214
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPTime:LIMit? on page 323
Fall Low Point Level
The amplitude of the Low (Proximal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPLevel? on page 313
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FLPLevel on page 213
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FLPLevel:LIMit? on page 323
Fall Mid Point Level
The amplitude of the Mid (Mesial) Threshold in the falling edge.
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Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPLevel? on page 315
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FMPLevel on page 213
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FMPLevel:LIMit? on page 323
Fall High Point Level
The amplitude of the High (Distal) Threshold in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPLevel? on page 312
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FHPLevel on page 212
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FHPLevel:LIMit? on page 323
Fall Top Point Level
The amplitude at 100 % in the falling edge.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPLevel? on page 316
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:EMODel:FTPLevel on page 214
[SENSe:]PULSe:EMODel:FTPLevel:LIMit? on page 323
3.2 Evaluation Methods for Pulse Measurements
The data that was measured by the R&S FPS Pulse application can be evaluated
using various different methods.
All evaluation modes available for the Pulse measurement are displayed in the selection bar in SmartGrid mode.
For details on working with the SmartGrid see the R&S FPS Getting Started manual.
By default, the Pulse measurement results are displayed in the following windows:
●
Magnitude Capture
●
Pulse Results
●
Pulse Frequency
●
Pulse Magnitude
●
Pulse Phase
The following evaluation methods are available for Pulse measurements:
Magnitude Capture........................................................................................................27
Marker Table ................................................................................................................ 27
Parameter Distribution.................................................................................................. 28
Parameter Spectrum.....................................................................................................28
Parameter Trend...........................................................................................................29
Pulse Frequency........................................................................................................... 31
Pulse I and Q................................................................................................................ 31
Pulse Magnitude........................................................................................................... 32
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Pulse Phase..................................................................................................................33
Pulse Phase (Wrapped)................................................................................................33
Pulse Results................................................................................................................ 34
Pulse-Pulse Spectrum...................................................................................................35
Pulse Statistics..............................................................................................................36
Result Range Spectrum................................................................................................36
Magnitude Capture
Displays the captured data. Detected pulses are indicated by green bars along the xaxis. The currently selected pulse is highlighted in blue.
Additionally, the following parameters are indicated by horizontal lines in the diagram:
●
"Ref": the pulse detection reference level (see Chapter 5.9.1, "Measurement Lev-
els", on page 79)
●
"Det": the pulse detection threshold (see "Threshold" on page 78)
●
"100 %": a fixed top power level (see "Fixed Value" on page 81)
You can drag the line in the diagram to change the top power level.
The detection range is indicated by vertical lines ("DR", see "Detection Range"
on page 78). You can drag the lines within the capture buffer to change the detection
range.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,MCAP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 264
Marker Table
Displays a table with the current marker values for the active markers.
This table is displayed automatically if configured accordingly.
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Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH, MTAB, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Results:
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:X on page 252
CALCulate<n>:MARKer<m>:Y? on page 331
Parameter Distribution
Plots a histogram of a particular parameter, i.e. all measured parameter values from
the current capture vs pulse count or occurrence in %. Thus you can determine how
often a particular parameter value occurs. For each parameter distribution window you
can configure a different parameter to be displayed.
This evaluation method allows you to distinguish transient and stable effects in a specific parameter, such as a spurious frequency deviation or a fluctuation in power over
several pulses.
Note: Limit lines. Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Distribution
diagram. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new position is
maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in any active
table displays are adapted.
Note that averaging is not possible for parameter distribution traces.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PDIS see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Chapter 8.12.3, "Configuring a Parameter Distribution", on page 175
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 264
Parameter Spectrum
Calculates an FFT for a selected column of the Pulse Results table. This "spectrum"
allows you to easily determine the frequency of periodicities in the pulse parameters.
For example, the Parameter Spectrum for "Pulse Top Power" might display a peak at a
particular frequency, indicating incidental amplitude modulation of the amplifier output
due to the power supply.
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The Parameter Spectrum is calculated by taking the magnitude of the FFT of the
selected parameter and normalizing the result to the largest peak. In order to calculate
the frequency axis the average PRI (pulse repetition interval) is taken to be the "sample rate" for the FFT. Note that in cases where the signal has a non-uniform or staggered PRI the frequency axis must therefore be interpreted with caution.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PSP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Chapter 8.12.4, "Configuring a Parameter Spectrum", on page 181
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 264
Parameter Trend
Plots all measured parameter values from the current capture buffer (or detection
range, if enabled) vs pulse number or pulse timestamp. This is equivalent to plotting a
column of the "Pulse Results" table for the rows highlighted green. This evaluation
allows you to determine trends in a specific parameter, such as a frequency deviation
or a fluctuation in power over several pulses.
The parameter trend evaluation can also be used for a more general scatter plot - the
parameters from the current capture buffer cannot only be displayed over time, but
also versus any other pulse parameter. For example, you can evaluate the rise time vs
fall time.
For each parameter trend window you can configure a different parameter to be displayed for both the x-axis and the y-axis, making this a very powerful and flexible
analysis tool.
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Figure 3-3: Pulse width trend display (over pulse numbers)
Figure 3-4: Peak power vs pulse width scatter plot
Note: Limit lines. Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Trend diagram. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new position is
maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in any active
table displays are adapted.
If a limit is defined for a parameter that is displayed in a Parameter Trend diagram, the
" Auto Scale Once " on page 101 function is not available for the axis this parameter is
displayed on (see also "Activating a limit check for a parameter" on page 100). This
avoids the rapid movement of the limit lines which would occur if the axis scale
changed.
Note that averaging is not possible for parameter trend traces.
Note: Setting markers in Parameter Trend Displays. In Parameter Trend displays,
especially when the x-axis unit is not pulse number, positioning a marker by defining its
x-axis value can be very difficult or ambiguous. Thus, markers can be positioned by
defining the corresponding pulse number in the "Marker" edit field for all parameter
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trend displays, regardless of the displayed x-axis parameter. The "Marker" edit field is
displayed when you select one of the "Marker" softkeys.
However, the position displayed in the marker information area or the marker table is
shown in the defined x-axis unit.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PTR see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Chapter 8.12.6, "Configuring a Parameter Trend", on page 190
Pulse Frequency
Displays the frequency trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of the
trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result
Range", on page 88).
Note:
You can apply an additional filter after demodulation to help filter out unwanted signals
(see "FM Video Bandwidth" on page 91).
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PFR see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 264
Pulse I and Q
Displays the magnitude of the I and Q components of the selected pulse versus time
as separate traces in one diagram. The length and alignment of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result Range",
on page 88).
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Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PIAQ see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Results:
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:I? on page 278
[SENSe:]PULSe:POWer:AMPLitude:Q? on page 278
Pulse Magnitude
Displays the magnitude vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment
of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2,
"Result Range", on page 88).
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PMAG see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 264
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Pulse Phase
Displays the phase vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of
the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chapter 6.1.2,
"Result Range", on page 88).
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PPH see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 264
Pulse Phase (Wrapped)
Displays the wrapped phase vs. time trace of the selected pulse. The length and alignment of the trace can be configured in the "Result Range" dialog box (see Chap-
ter 6.1.2, "Result Range", on page 88).
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Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PPW see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 264
Pulse Results
Displays the measured pulse parameters in a table of results. Which parameters are
displayed can be configured in the "Result Configuration" (see Chapter 6.1, "Result
Configuration", on page 87). The currently selected pulse is highlighted blue. The
pulses contained in the current capture buffer (or detection range, if enabled) are highlighted green. The number of detected pulses in the current capture buffer ("Curr") and
the entire measurement ("Total") is indicated in the title bar.
Note:
You can apply an additional filter after demodulation to help filter out unwanted signals
(see "FM Video Bandwidth" on page 91).
Limit check
Optionally, the measured results can be checked against defined limits (see Chap-
ter 6.1.6.1, "Limit Settings for Table Displays", on page 98). The results of the limit
check are indicated in the Pulse Results table as follows:
Table 3-1: Limit check results in the result tables
Display color Limit check result
White No limit check active for this parameter
Green Limit check passed
Red, asterisk before Limit check failed; limit exceeds lower limit
Red, asterisk behind Limit check failed; limit exceeds upper limit
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Note: The results of the limit check are for informational purposes only; special events
such as stopping the measurement are not available.
Note: Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Distribution and Param-
eter Trend diagrams. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The
new position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit
check in any active table displays are adapted.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PRES see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Chapter 8.12.8, "Configuring the Statistics and Parameter Tables", on page 210
Results:
Chapter 8.17.3, "Retrieving Parameter Results", on page 273
Number of pulses: [SENSe:]PULSe:COUNt? on page 269
Chapter 8.17.4, "Retrieving Limit Results", on page 323
Pulse-Pulse Spectrum
The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is basically a Parameter Spectrum, based on complex I/Q
data. The I and Q values for each pulse (taken at the Measurement Point Reference)
are integrated over all pulses to create a spectrum that consists of positive and negative frequencies. You cannot select a parameter for the spectrum. All other settings are
identical to the parameter spectrum.
The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is useful to analyze small frequency shifts which cannot
be detected within an individual pulse, for example Doppler effects.
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Remote command:
LAY:ADD? '1',RIGH,PPSP, see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 264
Pulse Statistics
Displays statistical values (minimum, maximum, average, standard deviation) for the
measured pulse parameters in a table of results. The number of evaluated pulses is
also indicated. Both the current capture buffer data and the cumulated captured data
from a series of measurements are evaluated. The statistics calculated only from pulses within the current capture buffer (or detection range, if enabled) are highlighted
green. For reference, the measured parameters from the "Selected Pulse" are also
shown, highlighted blue. The displayed parameters are the same as in the Pulse
Results and can be configured in the "Result Configuration" (see Chapter 6.1, "Result
Configuration", on page 87).
Note: Limit checks are also available for Pulse Statistics; see "Pulse Results"
on page 34.
Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,PST see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Chapter 8.12.8, "Configuring the Statistics and Parameter Tables", on page 210
Results:
Chapter 8.17.3, "Retrieving Parameter Results", on page 273
[SENSe:]PULSe:<ParameterGroup>:<Parameter>:COUNt? on page 271
Chapter 8.17.4, "Retrieving Limit Results", on page 323
Result Range Spectrum
Calculates a power spectrum from the captured I/Q data, within the time interval
defined by the result range (see Chapter 6.1.2, "Result Range", on page 88.
The Result Range Spectrum is calculated using a Welch periodogram, which involves
averaging the spectrum calculated by overlapping windows.
The shape of the window used for the calculation can be specified. The length of the
window is calculated such that a specific resolution bandwidth is obtained.
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Remote command:
LAY:ADD:WIND '2',RIGH,RRSP see LAYout:ADD[:WINDow]? on page 238
Results:
TRACe<n>[:DATA]? on page 264
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4.1 Parameter Definitions
Measurement Basics
Parameter Definitions
4 Measurement Basics
Some background knowledge on basic terms and principles used in pulse measurements is provided here for a better understanding of the required configuration settings.
● Parameter Definitions..............................................................................................38
● Pulse Detection.......................................................................................................41
● Parameter Spectrum Calculation............................................................................ 43
● Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files........................................................................ 46
● Trace Evaluation..................................................................................................... 47
● Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode..................................................................... 52
The pulse parameters to be measured are based primarily on the IEEE 181 Standard
181-2003. For detailed descriptions refer to the standard documentation ("IEEE Standard on Transitions, Pulses, and Related Waveforms", from the IEEE Instrumentation
and Measurement (I&M) Society, 7 July 2003).
The following definitions are used to determine the measured pulse power parameters:
Value Description
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
The magnitude in V corresponding to the pulse OFF level (base level)
0%
The magnitude in V corresponding to the pulse ON level (top level)
100%
The magnitude in V at the peak level occurring directly after the pulse rising edge (mid-level
Ov
crossing)
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the top of the rising edge (beginning of the pulse
rise
top)
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the top of the falling edge (end of the pulse top)
fall
The magnitude in V corresponding to the largest level above the reference model which occurs
rip+
within the ripple portion of the pulse top
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the point in time where L
top+
The magnitude in V corresponding to the lowest measured level below the reference model which
rip-
occurs within the ripple portion of the pulse top
The magnitude in V of the reference model at the point in time where L
top-
is measured
rip+
is measured
rip-
● Amplitude Droop..................................................................................................... 39
● Ripple......................................................................................................................39
● Overshoot................................................................................................................41
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100 (%V) Droop
%0%100
LL
LL
fallrise
100 (%W) Droop
2
%0
2
%100
22
LL
LL
fallrise
fall
rise
L
L
10
log20 (dB) Droop
4.1.1 Amplitude Droop
Measurement Basics
Parameter Definitions
The amplitude droop is calculated as the difference between the power at the beginning of the pulse ON time and the power at the end of the pulse ON time, divided by
the pulse amplitude:
Figure 4-1: Illustration of levels used to define the droop measurement
4.1.2 Ripple
The ripple is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum deviation from the pulse top reference, within a user specified interval.
The default behavior compensates for droop in the pulse top using the following formulae:
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100 (%V) Ripple
%0%100
LL
LLLL
riptoptoprip
100 (%W) Ripple
2
%0
2
%100
2222
LL
LLLL
riptoptoprip
222
%100
222
%100
10
log10 (dB) Ripple
riptop
toprip
LLL
LLL
100 (%V) Ripple
%0%100
LL
LL
ripri p
100 (%W) Ripple
2
%0
2
%100
22
LL
LL
riprip
rip
rip
L
L
10
log20 (dB) Ripple
Measurement Basics
Parameter Definitions
However, if Pulse Has Droop is set to "Off" or the 100 % Level Position is set to "Center", then the reference model has a flat pulse top and L
formulae are reduced to:
top+
= L
top-
= L
. Thus, the
100%
The following illustration indicates the levels used for calculation.
Figure 4-2: Illustration of levels used to define the ripple measurement.
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100 (%V)Overshoot
%0%100
%100
LL
LL
Ov
100 (%W)Overshoot
2
%0
2
%100
2
%100
2
LL
LL
Ov
%100
10
log20 (dB)Overshoot
L
L
Ov
4.1.3 Overshoot
Measurement Basics
Pulse Detection
The overshoot is defined as the height of the local maximum after a rising edge, divided by the pulse amplitude:
Figure 4-3: Illustration of levels used to define the overshoot measurement
4.2 Pulse Detection
A pulsed input signal is a signal whose carrier power is modulated by two states: ON
and OFF. Basically, a pulse is detected when the input signal power exceeds a threshold, then falls below that threshold, or vice versa. Pulses that rise to and then remain at
a peak (positive) power level for a certain duration, and then fall again are referred to
as positive pulses. The opposite - falling to and remaining at a minimum (negative)
power level, then rising - is referred to as a negative pulse. The "ON" power level is
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Measurement Basics
Pulse Detection
referred to as the top or 100% level, whereas the "OFF" level is referred to as the
base or 0% level.
Top
Base
Positive
pulse
A hysteresis can refine the detection process and avoid falsely interpreting unstable
signals as additional pulses. Optionally, detection can be restricted to a maximum number of pulses per capture process.
A top power level that is not constant is called an amplitude droop. Since the top level
is an important reference for several pulse parameters, take a droop into consideration
where possible. If a signal is known to have a droop, the reference level is not calculated as an average or median value over the ON time. Instead, it is calculated separately for the rising and falling edges.
The time it takes the signal power to rise from the base level to the top is called the
rise time.
The duration the signal power remains at the top level is considered the ON time,
which also defines the pulse width.
Base
Top
Negative
pulse
The time it takes the signal power to fall from the top to the base level is called the fall
time.
The duration the signal power remains at the base level is called the OFF time.
The pulse repetition interval (also known as pulse period) is defined as the duration
of one complete cycle consisting of:
●
The rise time
●
The ON time
●
The fall time
●
The OFF time
To avoid taking noise, ripples, or other signal instabilities into consideration, the absolute peak or minimum power values are not used to calculate these characteristic values. Instead, threshold values are defined.
See Chapter 3.1, "Pulse Parameters", on page 12 for more precise definitions and an
illustration of how these values are calculated.
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Measurement Basics
Parameter Spectrum Calculation
Detection range
If the capture buffer contains a large number of pulses, it can be tedious to find a particular pulse for analysis. In this case, you can enable the use of a detection range
instead of the entire capture buffer for analysis.
A detection range determines which part of the capture buffer is analyzed. It is defined
by the Detection Start and the Detection Length. If disabled (default), the entire capture
buffer is used as the detection range.
The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current detection
range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range. If you
change the position of the detection range within the capture buffer, pulse number 1
can be a different pulse. All pulse-based results are automatically updated, if necessary. To navigate to a particular pulse in the capture buffer, use the pulse timestamps,
which are relative to the start of the capture buffer.
An active detection range is indicated by vertical lines ("DR") in the Magnitude Capture
Buffer display. You can also change the detection range graphically by dragging the
vertical lines in the window.
4.3 Parameter Spectrum Calculation
When a signal is measured over time, it is possible to calculate the frequency spectrum
for the measured signal by performing an FFT on the measured data. Similarly, it is
possible to calculate a "spectrum" for a particular pulse parameter by performing an
FFT. This "spectrum" allows you to determine the frequency of periodicities in the pulse
parameters easily. For example, the Parameter Spectrum for "Pulse Top Power" can
display a peak at a particular frequency, indicating incidental amplitude modulation of
the amplifier output due to the power supply.
Basically, the parameter spectrum is calculated by taking the magnitude of the FFT of
the selected parameter and normalizing the result to the largest peak.
Frequency axis
When calculating a spectrum from a measured signal, the sample rate ensures a regular distance between two frequencies. To calculate the frequency axis for a parameter
spectrum, the average PRI (pulse repetition interval) is taken to be the "sample rate"
for the FFT.
Interpolation
However, in cases where the signal has a non-uniform or staggered PRI the frequency
axis must be interpreted with caution. In cases where the pulses only occur in non-contiguous intervals, using the PRI no longer provides useful results. A good solution to
create equidistant samples for calculation is to "fill up" the intervals between pulses
with interpolated values. Based on the measured and interpolated values, the frequency axis can then be created.
The number of possible interpolation values is restricted to 100,000 by the R&S FPS
Pulse application . Thus, the resulting spectrum is limited. By default, the frequency
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Measurement Basics
Parameter Spectrum Calculation
span for the resulting spectrum is determined automatically. However, to improve the
accuracy (and performance) of the interpolation, the maximum required frequency
span can be restricted further manually.
Non-contiguous pulses - sections vs gaps
For the non-contiguous pulse measurements described above, interpolation in the long
intervals where no pulses occur distort the result. Therefore, time intervals without pulses are identified, referred to as gaps. The time intervals that contain pulses are also
identified, referred to as sections. Interpolation is then performed only on the sections,
whereas the gaps are ignored for the spectrum calculation.
A gap threshold ensures that pulses with large intervals are not split into multiple sections. A section threshold ensures that singular pulses within a long gap are not included in calculation.
Example: Non-contiguous pulse measurement
A typical measurement setup that results in non-contiguous pulses is a rotating radar
antenna scanning the air. For most of the time required for a single rotation, no pulses
are received. However, when an object comes within the scan area, several pulses are
detected within a short duration in time (identified as a section). When the object
leaves the scan area again, the pulses will stop, defining a gap until the next object is
detected.
Blocks
Spectrum calculation is then performed for the individual sections only. However, the
Fourier transformation is not performed on the entire section in one step. Each section
is split into blocks, which can overlap. An FFT is performed on each block to calculate
an individual result. The smaller the block size, the more individual results are calculated, and the more precise the final result. Thus, the block size determines the resolution bandwidth in the final spectrum. Note that while the block size can be defined
manually, the RBW cannot.
Window functions
Each block with its measured and interpolated values is multiplied with a specific window function. Windowing helps minimize the discontinuities at the end of the measured
signal interval and thus reduces the effect of spectral leakage, increasing the frequency resolution.
Various different window functions are provided in the R&S FPS Pulse application.
Each of the window functions has specific characteristics, including some advantages
and some trade-offs. Consider these characteristics carefully to find the optimum solution for the measurement task.
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1length
n4
cos
2
alpha
1length
n2
cos5.0
2
1alpha
)n(w
blackman
1length
2
cos1
5.0
alpha
Measurement Basics
Parameter Spectrum Calculation
Table 4-1: FFT window functions
Window type Function
Rectangular The rectangular window function is in effect not a function at all, it maintains the original
sampled data. This can be useful to minimize the required bandwidth; however, heavy
sidelobes can occur, which do not exist in the original signal.
Hamming
Hann
Blackman
(default)
Bartlett
Averaging and final spectrum
After windowing, an FFT is performed on each block, and the individual spectrum
results are then combined to a total result by averaging the traces. The complete process to calculate a parameter spectrum is shown in Figure 4-4.
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Measurement Basics
Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files
Figure 4-4: Calculating a parameter spectrum for non-contiguous pulses
4.4 Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files
The I/Q data to be evaluated in a particular R&S FPS application can not only be captured by the application itself, it can also be loaded from a file, provided it has the correct format. The file is then used as the input source for the application.
For example, you can capture I/Q data using the I/Q Analyzer application, store it to a
file, and then analyze the signal parameters for that data later using the Pulse application (if available).
An application note on converting Rohde & Schwarz I/Q data files is available from the
Rohde & Schwarz website:
1EF85: Converting R&S I/Q data files
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Measurement Basics
Trace Evaluation
As opposed to importing data from an I/Q data file using the import functions provided
by some R&S FPS applications, the data is not only stored temporarily in the capture
buffer, where it overwrites the current measurement data and is in turn overwritten by a
new measurement. Instead, the stored I/Q data remains available as input for any
number of subsequent measurements. Furthermore, the (temporary) data import
requires the current measurement settings in the current application to match the settings that were applied when the measurement results were stored (possibly in a different application). When the data is used as an input source, however, the data acquisition settings in the current application (attenuation, center frequency, measurement
bandwidth, sample rate) can be ignored. As a result, these settings cannot be changed
in the current application. Only the measurement time can be decreased, in order to
perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from the beginning of the
file) only.
When using input from an I/Q data file, the [RUN SINGLE] function starts a single measurement (i.e. analysis) of the stored I/Q data, while the [RUN CONT] function repeatedly analyzes the same data from the file.
Sample iq.tar files
If you have the optional R&S FPS VSA application (R&S FPS-K70), some sample
iq.tar files are provided in the C:/R_S/Instr/user/vsa/DemoSignals directory
on the R&S FPS.
Pre-trigger and post-trigger samples
In applications that use pre-triggers or post-triggers, if no pre-trigger or post-trigger
samples are specified in the I/Q data file, or too few trigger samples are provided to
satisfy the requirements of the application, the missing pre- or post-trigger values are
filled up with zeros. Superfluous samples in the file are dropped, if necessary. For pretrigger samples, values are filled up or omitted at the beginning of the capture buffer,
for post-trigger samples, values are filled up or omitted at the end of the capture buffer.
4.5 Trace Evaluation
Traces in graphical result displays based on the defined result range (see Chap-
ter 6.1.2, "Result Range", on page 88) can be configured. For example, you can per-
form statistical evaluations over a defined number of measurements, pulses, or samples.
You can configure up to 6 individual traces for the following result displays (see Chap-
ter 6.1.2, "Result Range", on page 88):
●
"Pulse Frequency" on page 31
●
"Pulse Magnitude" on page 32
●
"Pulse Phase" on page 33
●
"Pulse Phase (Wrapped)" on page 33
● Trace Statistics........................................................................................................48
● Normalizing Traces................................................................................................. 48
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4.5.1 Trace Statistics
Measurement Basics
Trace Evaluation
Each trace represents an analysis of the data measured in one result range. Statistical
evaluations can be performed over several traces, that is, result ranges. Which ranges
and how many are evaluated depends on the configuration settings.
Selected pulse vs all pulses
The "Sweep/Average Count" determines how many measurements are evaluated.
For each measurement, in turn, either the selected pulse only (that is: one result
range), or all detected pulses (that is: possibly several result ranges) can be included
in the statistical evaluation.
Thus, the overall number of averaging steps depends on the "Sweep/Average Count"
and the statistical evaluation mode.
Figure 4-5: Trace statistics - number of averaging steps
4.5.2 Normalizing Traces
For pulse results based on an individual pulse, sometimes, the absolute value is not of
interest. Instead, the relative offset of each point in the trace from a specific measurement point within the pulse, or from a reference pulse, is of interest.
Normalization based on a measurement point
In a standard trace for a pulse result display, the measured frequency, magnitude, or
phase value for each measurement point in the result range is displayed. If only the relative deviations within that pulse are of interest, you can subtract a fixed value from
each trace point. The fixed value is the value measured at a specified point in the
pulse. Thus, the trace value at the specified measurement point is always 0. This happens when a trace is normalized based on the measured pulse.
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Measurement Basics
Trace Evaluation
The measurement point used for normalization is the same point used to determine the
pulse parameter results, see Chapter 5.9.2, "Measurement Point", on page 82.
Figure 4-6: Normalization of the Pulse Phase trace based on the measured pulse
By default, the measurement point is the center of the pulse. However, this position
can be moved arbitrarily within the pulse by defining an offset.
If the measurement point is defined with an offset in time, the trace value does not
pass 0 at the measurement point. It passes 0 at the time of the measurement point +
the offset value.
Figure 4-7: Normalization of the Pulse Phase trace based on the measured pulse + 100
ns offset
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Measurement Basics
Trace Evaluation
Normalization + averaging window
Together with an Averaging Window for the measurement point, normalization based
on the measured pulse can provide for a very stable pulse trace. However, the calculated average value does not always coincide with the measured trace point value. So in
this case, the maxhold, minhold or average traces do not necessarily pass 0 at the
measurement point.
Figure 4-8: Normalization based on the measured pulse with an average window
Normalization based on a reference pulse
Sometimes you are not interested in the deviations of the pulse results within a single
pulse, but rather in the deviations to a reference pulse. Then you can also base normalization on the measurement point of a specified reference pulse. In this case, the
trace value for the measurement point in the reference pulse is deducted from all trace
values in the measured pulse.
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Trace Evaluation
Figure 4-9: Normalization based on a reference pulse
Note that in this case, the value at the measurement point used to determine pulse
parameter results is also normalized. Thus, normalization based on a reference pulse
modifies the results in the Pulse Results and "Pulse Statistics" on page 36 tables! The
pulse parameter values in the pulse tables for the (normalized) reference pulse are
always 0.
However, as opposed to normalization based on a measured pulse, the pulse-to-pulse
deviations are maintained when normalized to a reference pulse.
The reference pulse can be defined as one of the following:
●
A fixed pulse number
●
The currently selected pulse
●
A previous (-n) or subsequent (+n) pulse, relative to the currently evaluated pulse
Normalization of pulse phase traces
Phase traces for an individual pulse can be normalized just like magnitude and frequency traces, as described above. However, you can also define a phase offset. In
this case, the pulses are not normalized to 0, but to the phase offset value. The phase
measured at a specified point in the reference or measured pulse, plus the phase off-
set, is subtracted from each trace point.
The phase offset for normalization is defined in the "Units" settings (see "Phase Nor-
malization" on page 103).
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4.6 Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode
Measurement Basics
Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode
In MSRA operating mode, only the MSRA Master actually captures data; the MSRA
applications receive an extract of the captured data for analysis, referred to as the
application data. For the Pulse application in MSRA operating mode, the application
data range is defined by the same settings used to define the signal capture in Signal
and Spectrum Analyzer mode. In addition, a capture offset can be defined, i.e. an offset from the start of the captured data to the start of the application data for pulse measurements. The "Capture Buffer" displays show the application data of the Pulse application in MSRA mode.
Data coverage for each active application
Generally, if a signal contains multiple data channels for multiple standards, separate
applications are used to analyze each data channel. Thus, it is of interest to know
which application is analyzing which data channel. The MSRA Master display indicates
the data covered by each application, restricted to the channel bandwidth used by the
corresponding standard, by vertical blue lines labeled with the application name.
Analysis interval
However, the individual result displays of the application need not analyze the complete data range. The data range that is actually analyzed by the individual result display is referred to as the analysis interval.
In the R&S FPS Pulse application, the analysis interval is automatically determined
according to the result range settings, as in Signal and Spectrum Analyzer mode, for
result displays based on an individual pulse. For result displays based on the entire
capture buffer, the MSRA analysis interval corresponds to the measurement time. The
currently used analysis interval (in seconds, related to measurement start) is indicated
in the window header for each result display.
Analysis line
A frequent question when analyzing multi-standard signals is how each data channel is
correlated (in time) to others. Thus, an analysis line has been introduced. The analysis
line is a common time marker for all MSRA client applications. It can be positioned in
any MSRA client application or the MSRA Master and is then adjusted in all other client
applications. Thus, you can easily analyze the results at a specific time in the measurement in all client applications and determine correlations.
If the marked point in time is contained in the analysis interval of the client application,
the line is indicated in all time-based result displays, such as time, symbol, slot or bit
diagrams. By default, the analysis line is displayed, however, it can be hidden from
view manually. In all result displays, the "AL" label in the window title bar indicates
whether the analysis line lies within the analysis interval or not:
●
orange "AL": the line lies within the interval
●
white "AL": the line lies within the interval, but is not displayed (hidden)
●
no "AL": the line lies outside the interval
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Measurement Basics
Pulse Measurements in MSRA Mode
Example:
In this example, a frequency hopping signal is captured with the MSRA master channel. The pulse hopping characteristic is analyzed within the R&S FPS Pulse application
(K6), while the digital modulation used on a specific hopping frequency is simultaneously analyzed in the VSA application (R&S FPS-K70).
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Configuration
Configuration Overview
5 Configuration
Access: [MODE] > "Pulse"
Pulse measurements require a special application on the R&S FPS.
When you activate the Pulse application the first time, a set of parameters is passed on
from the currently active application. After initial setup, the parameters for the measurement channel are stored upon exiting and restored upon re-entering the channel.
Thus, you can switch between applications quickly and easily.
When you activate the Pulse application, a pulse measurement for the input signal is
started automatically with the default configuration. The "Pulse" menu is displayed and
provides access to the most important configuration functions.
Automatic refresh of results after configuration changes
The R&S FPS supports you in finding the correct measurement settings quickly and
easily - after each change in settings, the measurements are repeated and the result
displays are updated immediately and automatically to reflect the changes. You do not
need to refresh the display manually. Thus, you can see if the setting is appropriate or
not directly through the transparent dialog boxes.
● Configuration Overview...........................................................................................54
● Signal Description................................................................................................... 56
● Input and Output Settings....................................................................................... 59
● Frontend Settings....................................................................................................62
● Trigger Settings.......................................................................................................66
● Data Acquisition...................................................................................................... 72
● Sweep Settings....................................................................................................... 75
● Pulse Detection.......................................................................................................77
● Pulse Measurement Settings.................................................................................. 79
● Automatic Settings.................................................................................................. 86
5.1 Configuration Overview
Access: all menus
Throughout the measurement configuration, an overview of the most important currently defined settings is provided in the "Overview".
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Configuration
Configuration Overview
In addition to the main measurement settings, the "Overview" provides quick access to
the main settings dialog boxes. Thus, you can easily configure an entire measurement
channel from input over processing to output and evaluation by stepping through the
dialog boxes as indicated in the "Overview".
In particular, the "Overview" provides quick access to the following configuration dialog
boxes (listed in the recommended order of processing):
1. Signal Description
See Chapter 5.2, "Signal Description", on page 56
2. Input and Frontend Settings
See Chapter 5.3, "Input and Output Settings", on page 59
3. (Optionally:) Trigger/Gate
See Chapter 5.5, "Trigger Settings", on page 66
4. Data Acquisition
See Chapter 5.6, "Data Acquisition", on page 72
5. Pulse Detection
See Chapter 5.8, "Pulse Detection", on page 77
6. Pulse Measurement
See Chapter 5.9, "Pulse Measurement Settings", on page 79
7. Result Configuration
See Chapter 6.1, "Result Configuration", on page 87
8. Display Configuration
See Chapter 6.2, "Display Configuration", on page 103
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Configuration
Signal Description
To configure settings
► Select any button in the "Overview" to open the corresponding dialog box.
Select a setting in the channel bar (at the top of the measurement channel tab) to
change a specific setting.
Preset Channel............................................................................................................. 56
Specific Settings for ..................................................................................................... 56
Preset Channel
Select the "Preset Channel" button in the lower left-hand corner of the "Overview" to
restore all measurement settings in the current channel to their default values.
Do not confuse the "Preset Channel" button with the [Preset] key, which restores the
entire instrument to its default values and thus closes all channels on the R&S FPS
(except for the default channel)!
Remote command:
SYSTem:PRESet:CHANnel[:EXEC] on page 135
Specific Settings for
The channel may contain several windows for different results. Thus, the settings indicated in the "Overview" and configured in the dialog boxes vary depending on the
selected window.
Select an active window from the "Specific Settings for" selection list that is displayed
in the "Overview" and in all window-specific configuration dialog boxes.
The "Overview" and dialog boxes are updated to indicate the settings for the selected
window.
5.2 Signal Description
Access: "Overview" > "Signal Description"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Signal Description"
The signal description provides information on the expected input signal, which optimizes pulse detection and measurement.
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Configuration
Signal Description
Pulse Period..................................................................................................................57
Pulse Has Droop...........................................................................................................57
Pulse Modulation...........................................................................................................58
Timing Auto Mode.........................................................................................................58
Minimum Pulse Width, Maximum Pulse Width..............................................................58
Min Pulse Off Time........................................................................................................58
Frequency Offset Auto Mode........................................................................................ 58
Frequency Offset Value.................................................................................................58
Chirp Rate Auto Mode...................................................................................................59
Chirp Rate.....................................................................................................................59
Pulse Period
Defines how a pulse is detected.
"High to Low"
"Low to High"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:PERiod on page 138
Pulse Has Droop
If enabled, a pulse can be modeled as having amplitude droop, i.e. the pulse top may
not be flat.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ADRoop on page 138
The pulse period begins with the falling edge of the preceding pulse
and ends with the falling edge of the current pulse.
The pulse period begins with the rising edge of the current pulse and
end with the rising edge of the succeeding pulse.
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Configuration
Signal Description
Pulse Modulation
Defines the expected pulse modulation:
"Arbitrary"
"CW"
"Linear FM"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:MODulation on page 138
Timing Auto Mode
If enabled, the timing parameters (minimum pulse width, maximum pulse width, minimum pulse off time) are determined automatically from the current capture settings.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:AUTO on page 136
Modulation not considered (no phase error/frequency error results
available)
Continuous wave modulation, i.e. only the carrier power is modulated
(On/Off)
For CW modulation, additional parameters are available to define the
frequency offset.
Linear frequency modulation (FM) (The frequency changes linearly
over time within each pulse)
For linear pulse modulation, additional parameters are available to
define the chirp rate.
Minimum Pulse Width, Maximum Pulse Width
Defines a minimum and maximum pulse width; pulses outside this range are not detected. The available value range is restricted by the sample rate.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:MAX on page 136
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:MIN on page 136
Min Pulse Off Time
The minimum time the pulse is "off", i.e. the time between successive pulses. This
value is used to determine noise statistics and to reject short drops in amplitude during
pulse "on" time. The available value range is 50ns to 100s, but may be restricted further by the sample rate.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:DURation:OFF on page 136
Frequency Offset Auto Mode
If enabled, the frequency offset is estimated automatically for each individual pulse.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:OFFSet:AUTO on page 137
Frequency Offset Value
Defines a known frequency offset to be corrected in the pulse acquisition data.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:OFFSet on page 137
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5.3 Input and Output Settings
Configuration
Input and Output Settings
Chirp Rate Auto Mode
If enabled, the chirp rate is estimated automatically for each individual pulse.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:RATE:AUTO on page 137
Chirp Rate
Defines a known frequency chirp rate (in Hz/μs) to be used to generate an ideal pulse
waveform for computing frequency and phase error parameters. This value is assumed
constant for all measured pulses.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:FREQuency:RATE on page 137
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend"
Or: [INPUT/OUTPUT]
Or: "Input & Output"
The R&S FPS can analyze signals from different input sources and provide various
types of output (such as noise or trigger signals).
The settings for data input and output are described here.
● Input Source Settings..............................................................................................59
● Output Settings....................................................................................................... 61
5.3.1 Input Source Settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source"
The input source determines which data the R&S FPS will analyze.
The default input source for the R&S FPS is "Radio Frequency" , i.e. the signal at the
"RF Input" connector of the R&S FPS. If no additional options are installed, this is the
only available input source.
● Radio Frequency Input............................................................................................59
5.3.1.1 Radio Frequency Input
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Input Source" > "Radio Frequency"
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Input and Output Settings
Radio Frequency State ................................................................................................ 60
Input Coupling ..............................................................................................................60
Impedance ................................................................................................................... 60
YIG-Preselector ............................................................................................................61
Radio Frequency State
Activates input from the "RF Input" connector.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:SELect on page 140
Input Coupling
The RF input of the R&S FPS can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).
AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. This is the default setting to
prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal may be distorted.
However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the
instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data
sheet.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:COUPling on page 139
Impedance
For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the
R&S FPS can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.
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Input and Output Settings
Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a
75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impedance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/
50Ω).
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 139
YIG-Preselector
Enables or disables the YIG-preselector, if available on the R&S FPS.
An internal YIG-preselector at the input of the R&S FPS ensures that image frequen-
cies are rejected. However, this is only possible for a restricted bandwidth. To use the
maximum bandwidth for signal analysis you can disable the YIG-preselector at the
input of the R&S FPS, which can lead to image-frequency display.
Note that the YIG-preselector is active only on frequencies greater than 8 GHz. Therefore, switching the YIG-preselector on or off has no effect if the frequency is below that
value.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:FILTer:YIG[:STATe] on page 139
5.3.2 Output Settings
Access: [Input/Output] > "Output"
The R&S FPS can provide output to special connectors for other devices.
For details on connectors, refer to the R&S FPS Getting Started manual, "Front / Rear
Panel View" chapters.
How to provide trigger signals as output is described in detail in the R&S FPS User
Manual.
Noise Source Control....................................................................................................62
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Configuration
Frontend Settings
Noise Source Control
The R&S FPS provides a connector ("NOISE SOURCE CONTROL") with a 28 V voltage supply for an external noise source. By switching the supply voltage for an external noise source on or off in the firmware, you can enable or disable the device as
required.
External noise sources are useful when you are measuring power levels that fall below
the noise floor of the R&S FPS itself, for example when measuring the noise level of an
amplifier.
In this case, you can first connect an external noise source (whose noise power level is
known in advance) to the R&S FPS and measure the total noise power. From this
value you can determine the noise power of the R&S FPS. Then when you measure
the power level of the actual DUT, you can deduct the known noise level from the total
power to obtain the power level of the DUT.
Remote command:
DIAGnostic:SERVice:NSOurce on page 141
5.4 Frontend Settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend"
The frequency and amplitude settings represent the "frontend" of the measurement
setup.
● Frequency Settings................................................................................................. 62
● Amplitude Settings.................................................................................................. 63
5.4.1 Frequency Settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Frequency"
Or: [FREQ]
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Configuration
Frontend Settings
Center Frequency ........................................................................................................ 63
Center Frequency Stepsize ..........................................................................................63
Frequency Offset ..........................................................................................................63
Center Frequency
Defines the center frequency of the signal in Hertz.
The allowed range of values for the center frequency depends on the frequency span.
span > 0: span
zero span: 0 Hz ≤ f
f
and span
max
/2 ≤ f
min
center
depend on the instrument and are specified in the data sheet.
min
center
≤ f
≤ f
max
max
– span
min
/2
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer on page 142
Center Frequency Stepsize
Defines the step size by which the center frequency is increased or decreased using
the arrow keys.
When you use the rotary knob the center frequency changes in steps of only 1/10 of
the span.
The step size can be coupled to another value or it can be manually set to a fixed
value.
"= Center"
Sets the step size to the value of the center frequency. The used
value is indicated in the "Value" field.
"Manual"
Defines a fixed step size for the center frequency. Enter the step size
in the "Value" field.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:CENTer:STEP on page 142
Frequency Offset
Shifts the displayed frequency range along the x-axis by the defined offset.
This parameter has no effect on the instrument's hardware, or on the captured data or
on data processing. It is simply a manipulation of the final results in which absolute frequency values are displayed. Thus, the x-axis of a spectrum display is shifted by a
constant offset if it shows absolute frequencies. However, if it shows frequencies relative to the signal's center frequency, it is not shifted.
A frequency offset can be used to correct the display of a signal that is slightly distorted
by the measurement setup, for example.
The allowed values range from -1 THz to 1 THz. The default setting is 0 Hz.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]FREQuency:OFFSet on page 143
5.4.2 Amplitude Settings
Access: "Overview" > "Input/Frontend" > "Amplitude"
Or: [AMPT]
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Frontend Settings
Amplitude settings affect the y-axis values.
Reference Level
└ Shifting the Display ( Offset ).......................................................................... 64
RF Attenuation.............................................................................................................. 65
└ Attenuation Mode / Value ...............................................................................65
Using Electronic Attenuation ........................................................................................65
Input Settings................................................................................................................ 66
└ Preamplifier ....................................................................................................66
└ Input Coupling ................................................................................................66
└ Impedance ..................................................................................................... 66
Reference Level
Defines the expected maximum reference level. Signal levels above this value may not
be measured correctly. This is indicated by an "IF Overload" status display.
The reference level can also be used to scale power diagrams; the reference level is
then used as the maximum on the y-axis.
Since the hardware of the R&S FPS is adapted according to this value, it is recommended that you set the reference level close above the expected maximum signal level.
Thus you ensure an optimum measurement (no compression, good signal-to-noise
ratio).
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel on page 144
...........................................................................................................64
Shifting the Display ( Offset ) ← Reference Level
Defines an arithmetic level offset. This offset is added to the measured level. In some
result displays, the scaling of the y-axis is changed accordingly.
Define an offset if the signal is attenuated or amplified before it is fed into the R&S FPS
so the application shows correct power results. All displayed power level results are
shifted by this value.
The setting range is ±200 dB in 0.01 dB steps.
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Configuration
Frontend Settings
Note, however, that the internal reference level (used to adjust the hardware settings to
the expected signal) ignores any "Reference Level Offset" . Thus, it is important to
keep in mind the actual power level the R&S FPS must handle. Do not rely on the displayed reference level (internal reference level = displayed reference level - offset).
Remote command:
DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:SCALe]:RLEVel:OFFSet on page 144
RF Attenuation
Defines the mechanical attenuation for RF input.
Attenuation Mode / Value ← RF Attenuation
The RF attenuation can be set automatically as a function of the selected reference
level (Auto mode). This ensures that no overload occurs at the RF Input connector for
the current reference level. It is the default setting.
By default and when no (optional) electronic attenuation is available, mechanical
attenuation is applied.
In "Manual" mode, you can set the RF attenuation in 1 dB steps (down to 0 dB). Other
entries are rounded to the next integer value. The range is specified in the data sheet.
If the defined reference level cannot be set for the defined RF attenuation, the reference level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "limit reached" is displayed.
NOTICE! Risk of hardware damage due to high power levels. When decreasing the
attenuation manually, ensure that the power level does not exceed the maximum level
allowed at the RF input, as an overload may lead to hardware damage.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:ATTenuation on page 146
INPut<ip>:ATTenuation:AUTO on page 146
Using Electronic Attenuation
If the (optional) Electronic Attenuation hardware is installed on the R&S FPS, you can
also activate an electronic attenuator.
In "Auto" mode, the settings are defined automatically; in "Manual" mode, you can
define the mechanical and electronic attenuation separately.
Note: Electronic attenuation is not available for stop frequencies (or center frequencies
in zero span) above 7 GHz.
In "Auto" mode, RF attenuation is provided by the electronic attenuator as much as
possible to reduce the amount of mechanical switching required. Mechanical attenuation may provide a better signal-to-noise ratio, however.
When you switch off electronic attenuation, the RF attenuation is automatically set to
the same mode (auto/manual) as the electronic attenuation was set to. Thus, the RF
attenuation can be set to automatic mode, and the full attenuation is provided by the
mechanical attenuator, if possible.
The electronic attenuation can be varied in 1 dB steps. If the electronic attenuation is
on, the mechanical attenuation can be varied in 5 dB steps. Other entries are rounded
to the next lower integer value.
If the defined reference level cannot be set for the given attenuation, the reference
level is adjusted accordingly and the warning "limit reached" is displayed in the status
bar.
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Configuration
Trigger Settings
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:EATT:STATe on page 147
INPut<ip>:EATT:AUTO on page 147
INPut<ip>:EATT on page 147
Input Settings
Some input settings affect the measured amplitude of the signal, as well.
For details see Chapter 5.3.1, "Input Source Settings", on page 59.
Preamplifier ← Input Settings
You can use a preamplifier to analyze signals from DUTs with low output power.
"Off"
"15 dB"
"30 dB"
Input Coupling ← Input Settings
The RF input of the R&S FPS can be coupled by alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).
AC coupling blocks any DC voltage from the input signal. This is the default setting to
prevent damage to the instrument. Very low frequencies in the input signal may be distorted.
However, some specifications require DC coupling. In this case, you must protect the
instrument from damaging DC input voltages manually. For details, refer to the data
sheet.
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:COUPling on page 139
Deactivates the preamplifier.
The RF input signal is amplified by about 15 dB.
The RF input signal is amplified by about 30 dB.
Impedance ← Input Settings
For some measurements, the reference impedance for the measured levels of the
R&S FPS can be set to 50 Ω or 75 Ω.
Select 75 Ω if the 50 Ω input impedance is transformed to a higher impedance using a
75 Ω adapter of the RAZ type. (That corresponds to 25Ω in series to the input impedance of the instrument.) The correction value in this case is 1.76 dB = 10 log (75Ω/
50Ω).
Remote command:
INPut<ip>:IMPedance on page 139
5.5 Trigger Settings
Access: "Overview" > "Trigger" > "Trigger Source"
Or: [TRIG] > "Trigger Config"
Trigger settings determine when the input signal is measured.
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Configuration
Trigger Settings
External triggers from one of the [TRIGGER INPUT/OUTPUT] connectors on the
R&S FPS are also available.
For step-by-step instructions on configuring triggered measurements, see the
R&S FPS User Manual.
MSRA operating mode
In MSRA operating mode, only the MSRA Master channel actually captures data from
the input signal. Thus, no trigger settings are available in the Pulse application in
MSRA operating mode. However, a capture offset can be defined with a similar effect
as a trigger offset. It defines an offset from the start of the captured data (from the
MSRA Master) to the start of the application data for pulse measurements. (See Cap-
ture Offset .)
For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FPS MSRA User Manual.
For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FPS MSRA User Manual.
Trigger Source...............................................................................................................68
└ Free Run ........................................................................................................68
└ External Trigger 1/2........................................................................................ 68
└ I/Q Power .......................................................................................................68
└ IF Power .........................................................................................................68
└ RF Power .......................................................................................................69
Trigger Level ................................................................................................................ 69
Drop-Out Time ..............................................................................................................69
Trigger Offset ............................................................................................................... 69
Slope ............................................................................................................................70
Hysteresis .................................................................................................................... 70
Trigger Holdoff ..............................................................................................................70
Capture Offset ..............................................................................................................70
Trigger 2........................................................................................................................71
└ Output Type ................................................................................................... 71
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Configuration
Trigger Settings
└ Level .................................................................................................... 72
└ Pulse Length ........................................................................................72
└ Send Trigger ........................................................................................72
Trigger Source
Defines the trigger source. If a trigger source other than "Free Run" is set, "TRG" is
displayed in the channel bar and the trigger source is indicated.
Note: When triggering is activated, the squelch function is automatically disabled.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 152
Free Run ← Trigger Source
No trigger source is considered. Data acquisition is started manually or automatically
and continues until stopped explicitly.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IMM, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 152
External Trigger 1/2 ← Trigger Source
Data acquisition starts when the TTL signal fed into the specified input connector
meets or exceeds the specified trigger level.
(See " Trigger Level " on page 69).
Note: The "External Trigger 1" softkey automatically selects the trigger signal from the
TRG IN connector.
For details, see the "Instrument Tour" chapter in the R&S FPS Getting Started manual.
"External Trigger 1"
Trigger signal from the TRG IN connector.
"External Trigger 2"
Trigger signal from the TRG AUX connector.
Note: Connector must be configured for "Input" in the "Output" configuration
(See the R&S FPS User Manual).
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR EXT, TRIG:SOUR EXT2
See TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 152
I/Q Power ← Trigger Source
Triggers the measurement when the magnitude of the sampled I/Q data exceeds the
trigger threshold.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IQP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 152
IF Power ← Trigger Source
The R&S FPS starts capturing data as soon as the trigger level is exceeded around the
third intermediate frequency.
For frequency sweeps, the third IF represents the start frequency. The trigger bandwidth at the third IF depends on the RBW and sweep type.
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Configuration
Trigger Settings
For measurements on a fixed frequency (e.g. zero span or I/Q measurements), the
third IF represents the center frequency.
This trigger source is only available for RF input.
The available trigger levels depend on the RF attenuation and preamplification. A refer-
ence level offset, if defined, is also considered.
For details on available trigger levels and trigger bandwidths, see the data sheet.
Note: Be aware that in auto sweep type mode, due to a possible change in sweep
types, the trigger bandwidth can vary considerably for the same RBW setting.
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR IFP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 152
RF Power ← Trigger Source
Defines triggering of the measurement via signals which are outside the displayed
measurement range.
For this purpose, the instrument uses a level detector at the first intermediate frequency.
The input signal must be in the frequency range between 500 MHz and 7 GHz.
The resulting trigger level at the RF input depends on the RF attenuation and preampli-
fication. For details on available trigger levels, see the instrument's data sheet.
Note: If the input signal contains frequencies outside of this range (e.g. for fullspan
measurements), the measurement may be aborted. A message indicating the allowed
input frequencies is displayed in the status bar.
A "Trigger Offset" , "Trigger Polarity" and "Trigger Holdoff" (to improve the trigger stability) can be defined for the RF trigger, but no "Hysteresis" .
Remote command:
TRIG:SOUR RFP, see TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SOURce on page 152
Trigger Level
Defines the trigger level for the specified trigger source.
For details on supported trigger levels, see the data sheet.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:IFPower on page 150
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:IQPower on page 151
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel[:EXTernal<port>] on page 150
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:LEVel:RFPower on page 151
Drop-Out Time
Defines the time the input signal must stay below the trigger level before triggering
again.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:DTIMe on page 149
Trigger Offset
Defines the time offset between the trigger event and the start of the measurement.
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Configuration
Trigger Settings
Offset > 0: Start of the measurement is delayed
Offset < 0: Measurement starts earlier (pretrigger)
Only possible for zero span (e.g. I/Q Analyzer application) and gated trigger switched off
Maximum allowed range limited by the measurement time:
Pretrigger
= measurement time
max
max
Tip: To determine the trigger point in the sample (for "External" or "IF Power" trigger
source), use the TRACe:IQ:TPISample? command.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:HOLDoff[:TIME] on page 149
Slope
For all trigger sources except time, you can define whether triggering occurs when the
signal rises to the trigger level or falls down to it.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:SLOPe on page 152
Hysteresis
Defines the distance in dB to the trigger level that the trigger source must exceed
before a trigger event occurs. Setting a hysteresis avoids unwanted trigger events
caused by noise oscillation around the trigger level.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:IFPower:HYSTeresis on page 150
Trigger Holdoff
Defines the minimum time (in seconds) that must pass between two trigger events.
Trigger events that occur during the holdoff time are ignored.
Remote command:
TRIGger[:SEQuence]:IFPower:HOLDoff on page 149
Capture Offset
This setting is only available for client applications in MSRA operating mode. It has a
similar effect as the trigger offset in other measurements: it defines the time offset
between the capture buffer start and the start of the extracted client application data.
In MSRA mode, the offset must be a positive value, as the capture buffer starts at the
trigger time = 0.
For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FPS MSRA User Manual.
For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FPS MSRA User Manual.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]MSRA:CAPTure:OFFSet on page 263
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Configuration
Trigger Settings
Trigger 2
Defines the usage of the variable Trigger Aux connector on the rear panel.
(Trigger 1 is INPUT only.)
Note: Providing trigger signals as output is described in detail in the R&S FPS User
Manual.
"Input"
"Output"
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:DIRection on page 153
Output Type ← Trigger 2
Type of signal to be sent to the output
"Device Trig-
gered"
"Trigger
Armed"
"User Defined"
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:OTYPe on page 154
The signal at the connector is used as an external trigger source by
the R&S FPS. Trigger input parameters are available in the "Trigger"
dialog box.
The R&S FPS sends a trigger signal to the output connector to be
used by connected devices.
Further trigger parameters are available for the connector.
(Default) Sends a trigger when the R&S FPS triggers.
Sends a (high level) trigger when the R&S FPS is in "Ready for trigger" state.
This state is indicated by a status bit in the STATus:OPERation register (bit 5).
Sends a trigger when you select the "Send Trigger" button.
In this case, further parameters are available for the output signal.
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Configuration
Data Acquisition
Level ← Output Type ← Trigger 2
Defines whether a high (1) or low (0) constant signal is sent to the trigger output connector.
The trigger pulse level is always opposite to the constant signal level defined here. For
example, for "Level = High", a constant high signal is output to the connector until you
select the Send Trigger function. Then, a low pulse is provided.
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:LEVel on page 153
Pulse Length ← Output Type ← Trigger 2
Defines the duration of the pulse (pulse width) sent as a trigger to the output connector.
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:PULSe:LENGth on page 155
Send Trigger ← Output Type ← Trigger 2
Sends a user-defined trigger to the output connector immediately.
Note that the trigger pulse level is always opposite to the constant signal level defined
by the output Level setting. For example, for "Level" = "High", a constant high signal is
output to the connector until you select the "Send Trigger" function. Then, a low pulse
is sent.
Which pulse level will be sent is indicated by a graphic on the button.
Remote command:
OUTPut<up>:TRIGger<tp>:PULSe:IMMediate on page 154
5.6 Data Acquisition
Access: "Overview" > "Data Acquisition" > "Acquisition"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Data Acquisition" > "Acquisition" tab
You must define how much and how data is captured from the input signal.
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Configuration
Data Acquisition
MSRA operating mode
In MSRA operating mode, only the MSRA Master channel actually captures data from
the input signal. The data acquisition settings for the Pulse application in MSRA mode
define the application data extract and analysis interval.
For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FPS MSRA User Manual.
For details on the MSRA operating mode, see the R&S FPS MSRA User Manual.
Input from I/Q data files
If the input source is an I/Q data file, most measurement settings related to data acquisition (attenuation, center frequency, measurement bandwidth, sample rate) cannot be
changed. The measurement time can only be decreased, in order to perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from the beginning of the file) only.
For details see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files", on page 46.
Filter type...................................................................................................................... 73
Measurement Bandwidth.............................................................................................. 74
Sample rate...................................................................................................................74
Measurement Time....................................................................................................... 74
Record length................................................................................................................74
Filter type
Defines the filter to be used for demodulation.
"Flat"
Standard flat demodulation filter
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Configuration
Data Acquisition
"Gauss"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]BWIDth:DEMod:TYPE on page 156
Measurement Bandwidth
The measurement bandwidth is defined by the used filter and the sample rate. Either a
flat or a Gauss filter are available. For information on supported sample rates and filter
bandwidths see the data sheet.
Note: If the input source is an I/Q data file, the measurement bandwidth cannot be
changed.
For details see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files", on page 46.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]BANDwidth:DEMod on page 155
Filter with optimized settling behavior (default)
Note: For Gaussian filters whose -3dB bandwidth is large compared
to the maximum I/Q bandwidth, the ideal Gaussian filter shape would
exceed the maximum I/Q bandwidth at its outer edges. Thus, the
actual filter only follows the ideal Gaussian filter shape in the inner
range of the set I/Q bandwidth. At a certain frequency offset it must
deviate from the ideal Gauss filter and drop off faster.
For details see Chapter A.2, "Effects of Large Gauss Filters",
on page 340.
Sample rate
The sample rate for I/Q data acquisition is indicated for reference only. It is calculated
from the defined measurement bandwidth and measurement time, or taken from the
I/Q data input file.
Measurement Time
Defines how long data is captured for analysis ("Meas Time"), or how many samples
are captured in each record ("Record Length").
Note: If the input source is an I/Q data file, the measurement time can only be
decreased, in order to perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from
the beginning of the file) only.
For details see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files", on page 46.
The maximum measurement time in the R&S FPS Pulse application is limited only by
the available memory ("memory limit reached" message is shown in status bar). Note,
however, that increasing the measurement time (and thus reducing the available memory space) may restrict the number of measurement channels that can be activated
simultaneously on the R&S FPS.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:TIME on page 157
Record length
The record length for I/Q data acquisition is indicated for reference only. It is calculated
from the defined measurement bandwidth and measurement time, or taken from the
I/Q data input file.
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5.7 Sweep Settings
Configuration
Sweep Settings
Remote command:
[SENSe:]RLENgth? on page 157
Access: [SWEEP]
The sweep settings define how often data from the input signal is acquired and then
evaluated.
Continuous Sweep / Run Cont .....................................................................................75
Single Sweep / Run Single ...........................................................................................75
Continue Single Sweep ................................................................................................75
Refresh (MSRA only).................................................................................................... 76
Measurement Time....................................................................................................... 76
Sweep/Average Count ................................................................................................. 76
Continuous Sweep / Run Cont
While the measurement is running, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey and the [RUN
CONT] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the
highlighted softkey or key again. The results are not deleted until a new measurement
is started.
Note: Sequencer. If the Sequencer is active, the "Continuous Sweep" softkey only controls the sweep mode for the currently selected channel. However, the sweep mode
only takes effect the next time the Sequencer activates that channel, and only for a
channel-defined sequence. In this case, a channel in continuous sweep mode is swept
repeatedly.
Furthermore, the [RUN CONT] key controls the Sequencer, not individual sweeps.
[RUN CONT] starts the Sequencer in continuous mode.
For details on the Sequencer, see the R&S FPS User Manual.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONTinuous on page 168
Single Sweep / Run Single
After triggering, starts the number of sweeps set in "Sweep Count". The measurement
stops after the defined number of sweeps has been performed.
While the measurement is running, the "Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN SINGLE]
key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting the highlighted softkey or key again.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>[:IMMediate] on page 169
Continue Single Sweep
After triggering, repeats the number of sweeps set in "Sweep Count", without deleting
the trace of the last measurement.
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Configuration
Sweep Settings
While the measurement is running, the "Continue Single Sweep" softkey and the [RUN
SINGLE] key are highlighted. The running measurement can be aborted by selecting
the highlighted softkey or key again.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:CONMeas on page 168
Refresh (MSRA only)
This function is only available if the Sequencer is deactivated and only for MSRA client applications.
The data in the capture buffer is re-evaluated by the currently active client application
only. The results for any other client applications remain unchanged.
This is useful, for example, after evaluation changes have been made or if a new
sweep was performed from another client application; in this case, only that client
application is updated automatically after data acquisition.
Note: To update all active client applications at once, use the "Refresh All" function in
the "Sequencer" menu.
Remote command:
INITiate<n>:REFResh on page 169
Measurement Time
Defines how long data is captured for analysis ("Meas Time"), or how many samples
are captured in each record ("Record Length").
Note: If the input source is an I/Q data file, the measurement time can only be
decreased, in order to perform measurements on an extract of the available data (from
the beginning of the file) only.
For details see Chapter 4.4, "Basics on Input from I/Q Data Files", on page 46.
The maximum measurement time in the R&S FPS Pulse application is limited only by
the available memory ("memory limit reached" message is shown in status bar). Note,
however, that increasing the measurement time (and thus reducing the available memory space) may restrict the number of measurement channels that can be activated
simultaneously on the R&S FPS.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:TIME on page 157
Sweep/Average Count
Defines the number of measurements to be performed in the single sweep mode. Values from 0 to 200000 are allowed. If the values 0 or 1 are set, one measurement is
performed.
In continuous sweep mode, if "Sweep Count" = 0 (default), averaging is performed
over 10 measurements. For "Sweep Count" =1, no averaging, maxhold or minhold
operations are performed.
The "Average Count" also determines the number of measurements used to calculate
the pulse trace statistics for the result range displays (see Chapter 4.5.1, "Trace Statis-
tics", on page 48).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]SWEep:COUNt on page 171
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5.8 Pulse Detection
Configuration
Pulse Detection
Access: "Overview" > "Detection"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Data Acquisition" > "Detection" tab
The pulse detection settings define the conditions under which a pulse is detected
within the input signal.
Reference Source......................................................................................................... 77
Threshold...................................................................................................................... 78
Hysteresis..................................................................................................................... 78
Detection Limit.............................................................................................................. 78
Maximum Pulse Count..................................................................................................78
Detection Range........................................................................................................... 78
Detection Start.............................................................................................................. 78
Detection Length...........................................................................................................79
Reference Source
Defines the level to be used as a reference for the pulse detection threshold.
"Reference"
"Peak"
"Noise"
Current reference level
Peak level as measured over the entire capture data interval
Noise level determined from the current capture data according to the
Min Pulse Off Time parameter set in Signal Description.
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Configuration
Pulse Detection
"Absolute"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:REFerence on page 159
Threshold
The threshold determines whether a pulse is detected or not. The top of a pulse must
exceed the threshold in order to be detected. The threshold is defined in dB in relation
to the defined reference, or as an absolute threshold in dBm.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:THReshold on page 160
Hysteresis
Defines a hysteresis for pulse detection in dB in relation to the defined threshold. As
long as the signal does not exceed the hysteresis, the next threshold crossing is
ignored.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:HYSTeresis on page 158
Detection Limit
Restricts the number of pulses to be detected. When the maximum number is exceeded, measurement is stopped for the current capture buffer. This limitation can be used
to speed up the measurement if only a small number of pulses is of interest.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:LIMit on page 158
Absolute level defined by the Threshold
Maximum Pulse Count
Defines the maximum number of pulses to be detected.
This limit is ignored if Detection Limit is disabled.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:LIMit:COUNt on page 158
Detection Range
Enables or disables the use of a detection range instead of the entire capture buffer for
analysis.
A detection range determines which part of the capture buffer is analyzed. It is defined
by the Detection Start and the Detection Length. An active detection range is indicated
in the Magnitude Capture Buffer display by vertical lines ("DR").
See also "Detection range" on page 43.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:RANGe on page 158
Detection Start
Defines the beginning of the detection range as the time in seconds from the capture
buffer start. You can also change the detection start graphically by dragging the left
vertical line ("DR") in the Magnitude Capture Buffer.
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5.9 Pulse Measurement Settings
Configuration
Pulse Measurement Settings
The pulse numbers in the result displays are always relative to the current detection
range, that is: pulse number 1 is the first pulse within the detection range in the capture
buffer. (Timestamps are in relation to the capture buffer start.)
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:RANGe:STARt on page 159
Detection Length
Defines the length of the detection range as a time in seconds. You can also change
the detection length graphically by dragging one of the vertical lines ("DR") in the Magnitude Capture Buffer.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DETect:RANGe:LENGth on page 159
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement"
The pulse measurement settings determine how much data is measured for each
pulse, in relation to defined levels, points, or ranges. Which definition is actually used
during measurement depends on the selected evaluation method.
● Measurement Levels...............................................................................................79
● Measurement Point.................................................................................................82
● Measurement Range...............................................................................................85
5.9.1 Measurement Levels
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement" > "Meas Levels" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Pulse Meas" > "Meas Levels" tab
Some measurements are performed depending on defined levels.
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Configuration
Pulse Measurement Settings
Position......................................................................................................................... 80
Measurement Algorithm................................................................................................81
Fixed Value....................................................................................................................81
Ripple Portion................................................................................................................81
Reference Level Unit.....................................................................................................81
High (Distal) Threshold................................................................................................. 81
Mid (Mesial) Threshold..................................................................................................81
Low (Proximal) Threshold............................................................................................. 82
Boundary.......................................................................................................................82
Position
Determines where the 100% value (from base to top) for the rise and fall time measurements is calculated.
This allows you to consider a "droop" in the pulse top during the pulse measurements.
If a droop is to be considered, the 100% value must be calculated separately for the
rising and falling edges.
"Edge"
"Center"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:COMPensate:ADRoop on page 161
The 100% value is measured separately for the rising and falling
edges.
The 100% value is measured at the pulse center and used for all
measurements.
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Configuration
Pulse Measurement Settings
Measurement Algorithm
Defines the algorithm used to detect the pulse top level.
"Mean"
"Median"
"Fixed"
"Peak Power"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:ALGorithm on page 161
Fixed Value
Defines the value (in dBm) to be used by the "Fixed" measurement algorithm.
Note that if the fixed value is much higher than the actual pulse top level, pulse param-
eters cannot be measured ("---" indicated in the table results). In this case, reduce the
fixed power level or the High (Distal) Threshold used for rise/fall time measurements.
You can also change the fixed top power level graphically, by moving the "100 %" horizontal line in the Magnitude Capture Buffer display.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TOP:FIXed on page 162
The arithmetic average of the measured values
The level for which half the values lie above, the other half below in
the histogram
A Fixed Value is used.
Useful if some pulses do not reach the top level, but you want to
measure them nevertheless, while maintaining a specified top level.
The peak power is used to detect the pulse top level.
Ripple Portion
Defines the portion of the pulse top which is used to measure the ripple.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RIPPle on page 162
Reference Level Unit
Defines the unit of the pulse amplitude values, i.e. whether magnitude (V) or power (W,
dBm) values are used to determine the threshold levels for fall and rise times.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:AMPLitude:UNIT on page 161
High (Distal) Threshold
The upper threshold in percent of the pulse amplitude used to signify the end of a rising or beginning of a falling signal level.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TRANsition:HREFerence on page 162
Mid (Mesial) Threshold
The middle threshold in percent of the pulse amplitude used to signify the mid-transition level between pulse states.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TRANsition:REFerence on page 163
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5.9.2 Measurement Point
Configuration
Pulse Measurement Settings
Low (Proximal) Threshold
The lower threshold in percent of the pulse amplitude used to signify the end of a falling or beginning of a rising signal level.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:TRANsition:LREFerence on page 163
Boundary
The boundary in percent of the pulse amplitude to either side of the pulse top (ON
state). Used to determine the settling time, for example. Once the signal remains within
the boundary, it is assumed to have settled.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:BOUNdary:TOP on page 161
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement" > "Meas Point" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Pulse Meas" > "Meas Point" tab
Some specific pulse parameters, e.g. the phase or the frequency, are determined at a
specific time instant (measurement point) within the pulse. You can configure this point
based on a reference and offset value.
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Configuration
Pulse Measurement Settings
Measurement Point Reference..................................................................................... 83
Offset.............................................................................................................................84
Averaging Window........................................................................................................ 84
Reference for Pulse-Pulse Measurements................................................................... 84
Measurement Point Reference
Defines the reference which the Offset refers to.
"Rise"
"Center"
"Fall"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:INSTant:REFerence
on page 164
The measurement point is defined in reference to the rising edge
(mid-level crossing).
The measurement point is defined in reference to the center of the
pulse (equal distance from the rising and falling mid-level crossings).
The measurement point is defined in reference to the falling edge
(mid-level crossing).
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Configuration
Pulse Measurement Settings
Offset
The time offset of the measurement point in reference to the pulse center or an edge,
depending on the Measurement Point Reference setting.
The "Offset" is indicated in the dialog box.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:INSTant on page 163
Averaging Window
Measurement point results are averaged over a window centered at the measurement
point. The length of the averaging window in seconds can be defined. A minimum
length of 1 sample is enforced internally.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:INSTant:AWINdow on page 163
Reference for Pulse-Pulse Measurements
Reference pulse on which relative pulse results are based (e.g. for traces normalized
to reference pulse, see Chapter 4.5.2, "Normalizing Traces", on page 48).
"Fixed"
"Selected"
"Before Pulse"
"After Pulse"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:REFerence:POSition
on page 164
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:REFerence on page 164
A fixed pulse number
Relative results for the specified pulse number itself are not valid and
are indicated as "...".
The currently selected pulse (see Chapter 6.1.1, "Pulse Selection",
on page 87)
Relative results for the selected pulse itself are not valid and are indicated as "...".
If you change the value for the reference pulse here, the Chap-
ter 6.1.1, "Pulse Selection", on page 87 value is adapted accord-
ingly, and vice versa.
The nth pulse before the currently evaluated pulse, where n is the
specified number
No values are available for the first n pulses, as no valid reference
pulse is available. These results are indicated as "...".
For example, a value of 2 will use row 1 as the reference row for
Pulse-Pulse results for pulse number 3. In this case, pulse numbers 1
and 2 will not have a valid reference row and the Pulse-Pulse results
will be invalid for these rows.
The nth pulse after the currently evaluated pulse, where n is the
specified number
No values are available for the last n pulses, as no valid reference
pulse is available. These results are indicated as "...".
For example, a value of 2 will use row 5 as the reference row for
Pulse-Pulse results for pulse number 3. In this case, the last two
pulse rows will not have a valid reference row and the Pulse-Pulse
results will be invalid for these rows.
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5.9.3 Measurement Range
Configuration
Pulse Measurement Settings
Access: "Overview" > "Measurement" > "Meas Range" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Pulse Meas" > "Meas Range" tab
Some measurements are performed over a range within the pulse, for example the
phase or frequency deviation. The measurement range is specified either by start and
end points relative to the rising and falling edges, or as a proportion of the pulse top.
Reference, Length, Offset.............................................................................................85
Reference, Length, Offset
Defines the reference for the measurement range definition. Depending on the
selected reference type, an additional setting is available to define the range.
"Center"
"Edge"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:REFerence
on page 166
Relative range (Center):
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:LENGth
on page 166
Absolute range (Edge):
Defines a relative range around the center of the pulse. The range is
defined by its length in percent of the pulse top.
Defines the start and stop of the measurement range with respect to
the pulse edges. The range is defined by a time offset from the middle of the rising edge and a time offset from the middle of the falling
edge.
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5.10 Automatic Settings
Configuration
Automatic Settings
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:OFFSet:LEFT
on page 166
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:ESTimation:OFFSet:RIGHt
on page 166
Access: [AUTO SET]
Some settings can be adjusted by the R&S FPS automatically according to the current
measurement settings.
Auto Scale Continuous (All).......................................................................................... 86
Auto Scale Once (All)....................................................................................................86
Auto Scale Continuous (All)
Automatically determines the optimal result range and reference level position for each
new measurement in all displayed diagrams (for graphical or pulse-based result dis-
plays only).
Remote command:
SENS:TRAC:MEAS:DEF:RRAN:AUTO ON, see [SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:
DEFine:RRANge:AUTO on page 174
DISP:TRAC:Y:SCAL:AUTO ON, see DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:
SCALe]:AUTO on page 234
Auto Scale Once (All)
Automatically determines the optimal result range and reference level position once for
the current measurement settings in all displayed diagrams and pulse-based result displays. All automatic scaling functions are then switched off.
Remote command:
SENS:TRAC:MEAS:DEF:RRAN:AUTO ONCE, see [SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:
DEFine:RRANge:AUTO on page 174
DISP:TRAC:Y:SCAL:AUTO ONCE, see DISPlay[:WINDow<n>]:TRACe<t>:Y[:
SCALe]:AUTO on page 234
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6.1 Result Configuration
Analysis
Result Configuration
6 Analysis
After a Pulse measurement has been performed, you can analyze the results in various ways.
● Result Configuration................................................................................................87
● Display Configuration............................................................................................103
● Markers................................................................................................................. 104
● Trace Configuration...............................................................................................112
● Trace / Data Export Configuration.........................................................................116
● Export Functions................................................................................................... 118
● Analysis in MSRA Mode........................................................................................120
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config"
Some evaluation methods require or allow for additional settings to configure the result
display. Note that the available settings depend on the selected window (see " Specific
Settings for " on page 56).
● Pulse Selection....................................................................................................... 87
● Result Range.......................................................................................................... 88
● Result Range Spectrum Configuration....................................................................90
● Result Range Frequency Configuration..................................................................91
● Parameter Configuration for Result Displays..........................................................91
● Table Configuration................................................................................................. 98
● Y-Scaling............................................................................................................... 100
● Units......................................................................................................................102
6.1.1 Pulse Selection
Access: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Selected Pulse"
The pulse traces (frequency, magnitude and pulse vs. time) always display the trace
for one specific pulse, namely the currently selected pulse. The currently selected
pulse is highlighted blue in the "Pulse Results" and "Pulse Statistics" displays.
As soon as a new pulse is selected, all pulse-specific displays are automatically updated.
The selected pulse (number) is relative to the currently defined detection range, if
enabled (see "Detection Range" on page 78). If you change the detection range within
the capture buffer, the selected pulse is adapted automatically, and all pulse-based
results are updated, if necessary.
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6.1.2 Result Range
Analysis
Result Configuration
Linked markers
in "Parameter Trend" displays the marker M1 can be linked to the selected pulse (see
"Link Trend M1 to Selected Pulse" on page 109). Thus, if you select a different pulse,
the marker M1 is also set to the same pulse, and vice versa.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:PULSe:SELected on page 173
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Result Range" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Result Range" tab
The result range determines which data is displayed on the screen (see also "Mea-
surement range vs. result range vs. detection range" on page 12). This range applies
to the pulse magnitude, frequency and phase vs time displays.
Furthermore, the spectrum for the result range can be displayed (see "Result Range
Spectrum" on page 36).
The range is defined by a reference point, alignment and the range length.
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Analysis
Result Configuration
Automatic Range Scaling..............................................................................................89
Result Range Reference Point......................................................................................89
Offset.............................................................................................................................89
Alignment...................................................................................................................... 89
Length........................................................................................................................... 89
Automatic Range Scaling
Defines whether the result range length is determined automatically according to the
width of the selected pulse (see Chapter 6.1.1, "Pulse Selection", on page 87).
Note: The result range is applied to all pulse-based result displays.
"OFF"
"ON"
"ONCE"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:AUTO on page 174
Result Range Reference Point
Defines the reference point for positioning the result range. The Offset is given with
respect to this value.
"Rise"
"Center"
"Fall"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:REFerence on page 175
Switches automatic range scaling off
Switches automatic range scaling on
Executes automatic range scaling once and then switches it off
The result range is defined in reference to the rising edge.
The result range is defined in reference to the center of the pulse top.
The result range is defined in reference to the falling edge.
Offset
The offset in seconds from the pulse edge or center at which the result range reference
point occurs.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:OFFSet on page 174
Alignment
Defines the alignment of the result range in relation to the selected Result Range Ref-
erence Point.
"Left"
"Center"
"Right"
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:ALIGnment on page 173
Length
Defines the length or duration of the result range.
Remote command:
[SENSe:]TRACe:MEASurement:DEFine:RRANge:LENGth on page 174
The result range starts at the pulse center or selected edge.
The result range is centered around the pulse center or selected
edge.
The result range ends at the pulse center or selected edge.
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6.1.3 Result Range Spectrum Configuration
Analysis
Result Configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Result Range" tab > "Result Range
Spectrum" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Result Range" tab > "Result Range Spectrum" tab
For the Result Range Spectrum display additional settings are available for the FFT.
Window Type.................................................................................................................90
ResBW Manual............................................................................................................. 90
RBW Auto..................................................................................................................... 91
Window Type
Used FFT window type for Result Range Spectrum. The same window types are available as for Parameter Spectrum displays (see "Window functions" on page 44).
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:RRSPectrum:WINDow on page 209
ResBW Manual
Defines the resolution bandwidth for the Result Range Spectrum.
The resolution bandwidth defines the minimum frequency separation at which the indi-
vidual components of a spectrum can be distinguished. Small values lead to high precision results, as the distance between two distinguishable frequencies is small, but
require a larger measurement interval (that is: longer Result Range length) for the calculation. Higher values decrease the precision, but can increase measurement speed.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:RRSPectrum:RBW on page 210
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6.1.4 Result Range Frequency Configuration
Analysis
Result Configuration
RBW Auto
If activated, a resolution bandwidth is selected automatically which provides a good
balance between fast measurement speed and high spectral resolution.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:RRSPectrum:AUTO on page 210
FM Video Bandwidth
Access: "Bandwidth" > "FM Video Bandwidth"
Additional filters applied after demodulation help filter out unwanted signals, or correct
pre-emphasized input signals.
●
Relative low pass filters:
Relative filters (3 dB) can be selected in % of the analysis (demodulation) bandwidth. The filters are designed as 5th-order Butterworth filters (30 dB/octave) and
active for all demodulation bandwidths.
●
"None" deactivates the FM video bandwidth (default).
Remote command:
[SENSe:]DEMod:FMVF:TYPE on page 156
6.1.5 Parameter Configuration for Result Displays
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Parameter" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Parameter" tab
For parameter trend, spectrum, or distribution displays you can define which parameters are to be evaluated in each window.
● Parameter Distribution Configuration......................................................................91
● Parameter Spectrum Configuration.........................................................................93
● Parameter Trend Configuration...............................................................................95
6.1.5.1 Parameter Distribution Configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Parameter" > "Distribution"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Parameter" tab > "Distribution" tab
The parameter distribution evaluations allow you to visualize the number of occurrences for a specific parameter value within the current capture buffer. For each parameter distribution window you can configure which measured parameter is to be displayed.
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Analysis
Result Configuration
This tab is only available for windows with a Parameter Distribution evaluation.
Parameter Group.......................................................................................................... 92
X-Axis............................................................................................................................92
Y-Axis............................................................................................................................ 92
Histogram Bins..............................................................................................................93
Display Limit Lines........................................................................................................ 93
Parameter Group
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to display the distribution of the measured values on the y-axis. For a description of the parameters see
Chapter 3.1, "Pulse Parameters", on page 12.
X-Axis
Defines the parameter for which the values are displayed on the x-axis. The available
parameters depend on the selected Parameter Group.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:<GroupName> <X-Axis>,<Y-Axis>, see e.g.
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:FREQuency on page 177
Y-Axis
Defines the scaling of the y-axis.
"Pulse count"
"Occurrence"
Number of pulses in which the value occurred.
Number of occurrences in percent of all measured values.
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Analysis
Result Configuration
Histogram Bins
Number of columns on the x-axis, i.e. the number of measurement value ranges for
which the occurrences are determined.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:NBINs on page 178
Display Limit Lines
Hides or shows the limit lines in the selected Parameter Trend or Parameter Distribution result display. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new
position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in
any active table displays are adapted.
Note that this function only has an effect on the visibility of the lines in the graphical
displays, it does not affect the limit check in general or the display of the limit check
results in the table displays.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:LLINes[:STATe] on page 177
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:LLINes[:STATe] on page 198
6.1.5.2 Parameter Spectrum Configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Parameter" > "Spectrum"
A parameter spectrum displays the results of an FFT for a selected column of the
Pulse Results table. This "spectrum" allows you to easily determine the frequency of
periodicities in the pulse parameters.
For each Parameter Spectrum window you can configure which measured parameter
is to be displayed and how the spectrum is determined.
The pulse-to-pulse spectrum is basically a parameter spectrum based on complex I/Q
data. You cannot select a parameter for the spectrum. All other settings are identical to
the parameter spectrum.
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Analysis
Result Configuration
This tab is only available for windows with a Parameter Spectrum evaluation.
For more information on how the parameter spectrum is calculated see Chapter 4.3,
"Parameter Spectrum Calculation", on page 43.
Parameter Group.......................................................................................................... 94
Parameter..................................................................................................................... 94
Full Auto........................................................................................................................95
Maximum Frequency.....................................................................................................95
Window Type.................................................................................................................95
Block Size..................................................................................................................... 95
Gap Threshold.............................................................................................................. 95
Section Threshold......................................................................................................... 95
Parameter Group
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to display the FFT of
the measured values. For a description of the parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse
Parameters", on page 12.
Parameter
Defines the parameter for which the FFT is calculated and displayed. The available
parameters depend on the selected Parameter Group.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:<GroupName> <X-Axis>, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:
PSPectrum:FREQuency on page 183
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Full Auto
Determines the Parameter Spectrum settings automatically. For most measurement
cases, automatic configuration should be suitable.
If enabled, the individual settings are not available.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:AUTO on page 182
Maximum Frequency
Defines the maximum frequency span for which the Spectrum is calculated. Internally,
the span is limited by the number of possible interpolation samples (100 000). Limiting
the span to the actually required frequencies decreases the calculation time and can
improve the obtained RBW.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:MAXFrequency on page 184
Window Type
Used FFT window type
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:WINDow on page 188
Block Size
Size of block used in spectrum calculation. Windowing and averaging are used to combine blocks. The block size also determines the resulting RBW of the spectrum.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:BLOCksize on page 182
Gap Threshold
Minimum time that must pass before a gap is detected as such.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:GTHReshold on page 184
Section Threshold
Minimum section size as a percentage of the block size. Sections that are smaller than
the threshold are ignored and considered to be in the detected gap.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:PSPectrum:STHReshold on page 186
6.1.5.3 Parameter Trend Configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Parameter" tab > "Trend" tab
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Parameter" tab > "Trend" tab
The parameter trend result displays allow you to visualize changes in a specific parameter for all measured pulses within the current capture buffer. For each parameter trend
window you can configure which measured parameter is to be displayed on the x-axis
and which on the y-axis.
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This tab is only available for windows with a Parameter Trend result display.
Parameter Group Y.......................................................................................................96
Y-Axis............................................................................................................................ 96
Parameter Group X.......................................................................................................96
X-Axis............................................................................................................................97
Display Style................................................................................................................. 97
Display Limit Lines........................................................................................................ 97
Parameter Group Y
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to display the trend
on the y-axis. For a description of the parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse Parame-
ters", on page 12.
Y-Axis
Defines the parameter for which the trend is displayed on the y-axis. The available
parameters depend on the selected "Parameter Group Y" on page 96.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:<GroupName>:Y, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:TRENd:
FREQuency:Y on page 197
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:<GroupName> Y,X, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:TRENd:
FREQuency on page 195
Parameter Group X
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to display the trend
on the x-axis. For a description of the parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse Parame-
ters", on page 12.
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X-Axis
Defines the parameter for which the trend is displayed on the y-axis. The available
parameters depend on the selected Parameter Group X.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:<GroupName>:X, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:TRENd:
FREQuency:X on page 196
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:<GroupName> Y,X, see e.g. CALCulate<n>:TRENd:
FREQuency on page 195
Display Style
Determines the trace style for the parameter trend.
"Dots"
Each result is displayed as a dot in the diagram.
"Lines"
"Both"
"Auto"
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:DSTYle on page 191
Display Limit Lines
Hides or shows the limit lines in the selected Parameter Trend or Parameter Distribution result display. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new
position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in
any active table displays are adapted.
Note that this function only has an effect on the visibility of the lines in the graphical
displays, it does not affect the limit check in general or the display of the limit check
results in the table displays.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:DISTribution:LLINes[:STATe] on page 177
CALCulate<n>:TRENd:LLINes[:STATe] on page 198
The results are connected by lines in the diagram.
Both the dots for individual results and the connecting lines are displayed in the diagram.
The optimal display style is determined automatically depending on
the parameter type on the x-axis.
For chronological (time-based) parameters (pulse number or pulse
timestamp), lines are displayed.
For all other parameters, dots are displayed.
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Analysis
Result Configuration
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Table Config"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Table Config" tab
During each measurement, a large number of statistical and characteristic values are
determined. The "Pulse Statistics" and "Pulse Results" result displays provide an overview of the parameters selected here.
Note that the "Result Configuration" dialog box is window-specific; table configuration
settings are only available if a table display is selected. However, the table configuration applies to all tables, regardless of which table is selected.
Select the parameters to be included in the tables, and the required unit scaling, if
available. For a description of the individual parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse
Parameters", on page 12.
Table export configuration is described in "Table Export Configuration" on page 118.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:<GroupName>:<ParamName>, see Chapter 8.12.8, "Config-
uring the Statistics and Parameter Tables", on page 210
● Limit Settings for Table Displays............................................................................. 98
6.1.6.1 Limit Settings for Table Displays
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Table Config" > "Limits"
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Measurement results can be checked against defined limits and the results of the limit
check can then be indicated in the Result Table.
For details on limits see "Pulse Results" on page 34.
The settings are window-specific and only available for result tables.
Optionally, limit lines can be displayed in the Parameter Distribution and Parameter
Trend diagrams. You can drag these lines to a new position in the window. The new
position is maintained, the limit check is repeated, and the results of the limit check in
any active table displays are adapted.
Parameter Group........................................................................................................ 100
Parameter................................................................................................................... 100
Activating a limit check for a parameter...................................................................... 100
Defining lower and upper limits for a parameter......................................................... 100
Deactivating a limit check for an entire parameter group............................................100
Deactivating all limit checks for all parameter groups................................................. 100
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Parameter Group
Defines the group of parameters from which one can be selected to define limits. For a
description of the parameters see Chapter 3.1, "Pulse Parameters", on page 12.
Parameter
Defines the parameter for which the limits are to be defined. The available parameters
depend on the selected Parameter Group.
Activating a limit check for a parameter
To activate a limit check for the selected parameter, set "Limit On/Off" to "ON".
Note: If a limit is defined for a parameter that is displayed in a Parameter Trend dia-
gram, the " Auto Scale Once " on page 101 function is not available for the axis this
parameter is displayed on (see also "Automatic Grid Scaling" on page 101).
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:<ParameterGroup>:<Parameter>:LIMit:STATe
on page 229
Defining lower and upper limits for a parameter
The "Lower Limit" and "Upper Limit" define the valid value range for the limit check for
the selected parameter.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:<ParameterGroup>:<Parameter>:LIMit on page 231
Deactivating a limit check for an entire parameter group
To deactivate all limits for an entire parameter group at once, select "Turn off all limits
in group". This function is identical to setting "Limit On/Off" to "OFF" for each parameter in the group.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:<ParameterGroup>:ALL:LIMit:STATe on page 230
Deactivating all limit checks for all parameter groups
To deactivate all limits for all parameter groups at once, select "Turn off limits". This
function is identical to setting "Limit On/Off" to "OFF" for each parameter in each group.
Remote command:
CALCulate<n>:TABLe:ALL:LIMit:STATe on page 231
6.1.7 Y-Scaling
Access: "Overview" > "Result Configuration" > "Y Scaling"
Or: [MEAS CONFIG] > "Result Config" > "Y Scaling" tab
The scaling for the vertical axis is highly configurable, using either absolute or relative
values.
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